FRAN KF UR T Academic Issue
CONTENTS
WELCOME..........3 EMPL I...........4 EMPL II..........6 ENVI I...........8 ENVI II.........10 ECON I..........12 ECON II.........14 CULT............16 INTA............18 SEDE............20
WELCOME Once again, welcome to Frankfurt 2017! We are only a day away from the session and all the fun & interesting discussion we will have and hear. As to ensure that those discussions and debates would be fruitful as possible, the Media Team of Frankfurt 2017 have written down some articles that we hope will aid you in the upcoming days. Have fun reading and see you soon! Best regards, Your Editors
(child)bEaring THE ODDS Written by Debra Daly (IE) The topic of parental leave is one which has always perplexed me. A solution is incredibly difficult to find due to the variety of issues involved. It is becoming increasingly challenging to pinpoint the main causes of the issue due to the diversity within the family model and the lack of progression despite the laws already in place. There is no doubt that this issue is much greater than it seems. This problem affects all people across all walks of life. People are the foundation of society and without happy, well-cared for people, it would crumble. I will first begin with my own experience in this area. As an eighteen year old, I am at the point in my life where I am faced with the looming decision of what career path I want to travel down. I have to consider my potential future family comprehensively when exploring any career path. Although this is not a certainty in my future, I still need to compromise other desires I have for my future career in order to facilitate it in the most effective way possible. The harsh reality is that my male counterparts do not ever have to face up to this. Already before I have entered the workforce, my career options are considerably narrowed in contrast to my male peers.
40% OF MEN DON’T OPT FOR PATERNAL LEAVE DUE TO STIGMAS
20% THOUGHT OF DOSMETIC ACTIVITES AS SHARED RESPONSIBILITES
Even if I made the decision to not have a family I am still restricted as my future employers also have to consider it as a possibility. Irrespective of what restrictions against discrimination are in place the situation does not seem to be improving. Due to a belief that there is a social stigma against fathers who chose to work part-time, forty per cent of men chose not to take paternity leave. Despite eighty percent of fathers stating that working part-time is supportive, a mere twenty one per cent thought cooking, cleaning and childcare should be shared responsibilities.
On the flip side, forty percent of employers are wary of hiring a woman of childbearing age/ who already has a child/ a mother for a senior role . Despite pregnancy discrimination being illegal and immoral these cases are just as prominent as ever. In order to solve the problem we must acknowledge the differences in situations. There needs to be a drastic turn around in terms of attitude and workplace culture that value parenting and accommodates it in a real way. As we know any social change takes a long time, especially in the workplace. It is up to us to make the change. We are responsible for making a difference especially with an issue that affects every single one of us. It is imperative that we keep ourselves and those around us educated on the reality of the situation including examples of companies running successfully whilst providing parental leave which is being availed of by its employees, both male and female, without concern of losing their job if they wish to return. An excellent working example is Facebook which offers four months of “paid baby leave” . The employees work with their manager to come up with a solution that’s best for them and the business. Of course not all companies have the capacity to offer such an incentive but if we make it known that all male employees of this successful company take parental leave it may become more socially acceptable. We all need to educate one another on the extent of this prominent problem and how it affects both genders negatively. After all if we do not affect change now these issues not only lie in our own futures but also in the futures of many generations to come. It’s up to us to make a change and break social stigmas.
40% OF EMPLOYERS AVOID HIRING (POTENTIAL) MOTHERS
ABILITY BEYOND DISABILITY Towards a More Inclusive Society Written by Venla Ala-Rämi (FI) Imagine that you are facing unemployment - the huge problem haunting Europe. Now, imagine that the chances of getting a job have decreased even more. It does not sound very good, does it? Disabled people are continuously ignored in the labour market. Harmful prejudgements affect the employer’s ability to evaluate the competence of the applicants objectively, not to mention that many poorly designed work environments create clear disadvantages for those struggling with physical disabilities. It is obvious that the discrimination of disabled people is not ethically correct but because of the “business is business” mindset that most companies have, the expenses that could possibly follow from making the workplaces more suitable seem to make employers rule disabled people out really quickly. From the perspective of the employers, it is often seen as financial damage to the business to hire disabled people, therefore nearly impossible to convince them to do so. After all, it is more common for them to look at the financial profits of the business rather than the benefits that individuals would gain from employment. With the disabled people being already often excluded from society, their unemployment makes their societal position even worse. This gradually turns into a vicious cycle, making it extremely difficult to get involved in the labour market. Discrimination is not the only explanation for the unemployment of disabled people. In a study conducted in 2011, it was discovered that one of the top three reasons why an employer might not hire a disabled person is the lack of knowledge about how to work with them. So, how can companies include disabled people into the work life, if they do not know how? Keeping in mind that the EU cannot rule regulations concerning education, doing something for this issue is harder than it seems. Considering different options, volunteer programmes and awareness weeks are good examples of something that the EU could consider putting into action.
It is a fact that disabilities can limit the employee’s ability to work efficiently in a professional environment. Physical disabilities can make moving around harder, whereas mental disorders can show up when, for example, reading or focusing. However, these difficulties – physical or mental, do not make the employee automatically less capable or less valuable for the industry. Actually, the employer's’ negligence and disinterest for making the workplaces more inclusive and accessible might be even bad for the business. According to the Australian Network on Disability, hiring disabled people improves for example businesses’ reputation and customer satisfaction, as the employees learn how to interact with disabled people. Furthermore, having to adjust the workplace to a more accessible environment makes it safer to all the workers. With these facts in mind, the disabled people should be included and further supported in the workplace. Still today, disability is almost like an insult to many people. It is disturbing that one, simple word symbolizes struggle, insufficiency and even stupidity. That one epithet, and multiple employers across the Europe ignore all the brilliant skills you may possess. That one word, and all the chances of getting the job you really wanted came crashing down. The real problem is that the people either do not know or do not care.
“It will take a lot to tackle these worrying attitudes, but by hard work, we can get a little bit closer to a more inclusive Europe.”
ENABLING INSTEAD OF DISABLING Written by Friederike Handwerg (DE)
The key is to prevent mental conditions of taking overhand in society More than 164 million people, an unbelievable number, suffered within the last year from mental disorders in the European Union. But even though the topic of mental health problems is becoming a major burden on the European public health, it is still a taboo topic. With having adults reflecting a huge part of the affected persons, workplace has to be elaborated as an influencing factor. Mental illness represents a wide range of medical conditions resulting often in disorganization of personality and mind, leading to disruption in normal thinking, behaviour and social interaction. Examples are depression, anxiety, bipolar disorders and schizophrenia. Especially in their workplace the affected show fatigue, less concentration, poor memory and reduced physical fitness. Many of these disorders can be successfully treated. However, more than a half of the suffering persons feel uncomfortable with confronting their superior with the disease. Many employees stay in work with simply being less productive but remain unrecognized.
What are difficulties? Firstly understanding and accepting the mental conditions. Employers wish as much productivity as possible and are not satisfied with the asked work time reduction of their employees. This all costs money and results on less strength of the company. Thus, the results are even higher expectations, which mean even more stress and again less productivity. Reaching this point, the vicious cycle finally starts. Mental conditions are not the only problem than, soon discrimination and social exclusion in workplace will probably start. This not favourable atmosphere is also why employers avoid persons with mental disorders.
What can be done against it? Would the inclusion of them not be the best healing method? Instead there are high unemployment rates for the ‘disabled persons’, although this makes the affected even more unsatisfied. Re-employment helps for improving the health instead. Work gives the people a social identity, contact to be persons, security and a structure in life. The mental conditions step in background when people know that they are wanted. Resulting, this attitude would lead to more productivity and the employees are willing to work as much as possible. Maybe the condition is just letting them work half time instead of full time, enabling them to coordinate their life.
What needs to be understood? Most important is the realisation that mental conditions are a real disease. The World Health Organisation Europe defeats mental illness as well as the European Network for Workplace Health Promotion which tries to improve workplace health and wellbeing among all member countries of the European Union. Furthermore, part of the enlightenment process is the European Commission, setting legal frameworks and policies to protect all of the citizens. The way of thinking of all people definitely needs to be changed in the view of not only tolerating but also dealing with suffering persons. Those people are disabled, even excluded from society. We should remind us of that they are not behaving the way they do because they want to, but because their mind is forcing them to do so. The fear should be taken from the employees of contacting their employers in case of mental illness for changes in their contract.
The fact There is no health without mental health. The question With around one in five European workers experiencing mental health conditions, how can the EU support citizens with mental conditions and ensure their protection in the workplace? The goal Achieve equal chances for everyone everywhere, learn to deal with diseases and reduce them. They are not worth disabling our society.
!YOU !
also need to take action Written by Veronika Hauerová (CZ)
How many phones have you thrown away during your life, four or even more? You think: “It is just a phone!” but think about it further. It does not disappear from the world easily. The materials are definitely not easy to recycle and furthermore most of your old phones are thrown away a lot earlier than it is actually necessary. Recycling is not just about throwing the waste into the correct bin but also about using our things in a sustainable manner to minimize the amount materials we produce.
It is not just about the nature, it is also a business! Our planet is being damaged every day and each and every one of us knows it. We have been trying to improve our behaviour and our methods in order to protect the nature for the past years. The newest idea is to change the economy process from line to a circle. The main idea is that when a product reaches the end of its life, the materials will be productively recycled and reused within the economy again and again. It that case we would not just reduce the impact on the environment but it would also be valuable for our economy. Studies have shown that circle economy increases competitiveness and innovation into the business field. By using the materials more efficiently the companies save money but also they are forced to be creative to redesign their products.
What is the problem? This question probably arisen in your head while reading the paragraphs above. In my opinion, most of all the problems we are currently struggling with in the EU start with us, the people. In this case it is not different. Why would we use old computer when we can buy new ones? Why should we walk around the corner to throw the paper into the bin intended just for paper when we have the mixed waste closer? We need change our manners but this is not the only reason why most of the society is not ready for the circular economy. We are not the same and this is also true concerning the recycling situation. Each country uses different materials in different manners and also deals with them differently! Each state’s economy is on various levels and it cannot be expected that all the member states can easily adapt to the same measures.
Germany for example, one the one hand recycles or composts more than 60% of waste on the other hand in six new MS, for example Bulgaria, Latvia or Slovakia, less than 30% is recycled or composted. We can see that the gap between those countries is enormous.
475 kg of waste per person In the EU 475 kg was generated of waste per person per year of which just 28% was recycled and 16% composed. These numbers are terrifying and we cannot leave it like this. We need to take steps forward to reach the goals of Circular Economy Package and to change plain words into powerful actions.
How to hide your money 101 Written by Aijan Muktar (CH) When I was little I had two piggy banks. One pink that I kept on my nightstand and another yellow, under my bed. Everytime my parents gave me my ten Franc weekly allowance, I would always separate and put four Francs in the pink piggy bank and six under my bed. The reason why I did that is because I have younger siblings who, I knew, would always sneak into my room to get a peek at my pink piggy bank and maybe even take some money out of it. This is why, as a child, I kept another secret piggy bank away from everyone’s eyes in order to keep my money safe. Apparently, adults do the same thing in real life, but the yellow piggy bank is called a tax haven.
What is a tax haven? Even though there is no technical juridical definition of a “tax haven”, the OECD defines such a place following four criteria: the tax rate being inexistent or equal to zero; a lack of cooperation in the exchange of information with other countries, a lack of legislative, legal, or administrative transparence; and very few activities other than those related to finances. Based on these criteria more than a hundred countries were defined as “tax havens”. The latter have very varied activities. For example, a lot of multinational companies are attracted by the low tax rate that defies all competition. There are also many tax havens with “banking secrecy” which allow for individuals and companies to escape from tax controls in their respective countries, which are considered as “offshore” services. This means that it facilitates the banking process for non-residents of a country who can have access to their banking account from another country. Those offshore activities are not necessarily illegal. For example in France, having an offshore banking account (abroad) is perfectly legal, as long as it is declared. However, having an offshore account with tax evasion in mind, is illegal.
There is a strong collision between political and financial interests. As the Guardian explains it, very often there is almost no political opposition to this offshore system. This leads to a system of taxation with two speeds: a zero (or almost) tax rate for non residents and a much higher tax rate for residents, which then represents the only source of income for the country.
Why are tax havens a problem? First of all, the laws that regulate offshore accounts can very well hide the financing of some criminal activities which can go from laundering of dirty money from drug trafficking to terrorism. Tax havens are also a missed opportunity for a country to gain a significant amount of money. They do not only interest very wealthy taxpayers who want to escape taxes, but they also attract a lot of hedge funds and large corporations who can alleviate the tax burden in their home countries, as Google does. When we know that according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), 50% of international flows of capital transit through a tax haven we can imagine the extent to which can go tax evasion.
What is done right now against tax evasion? The OECD currently coordinates the fight against tax evasion as well as the funding of criminal activities on an international level. The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes has several seminars per year in countries who want to strengthen the fight against fiscal opacity, the last ones having taken place in Bogota (Columbia) and YaoundÊ (Cameroun). The Forum also evaluates the transparency of its member states, accompanying them in their efforts to reinforce the fiscal cooperation between countries. Finally, the OECD designed a tool called the Automatic Exchange Of Information (AEOI) in order to reduce tax evasion. It will allow for the exchange of non-resident financial account information with the tax authorities in the account holders’ countries of residence. To this date some countries, such as Switzerland from 2017 onwards, started implementing the AEOI with countries abroad. Can we predict an end to banking secrecy in the following years to come?
Privatisation of Water Supply The Muddy Picture Written byJohanna Schiffers (DE) There is no greater natural resource on Earth than water. As the sustenance of all life, water keeps every living and breathing organism on this planet alive. In the same way that without air to breathe, without water we humans cannot sustain life for more than a few days. For that reason, access to water has been declared a human right by the United Nations. Due to global warming, widespread drought and increasingly polluted water systems, the projected availability of clean freshwater in years to come that is to meet the rising demands of a growing global population is among the most daunting human challenges of this century. By 2025, a 17% increase in global water demand is projected just for increasing agriculturally produced food. By the same year, the growing global population will increase water consumption needs by 40%. Competition is good for business - the argument goes. More competition leads to lower prices and often to better products, according to the European Commission, which is pushing its plans to regulate water supplies in the EU. If the commission succeeds, private companies will be able to get concessions to operate public water systems. The directive on public service concessions, which also affects the water supply sector, is aimed at leveling the playing field across Europe. It was presented by the European Commission at the end of 2011, while this year, the EU Parliament will vote on whether to adopt the directive.
Local authorities are insisting on their right to govern themselves - they feel bossed around by the Commission. In addition, they insist that water management must be adapted to regional conditions. So there it is - the idea of the Commission: water licenses have to be tendered throughout the EU. But then it’s the private partners’ turn. Because with the dumping prices of big corporations, municipal operators cannot compete. For instance, 82% of Germans want the water supply to be organized by the cities and municipalities. Here, cities and municipalities even draw back single privatization. Let’s take the example of Berlin. In 1999, the water company was partially privatized. After mass protests, the city has begun to buy back shares, an expensive way, but the first success for this citizens’ initiative. But the new strategy of the European Commission could negate this idea. This EU legislation may force local authorities to privatize management of water supply. Companies need to have sustainable business if water supply operation is privatized, but since most of them don’t, forced privatization is a valid concern, says Gebhard. That’s because local authorities fear that they will have to put out tenders for water supply systems, if they are not completely publicly operated. While most municipalities do in fact operate water supply systems, local authorities have to factor in already privatized electricity supply systems and public transportation. This may force them to privatize. In Germany, Berlin serves as an example of what can happen when the management of the water supply is privatized. The prices for water in the German capital rose steadily, to more than 30% today. Most town and city councils manage water supply systems, maintaining water pipes, ensuring that there are enough pipes for every home to be hooked to the water supply system and managing the quality of tap water. Sometimes councils grant concessions to private companies. But only in rare cases, is the operation of the water supply sectors entirely in private hands. But it is the city of London that represents the most striking case of mismanagement of the water supply system as a result of privatization. For that reason, in the British capital, 40% of the water supply is seeping into the ground because companies did not invest in pipes. The problem that arises is that water quality will decrease with privatization. Meaning that if companies that operate across Europe assume control of the water supply in Germany, compliance with standards of hygiene may be put at risk. “You can freely mix electricity, but you can’t mix water,” says Hans-Joachim Reck, the head of the association of local authority companies. The obvious example is Paris, which had to reassume control of its water supply systems after having previously privatized them. While on the other hand, in Germany, Berlin serves as an example of what can happen when the management of the water supply is privatized. The prices for water in the German capital rose steadily, to more than 30 percent today, according to Matthias Ladsstätter, a water management expert at the German trade union Verdi. He is campaigning against the new concessions. Instead of investing in the city’s water supply infrastructure, the companies pocketed the profits. While local authorities are legally bound to put the interests of the community first, private companies are merely profit-oriented. Water - a human right or water - a billion-dollar business? Brussels has already decided: water in the future shall belong to the corporations rather than all of us.
CULTURE NEEDS FINANCE Written by Phoebe Bachsleitner (DE)
THE ECONOMICS OF ART We often think of culture only as a non-economic activity, as part of our private lives, providing us with entertainment, inspiration or aesthetic pleasure. Yet as we enjoy these works, they become products and we start to engage in the cultural and creative industries (CCIs). CCIs have been found to be more resilient to economic crises than traditional industries such as manufacturing. This combined with their future potential in line with a trend towards a more service and innovation based knowledge economy make them a steady, future-proof component of the EU economy. This contrasts starkly with the insecurities and risks given for both investors and creative SMEs, often due to a lack of tangible assets or an uncertainty of demand. Although CCIs are also presented with significant challenges e.g. as the result of digitalisation, this article will focus on one major area of concern, access to financial resources.
FUNDING CCIs: A CLOSER LOOK
SPARE A DIME?
The total financing gap in CCIs over a 7-year period is estimated to range from €8 billion to €13.4 billion and thereby exceed €1 billion a year. Due to the nature of the industry, innovative financial instruments play an important role in facilitating access to finance by SMEs. The European Commission’s ‘Creative Europe’ programme was established in 2016 with a budget of €1.46 billion and its aims include “enabl[ing] the sectors to reach their economic potential, contributing to sustainable growth [and] jobs.” As part of this measure, the EC launched the Cultural and Creative Sector Guarantee Facility (CSS GF), worth €121 million and managed by the European Investment Fund (EIF). The scheme set out to select financial institutions as financial intermediaries which can then make the new finance available to selected beneficiaries. The most concrete specification to be found is that Intermediaries’ potential losses when they engage with CCI projects are said to be covered by up to 70% of individual loans’ losses and up to 25% at a guaranteed portfolio level.uncertainty of demand. Although CCIs are also presented with significant challenges e.g. as the result of digitalisation, this article will focus on one major area of concern, access to financial resources.
The ‘Survey on access to finance for cultural and creative sectors’, which was commissioned by the European Commission Directorate General for Education and Culture, highlights that the problem of access to finance doesn’t stop with lowering the financing risk for banks. It states that “to leverage the effect of the instrument, we recommend that the CCS guarantee facility is embedded into a broader ‘ecosystem’ of measures to stimulate finance in the sector.” One suggestion is to make the capacity building programme already obtainable for financial intermediaries available for cultural and creative SMEs themselves. The study also emphasises the diversity of possible sources of funding and recommends the implementation of a framework that creates opportunities for co-financing and includes public-private financiers, providers of microcredits, so-called business angels and venture capital.
UNLOCKING THE FULL POTENTIAL As we have seen, the European Commission has conceptualised a vision for how creative and cultural SMEs could be better funded in the future. However, measures haven’t tapped into mainstream society yet and some, like the CSS GF, remain temporarily limited, as it is also designed to operate in terms of separate stages. Enough for EU policy makers to reflect on alternative measures to support CCIs. Remember that it is the artists’ neighbourhoods we like to wander in Europe’s cities - think East London, Gracia, Kreuzberg, Užupis or Montmartre. It is the historic cultural sites we like to wonder at as tourists - think temples in Greece, the Berlin wall, Paris’ museums or churches in Poland. If we want to continue to be able to admire them and enjoy the developments set off by CCIs in any area, we need to expand investment and create even more effective mechanisms that today’s and tomorrow’s content creators and consumers can benefit from.
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THE BATTLE OF CSR Written by Xin Ran Song (LU) Has it ever occurred to you, that the coffee you drink may have been collected by a kidnapped child, that the clothes you wear may come from a factory which later collapsed and killed 1,100 Bangladesh workers? Nowadays, almost every good around us is produced through global value chains (GVCs); our life and demand are more closely related to the violation of human rights and destruction of environment than we think. So how does GVC link our coffee to child labour? The answer is Multinational Corporations. Multinational Corporations (MNC) A multinational corporation is a corporation that operates in more than one country other than where its headquarter is located. Globalisation enables MNCs to reduce cost by outsourcing to less economically developed countries(LEDC) and to gain a larger market all over the world. For example, Nestle has 447 factories in 86 countries and sell their products in 196 countries. Since the start of globalisation in 1990, the number of MNCs has increased from 7000 to 65000. The MNCs are becoming more and more powerful as some of their revenue even surpasses the GDP of countries.(The revenue of Walmart, the biggest MNC in the world, in 2015 was $486 billion) Then, what makes MNCs behave, or claim to behave ethically? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Almost every MNC has its CSR, a series of claims and promises regarding the quality of products, protection of human rights and environment. CSR and a good image attracts more customers, reduces opposition from pressure groups and ensures permission to operate in more countries. However, CSR is not always followed, especially when the country of operation has low regulations and when there is no surveillance from outer groups, and that is when violation of human rights and damage to the environment occurs.
Environmental Damage Operations of oil and mining companies such as OK Tedi has greatly damaged rainforests and coral reefs in countries such as Papua New Guinea. These damages are often caused by very low or no regulations in these countries in order to attract foreign direct investments. Human Rights Violations A few examples to show how serious things are Child labour Nestle receives cocoa from plantations in which children are kidnapped to work without getting paid, sued in 2015 by consumer rights law firm Factory accidents: The Bhopal Disaster (India) Poisonous gas leak from the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India in 1984 which caused over 250,000 casualties Rana Plaza collapse The collapse of a eight-story building in Bangladesh which served as clothing factory for brands such as Gap and Mongo in 2013 which resulted in 1,100 deaths of workers. In both cases, the workers and locals are not fully informed of the danger and the security measures were not strictly implemented. After the incidents, however, the company claims that they were not aware of the situation or that it is the responsibility of their suppliers (e.g. the plantations in Nestle’s case). How can the EU make sure this is taken into accounts in its regulations? Problems and Difficulties How to ensure a thorough surveillance on the MNCs’ implementation of CSR? How to judge if an MNC has violated human rights and sustainability (specific criteria)? What measures can be taken to propel MNCs to follow CSR (penalties and encouragements)?
EUROPE A SAFE PLACE FOR LIVING Written by Luka Poljak (RS)
Europe had faced many problems throughout its history, such as the Ottoman conquest of Europe, but right now, Europe is facing another problem of the same calibre but of a different type - the migrant crisis. There are a lot of refugees and migrants that want to come in Europe on legal or illegal way. All of that migration is followed by many problems that we will talk about it. The European migrant crisis, or the European refugee crisis, began in 2015 when rising numbers of people arrived undocumented in the European Union (EU), travelling across the Mediterranean Sea or overland through Southeast Europe, according to Frontex in 2015. 1,822,260milion of refugees came in Europe, with previous years and 2016 that is over 2.5 million of people. These people included were not only asylees seeking to apply for refugee status and the right of asylum in claims of being individually determined as genuine or not, but also encompassed various others, such as economic migrants and a small number of hostile agents including “Islamic State militants�.
The main problem is that there are more and more refugees trying to cross borders illegally because Europe can not offer asylum to everyone. Also, the main final destination points for refugees are Germany, France, Great Britain, Scandinavian countries, etc. but because of the threat of terrorist attacks, most of terrorist attacks belongs to refugee crises and Muslims in general. Because of that threat, refugees need to give their fingerprints, so they can be inputted in the system that is accessible to all Member States, but some NGOs complain that because of that, the right to privacy data and personal data protection of refugees is jeopardized.
Because migrants are looking for many different ways to get into Europe. there has been a rise in criminal activity, forcing people to go into prostitution, theft etc. As well, hotspot countries of the Mediterranean, such as Greece, are faced with an economical crisis because they cannot host the great influx of people at once. That is why other countries are feeling threatened and closing their borders.Therefore, our goal is to improve the border security system and better the cooperation between countries. Of course, these are just ground goals of the main problem. There are a lot of other issues that stem from this that need to be adressed - such as economical crises of hotspot countries, criminal activity, corruption of tranporters who take refugees across the borders etc. Almost all of these and many other issues are connected, so if we can solve one of them we will actually solve quite a few of them. To conclude, the migrant crisis will not stop overnight, so our goal is to think of something that will improve cooperation between countries and border and coastal security, Some measures have already been taken but still we have great responsibility on our hands, We have to do more - to improve more and to make Europe a secure place to live in. People live in fear because of terrorist attacks and migrant crisis as well. So let’s make them believe that Europe is a secure and safe place to live in.