26TH NATIONAL SELECTION CONFERENCE
ACADEMIC ISSUE
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Academic Issue NSC Lübeck • 06.06.2016 IN THIS ISSUE The booklet you are holding in your hands right now is a carefully developed academic issue written by the creative journalists that will be accompanying your committees throughout the session. They took time prior to the session to find a creative way to find an approach to the committee topic and to complement the Academic Preparation Kit.
WHO WE ARE The people responsible for this booklet is PULSE, the Media Team of Lübeck 2016. With photography and videos as our focal point, we document, capture and display anything that happens at this German National Selection Conference in the beautiful Hanseatic city of Lübeck. We would like to invite you to follow our journey on the Facebook page called Media Teams of EYP Germany as well as our Snapchat account nscluebeck where we will publish daily updates. We are certain you will definitely enjoy the session, as will we, the editors, Christian Ulmer and Tom Cobbenhagen.
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EDITOR
EDITOR
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DROI
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ENVI II
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JURI
EMPL
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ENVI III
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ITRE
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EDITORIAL ASSISTANT
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ENVI I
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IMCO II
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IMCO I
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Human rights are a fundamental underpinning of a free and liberal society. However, it is uncertain as to what exactly human rights are? There are many different ways to classify what rights may be. One the most common of these is separating rights into positive and negative rights. A negative right can be described as a right not to be subjected to an action of another person or group. It prohibits others from interfering with your rights, such as the right to privacy or the right not be killed. It is a “negative” right as it imposes a negative duty on all others. Where negative rights are “negative” in the sense that they claim for each person a zone of non-interference from others, positive rights are “positive” in the sense that they claim for each person the positive assistance of others in fulfilling basic constituents of human well-being like health and education. Positive rights are rights that provide something that people need to secure their well-being. It is argued that the right to die falls within this positive right category.
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Euthanasia supporters argue that allowing the right to die to be recognised as a human right would allow for the protection of the full well being a person. This is what the role of positive rights is meant to be. They advocate for a merciful death, rather than a natural one. This, they believe, should be a basic human right. The problem here lies in whether or not the right to die should be considered a human right at all. If a doctor is forced to perform euthanasia on a patient but does not want to do so, does that infringe on the doctor’s right to liberty? Can we justify placing the onus on others to perform this procedure in order for the right to die to be satisfied? Does this right infringe too much on the rights of others for it to be considered a human right? Whenever one is faced with a moral situation like this it is important to consider whether or not the action would respect the rights of the individuals involved.
“We declare that human rights are for all of us, all the time: whoever we are and wherever we are from; no matter our class, our opinions, our sexual orientation.” – UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon
It should be noted however, that the dignity of the individual in question should also be examined. Dying with dignity is something which we all long for. Euthanasia provides that dignity for so many. It must be determined what is more important for society, the protection of dignity by allowing for the recognition of the right to die or the prevention of interference with other people’s rights. Different conceptualisations of what rights are and where the emphasis of rights lies across states has affected the right to die more than other rights. This lack of consensus along with the rise of ‘Death Tourism’ has transformed this issue into a fundamental problem of our society. We must determine how right is the “Right to Die”? by Rose Cantillon
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We are social beings. We do not live in in complete isolation. Our actions directly affect those around us. The right to die significantly impacts those who are around us, it requires another person directly for the right to be fulfilled. Does this infringe too much on the human rights of others? Should something which such a far reaching consequences be considered a personal human right?
A COMMON GUIDE TO BURNOUTS In order to discuss work-related health problems, it is important to understand them. With the help of the book “Lessons of a burnout: How can you get better from it?” by Annegreet van Bergen, this is a guide on how to recognise the common symptoms of a burnout, how to get over one and how to prevent them in the future.
What are the symptoms of a burnout? Everyone who ever gets a burnout, gets their own version. People’s reaction to chronic negative stress are dependent on their psychological and physical weaknesses. However, there are some common symptoms that people who suffer from a burnout often have, including insomnia, anxiety, insecurity, palpitations, headaches, indecision and impaired concentration. As long as these kind of symptoms are of a passing nature, they are innocent. Yet normal stress symptoms get alarming when they continue after the stress situation has finished, or when someone is constantly or very regularly bothered by them. People who threaten to burnout, often get hyperactive. They can barely finish something because they cannot concentrate. Because they do not rest or relax, their unrest only worsens. Who are the most vulnerable? There is a certain type of person that is most vulnerable to a burnout: the over-achiever. The people who are driven to do good in their work, who feel responsible for their work, their clients and their colleague’s and are prepared to keep working in difficult situations. Herbert Freudenberger, who “discovered” the syndrome, called personal characteristics as perfectionism, conscientiousness and idealism typical for people who get overworked.
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How can we recover? Specialists advice to do two things. Firstly, to search for rest, relaxation and distraction to help get over the exhaustion and tension. Secondly, to reflect on the circumstances, events and problems that eventually have led to the burnout. This can help to improve the future working situation. Physical exercise can really help, however exhausted people might feel, as it helps their overall well-being and physical fitness. Walks through nature can work especially relaxing. People who suffer from a burnout really need to take their time to heal, to do things not because they have to,
For example, in providing proper guidance to newcomers. This enlarges the social support, decreases the felt workload and can help employees set realistic expectations of their work, also being able to cope with disappointments. Employers should create surroundings in which it is fine or good to talk about insecurities. This enlarges the social support and makes people doubt their own capacities less.
but because they want to. It helps them to bring structure to their day: it is necessary for them to feel like they are regaining control over their situation. Finally, external help can be very useful. A psychiatrist can give people a new perspective on their lives, and help them to find a way out of their situation.
Then, as employees, we should always watch our stress levels. Only take on as much as we can handle, and sufficiently relax and destress afterwards. We should not just relax in the weekends or the evenings, but also during the day. This could even increase our creativity levels. We need to be able to unwind from the external stimuli. Preferably, we should aim to work according to the maxim of Theo Compernolle, specialist in stress management: “Stress is the motor to success, but only as long as we know how to handle the vvstress well.� by Anna Stibbe
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How can we prevent burnouts in the future? Of course, there is never a one-way solution or prevention for burnouts. But we can try to decrease the chances of getting one. Employers can do much to decrease the chances of one of his employees getting overworked.
THE BIG DONOR SHOWCASE The case On the first of June 2007 a television program aired in the Netherlands. Some would say it was quite a controversial program: The show was about Lisa, a 37-year-old woman, who had an untreatable brain tumour. A horrible fate, but luckily for her there was a chance that she could save someone else. The show was designed to help Lisa by finding her a suitable done. Lisa had to choose between three contestants to whom she was going to give her kidney to. Viewers could vote and send advice to Lisa through SMS and the three candidates all had the opportunity to convince the audience exactly why Lisa should give the kidney to him or her.
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As the show progressed the choice, unsurprisingly, got harder and harder. The contestants became more familiar with the audience and with Lisa as their personal stories unfolded. It became difficult to watch at times. When a contestant has to convince someone that they deserve to live more than two other people it gives rise to certain complicated emotions. This was exactly what the show wanted to accomplish.
Then, right before Lisa was going to reveal her decision, the show announced, that the entire concept was a hoax. 1.2 million people were convinced that three unhealthy people had to compete for a single organ in order to survive. It seems ridiculous, but is it really? 60,000 people are waiting for an organ in Europe, and for them the chances are not as good as one in three, sometimes the chances are a lot slimmer.
The world is in a tumultuous place right now. When you ask people what the world’s biggest concern is most of them will not say ‘donor shortage’. However, when it gets a little bit too close to home, people start to realise how horrible it actually is to have to wait for something that could save your life, with the knowledge that it might never come. The problem is that when it gets a little bit too close to home, it is often too late. Whether or not the show did something good is up to you to decide, but it did bring the issue of transplantation a little bit closer to home. Something to think about Considering your topic and all the knowledge you possess about this topic so far, how do you feel about the “Big Donor Show”. Do you think they crossed a line, or do you think it was actually really clever? Is this an aspect you would like to work on, or would you rather focus more practical issues considering the organ shortage? by Tjalling Fokkema
The show helped tons of people realise what they did not want to see about donorship: how dreadful it actually is to have to wait for an organ. The show enticed a lot of people, who might have never even thought about donorship, to sign up. Right after the show 1800 donor forms were requested and about 1200 were actually filled in. So therefore, it could be said that the show had a rather positive effect. However, not everyone felt that way. 9
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As one might expect the initial responses to the show were negative. Even political parties got involved. Some politicians requested for the program not to be aired, on account for it being too cruel. Some even called it disgusting. The European Commission criticised the program and the Institute for Transplantations shared their thoughts on how they believed that the network was going too far.
When the show revealed that it was a stunt the negative responses became fewer, however some stood by their initial stance. People felt cheated and manipulated and as always with something as drastic as the “Big Donor Show” there is a strong case to speak for about how they might have gone too far.
PROGRAMMES & INITIATIVES
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AMR - A NATURAL PROGRESSION OF HEALTH CARE? That morning the alarm sounded even more jarring than usually. Danny squeezed his eyelids trying to spot his phone. Today was the day Danny got the screws removed from his knee. Eight weeks have passed since his skateboarding accident. It was going to be a routine surgery. “Can I keep the cast?” Danny asked the doctor. His friends’ signatures would look cool next to his cracked board. In fact, he just wanted to keep the five words that Christen left on his bandage: “Get well soon - love Chrissi”. He planned on asking her for a date after his leg was metal free. As he was daydreaming about the date,
Unlike a normal infection Danny’s disease had never been cured before. the anaesthesia put Danny asleep. It felt like 5 years later when Danny found himself lying in the wake-up room. His sleepy eyes managed to perceive a familiar silhouette which Danny couldn’t assign at first. “Danny, are you okay?” said an even more familiar voice. The sunset filled the room with colours that Danny had never seen before. He lifted his head and forgot about the pain when he realized who was sitting next to his bed. “Hey Chrissi, never felt better.” he responded with a weary smile. The following week was coined by lazy afternoons and sugary drinks. It was the first
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sunny day of the year when Danny returned to the hospital for his weekly check. After taking Danny’s blood the doctor told him to wait in the hallway. Time was stretching and Danny started counting the drops of saliva dripping from the chin of an old man who fell asleep in a wheelchair blocking the entrance to the neurosurgery. “Daniel Proctor?” asked a woman walking into the waiting room pointing towards the boy with a rusty clipboard. “Yup that’s me.” he responded. “Please transfer to the isolation tract immediately, a doctor is already waiting for you.” “Isolation? Why would I have to consult another doctor?” raced through Danny’s mind. The next hour felt like the tiny moment between dreaming and waking up mingled with pure panic. The doctor told Danny that a multi-resistant pathogen had developed after his surgery causing an intracapsular infection in his meniscus. Danny didn’t quite understand what this meant but he couldn’t leave his bed for the next two days neither receive any visitors. Doctors entered his room with highly protective suits and carried out several examinations. Unlike a normal infection Danny’s disease had never been cured before. The doctors tested a new drug on Danny and managed to prevent airborne transmissions which allowed Danny to receive visitors. Both parents were the first to visit. Seeing his
25.000 victims annually are not enough to increase animal welfare”
- Stefan Peters
parents cry was something new for Danny but he was glad to see them again. As the infection was attacking Danny’s immune system he got transferred to another clinic that was specialized on antimicrobial resistance.
...he is merely one of hundreds of thousands faceless victims of antimicrobial resistance.
One afternoon when Chrissi came to visit, he saw the head doctor talking to his parents through the slightly open door. He caught a few words, something like ”You might consider talking to your son about dying.“ Danny’s mom collapsed and the 14year old kid watched his dad loose his facial expression. Almost like he had accepted his fate, Danny closed his eyes and saw his early childhood memories being played like a silent film. Danny was treated in one of the world’s best medical facilities, but the team of doctors was powerless. For parents there can’t be anything worse than watching their son loose one vital sign after the other. Danny’s chances of survival were lowered to those he would have had in the early 20th century.
However, the consequences remain out of our sight. You hear about the problem in the news, but just like global warming it never feels real. For Danny the consequences are pure reality, but he is merely one of hundreds of thousands faceless victims of antimicrobial resistance. Most people do not know about the consequences that their consumption has on their health and on the environment, but if animal welfare remains a privilege for pets, simple infections will become deadlier than cancer. Danny was unlucky, but in a world where consumption outweighs human health it is only a question of time when multi resistant pathogens spread like epidemics. Living in times of medical prosperity we should keep in mind that antibiotics seem old even if they are relatively new and that human health seems assured even if it is not. by Stefan Peters
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There the doctors were used to dying patients.
Nowadays, politicians have found responsible approaches of dealing with the rising threat to human and animal health.
AN INFRASTRUCTURAL DILEMMA Across the table sits a dark haired woman with a miserable appearance. She is wearing jeans and a washed up t-shirt. The kitchen is scarcely furnished. On the wall there are pictures of the and her friends laughing and smiling at each other celebrating “Nowy Rok�. These days the smile does not show up as easily in her face as it used to. Agnieszka, 40, lives in a village that is densely populated close to Bialystok in Poland next to the border to Belarus. A couple of months ago she was diagnosed with cancer. She sought out the doctor in the Bialystok Hospital because she was suffering from chronical tiredness and digestion problems. The diagnosis was leukaemia. For Agnieszka it was a severe shock. Mentally and physically she collapsed. The next couple of weeks she had to spend in therapy and under fulltime supervision. As soon as she rehabilitated from the aftermath of the diagnosis she found out that her dramatic fate had another twist to it. Shortly after her diagnosis the medical laboratory of the Bialystok Hospital had to sell certain equipment, due to a lack of budget and workforce leaving only old gear with out-of-date technology. Now the closest eligible laboratory was not 30 Kilometres away from her hometown but 200 Kilometres. The blood probes are now send to Warsaw. The lack of laboratories within structurally weak areas of the EU has been an issue for quite a while and it grows more urgent with
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every year that does not see progress taking into account that the technology used, actually has to be up to date. The medical laboratory has such a high significance for Agnieszka because her blood and urine probes need to undergo tests on an almost weekly basis in order to receive the best treatment for her disease. Agnieszka is puzzled how the government could allow such an approach as she knows, that two out of three medical interventions require diagnosis issued by a medical laboratory.
neighbour, who has passed away two months ago because of a heart attack. Usually a heart attack is possible to cure if it is diagnosed and treated instantly.
She believes that Poland has neglected her right to have access to healthcare. When it comes to affordability and availability, two of the main pillars of healthcare, her state, like so many other countries, has failed. A region of the size of Austria is left with no labs to analyse crucial blood samples. But Agnieszka is not only worried about her health also her expenses for the treatment have worryingly increased considering the high costs of the laboratory in Warsaw. Laboratories use extraordinarily expensive equipment and technologies and still have to be profitable. That causes higher fees for the patients and another disadvantage of the centralisation is the long waiting time for blood analysations. In some cases, an extremely quick diagnosis is essential. Agnieszka tells us of her
Nevertheless, the forty-year-old polish woman does not give up fighting her disease and she never misses to address that also the inequality of healthcare provided needs to be fought. She recognised that there are many men and women who have suffered fzrom the lack of medical infrastructure as well which is why she started an initiative in order to raise awareness of this problem. Like with her disease there is most likely no straightforwardly reachable cure but recognition is the first step towards improvement. by Jonas Krohn
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In that case the patient was dead before the analysed blood arrived from Warsaw. Not only Poland provides poor healthcare in the countryside, multiple other Member States have problems assuring medical availability. With signing the European Social Charter, the Member States of the EU committed to preserving the right to protection of health in general, but Agnieszka feels cheated by her state.
It is the year 2016. The pharmaceutical company ExperimentalYoungProducts (EYP) has just finished developing a new molecule capable of keeping cells in the brain young and thus counteract conditions and diseases such as Alzheimer’s. They want to sell it as a new drug called “Lybex”. This drug could be a breakthrough in medicine and has high chance of being successful. This success after all is necessary since the development of this new drug was costly and some of the drugs developed at the same time did not get the approval of the Europeans Medicines Agency (EMA) and were consequently not given the authorisation to the EU market by the European Commission (EC). That led to losses amounting to billions of euros. That is why Lybex needs to be financially successful. This requires two things: One is the authorisation by the EC. So an application was submitted to the EMA, which was assessed by their Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Much to the joy of the EYP development team the authorisation was granted and the new product can now be marketed inside the EU and made available to the customers or in other words actually start producing money. The second thing that is still in the way of Lybex fulfilling all the dreams of EYP CEO Lauren Streep is the acquirement of patents because you can only make money if customers choose to buy your products and they will do that based on the price and EYP besides the actual production costs has to refinance the costs of the risks they took and research that went into developing the drug. 16
Maximising the time in which the product is legally protected is therefore an absolute priority since as soon as it hits the market, if not even earlier during the extensive testing needed for the authorisation, other companies will start analysing Lybex. If there was no legal protection of intellectual property just after a short period of time cheap drugs with the same active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) would be on the market. This sounds great for customers but is shortsighted as a company that has no chance of earning the money they spent will think twice before again investing in extensive research. For this reason there are patents to be acquired. However, this is where it starts to get messy. While there is a centralised body, the European Patent Office (EPO) for granting patents for up to 38 European states with just one application, applications can also be made to national patent offices. EYP has now applied at the German patent office and subsequently at the EPO for 18 additional states. Although a singular EU patent for all EU member states called European patent with unitary effect (EPUE) has been in the planning phase for years it will only fully come into being once enough
“Choosing how and where to act becomes important“
Such a unified patent court would come in handy for EYP because a smaller company has slightly changed Lybex and is planning on selling it for a very low price claiming that it does not infringe on EYP’s rights under intellectual property law.
All of this is causing CEO Lauren Streep quite a headache so all hopes are pinned on the EU to improve the system and give the employees of EYP the peaceful and relaxing four hours of sleep they deserve. by Frederick Gniffke
This is bad news. EYP’s Head of Development Martin Bellman is nonetheless convinced that it is basically the same product and legal action should be taken. Yet there are different patents in different countries and different countries have different courts, different courts make different decisions and take different time for them. So choosing how and where to act becomes important.
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Member States have ratified the agreement on a Unified Patent Court.
AN UNUSUAL FAMILY DINNER
It is a raining Sunday of May, in France. Jean and Marguerite asked their daughter Natalia to come for the familial Sunday lunch with her daughter Lucy. Marguerite: My darlings! I’m so happy to see you again after I spent three weeks in Nantes to take care of my mother. Natalia: Is she okay now? Marguerite: Actually her knee is still not cure, so she has to continue the re-education. Jean: But she is still a problem for your sister!
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Natalia: Is grandma?
your
sister
accommodate
Marguerite: Yes, because, she cannot do everything on her own for instance she need someone to go to the doctor and buy her drugs. Lucy: Why did she not try the telemedicine? Jean: Still electronics and internet! Lucy: Don’t react like this, it could be very convenient! Telemedicine is the use of telecommunication and information technologies in order to provide clinical health care at a distance. It helps eliminate distance barriers and can improve access
to medical services that would often not be consistently available in distant rural communities.
Lucy: see! People in their house will get sick, for old people it would be hard to reach the big cities to find a doctor…
Jean: Maybe yes, maybe not!
Natalia: Well, if what you say was true, the most difficult for now for them is to have electricity and internet!
Marguerite: You know my granddaughter, we are old, we weren’t born with a smartphone in our hands! Natalia: I don’t think it is a good idea because it is not safe for our data.
The grandma finally brings the roasted chicken. The family continue to enjoy the lunch. However, the grandma seems a little worried. Marguerite: Did you hear about those floods in Ile-de-France, and in some other parts of France? Jean: Although, some small cities are already flooded, the news said that the worst is coming! Natalia: Hopefully, my parents, you live in Paris. Otherwise the life is very difficult in the small cities in the countryside. Marguerite: The news adds that when the water will subside, the interior of the house will be a centre for germ growth.
Marguerite: I don’t think people are ready to leave the normal process of consultation, face to face. Lucy: Take for instance my mother, she is travelling a lot and sometimes doesn’t have time to go to the doctor, it could be a great solution to do an online consultation from another part of the world. Moreover, if she travelled in Europe and face a problem during a trip in Latvia, the Latvian doctor she visits can have a look on the database and understand what treatment she has. I think you don’t want to change because you are afraid and full of stereotypes on this topic. An e-Visit is an online exchange of medical information between a patient and a health care provider where the provider gives the patient medical advice. An e-Visit can be used for non-urgent symptoms instead of calling your clinic or scheduling an appointment. by Alex Blin
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Lucy: but who cares about the health data of a 90-years-old woman? Plus, what the problem with data if this can facilitate her life and her daughter’s life?!
Lucy: Anyway you don’t want to the tournament coming but tomorrow the way to take care of people will have changed and you cannot do anything against this!
SAY HI TO FREDDIE
by Lena Kreft 20
GLOSSARY
An alphabetical guide to every concept mentioned in the preparation kit.
A form of economic analysis that compares the relative costs and outcomes (effects) of two or more courses of action, often used to guide procurement decisions. This kind of financial analysis is applied to pharmacoeconomics, especially health technology assessment (HTA).
Cost-benefit analysis
A systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives that satisfy transactions, activities or functional requirements.
Coordinated/ integrated care
A healthcare concept where working together is a key aspect. New organisational arrangements focusing on more coordinated and integrated forms of care provision. It may be seen as a response to the fragmented delivery of health and social services being an acknowledged problem in health systems. The European health policy — Health 2020 — is trying to develop this vision to strengthen the health system. • a move to community-based multi-professional teams based around general practices that include generalists working alongside specialists • a focus on intermediate care, case management and support to home-based care • joint care planning and co-ordinated assessments of care needs • personalised health care plans and programmes • named care co-ordinators who act as navigators and who retain responsibility for patient care and experiences throughout the patient journey • clinical records that are shared across the multi-professional team
Disability adjusted life year (DALY)
It is used to measure the overall burden of a disease. It takes into account the number of years lived with the disease or a disability due to the disease, plus the number of ‘’lost years’’.
Fee-for-service payment
A payment model where services are bundled and paid for separately. In health care, it gives an incentive for physicians to provide more treatments because payment is dependent on the quantity of care, rather than the quality of care as they are paid for each service performed.
ICD-10
The 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), a medical classification list by the World Health Organisation (WHO) — the standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes. 21
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Costeffectiveness/ utility analysis
Incidence
The number of specified new events, for example, people falling ill with a specified disease, during a given period in a specified population.
Inpatient
Person who receives medical treatment that is provided in a hospital or other facility, and requires at least one overnight stay.
Measures of risk
Relative risk/absolute risk of a disease is your risk of developing a disease over a time period such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, etc.
Morbidity
Simply put, morbid means sick. Morbidity can also describe the amount of people who suffer from a specific disease. The morbidity rate is the ratio of ill people to the total number of a population.
Mortality
Mortality is another term for death. A mortality rate is the number of deaths due to a disease divided by the total population. It indicates the number of deaths by place, time, and cause.
Outpatient
Person who goes to doctor/hospital/treatment but does not spend the night at the hospital.
Over-diagnosis
The diagnosis of a disease that will never cause symptoms or death during the patient’s lifetime.
Over-treatment
Refers to unnecessary medical interventions including treatment of overdiagnosis or extensive treatment for a condition requiring limited treatment.
Personalised medicine
A medical procedure that separates patients into different groups with medical decisions, practices, interventions and/or products being tailored to the individual patient based on their predicted response or risk of disease. It includes an individual’s genetic profile to guide decisions made in regard to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of a disease.
Prevalence
The number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a specific period of time (period prevalence) or at a particular moment in time (point prevalence).
Prevention (behavioural, structural)
Two main differences in prevention: 1. Behavioural: targets individual damaging behaviour 2. Structural: e.g. at workplaces, the setting and environment
Primary prevention
Primary prevention aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs. This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury should exposure occur.
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Health risk factors are attributes, characteristics or exposures that increase the likelihood of a person developing a disease of health disorder. Behavioural risk factors are those that individuals have the most ability to modify. Biomedical risk factors are bodily states that are often influenced by behavioural risk factors.
Secondary prevention
Secondary prevention aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already occurred. This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress, encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.
Tertiary Prevention
Tertiary prevention aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting effects. This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g. chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to function, their quality of life and their life expectancy.
Value-based payment
A payment model used by purchasers to promote quality and value of health care services. The idea behind this model is to shift from pure volume-based payment to payments that are more closely related to outcomes. This payment model rewards physicians, hospitals and other healthcare providers for meeting certain performance measures for quality and efficiency. It penalises caregivers for poor outcomes and medical errors.
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Risk factor
BROUGHT TO YOU BY THE
MEDIA TEAM OF LÜBECK 2016
In Kooperation mit der Vertretung der Europäischen Kommission in Deutschland