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ISSN 2537-7744 ISSN 2537-7744
MAY 2018
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Alexander Fisher COMMISSIONING EDITOR
Australia and New Zealand
ISSN 2537-7744 (print)
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TABLE OF CONTENTS How do you make Invisible Ink? p. 8
DIY
How do you
Make A Pot? p. 10 How are
Archaeological Digs conducted?
How are
p. 4
Fire Extinguishers made? p. 24
How is Popcorn made? p. 22 How can you How do you make an
Acid Indicator?
Grow Strawberries at home?
p. 13
How can you make
Colourful Lanterns?
p. 26
p. 16
TECHNOLOGY
Bright lights, big city:
A History of Urban Lighting What is a 2D Material? The Space Elevator: how realistic is this idea?
p. 54
p. 48
p. 42
MEDICINE
Parkinson’s Disease:
A history of
Human Illness
a 200-year struggle
p. 78
p. 90
How does our
Immune System work?
p. 70
How to
Become A Centenarian
p. 85
CULTURE
The history of
History of
p. 60
p. 64
Cosplay
Maori
CHEMISTRY
ASTROPHYSICS
What is Antimatter?
p. 28
Is Heatless Glowing possible? p. 34
DI Y
DIGGING UP HISTORY:
how an archaeological expedition is organized Who didn’t dream of finding ancient treasures in their childhood? Who didn’t want to go on an expedition and make a discovery, extracting mysteries buried in the earth around us? There are some lucky people who realised these dreams. They are called archaeologists: scientists who excavate and explore ancient monuments.
Plans and Methods Before embarking upon the excavation of a new monument, it is necessary to conduct a thorough exploration — first in archives, to understand the approximate location of the particular site of an ancient settlement or burial. This is not always so simple. For example, one modern mystery is the ancient necropolis of Kyz-Aul which is at the southern tip of the Kerch strait in Crimea. This necropolis has been excavated since the mid-1900s, and the urban settlement that it belonged to has not yet been found. Therefore, scientists are working almost at random. After the remains of a site are found, we need to explore the area. This is done with the help of measurements and aerial photography, which are used as the basis to compile a detailed topographical map, as well as trial excavations of small areas.
It is not enough to simply dig up and describe a historical site. We need to explain how it was formed, so excavations are carried out layer by layer. The task of a researcher is to explain the origin of each layer and all of the objects found in it. There are two primary methods of excavation — by layers estimated by the scientists or arbitrarily (although, both can be combined). In the first case, different layers (for example, animal bones) are successively removed. The second one is used when the borders of layers are difficult to separate from one another. In this case, the standard layers of soil removed are from 5–20 centimetres. hen the land — the future excavation site — is divided into squares, the size of each depends on the age of the monument: the older it is, the smaller the squares. The largest square, for example,
DI Y
TIME TRAVEL
WITH POTTERY Fat and Lean Clay Our ancestors began to use clay dishes on a large scale in the Neolithic Age— about 9,000 years ago. It was possible to cook in such dishes, and the food could be stored more easily. However, the potter’s wheel appeared only 6,0005,000 years ago. How did people make pots for 3,000 years? There were several ways.
These know-hows are still in demand in Africa, South America, and India. But before revealing the tricks of the trade, it is worth saying a few words about the main “ingredient” of the pot—clay. Like dough, it must be properly prepared. For starters, you must find the right kind, because this material varies greatly: it can be red, white, or blue (depending on the region). Clay for artistic purposes can be bought in the store, but you can also search for it along the banks of bodies of water. You should choose the “dough” for your pot not so much based on color as on consistency. Potters divide clay into fat and lean types. It does not sound very correct, but it re ects the essence clay that contains less than 5% sand is considered “fat”, while clay with up to 30% sand is called “lean”. There is also a clay with an average fat content —with 15% of sand. This is the best kind of clay for modeling.
DI Y
The Corn Boom Popcorn is not only one of the most popular snacks in the world, but also one of the most ancient. In the Bat Cave (New Mexico, USA), 5600-year-old remains of popcorn were found! Popcorn travelled a long way before reaching our tables.
The Great Depression was a global economic crisis (1929–1939), which affected the United States, Canada, Britain, Germany, and France in particular. During the Great Depression, popcorn only cost 5–10 cents per bag, which made this an affordable food even for the poor.
The History of Popcorn So, popcorn is several thousand years old, but it was popularized widely thanks to an invention created by Charles Cretors (Illinois, USA) in the 1880’s. The Chicago entrepreneur developed a mobile automatic machine for making popcorn—a popper. Of course, popcorn can be made at home, but it was poppers that allowed for the freshly-made, aromatic treat to be sold on every street corner. Especially in places where people gather, like sporting events, fairs, and circuses. The popularity of popcorn grew proportionally with interest in cinematography, which appeared, like the popper, at the end of the 19th century. Initially, cinema owners were not fans of popcorn; they thought that the crunch and crumbs would just distract viewers from watching the film. But no People flocked in herds to popcorn vendors and only then went to the cinema. Then, theatre owners realized that they didn’t have to drive away popcorn vendors—they could work with them instead
Profits from the sale of popcorn allowed the film industry to survive the Great Depression, and the delicacy remained popular even during the Second World War when other sweets and snacks became inaccessible due to food rationing. According to the Popcorn useum in arion (Ohio, USA), during the war years, the consumption of this “explosive” snack in America increased threefold Popcorn is very popular today in its historical homeland. The average American eats about 50 litres of popcorn per year.
DI Y
LOVELY LUMINESCENCE Glowing objects traditionally fascinate children and adults alike. Phosphorescent toys, T-shirts, and even ceiling stickers that imitate the starry sky are far from breaking news. Today, “luminiferous” inventions are used not only for entertainment but also for serious research in fields such as medical diagnostics.
Glowing Chemistry
The glowing effect is achieved thanks to a simple chemical phenomenon — luminescence. It is also called “cold-body” radiation. Radiation occurs when excess energy is present in atoms. One example of a typical phosphor, a substance that can exhibit luminescence, is phosphorus. If a phosphor is left in the sun for some time, it accumulates energy, which then radiates particles in the form of photons. It discharges gradually and the light dims. These substances must be periodically charged under the sun or ultraviolet rays. Luminescent objects never fail to turn heads. Fortunately, modern technologies allow us to draw almost any luminous image we want: inscriptions, portraits, logos, and so on. es, using ordinary ashlights in the dark is pretty uninteresting. Luminescence, on the other hand, is much more fun.
HOMEMADE PHOSPHOR
3
You can create a luminous liquid at your school’s science laboratory without any expensive ingredients. We propose that you make a phosphor from the following contents.
Dimethyl Sulfoxide, or DMSO, which is sold in its pure form at gardening and hardware stores (as an industrial solvent) and at pharmacies (in medications), but you need a prescription for the latter
YOU WILL NEED
4
1
Dry potassium hydroxide ( )
2
Luminol sodium salts
5
A glass jar or bottle with a wide neck Don’t forget to protect yourself!
Make sure that you’re wearing goggles, gloves, and a lab coat that covers your skin!
A S T ROPH Y SIC S
ANTIMATTER
This term is often found in science fiction, because authors, not skimping, attribute the most unbelievable properties to this mysterious substances. But what does science know about it? First of all, antimatter actually exists. Secondly, there is very little of it. And thirdly, it can shed light on the question of the laws by which our universe exists.
In the Beginning, There was an Idea It all started with the idea of antigravity. In the 1880’s, British physicist and mathematician William Hicks (don’t mix him up with Peter Higgs!) was considering the vortex theory of gravity. According to this theory, the attraction between bodies arises from vortices of aether which penetrate space. Hicks proposed that a substance with negative gravity exists. Another British physicist, Sir Arthur Schuster, reduced this
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T ECHNOLOG Y Variations of the space elevator according to artist Glenn Clovis
A LIFT TO SPACE “The next station is Сlark Orbit, dear passengers. Put on your suits and turn on your life support devices.” Our grandchildren may be as accustomed to hearing this phrase as we are to announcements of upcoming stops in the metro. However, tech moguls promise to make this a reality already by the time our children reach adulthood. The technological race has started!
CU LT U RE
Princess Zelda (The Legend of Zelda video game series) Scorpio (Mortal Kombat video game series) Captain Jack Sparrow (film series Pirates of the Caribbean)
Representative of the Borg (fictional universe in Star Trek)
COSPLAY: There are different kinds of fans. For some, a T-shirt with their favourite character is enough, while others transform their homes into veritable museums for paraphernalia. And others don’t stop at taking on the role of their idols!
Geek World Fashion Designers
For those who aren’t in the loop, a cosplayer is a person who transforms into a different character, with the help of makeup and a costume, at all sorts of fan meetups and conventions. There are loads of sources for inspiration: comics, films, TV shows, anime, video games — all that that is beloved by “geek” culture. Because of this, any old pirate or princess costume won’t fit in at a cosplay party, but if you dress up as Captain Jack Sparrow or Leia Organa — you’re in. There is an opinion that the fashion for “changing clothes” came from Japan, but this is not so. The concept of “cosplay” was really invented by a Japanese journalist and
writer Nobuyuki Takahashi, who connected the words costume and play. He used this word to describe what he saw at the 42nd Worldcon (World Convention of Science Fiction), which was held not in Japan, but in Los Angeles. In addition, this was only in 1984 but fans dressing up in costumes suits appeared much earlier. So what was the source of the first cosplay image? Star Wars? Batman Comics? Maybe Lord of the Rings? Nope. It was a 19 fantasy film called Things to ome (shot, by the way, based on a script by Mr H.G. Wells himself!). Three years after the release of the film in New ork, the first Worldcon was held, and a pair named Forrest J. Ackerman and Myrtle ‘Morojo’ R. Douglas attended. They were the only people at the whole convention who
CU LT U RE
“ORDINARY ORDINARY”” PEOPLE: EXTRAORDINARY HISTORY
M E DICIN E
THE THE INTERIOR INTERIOR
MINISTRY
Our body’s immune system is a smooth and well-coordinated operator. There are not many offenders who are capable of escaping its officers and investigators. This level of efficiency could rival the best policemen in the world.
M E DICIN E
PARKINSON’S DISEASE:
A 200 YEAR STRUGGLE
To this day, we do not fully understand how and why it arises or how to treat it. We can only relieve its symptoms—and even for a relatively long time. It spares no one: Mohammed Ali was not the only famous patient with this diagnosis. Pope John Paul II shuffled off this mortal coil due to Parkinson’s disease. The 41st President of the United States of America, George Bush Sr., suffers from this ailment; and the star of the Back to the Future trilogy, Michael J. Fox, has struggled with this disease since 1991. And successfully at that: recently, he was able to perform on stage with a guitar!
M E DICIN E
Humans: A History of Illness Everyone is afraid of dentists. But ancient people weren’t. Because they didn’t have tooth decay. Or influenza, hepatitis, or diabetes. And all of them, even children, were ripped like Arnold Schwarzenegger. Well, almost. They also died before their 27th birthday. So what pains did our ancestors feel?
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