Unit 1
時態................. 001
Unit 2
主動式＆被動式....... 027
Unit 3
動名詞＆不定詞....... 033
Unit 4
使役動詞＆感官動詞... 057
Unit 5
現在分詞＆過去分詞... 067
Unit 6
情態助動詞........... 079
Unit 7
名詞＆代名詞......... 087
Unit 8
副詞子句............. 099
Unit 9
形容詞子句........... 131
Unit 10
名詞子句 ........... 153
Unit 11
動詞與主詞的一致性＆ 特殊句型 ........... 169
Unit 12
附加結尾＆附加問句 . 185
Unit 13
倒裝句 ............. 195
Unit 14
條件句 ............. 213
Unit 15
比較 ............... 241
附錄一 附錄二
句意解析 ........... 267 克漏字 ............. 339
003
現在簡單式： am 直述句：S. +
N.
is (not) +
…
are
Adj.
Am 疑問句：
Is
N. + S. +
…？
Are
Adj.
直述句：S. + V.(s) …
※第三人稱單數動詞要加“s”。
否定句：S. + do / does + not + V.… 疑問句：Do / Does + S. + V. …? 現況：Tony is a taxi driver. He drives a taxi. Tony 是個計程車司機。他開計程車。 真理：The earth moves around the sun. 地球繞著太陽公轉。 習慣：Doris always gets up at 7. Doris 總是在 7 點起床。 ＊常用之時間副詞：nowadays, currently, in the present, every / each ～, always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never…
現在進行式：正在進行的動作，但可改變或結束。 am 直述句：S. +
is (not) + are
Ving
…
004
Am 疑問句：
Is
+ S.+ Ving
…？
Are
Look! Selena is walking out of the library. 你看！Selena 正從圖書館走出來。
(走出來動作即結束。)
＊常用之時間副詞：at present, now, at this moment, right now, this semester… ＊現在進行式也可代替未來式： Angelina is leaving tomorrow. Angelina 明天就要離開了。 ＊不是所有的動詞皆可用現在進行式：狀態恆用簡單式，動作才有進 行式。 The flower smells good.
(花聞起來很香→狀態。)
Helen is smelling the flower.
(Helen 正在聞那朵花→動作。)
現在完成式：過去發生且結束的動作，但時間不知道或不重要， 常用來描述經驗。 直述句：S. + have / has (not) + P.P. … 疑問句：Have / Has + S. + P.P. …?
？
？ now
I have seen Titanic many times. 鐵達尼號我已經看了很多次。 (看了許多次，分別是何時看的？)
005
for + 一段時間 S.+ 完成式 +
since + 過去時間點 (ever) since + 過去簡單式 for 20 years.
I have known Sam
since 1994 (20 years ago). (ever) since I was a child.
＊常用之時間副詞：recently, lately, already, yet…
現在完成進行式：過去發生且持續到現在或未來的動作。 直述句：S. + have / has (not) + been + Ving … 疑問句：Have / Has + S. + been + Ving …?
now
It has been raining since last weekend. 雨從上個週末一直下到現在。
(從上週末到現在。)
＊常用之時間副詞：lately, recently, all day, all morning…
過去簡單式：過去非特定的時間所發生的動作。 直述句：S. + was / were (not) + N. (Adj.) … 疑問句：Was / Were + S. + N. (Adj.) …? 直述句：S. + Ved … 否定句：S. + did + not + V. … 疑問句：Did + S. + V. …? Tiffany had a party last weekend.
006
Tiffany 上個週末去一個舞會。
(上週末幾點？)
＊常用之時間副詞：this morning, yesterday, last～,～ago, in + 過去的時間 (in 2005), once, before, one day, the other day, in the past… ＊過去簡單式常與現在完成式一起考，差別在於有無時間：有過去 非特定時間→過去簡單式，沒時間→現在完成式。 Richard Trevithick invented the first locomotive in the world in 1806. Richard Trevithick 在 1806 年發明了世界上第一台蒸氣火車頭。 (1806 年幾月幾日？→過去非特定時間。) Korean dramas have become very popular in Taiwan. 韓劇在台灣很受歡迎。
(何時開始受歡迎？→沒時間。)
過去進行式：過去特定的時間所發生的持續動作。若只有過去特 定的時間，但動作不持續，則用過去簡單式。 直述句：S. + was / were (not) + Ving … 疑問句：Was / Were + S. + Ving …? I was watching TV at 8 last night. (8 點→特定的時間，看電視→持續的動作。) I went to bed at 11:30. (11 點半→特定的時間，上床睡覺→不持續的動作。) ＊常用之時間副詞：at～ o’clock yesterday, at the time of + 事 件(at the time of earthquake)… ＊when – 簡單式 (不持續)、while – 進行式 (持續)。 When Amy came, I was watching TV. = I was watching TV when Amy came. = While I was watching TV, Amy came.
010
Bring an umbrella with you in case it rains later. 帶把傘在身上吧，以免待會兒下雨了。 After Wendy graduates from school, she will study abroad. 在 Wendy 從學校畢業後，就要出國念書。
未來完成進行式：未來的兩個動作，當後面的動作發生時，較早 發生的動作還在持續進行，或描述之前持續的 一段動作。 直述句：S. + will (not) + have + been + Ving … 疑問句：Will + S. + have + been + Ving …? 現在式
未來完成進行式
A
now
B
It will have been raining long enough to break the old record. 這雨將下的夠久，會破舊的紀錄。 (A－持續下雨，B－舊紀錄。)
（
） The sun always rose
（
rises
in the east. has risen
does rise
） Would you answer the door for Linda? She hair in the bathroom. washes
is washing
has washed
was washing
her
011
（
（
） I like this movie very much. I have seen it
.
last week
every week
three times
for two years
） In the United States, air pollution
at its worst in the
1960s. being （
was
to be
） Before the fire was put out, it
will be the life of three
people.
（
clams
had claimed
has claimed
was claimed
） My grandfather
for ten years, but I still miss him a
lot.
（
died
has died
was dead
has been dead
） Joseph
New York three times, and he is going
there again next month. gone （
went
has been to has gone to
） Since he started working in this company, he
late
for work.
（
is never
was never
will never be
has never been
） One of his coworkers accidentally unplugged the computer while he
important files to the server.
uploaded
could upload
did upload
was uploading
012
（
） Before he became successful and rich, he
unemployed
for many years.
（
has been
had been
could be
would have been
） Make sure you have turned off your cell phone before the test; if it will ring
（
during the test, you will get into trouble. rings
rang
had rung
） By 2050, more than a million species of animals and plants ！！！ because of rising temperatures caused by greenhouse emissions.
（
have been wiped out
will have been wiped out
will be wiping out
have been wiping out
） Charlie
video games for eight hours by the time
his father comes home at midnight tonight.
（
have played
was playing
had been playing
will have been playing
） Due to the economic depression, our sales
for
months, so we are now in great financial difficulties.
（
are dropping
have been dropped
had been dropping
have been dropping
） Since the company
in 1990, it has been donating
1% of its annual revenues to charities.
（
founded
was founded
has founded
had been founded
） Willy is a middle-aged man with a huge beer belly, but it is
018
（
） I
the circus a few times when I lived in Boston.
have seen （
（
saw
see
was seeing
） I plan to go to Jay’s concert next week, but all tickets have been sold out
had sold out
had been sold ou
sold out
.
） A nationwide strike tomorrow against the government’s plans to overhaul the pension system
some trains,
flights and access to airports.? disrupt to
to be disrupted
disrupted
will disrupt
譯：太陽總是從東方升起。 解：always(總是)代表習慣，而太陽從東方升起又是事實，所以 答案一定要用現在簡單式，故答案為。 譯：請你幫 Linda 開個門，她正在浴室洗頭。 解：無法開門是因為正在洗頭，所以答案要用現在進行式，故答 案為。 譯：我很喜歡這部電影，我已經看過 3 次了。 解：last week – 過去簡單式；every week – 現在簡單式；three times – 次數一律用現在完成式；for two years – “for + 一 段時間”也是用現在完成式，但一部電影看兩年並不合理， 故答案為 。 譯：在美國，空氣汙染在 1960 年代最嚴重。
019
解：關鍵字是“1960 年代”，過去非特定時間，要用過去簡單式， 故答案為。 譯：在火災被撲滅之前，已經奪走了 3 條人命。 解：人先喪生(had claimed)，火災才被撲滅(was put out)。比過 去更早完成的動作，要用過去完成式，故答案為。 譯：我的爺爺已經過世 10 年了，但我仍然非常想念他。 解：for + 一段時間(ten years)，要用完成式。die 是動作，不能 死 10 年。dead 是狀態，可以持續 10 年。故答案為。比 較下列 3 個句子： He died ten years ago. (10 年前，過去非特定時間→過去簡單式。) He has been dead for ten years. (死亡的狀態維持 10 年了。) He is dead. (他死了是事實→現在簡單式。) 譯：Joseph 去過紐約 3 次了，而且下個月要再去一次。 解：看到次數 (three times)，一律用現在完成式。至於“have been to”與“have gone to”的區別，在於“have been to”代表經驗(去 了又回來了)，而“have gone to”是動作(去了還在那兒)。例 如： Leslie has been to Paris many times. (去過許多次→經驗。) A：Where’s Rosa? I haven’t seen her for days. B：She has gone to Boston, and she won’t come back until next Wednesday. (Rosa 去了波士頓，人在波士頓，還沒回來。) 所以答案為。
020
譯：自從他在這家公司上班以來，從來沒有遲到過。 解：since + 過去在簡單式(started)，主要子句要用完成式，故 答案為。 譯：當他在上傳重要的檔案到伺服器時，有一個同事不小心拔下 了電腦的插頭。 解：拔下插頭是不持續動作→簡單式，上傳檔案是持續動作→進 行式，故答案為 。 譯：在他變得成功及富有之前，曾經失業了好幾年。 解：先失業(had been unemployed)，才成功(became success)， 比過去更早發生的動作，要用過去完成式，故答案為。 譯：在考試前確定要將手機關機。萬一在考試中電話響起，你將 會惹上大麻煩。 解：由條件(if)所引導之副詞子句，動作雖發生於未來，要用現在 式代替未來式。電話響了沒？還沒，故答案為。 譯：在 2050 年之前，因為溫室效應而不斷上升的溫度，將使得 超過百萬種的動物及植物消滅。 解：2050 年是未來的時間，在未來的時間之前可完成的動作， 要用未來完成式，故答案為。 譯：Charlie 在父親於今晚午夜回來時，將會玩電動遊戲玩 8 個 小時。 解：父親還沒回來→未來的時間。for + 一段時間(eight hours)， 要用完成式。因為是持續到未來時間的動作，要用未來完成 進行式，故答案為。 譯：由於經濟蕭條，我們的業績已經下降了好幾個月，所以現在 有很大的財務危機。
269
五大基本句型 S. + V.
(主詞 + 動詞)
Something happened. S.
V.
有事發生了。 George died. S.
V.
George 死掉了。 Donna cried. S.
V.
Donna 哭了。 ※在所有的句型中，皆可用副詞來修飾。 Something happened yesterday. S.
V.
adv.
昨天有事發生了。 George died in an accident. S.
V.
adv.
George 死於意外當中。 Donna cried because she was sad. S.
V.
adv.
Donna 因為傷心，所以哭了。
S. + V. + S.C.
(主詞 + 動詞 + 主詞補語)
Cheryl has become a flight attendant. S.
V.
S.C.(名詞)
270
Cheryl 已經成為空服員。 Eleanor looked upset. S.
V.
S.C.(形容詞)
Eleanor 看起來很煩。 This telescope is mine. S.
V. S.C.(代名詞)
這支望遠鏡是我的。 Richard seems to catch a cold. S.
V.
S.C.(不定詞)
Richard 似乎感冒了。 Maggie’s hobby is watching TV. S.
V.
S.C.(動名詞)
Maggie 的嗜好是看電視。 Keith is what he used to be. S.
V.
S.C.(名詞子句)
Keith 仍是以前的他。 Trees are of great importance. S.
V.
S.C.(介係詞片語)
樹木很重要。
S. + V. + O.
(主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞)
Angelina bought a diamond necklace. S.
V.
O.(名詞)
Angelina 買了一條鑽石項鍊。 Daisy plans to study abroad. S.
V.
O.(不定詞)
Daisy 計劃出國念書。
271
Jonathan enjoys playing soccer. S.
V.
O.(動名詞)
Jonathan 喜歡踢足球。 Estelle knows where to buy cheap shoes. S.
V.
O.(名詞子句)
Estelle 知道哪裡買得到便宜的鞋子。
S. + V. + I.O. + D.O. (主詞 + 動詞 + 間接受詞 + 直接受詞) Ivan gave Frederica a cake. S. V. I.O. D.O.(名詞) Ivan 送給 Frederica 一個蛋糕。 Helena promised Leander to vacuum the carpet. S.
V.
I.O.
D.O.(不定詞)
Helena 答應 Leander 會吸地毯。 Louisa told me that she would come. S.
V. I.O.
D.O.(名詞子句)
Louisa 跟我說她會來。
S. + V. + O. + O.C. (主詞 + 動詞 + 受詞 + 受詞補語) Nobody considers Brandon a good boy. S.
V.
O.
O.C.(名詞)
無人認為 Brandon 是個乖小孩。 The headache drove me crazy. S.
V.
O.
O.C.(形容詞)
頭痛快令我發瘋了。 They heard a girl singing. S.
V.
O.
O.C.(現在分詞)
他們聽到一個女孩在唱歌。
272
Madeline wanted her hair trimmed. S.
V.
O.
O.C.(過去分詞)
Madeline 想把頭髮修一修。 Maureen invited Jeremy to attend her wedding. S.
V.
O.
O.C.(不定詞)
Maureen 邀請 Jeremy 參加她的婚禮。 介系詞 + N.
介系詞片語=
介系詞 + 代名詞 (受格、所有格代名詞) 介系詞 + Ving
英文是很注重語序的一種語言，一個語言單位的位置就決定了語 意，舉例來說： A. The girl looks angry in red. 這個女孩穿著紅色衣服時看起來很生氣。 B. The girl in red looks angry. 這個穿著紅色衣服的女孩看起來很生氣。 A 句中"in red"說明女孩看起生氣的時間和原因，B 句"in red"則是 描述女孩的衣著，穿紅色衣服並不是她看起來生氣的原因。用英語 的術語來說，A 句的"in red"這介係詞片語當作副詞，說明動詞片 語"look angry"的原因或時間；B 句的"in red"當作 the girl 名詞 的"後置形容詞"，說明女孩身上的穿著顏色，用來指出生氣的女孩 身上穿著紅顏色的衣物，是限定名詞 the girl 範圍的形容詞，但是 和生氣並沒有關係。 當作副詞(可刪可留)，修飾動詞，放動詞片語的後面，說明動作 的狀態，使用的工具，做事的方法，時間和地點。 Benson got up too late and went to work in a hurry. Benson 起床晚了，匆忙去上班。(in a hurry 修飾 went to work。)
273
Cameron usually goes to work with his wife. Cameron 經常和太太一起去上班。 (with his wife 修飾 goes to work。) Don't talk with your mouth full of food. 嘴裡有滿滿的食物時不要說話。 (with your mouth full of food 修飾 talk。) 當作副詞(可刪可留)，修飾整個主要子句。放在句首，用逗號和 主要子句分開；放在句尾，不加逗號。用法與位置，與副詞子句 類似。 Due to years of hard work, Douglas forfeited his health. = Douglas forfeited his health due to years of hard work. 多年辛苦的工作使 Douglas 喪失了健康。 (due to years of hard work 修 飾 Douglas forfeited his health。) In case of any further question, please contact us. = Please contact us in case of any further question. 如有任何進一步的問題，請與我們聯繫。 (in case of any further question 修飾 please contact us。) Despite his looks, Vernon is said to be something of a Don Juan. = Vernon is said to be something of a Don Juan despite his looks. 儘管 Vernon 其貌不揚，但據說是個很得女人歡心的風流浪子。 (despite his looks 修飾 Vernon is said to be something of a Don Juan。) 當作主詞補語(一定要有)，說明主詞的狀況，放在 be 動詞之後。
341
連接性副詞(同組意義及用法皆相同) 因此： therefore, consequently, accordingly, as a result, thus, hence. John couldn’t keep his nose clean; therefore, he was fired. John 行為不檢，因此被開除了。
然而：however, nevertheless, still, yet, nonetheless. It’s been a hard month for us; however, I’m sure we’ll see the light at the end of the tunnel. 這個月大家都辛苦了，然而我確信會苦盡甘來的。
此外：also, moreover, in addition, besides, furthermore. Terry is inefficient; besides, he is innocent of any sense of responsibility. Terry 辦事效率很低，此外還沒有絲毫的責任感。
舉例來說：for example, for instance. For instance, people all use cell phones to call their friends or family. 舉例來說，人們都用手機打電話給朋友或家人。
相反地：on the contrary, conversely, instead. Bella is outgoing and talkative. Conversely, her sister, Cathy, is shy and silent. Bella 外向又健談。相反地，她的妹妹 Cathy 是害羞又沉默寡言。
一方面……而另一方面……：on the one hand…on the other hand…. On the one hand, good newspapers are the mouthpiece of a nation. On the other hand, they are also the intangible teacher of the general public.
342
一方面，好的報紙是國家的代言人。而另一方面，他們也是民眾 無形的老師。
同樣地：likewise, similarly, in the same way, by the same token. The penalty for failure will be high. By the same token, the reward for success will be great. 失敗就要付出沉重的代價，同樣地，成功就會獲得很大的回報。
特別地：specifically, especially, particularly. Traffic is bad, particularly in the city center. 交通狀況很差，特別是在市中心。
相比之下：by contrast, in contrast, comparatively. Hydrogen may spontaneously ignite. In contrast, helium is nonflammable. 氫可能會自燃。相比之下，氦是不易燃燒的。
同時：simultaneously, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, at one time. The flight will be announced soon. Meanwhile, please remain seated. 航班就要宣佈了，同時請繼續坐在座位上。
也就是說：that is(to say), namely. Rex is good for nothing, that is to say, he is completely hopeless. Rex 一無是處，也就是說，他是完全的無可救藥。
更不用說：not to mention, let alone, still less. Abigail can’t fry an egg, let alone cook a meal. Abigail 連蛋都不會煎，更別說做飯。
343
According to a 2011 survey by the American Pet Products Association(APPA), sixty-two percent of U.S. families have pets. Life is good and joyful to Whisperer＂,
2
1
furry friends! As Cesar Millan, the “Dog
to say, pets in the United States have the
5 chance to see Santa, dermatologists, physical therapists and even
pet sitters. 3
those furry friends also will get a little something
extra under the tree this Christmas, bolstering an estimated $50 billion pet industry. That means pet store buyers across the country are hard at work stocking their shelves
4
gear, treats and toys
10 that will stand out from the crowd. “With more people owning pets-
and pets living longer－it is kind of unavoidable that there will be more money
5
in the pet category,”says Janene Zakrajsek,
owner of Pussy and Pooch pet stores in California. (
) this
these
any
another
(
) is like
like
likes
likely
(
) Some of
Many
Much
Pairs of
(
) on
in
of
with
(
) spend
be spending spent
be spent
譯文： 根據由美國寵物產品協會在 2011 年所做的研究，62%的美國家 庭有養寵物。對於這些有毛的朋友們，生活是美好又充滿喜悅的。 就如同一個狗語專家 Cesar Millan 常常喜歡說，在美國的寵物有機 會見到聖誕老公公、皮膚科醫生、物理治療師、甚至寵物保姆。在 今年的聖誕節，其中有一些有毛的朋友們也將在聖誕樹下獲得一些
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額外的東西，而這一切將支撐起估計為五十億的寵物行業。這意味 著全國各地寵物店的買家們都在努力進貨，在貨架上堆滿器具、零 食和玩具，使他們在眾多商店中脫穎而出。加州的 Pussy and Pooch 寵物店老闆 Janene Zakrajsek 說：「隨著越來越多的人養寵物，以 及寵物越活越久，有更多的錢花在寵物這個類別上是不可避免的。」
解： 第 1 題：根據文章的第 1 行至第 2 行，得知在美國有 62%的家庭飼 養寵物。所以對於這些有毛的朋友們，生活是美好又充滿喜悅的， 答案是 。 第 2 題：Cesar Millan 是主詞，the “Dog Whisperer”是插入語當 形容詞修飾主詞，而空格後是不定詞“to say”，表示整個句子缺動 詞。like 當形容詞是“像”的意思(形容詞前面才會有 be 動詞)；若 當動詞是“喜歡”的意思，所以答案是 。
like
adj.
像
v.
喜歡
At a distance, he looks a bit like James Bond. 從遠處看，他有點像詹姆斯龐德。 I like movies, but I don’t like Westerns. 我喜歡電影，但不喜歡西部牛仔片。 likely
adj. 可能的
I’m likely to be very busy tomorrow. 明天我可能很忙。 第 3 題：some, many, much 後面要接非限定名詞，限定名詞前面才 會有 of。空格後是“those furry friends”，是限定用法，要有 of，所以 、 皆錯。pair 是一雙、一對的意思，根據文章的第 6
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行至第 8 行，並無此意，故答案是 。
Some friends are coming for dinner. 有一些朋友要來家中吃飯。 Some of my friends are coming for dinner. 我的一些朋友要來家中吃飯。 第 4 題：根據文章的第 9 行，空格前 stock 這個字的用法，是當動 詞“進貨”、“辦貨”的意思，介係詞可用“with”或“up”，所以答案是 。
We must stock up coal for the winter. 我們得儲存煤過冬。 第 5 題：這是考形容詞子句的簡化，原句為：there will be more money that is spent in the pet category，有更多的錢被花在寵 物這個類別上。that is spent 的 that is 被省略，故答案是 。
Many things could happen between office workers. Stories of office romance rather
2
1 a lot. But it seems that most companies hold a
attitude toward workplace love. Why? Most companies
believe that when business and pleasure get
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, it can cause
5 trouble on the job. Many people feel that it is almost cruel to prevent
people from falling in love. It is natural for workers who spend a lot of