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Printed in New Zealand by PMP LIMITED, Auckland. D IS C L A I M E R The publisher cannot accept responsibility for any unsolicited material lost or damaged in the post. All text and layout is the copyright of Auckland Entrepreneurs Group Limited. Nothing in this magazine may be reproduced in whole or part without the written permission of the publisher. © Auckland Entrepreneurs Group Limited 2018 All articles and graphical illustrations were created and provided by TechnoBatyr LLP, Kazakhstan.
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This is the ASTROPHYSICS
Closest Star to us, but questions about this near and dear celestial body often leave us scratching our heads p. 10
CHEMISTRY
What is Dark Matter and energy? p. 16
The mystery of caoutchouc.
A History of Rubber p. 22
Why do some
Molecules Explode?
The Mariana
Trench
p. 34
p. 56
TECHNOLOGY
The history of
Tin Cans p. 72
How do
Facial Recognition
systems work? p. 61
ANTHROPOLOGY
PHYSICS
Ancient Tools
Where does Heat hide? p. 4
of labour p. 50
SOCIETY
BIOLOGY
What is the
Doomsday Clock?
Why should we study
Animal Behaviour? p. 39
p. 78
How do we
Choose Our Companions for life? p. 44
The chemistry of Glass p. 62
MYTH VS. REALITY
Ancient Egypt
p. 88
#13 APR IL 2018
11
and in the 18th-19th. Paleoastronomers have counted 18 such events in the past 8,000 years!
The presence of spots helped us to discover the rotation of the Sun: their cyclical passage along the disk prompted our inquisitive ancestors to realize that the star turns on its axis. In this picture, taken on December 13, 2006 by the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope, an emerging sunspot collides with an already existing sunspot, giving rise to a solar flare.
True, not as a solid body, but rather, a liquid ball. We can still say that the speed of rotation on the equator is about 24 days, and at the poles — 34.3 days. The main cosmological dispute of the past centuries was connected to the Sun: is the Earth (the geocentric system of Ptolemy) or the Sun (heliocentric, developed by Copernicus) at the centre of the universe? Now, we know that no one was entirely correct: the Earth, of course, revolves around the Sun, but it also moves around the centre of the Galaxy somewhere on its periphery.
A S T ROPH Y SIC S
Darker than Black
We know roughly what our planet consists of, the solar system and the stars. We even have an idea of what galaxies are composed of. It’s probably easy to imagine the composition of the universe, it’s a cluster of galaxies. But suddenly, it’s turned out that 95% of this universe consists of invisible matter and we are sure that it exists. Let’s discuss it.
CH E M IS T RY
PLAYING WITH FIRE Many chemists and scientists were, at some point in their childhood, attracted to bright special effects: the changing colours of sparks and bright crackles of fireworks. Growing up, we become used to technicolour fireworks shows and firecrackers. Many people even think that nothing ever changes in pyrotechnics. But, in fact, experts continue to look for new improvements, and they don’t think only about the spectacle — the brightness of flames, their colours, and the duration of burning — but also about safety, including environmental protections.
CH E M IS T RY
EXPLOSIVE MOLECULES
Traditional gunpowder gave way long ago to compact, super-powered explosives. Scientists continue the hunt for new recipes that can reduce the sizes of warheads while still retaining their power.
#13 APR IL 2018
43
A N T HROP OLOG Y
Tools: How they changed our lives Most modern people wash up in the morning, turning on water from a faucet, and then eat a breakfast of some toast or porridge before leaving for work or school. An ancient person would first have had to cut up some wood to build a fire. And to cut it, they would have had to make a stone axe, and, perhaps, a spear too, so that they could catch a bison for lunch.
Choppers and Handaxes The climate on our planet was changing: 15–13 million years ago, the savannah, where hominids lived, was becoming increasingly arid. The “Menu of the Day” for our ancient ancestors was similar to the diet of a modern chimpanzee. This meant they ate whatever they could get their hands on: foliage, insects. Their food was primarily plant-based, but, due to the drought, there weren’t enough plants to go around. So they expanded their palettes to include meat: it was more nutritious than grasses and fruits, and they could fill
their bellies up much faster on it. But to overtake the prey, more sophisticated tools were needed. Not only, by the way, for hunting, but also to separate the meat from the bones of animals abandoned by predators. The first to take a stone in their hand and hit another with it was, probably, australopithecus (3.9–2.9 million years ago). He guessed that, with a sharp chip, he could more quickly open up a mollusc or split a nut. That was how the chopper appeared — a simple stone
T ECHNOLOG Y
The History
of Cans
You might ask: what could possibly be interesting about a regular old tin can? Is it possible that the tin can could change the world, save lives, and help humanity to explore the hidden corners of our planet? Of course! And don’t forget about Napoleon’s career, intrigues with patents, or the “tin pest”... You probably can’t believe the history of this humble household item.
69
#13 APR IL 2018
Going straight to the face
Recognizing one from thousands
Which characteristic is best for identifying a person? First, this feature should not be one that changes significantly with time. Secondly, it should be quite unique. Thirdly, it should be accessible, that is, easily measurable and fixed (for example, not hidden under clothes or worse — under a layer of bones and muscles). It is equally important that people do not object to this part of the body being handled.
G EOG R A PH Y
TRENCH journey to the floor of the Earth
77
#13 APR IL 2018
ERUPTION UNDERWATER
SUBMARINE ERUPTION water
water vapor cloud
magma conduit lava flow
In the northern part of the Mariana Trench, 850 kilometres from the island of Guam, is the operating underwater volcano Daikoku. The peak of the volcano is 325 metres below sea level and it showed hydrothermal activity for the first time in 2003. In the area of the volcano, the researchers found warm and even hot water, many small fish, tubular worms, and crabs.
TAIWAN
PHILIPPINES
pillow lava dike
magma chamber
GUAM
CHALLENGER DEEP
CONSERVATION AREA Commercial fishing, dumping of waste, tourism, and extraction of natural resources are prohibited here. But you can swim, so you have a chance to become the fourth person to visit the bottom of the Mariana Trench. In 2009, this place received the status of a United States National Monument.
Anglerfish prefer depths from 330 to 3,000 m. They are predators, attracting prey with the help of their esca (a luminous organ at the tip of their dorsal fin).
WHO LIVES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE OCEAN? The bodies of deep-sea crustaceans living on the bottom of the Mariana Trench contain a much higher percentage of toxic substances than organisms living in coastal waters. Such data were obtained by researchers from Aberdeen University in 2016. They explain this by the fact that the toxic substances that we throw into the ocean settle on the bottom.
Amphipoda Hirondellea gigas lives at a depth of 10 900 m
Benthocodon—a deep-sea jellyfish 2-3 cm in size. Occurs at a depth of more than 760 m.
S O CI E T Y
TWO MINUTES TO THE END OF THE WORLD
The “Doomsday Clock” is a symbolic dial that shows the countdown to a global catastrophe (the closer to midnight, the worse the case). In January 2018, the hands of the clock approached midnight for 30 seconds, showing 23:58. The hand has not come so close to the “end of the world” since 1953—since the first test of the hydrogen bomb.
ANCIENT EGYPT
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