Wikipeadia document 4

A Wayword Journey

Manhattan s Squ e m i T

are

Grand Theft Auto IV

Bob Marley

Jam Session Red Hot Chili Peppers

The Simpson s

Clue Bunker ado Torn Wizard of OZ

Kansas American Civil War

Pennsylv ania

York Wikireader; Publication Design; York College of PA, Fall 2013.

By Emily Ryan, Junior Graphic Design student.

York College

Manhattan Manhatton is one of the fi e boroughs of New York City, geographically the smallest but also the most densely populated in the city. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the borough is conterminous with New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York.

The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall’s Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island, Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The City of New York originated at the southern tip of Manhattan and expanded northward. New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States and is one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than

Many districts and landmarks in Manhattan have become well known to New York City’s approximately 50 million annual visitors.

Times Square, iconified as “The Crossroads of the World” and “The Center of the Universe,” is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theatre district, one of the world’s busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world’s entertainment industry. The borough hosts many world-renowned bridges, skyscrapers, and parks. Manhattan’s Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere.

any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York’s fi e boroughs in population, after Brooklyn and Queens, and it is the smallest borough in land area.

The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village served as the catalyst for the modern gay rights movement. Numerous colleges and universities are located in Manhattan, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which have been ranked among the top 50 in the world. Manhattan also houses New York City Hall, the seat of city government.

Times Square

Times Square is a major commercial intersection and a neighborhood in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, at the junction of Broadway (now converted into a pedestrian plaza) and Seventh Avenue and stretching from West 42nd to West 47th Streets.Times Square – iconified as “The Crossroads of the World”,“The Center of the Universe”, and the “ The Great White Way” – is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway Theater District, one of the world’s busiest pedestrian intersections, and a major center of the world’s entertainment industry.

According to Travel + Leisure magazine’s October 2011 survey, Times Square is the world’s most visited tourist attraction, hosting over 39 million visitors annually.

Approximately a third of a million people pass through Times Square daily, many of whom are either tourists or people working in the area. Formerly Longacre Square,Times Square was renamed in April 1904 after The New York Times moved its headquarters to the newly erected Times Building – now called One Times Square –site of the annual ball drop on New Year’s Eve. Times Square has been featured countless times in literature, on television, in films – including the 1980 film Times Square, which featured a punk rock/new wave soundtrack – in music videos and recently in video games, such as Grand Theft Auto IV, in which a recreation of the Times Square area is included in the game’s fictional “Liberty City” setting, and Battlefield 3, where the final fight with the main an gonist takes place, where the player must stop him from detonating a nuke in the square.

Times Square is also portrayed in video game Crysis 2, in which player must fight o f attacking alien forces in order to assist US Marines to evacuate the area.

An immediately recognizable location,Times Square has been frequently attacked and destroyed in a number of movies, including Knowing, when a solar fla e destroys New York City, Deep Impact, when a tsunami created from a meteor impact destroys New York City, Stephen King’s The Stand, where the intersection is overcome by total anarchy, the ending of Captain America, and Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen. Films have also employed the opposite tactic, depicting the typically bustling area as eerily still, such as in Vanilla Sky, as well as the post-apocalyptic I Am Legend, in which Will Smith

and his dog go hunting for deer in the deserted urban canyon.Times Square was also depicted in the 2011 movie, New Year’s Eve, and was also seen in the festival battle scene in the 2002 film Spider-Man. Times Square was featured in 2012 when an announcement about the apocalypse from the President of the United States was occurring.

Grand Theft uto IV Grand Theft Auto IV is a 2008 open world action-adventure video game, developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on 29 April 2008, and for Microsoft Windows on 2 December 2008. It is set in a

different fictional uni erse to previous Grand Theft Auto titles, depicting a separate timeline from its predecessors (known as the “high-definition universe”) and set in the fictional Liberty City, based heavily on modern day New York City. The game follows Niko Bellic, a veteran of an unnamed war in Eastern Europe, who comes to the United States in search of someone important, but quickly becomes entangled in a world of gangs, crime, and corruption. Like other games in the series, Grand Theft Auto IV is composed of elements from driving games and third-person shooters, and features open world gameplay, in which players can interact with the game world at their leisure. Grand Theft Auto IV also features several online multiplayer modes.

As the fi st game of the critically acclaimed series to appear on seventh generation consoles, Grand Theft Auto IV was widely anticipated.

A major commercial and critical success, it broke industry records with sales of around 3.6 million units on its first day of release an grossing more than $500 million in revenue in the fi st week, selling an estimated 6 million

units worldwide. Grand Theft Auto IV won numerous awards from both gaming and mainstream press, including several recognitions as Game of the Year.

As of 2012 the game has sold over 25 million copies. Grand Theft Auto IV is widely regarded by critics as the best game of this generation as well as one of the best games of all time. Game Informer editor Andrew Reiner placed Grand Theft Auto IV on rank 1 on their list of Best Games of this Generation. Empire placed Grand Theft Auto IV 16th on their list of 100 Greatest Games of All Time.

Like previous games in the GTA series, Grand Theft Auto IV features a soundtrack that can be heard through radio stations while the player is in a vehicle. Liberty City is serviced by 19 radio stations, three of which are talk radio stations.The other stations feature music from a large range of genres, including tracks from Genesis, David Bowie, Bob Marley, The Who, Queen, Kanye West and Elton John.

Marley met Neville Livingston (later known as Bunny Wailer) in Nine Mile. While in Trench Town, he met up with Livingston again and they formed a musical collaboration with Joe Higgs, a local singer and devout Rastafari. At a jam session with Higgs and Livingston, Marley met Peter McIntosh (later known as Peter Tosh).

In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, Peter Tosh, Junior Braithwaite, Beverley Kelso, and Cherry Smith formed a ska and rocksteady group called The Teenagers.They later changed the name to The Wailing Rudeboys, then to The Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producer Coxsone Dodd, and final y to The Wailers. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left The Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, and Peter Tosh.

Marley died on 11 May 1981 at Cedars of Lebanon Hospital in Miami (now University of Miami Hospital); he was 36 years old. His final ords to his son Ziggy were “Money can’t buy life.”

Bob Marley

Nesta Robert Marley OM (6 February 1945 –11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer-songwriter who achieved international fame through a series of crossover reggae albums. Starting out in 1963 with the group the Wailers, he forged a distinctive songwriting and vocal style that would later resonate with audiences worldwide.The Wailers would go on to release some of the earliest reggae records with producer Lee Scratch Perry. After the Wailers disbanded in 1974, Marley pursued a solo career which culminated in the release of the album Exodus in 1977 which established his worldwide reputation. He was a committed Rastafarian who infused his music with a profound sense of spirituality.

Bevans, Siobhan.“bob-marley-smile-siobhan-bevan.” fine art america. N.p., 2 July 2012.Web. 6 Oct. 2013. <fineartamerica.com/featured/bob-marleysmile-siobhan-bevans html. >.

Jam Session

Red Hot Chili Peppers

A jam session is a musical event, process, or activity where musicians play (i.e. “jam”) by improvising without extensive preparation or predefined a rangements. Jam sessions are often used by musicians to develop new material (music), find suit ble arrangements, or simply as a social gathering and communal practice session. Jam sessions may be based upon existing songs or forms, may be loosely based on an agreed chord progression or chart suggested by one participant, or may be wholly improvisational.

Jam sessions can range from very loose gatherings of amateurs to evenings where a jam session coordinator acts as a “gatekeeper” to ensure that only appropriate-level performers take the stage, to sophisticated improvised recording sessions by professionals which are intended to be edited and released to the public. More recently, the jam band has become a genre unto itself; following in the footsteps of jam band originators the Grateful Dead, performances by groups including Phish, moe., Umphreys Mcgee, and Widespread Panic feature extended improvisational sessions.

Other bands, such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers also regularly perform live jam sessions.

Progressive rock band Coheed and Cambria often end shows with a jam session to their song “The Final Cut” with different instruments.

Red Hot Chili Peppers (also commonly known as the “Chili Peppers” or abbreviated as RHCP) are an American rock band formed in Los Angeles in 1983.The group’s musical style primarily consists of rock with an emphasis on funk, as well as elements from other genres such as punk rock and psychedelic rock. When played live, they incorporate many aspects of jam band due to the improvised nature of much of their performances.

Currently, the band consists of founding members Anthony Kiedis (vocals) and Michael “Flea” Balzary (bass), longtime drummer Chad Smith, and guitarist Josh Klinghoffer, who joined in late 2009, following the departure of John Frusciante. Red Hot Chili Peppers have won seven Grammy Awards, and sold over 90 million records worldwide.The Red Hot Chili Peppers came in at # 30 on VH1’s 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock.The Chili Peppers ranked # 72 on VH1’s 100 Sexiest Artists, as well as placing # 128 on the Top Pop Artists of the Past 25 Years chart. In 2012, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.The band’s original line-up featured guitarist Hillel Slovak and drummer Jack Irons, alongside Kiedis and Flea.

The unexpected success instantly turned Red Hot Chili Peppers into rock stars. Frusciante was blindsided by his newfound fame, and struggled to cope with it. Soon after the album’s release, he began to develop a dislike for the band’s popularity and personal problems between Kiedis and Frusciante began to unfold. Kiedis recalled that he and Frusciante used to get into

D, Cleary.“jam-session | Things NanaimoThings Nanaimo.” Things Nanaimo - Nanaimo To Do| All Events and Activities in Nanaimo, BC. N.p., 12 Aug. 2013.Web. 6 Oct. 2013. <http://www.thingsnanaimo.com/ events/event/jammin-at-the-jolly-miner-pub/jam-session/>.

??, Elleny.“ Red Hot Chili Peppers Pictures (2 of 651) N.p., 20 Aug. 2007.Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.last.fm/music/ Red+Hot+Chili+Peppers/+images/2165053>.

heated discussions backstage after concerts: “John would say,‘We’re too popular. I don’t need to be at this level of success. I would just be proud to be playing this music in clubs like you guys were doing two years ago.’”The fina dates with Frusciante were a mess and Frusciante was so disconnected from the group, often changing the way he played on certain songs, which further got under Kiedis’ skin. Unknown to others, Frusciante was also starting his own drug habit at the time and was shutting himself off from everyone except for his girlfriend.

Frusciante abruptly quit the band hours before a show during the Blood Sugar Japanese tour in May 1992.The band reached out to Dave Navarro, who had just split from Jane’s Addiction, but who was involved in his own personal drug battles.

The group held rehearsals with Zander Schloss, though after a few days they decided he wasn’t the right fit eithe . Guitarist Arik Marshall, of Los Angeles band Marshall Law, was hired to replace Frusciante and the band headlined the Lollapalooza festival in 1992. Marshall would also appear in the music videos for “Breaking the Girl”,“If You Have to Ask” and on The Simpsons fourth season finale “Krusty Gets Kancelled.”

The Simpsons The Simpsons is an American animated sitcom created by Matt Groening for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series is a satirical parody of a middle class American lifestyle epitomized by its family of the same name, which consists of Homer, Marge, Bart, Lisa, and Maggie.The show is set in the fiction l town of Springfield and pa odies American culture, society, television, and many aspects of the human condition.

The family was conceived by Groening shortly before a solicitation for a series of animated shorts with the producer James L. Brooks. Groening created a dysfunctional family and named the characters after members of his own family, substituting Bart for his own name.The shorts became a part of The Tracey Ullman Show on April 19, 1987.After a three-season run, the sketch was developed into a half-hour prime time show and was an early hit for Fox, becoming the network’s fi st series to land in the Top 30 ratings in a season (1989–1990). Since its debut on December 17, 1989, the show has broadcast 531 episodes and the twenty-fourth season ended on May 19, 2013. The Simpsons is the longest-running American sitcom, the longest-running American animated program, and in 2009 it surpassed Gunsmoke as the longest-running American primetime, scripted television series. The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length film was released in theaters worldwide on July 26 and 27, 2007, and grossed over $527 million. The popularity of The Simpsons has made it a billion-dollar merchandising industry The title family and supporting characters appear on everything from t-shirts to posters.The Simpsons has been used as a theme for special editions of well-known board games, including Clue, Scrabble, Monopoly, Operation, and The Game of Life, as well as the trivia games What Would Homer Do? and Simpsons Jeopardy! Several card games such as trump cards and The Simpsons Trading Card Game

have also been released. Many official or unofficial Simpson books such as episode guides have been published. Many episodes of the show have been released on DVD and VHS over the years. When the fi st season DVD was released in 2001, it quickly became the best-selling television DVD in history, although it was later overtaken by the fi st season of Chappelle’s Show. In particular, seasons one through fourteen have been released on DVD in the U.S. (Region 1), Europe (Region 2) and Australia/New Zealand/Latin America (Region 4) with more seasons expected to be released in the future.

Clue

Cluedo, or Clue in North America, is a popular murder-mystery themed deduction board game originally published by Waddingtons in Leeds, England in 1949. It was devised by Anthony E. Pratt, a solicitor’s clerk and children’s entertainer from Birmingham, England. It is published by the United States game and toy company Hasbro, which acquired its U.S. publisher Parker Brothers, and Waddingtons. The object of the game is for players to strategically move around the game board (representing the rooms of a mansion), in the guise of one of the game’s six characters, collecting clues from which to deduce which suspect murdered the game’s perpetual victim, Dr. Black (Mr. Boddy in North American versions), and with which weapon and in what room.

Numerous games, books, and a film have been released as part of the Cluedo franchise. Several

spinoffs games have been released featuring various extra characters, weapons and rooms, or different game play.The original and traditional format of the game is marketed as the “Classic Detective Game”, while the various spinoffs are all distinguished by different slogans.

In 1944, Anthony E. Pratt, an English solicitor’s clerk, filed for a patent of his invention of a murder/mystery-themed game, originally named “Murder!”

The game was originally invented as a new game to play during sometimes lengthy air raid drills in underground bunkers. Shortly thereafter, Pratt and his wife presented the game to Waddingtons’s executive, Norman Watson, who immediately purchased the game and provided its trademark name of “Cluedo” (a play on “clue” and “Ludo”; ludo is Latin for I play).Though the patent was granted in 1947, due to post-war shortages, the game was not officially launched until 1949, when the game was simultaneously licensed to Parker Brothers in the United States for publication, where it was renamed “Clue” along with other minor changes.There were several differences between the original game concept and that initially published in 1949, In particular, Pratt’s original design calls for ten characters, one of whom was to be designated the victim by random drawing prior to the start of the game.These ten included the eliminated Mr. Brown, Mr. Gold, Miss Grey, and Mrs. Silver, with Nurse White, and Colonel Yellow.The game allowed for play of up to eight remaining characters, providing for nine suspects in total. Originally there were eleven rooms, including the eliminated “gun room” and cellar. In addition there were nine weapons including the unused axe, bomb, syringe, poison, shillelagh (walking stick/cudgel), and fireplace poker. Some of these unused weapons and characters appeared later in spin-off versions of the game.

Bunker A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect the inhabitants from falling bombs or other attacks.

Bunkers are mostly below ground, compared to blockhouses which are mostly above ground.They were used extensively in World War I, World War II, and the Cold War for weapons facilities, command and control centers, and storage facilities (for example, in the event of nuclear war). Bunkers can also be used as protection from tornadoes.

Trench bunkers are small concrete structures, partly dug into the ground. Many artillery installations, especially for coastal artillery, have historically been protected by extensive bunker systems.Typical industrial bunkers include mining sites, food storage areas, dumps for materials, data storage, and sometimes living

quarters. When a house is purpose-built with a bunker, the normal location is a reinforced below-ground bathroom with fibre-reinforced plastic shells. Bunkers deflect the blast wave from nearby explosions to prevent ear and internal injuries to people sheltering in the bunker. Nuclear bunkers must also cope with the underpressure that lasts for several seconds after the shock wave passes, and block radiation.

A bunker’s doors must be at least as strong as the walls. In bunkers inhabited for prolonged periods, large amounts of ventilation or air conditioning must be provided. Bunkers can be destroyed with powerful explosives and bunkerbusting warheads.The crew of a pillbox can be killed with flamethrowers.

phenomena that exist in na ture include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, and steam devil; downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is dissimilar.

Tradar by recognizing patterns in velocity and reflectivity data, such as hook echoes or debris balls, as well as by the efforts of storm spotters.

There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes. The Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by

the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers.

The term “cyclone” is used as a synonym for “tornado” in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.

Tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes, but they are

typically in the form of a visible condensation funnel, whose narrow end touches the earth and is often encircled by a cloud of debris and dust. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour (177 km/h), are about 250 feet (76 m) across, and travel a few miles (several kilometers) before dissipating.The most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour (483 km/h), stretch more than two miles (3.2 km) across, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles (more than 100 km).

Various types of tornadoes include the landspout, multiple vortex tornado, and waterspout. Other tornado-like

Wizard of OZ The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical fantasy adventure film p oduced

by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the most well-known and commercial adaptation based on the 1900 novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum, the film stars Judy Garland;Terry the dog, billed as Toto; Ray Bolger, Jack Haley, Bert Lahr, and Frank Morgan, with Billie Burke, Margaret Hamilton, Charley Grapewin, Clara Blandick, and the Singer Midgets as the Munchkins, with Pat Walshe as leader of the flying mon eys. Notable for its use of Technicolor, fantasy storytelling, musical score, and unusual characters, over the years it has become one of the best known of all films and pa t of American popular culture.

Kansas farmgirl Dorothy Gale lives with her Aunt Em, Uncle Henry. Land owner Miss Gulch arrives at the farm, demanding that Dorothy’s pet dog Toto be destroyed after he had bitten her.Toto escapes and flees ba k to Dorothy, who,

fearing for Toto’s life, decides to run away from home with him. On the road, she meets Professor Marvel, a travelling showman who pretends to foresee Aunt Em falling deathly ill. Dorothy rushes home as a tornado forms nearby. Dorothy’s family take shelter in the storm cellar, but, unable to get inside, Dorothy and Toto run into the house. Dorothy is knocked unconscious by debris, and wakes up to find that the house has been wept up

in the tornado and carried into the sky.

After the house lands, Dorothy finds he self in the colorful Land of Oz, meeting Glinda the Good Witch and the Munchkins. Dorothy and Toto follow the yellow brick road, meeting three companions on the way - the Scarecrow,Tinman, and the Cowardly Lion. Glinda reveals to Dorothy that the Ruby Slippers can grant her the power to return home.

PSTEH.“life-lessons-from-wizard-of-the-oz.”The Accidental Philosopher. N.p., 5 Aug. 2013.Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <www.phehszeteh.com/life-lessons-from-wizard-of-the-oz/>.

Kansas Kansas is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. It is named after the Kansa Native American tribe, which inhabited the area.The tribe’s name is often said to mean “people of the wind” or “people of the south wind.” Kansas was first settled by European Americans in the 1830s, but the pace of settlement accelerated in the 1850s, in the midst of political wars over the slavery issue.

In 1803, most of modern Kansas was secured by the United States as part of the Louisiana Purchase. Southwest Kansas, however, was still a part of Spain, Mexico and the Republic of Texas until the conclusion of the Mexican-American War in 1848. From 1812 to 1821, Kansas was part of the Missouri Territory. The Santa Fe Trail traversed Kansas from 1821 to 1880, transporting manufactured goods from Missouri and silver and furs from Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Conn, J. Stephen .“Welcome to Kansas | Flickr - Photo Sharing!.”Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. N.p., n.d.Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.fli kr.com/photos/jstephenconn/3054325657/>.

Wagon ruts from the trail are still visible in the prairie today. In 1827, Fort Leavenworth became the fi st permanent settlement of white t Americans in the future state. The Kansas–Nebraska Act became law on May 30, 1854, establishing the U.S. territories of Nebraska and Kansas, and opening the area to broader settlement by whites. Kansas

Territory stretched all the way to the Continental Divide and included the sites of present-day Denver, Colorado Springs, and Pueblo.

Missouri and Arkansas sent settlers into Kansas all along its eastern border.

These settlers attempted to sway votes in favor of slavery.

The secondary settlement of Americans in Kansas Territory were abolitionists from Massachusetts and other Free-Staters, who attempted to stop the spread of slavery from neighboring Missouri. Directly presaging the American Civil War, these forces collided, entering into skirmishes that earned the territory the name of Bleeding Kansas.

American Civil War The American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States or simply the Civil War (see naming), was a civil war fought from 1861 to 1865 in the United States after several Southern slave states declared their secession and formed the Confederate States of America (the “Confederacy” or the “South”).

The states that remained were known as the “Union” or the “North”.The war had its origin in the fractious issue of slavery, especially the extension of slavery into the western territories. Foreign powers did not intervene.

After four years of bloody combat that left over 600,000 soldiers dead and destroyed much of the South’s infrastructure, the Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished, and the difficult Reconstruction process of restoring national unity and guaranteeing rights to the freed slaves began.

Seven Deep South cotton states seceded

by February 1861, starting with South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas.These seven states formed the Confederate States of America (February 4, 1861), with Jefferson Davis as president, and a governmental structure closely modeled on the U.S. Constitution.

Following the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for a volunteer army from each state.Within two months, an additional four Southern slave states declared their secession and joined the Confederacy: Virginia,Arkansas, North Carolina and Tennessee.The northwestern portion of Virginia subsequently seceded from Virginia, joining the Union as the new state of West Virginia on June 20, 1863. By the end of 1861, Missouri and Kentucky were effectively under Union control, with Confederate state governments in exile.Among the ordinances of secession

passed by the individual states, those of three – Texas,Alabama, and Virginia – specifically mentioned the plight of the ‘slaveholding states’ at the hands of northern abolitionists.The rest make no mention of the slavery issue, and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures, however at least four states – South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas – also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession, all of which laid the blame squarely on the influence over the northern states of the movement to abolish slavery, something regarded as a Constitutional right by the slaveholding states.

Twenty-three states remained loyal to the Union: California, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,Vermont, and Wisconsin. During the war, Nevada and West Virginia joined as new states of the Union.Tennessee and Louisiana were returned to Union military control early in the war.

The territories of Colorado, Dakota, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, and Washington fought on the Union side. Several slave-holding Native American tribes supported the Confederacy, giving the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) a small, bloody civil war.

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes region.The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south,West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Lake Erie and Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north and New Jersey to the east.The Appalachian Mountains run through the middle of the state.

Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States.The state’s four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,Allentown, and Erie.The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the U.S. Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie.It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km)of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.

The bounds of the state are the Mason–Dixon line (39° 43’ N) to the south, the Twelve-Mile Circle on the Pennsylvania-Delaware border, the Delaware River to the east, 80° 31’W to the west and the 42° N to the north, with the exception of a short segment on the western end, where a triangle extends north to Lake Erie.

Pennsylvania borders six other states: New York to the north; New Jersey to the east; Delaware and Maryland to the southeast;West Virginia to the southwest, and Ohio to the west. Pennsylvania also shares a water border with the Canadian province of Ontario. Of the original Thirteen Colonies, Pennsylvania is the only state that does not border the Atlantic Ocean.

It has the cities of Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, and Easton in the central east (known as the Lehigh Valley), the tri-cities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, and Hazleton in the northeast, and Erie in the northwest.Williamsport serves as the“hub”of the commonwealth’s north-central region, with York and the state capital Harrisburg on the Susquehanna River in the central region of the commonwealth.

There are 5 regions.They are the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley,Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain.

Pennsylvania’s diverse topography also produces a variety of climates, though the entire state experiences cold winters and humid summers. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the southeastern corner, has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa).

Greater Philadelphia has some characteristics of the humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) that covers much of Delaware and Maryland to the south.

York York (Deitsch:Yarrick), known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is a city located in York County, Pennsylvania, United States, which is in the South Central region of the state.

The population within the city limits was 43,718 at the 2010 census, which was a 7.0% increase from the 2000 count of 40,862.When combined with the adjacent boroughs of West York and North York and surrounding Spring Garden,West Manchester, and Springettsbury townships, the population of Greater York is 108,386.York is the county seat of York County, and is located at 39°58′00″N 76°45′00″W. York is currently the 14th largest city in Pennsylvania.

York, also known as Yorktown in the mid 18th to early 19th century, was founded in 1741 by settlers from the Philadelphia region, and named for the English city of the same name.The Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted in York, though they would not be ratified until Ma ch 1781.

York, also known as Yorktown in the mid 18th to early 19th century, was founded in 1741 by settlers from the Philadelphia region, and named for the English city of the same name. By 1777, most of the area residents were of either German or Scots-Irish descent.[3] York was incorporated as a borough on September 24, 1787, and as a city on January 11, 1887. During the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783),York served as the temporary capital

of the Continental Congress.

The Articles of Confederation were drafted and adopted in York, though they would not be ratifie until March 1781.

The city is home to York College of Pennsylvania, which was originally founded in 1787; Penn State York;YTI Career Institute (YTI), which offers accredited technologyand business-based degree programs;Yorktowne Business Institute (YBI) & School of Culinary Arts, which offers accredited degree and diploma programs in the Business, Medical and Culinary fields York Time Institute; HACC’s York Campus; and The Art Institute of York-Pennsylvania, formerly Bradley Academy for the Visual Arts.

York College York College of Pennsylvania is a private, coeducational, 4-year liberal arts college located in southcentral Pennsylvania. York College is currently located on three adjacent campuses with the majority of its academic buildings on the Main Campus, a few on its more recently built West Campus and the engineering center on its incomplete North Campus. Despite the college’s extensive history, all the buildings on campus are less than 50 years of age with the majority of them being built during the 1960s.The buildings utilize a standard red brickwork style, enhanced with white marble on some buildings.

Some buildings on campus were financed with the institution s cash savings in order to avoid debt as part of an overall focus on maintaining low tuition rates.

The focal point of York College’s 190 acre park like campus is the mall, a grassy quad upon which many of the college’s academic buildings are located.The Evelyn and Earle Wolf Hall is the center for artistic activity on campus, it includes three art studios, a photography facility, rehearsal and practice rooms, multi-track recording studio and mixing control room, music library, edit suites, studios, two state-of-the-art video production facilities coordinated by a high-tech computer assisted control room, and DeMeester Recital Hall; an intimate, acoustically perfect venue which hosts various speakers as well as performances from many of York’s musical ensembles.Also located in Wolf Hall are the York College Galleries, which are dedicated to providing opportunities to explore the visual arts in a setting that promotes learning, discovery, and appreciation. Compromising two adjacent galleries, the Cora Miller Gallery and the Brossman Gallery, these exhibition spaces serve the College, the City of York, and the communities of south central Pennsylvania and northern Maryland.The galleries feature a varied program of nationally touring exhibitions and invitational shows as well as faculty and juried student shows.Artist and curator lectures, workshops, book signings, and other events.

Adams, Mike .“Around Campus Spring 2013 - a set on Flickr.”Welcome to Flickr - Photo Sharing. N.p., 11 Apr. 2012.

Web. 5 Oct. 2013. <http://www.fli kr.com/photos/yorkcollegepa/sets/72157633141061440/>.

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