3 Engelsk GRIP
ANNE LISE SVENDAHL KVAM | ELWIRA PAJAK | ANNELÉN T.A. STENBAKKEN
Copyright © 2021 by Vigmostad & Bjørke AS All Rights Reserved 1. utgave / 1. opplag 2021 ISBN: 978-82-11-04404-4 Grafisk produksjon: John Grieg, Bergen Omslagsdesign: ##…## Omslagsfoto: ##…## Spørsmål om denne boken kan rettes til: Fagbokforlaget Kanalveien 51 5068 Bergen Tlf.: 55 38 88 00 e-post: fagbokforlaget@fagbokforlaget.no www.fagbokforlaget.no Materialet er vernet etter åndsverkloven. Uten uttrykkelig samtykke er eksemplarfremstilling bare tillatt når det er hjemlet i lov eller avtale med Kopinor.
Velkommen til Grip 3 Engelsk! Her kan du bla i de første smakebitene fra Grip 3 Engelsk. Tekstutvalget representerer hver av de fem delene i grunnboken: 1 English around the world (flerspråklighet, språkvarianter, engelsk språkhistorie) 2 Encounters (autentiske tekster skrevet av deltakere i voksenopplæringen) 3 Fiction texts (utvalg skjønnlitterære titler i ulike sjangre fra hele verden) 4 Democracy and citizenship (“doing democracy”, borgerrettigheter, likestilling) 5 Professional life (yrkesrettet innhold, lover og regler, utdanningsmuligheter) Alle tekstene i grunnboken følges av nøkkelord (keywords) og Let’s talkoppgaver. I arbeidsboken finner deltakerne varierte oppgaver knyttet til hvert kapittel. Grip er et læreverk for voksne innvandrere som får opplæring tilsvarende norsk grunnskole. Grip 3 Engelsk dekker kompetansemålene etter 10. trinn i ny ordinær læreplan, ivaretar forsøkslæreplanen i engelsk for forberedende voksenopplæring (FVO), modul 4, og ser også til kompetansemålene etter VG1 yrkesfag. Grip 3 Engelsk tar utgangspunkt i et globalt syn på engelsk språk og litteratur. Dette perspektivet gjenspeiles i tekstutvalg og relevans til språket i faktisk bruk. Med foten i samtiden skjeler vi til historiske hendelser for å formidle kunnskap om mangfoldet i engelsk språk og kultur. Flerspråklighet som ressurs og praktisk språkbruk veier tungt i Grip Engelsk-universet. Læreverket skal være relevant, eksamensrettet, ha praktisk verdi for målgruppen og legge vekt på å stimulere til utvikling av skriftlige og muntlige ferdigheter i engelsk. Grip 3 Engelsk består av grunnbok, arbeidsbok, lærerveiledning og nettressurs for lærer og deltaker. Be gjerne om vurderingseksemplar!
Contents 1
3
Speaking multiple languages
Dreams Poem by Langston Hughes, USA
English around the world Neelam Sarwar Anjum Global village How to be a Brit By George Mikes, Hungary A beginner’s guide to acting English Biography by Shappi Khorsandi, Iran/UK Language and identity History of the English language The English language on the map Colonization The fall of the British empire
Fiction texts
A doll’s house Play by Henrik Ibsen, Norway The darling buds of May Novel by H.E. Bates, England There was once Short story by Margaret Atwood, Canada The moment before the gun went off Short story by Nadine Gordimer, South Africa Colonial girls’ school Poem by Olive Senior, Jamaica The chimney sweeper Poem by William Blake, England
2
Encounters Basheer Eissa Huda Mohsen Brian Friedland Christian Matheus Luperdiga Ismail Abdi Haron Selamawit Zeray Erisa Mpungu Yanling Wei Mohannad Dames John Wishart
The butler Short story by Roald Dahl, England War and a woman Poem by Saba Kidane, Eritrea The tell-tale heart Short story by Edgar Allan Poe, USA All one race Poem by Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australia Much ado about nothing Play by William Shakespeare, England The fault in our stars Novel by John Green, USA The marchers Short story by Henry Dumas, USA And then there were none Novel by Agatha Christie, England
4
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
The lost women Poem by Lucille Clifton, USA The crow and the eagle Traditional tale. Unknown author, Native Australian
Conflicts in the Western world EU, EEA and Brexit The civil rights movement in the US Indigenous peoples
Butterflies Short story by Patricia Grace, New Zealand
The Sami people
Dead men’s path Short story by Chinua Achebe, Nigeria
The Inuits
The children of immigrants Poem by Lenelle Moïse, Haiti/US
The Maori
The no. 1 ladies’ detective agency Novel by Alexander McCall Smith, England Separation & If Poems by Şêrko Bêkes (Sherko Bekas), Kurdistan Elephant in the dark Poem by Rumi, ancient Persia Jane Eyre Novel by Charlotte Brontë, England
Native Americans Native Australians
The Yanomami
Sustainable development
5
Professional life Work regulations in Norway The Norwegian education system Jobs and occupations Adult education
A red, red rose Poem by Robert Burns, Scotland
How to survive at work
The three oxen Traditional tale. Unknown author, Somalia
Gender gap
Gula gula Song lyrics by Mari Boine, Sapmi/Norway
4
Democracy and citizenship
Getting a job in Norway
Oprah Winfrey Inspiring people
Mini-grammar Keywords per chapter Vocabulary Useful phrases
The fundamentals of democracy Women’s rights movement LGBTQ+ rights movement
Contents
5
Neelam Sarwar Anjum Neelam Sarwar Anjum grew up in Oslo with parents from Pakistan. Today, she works as a medical doctor and is a specialist in public health as well as economics, administration and health management. Neelam is multilingual.
Hi Neelam, can you tell us about your background? I grew up in Stovner, Groruddalen in Oslo and both my parents come from the city of Lahore in Pakistan, so my mother tongue is Urdu (Punjabi). I speak both Norwegian and Urdu in my everyday life. Do you speak other languages? Yes, I also speak English, Hindi—which is very similar to Urdu—and I also know some French and some Hungarian. Do you use the languages in different situations? Please give some examples. I speak Norwegian at work, and I speak both languages to my children and my siblings. I speak mostly Urdu with my husband and my parents. Do you mix the languages, and use more than one language in the same sentence or conversation? If yes, can you give an example of a context where this could happen? Yes, I mix the languages. Many words are easier in Norwegian than my mother tongue Urdu, so I will switch to Norwegian. ‘For eksempel’ is a Norwegian phrase and I only use this phrase and not the word for it in Urdu. In Urdu it is ‘maslan’, but I don’t know anyone who uses it. I mix the languages when I am speaking to my children. I can say, ‘Hakim, kan du gjøre “vaska”’. It means ‘Can you please mop the floor?’ Hakim is my son’s name—‘vaska’ is the Urdu word for mopping the floor. I can also ask, ‘Kan du ta ut “doodh” fra kjøleskapet?’ ‘Doodh’ is milk. I mostly speak Urdu to my children if other elderly Pakistanis are around us.
KEYWORDS mother tongue, siblings, switch, mop the floor, heritage, appreciate, converse, gesture, empower, encounter, spellbound, fortunate
12
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Language and identity Do you feel that the languages you speak are part of your identity? Yes of course. We listen to poems in Urdu, sometimes the news. We watch a ton of Bollywood films and music is really important. We are proud of our heritage. It helps us understand our parents’ background. To know a language is to know a culture. It makes your life rich and opens up a new world. It can help you communicate with people all over the world. It gives you wings, understanding and a sense of respect when you approach others. For me it has become even more important, as I’m all grown up and have children myself. I cannot rob my children of this jewel and opportunity. I know that they will appreciate it, especially when they realize what a big gift it is.
Neelam Sarwar Anjum Country of birth: N orway Occupation: M edical doctor Age: 4 0 Languages: U rdu (Punjabi), Norwegian, English, Hindi, French and Hungarian
1 English around the world • Neelam Sarwar Anjum
13
Do you raise your children to be bilingual/multilingual? Yes, am trying my best. Nevertheless, it’s hard in everyday life. They, like me, are born and raised in Norway. Therefore, they are exposed to Norwegian everywhere and naturally speak Norwegian. However, I finally managed to get them a private tutor—she is teaching them every weekend, and they are making a lot of progress. We are also teaching our children French because it is an amazing language and we love Paris and France. It is good to teach it to the children when they are small because then it will be much easier for them to learn. The children are also learning to read Arabic. A teacher is teaching them to read the Quran—they can read it but unfortunately not understand it yet. We are also planning to teach them and ourselves to speak Arabic.
14
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Language and advantages What advantages are there to being bilingual/multilingual? I think knowing many languages gives you so many advantages. It helps you understand other people a lot more if you can converse in one common language. Just imagine a conversation with my grandmother—you wouldn’t need to use a translator. You would see and understand in a completely different way, because of her gestures and body language. If a translator was to translate, it would be without these gestures and body language, so would not give the same feeling. It can help you at work, too: for me, as a doctor, I encounter situations almost daily where I can use my language skills. It will also help you when you are travelling—like when I travelled to China, we had to depend on a guide on the entire trip because we did not know a single word of Chinese. In what way has being bilingual/multilingual given you advantages at school or in your career? It usually gives me more confidence and an advantage, compared to all my other colleagues. When I am a doctor on-call in Oslo, I have to speak and explain to many families about Covid-19, and then I always switch to Urdu because it is much easier for them to understand. All of India and Pakistan speak this language, and it is very similar to Persian, Turkish, Gujrati and other languages. Many people from Nepal and Afghanistan also speak Urdu. Urdu is one of the world’s ten biggest languages. I connect much easier with people who also speak Urdu, and I think that it helps me understand contexts in a broader sense. I also think that it helps me learn other languages more easily, as well—like French and Hungarian. I think that knowing several languages empowers you because you can use strategies in a broader sense, and sometimes make decisions more easily. Knowing Urdu helps me gain trust in some settings when there are others who speak the same language. (It is like we are on the same team, even if we do not say it out loud.) If I had a job that required travelling to a country where they speak Urdu, I would clearly have a huge advantage. This alone would be almost as important as holding a degree—or would equate a lack of experience to someone who did not speak the language. I think that knowing Urdu provides you a lot of diversity in your vocabulary and you use it more than others do, like the word turban, amulet, emerald, aura, mosque, and imam. In Urdu, we do not just say that
1 English around the world • Neelam Sarwar Anjum
15
Stovner, Oslo
you are pretty, we describe in detail what makes you pretty and in what way. We can compare a woman’s beauty with, for example, a thirsty man in a desert who suddenly finds a fresh magical oasis and is spellbound by the taste of the coolness of the water.
Multilingualism is a blessing What advice would you give parents raising bilingual/multilingual children? You MUST teach your children all the languages you can. Please give them this freedom. I know that it is hard sometimes and you really have to put effort into it, as I am doing, but I promise you that this will pay off. My younger siblings were not as fortunate as I was and they didn’t learn the language as well as I did, and they regret it. They even blame our parents for not teaching them. A new language is a blessing, a map, a revelation, a new road and an invitation to a new culture, food, films, poetry and songs. It will help your children explore the people and nations of the world and I think be more open-minded about other religions, ways of living and standards. It will show them that happiness can mean one thing for a person in New York and something completely different for a woman in the African jungle.
16
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Lahore, Pakistan
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4
What is Neelam’s profession? In what country was Neelam born? Name the languages Neelam speaks. Neelam believes that language is an important part of identity. Read her thoughts in the text and discuss whether you agree or disagree with them. 5 Read Neelams’s advice to parents raising bilingual/multilingual children. Do you agree with her advice? Discuss your answer.
1 English around the world • Neelam Sarwar Anjum
17
Selamawit Zeray My name is Selamawit and I am a thirty-three-year-old woman from Ethiopia. Today I live in Fetsund, a small place north of Oslo. I was born and raised in the city of Dire Dawa.
I was very surprised by the cold weather when I came to Norway. I thought that everyone would have a big house with a swimming pool, like I had seen in American movies—not that Norway was such a cold country!
Life in Ethiopia Ethiopia is a very hot country on the east side of the African continent, and there are many different ethnic groups living there. In Ethiopia, there are ninety different ethnic groups and I am one of those who speak both Tigrinya and Amharsike. In Dire Dawa, I went to school for ten years. I came to Norway when I was eighteen years old in December 2004, and now I speak four languages. I started school in Norway in the eighth grade and I finished high school. Right now, I work as a health professional in a nursing home.
Education and equal rights Everyone thinks it’s easy to get a job, but it’s not easy to get a job in Norway if you don’t have an education. In Ethiopia, it’s now also very difficult to get a job, and you have to know someone who can introduce you to get an interview. It’s very common to open your own business in Ethiopia. There’s a difference between whether you have no education or you have family inheritance. There’s also a big difference between men’s work and women’s work in Ethiopia. I’m sure this is the case in many countries, but
Selamawit Zeray Country of birth: Ethiopia Came to Norway: 2004 Occupation: Health professional
88
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Age: 33 Languages: Tigrinya, Amharsike, English and Norwegian
2 Encounters • Selamawit Zeray
89
KEYWORDS ethnic groups, health professional, inheritance, interdisciplinary collaboration, nurse
it’s definitely true in Africa. They believe women cannot work like men do, and that as women, their duties are to give birth and do housework. But in reality, women have as much value as men.
Job opportunities I think it’s good in Norway that many immigrants have good job opportunities, if they’ve been educated. Of course, there are many who are also very lazy, who don’t want to work. I don’t think that’s good, because in Norway there are many different options—for example, education or aid from NAV (Ny arbeids- og velferdsforvaltning)—for those who need help
Local residents deliver cargos with the help of donkeys in the downtown of Dire Dawa city, Ethiopia, 29 December 2016.
90
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
finding a good job after they come to Norway. I think the most important thing is to have an interesting job.
Working in health care Right now, I work as a health professional in a nursing home. I am very happy with my job because my job has changed a lot for me. The first thing is that I feel as though I’m helping my family, when I help those who are older and cannot manage by themselves. I have worked in many different places and I have learned a lot. I have gained a lot of different work experience, and I also get involved—independently, but also as a good team member with my colleagues.
I can do it Health professionals have a lot of responsibility, such as giving medications, and a lot of professional collaboration with those at a higher level—this means interdisciplinary collaboration. I have many such skilled work colleagues, who teach each other. I might get further education as a nurse to learn more, as it’s very important to me to help both my family and others. With this education, you can work anywhere in Norway, and also abroad. I really recommend to everyone that they be motivated and interested in doing what they must to be economically stable. Everyone has to say, ‘I can do it’.
LET’S TALK 1 Selamawit speaks four languages. Discuss with a classmate how knowing several languages can be an advantage, for instance in different kinds of jobs. 2 Why was Selamawit surprised when she first came to Norway? 3 Mention three things that are important to Selamawit in her professional life.
2 Encounters • Selamawit Zeray
91
Mohannad Dames My name is Mohannad Dames. I come from Syria and I speak Arabic, English and Norwegian. I’m twenty-eight years old. I came to Norway five years ago with my mother and sister and the daughter of my sister.
I live in Trondheim now. I go to school and I work with furniture and interior design. When the war started in Syria, I moved to Lebanon because it was time for me to be a soldier. In Syria, all boys must enter the military when they are eighteen years old. I didn’t want to be in the army because a lot of soldiers are forced to use violence and weapons against protesters.
KEYWORDS interior, violence, weapons, protesters, hopeless, step by step, prevail, pharmacist
100
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Mohannad Dames Country of birth: Syria Came to Norway: 2015 Occupation: Student and work with furniture and interior design Age: 28 Languages: Arabic, English and Norwegian
Hard times In 2015, we moved to Norway. I was twenty-three years old. I started learning Norwegian in an adult education programme. After two months, I had learned almost nothing because it was so difficult. It was hopeless, and I was depressed. I was thinking of going back home! I felt lonely in this country—it was difficult to make new friends and get to know this culture. After that, I realized that if I could learn the Norwegian language, then I would have the key that would open everything up for me. I turned all my thoughts around. I tried to work hard with the language, going up the stairs step by step, and to think positively. I started to go to different activities and language cafés, play football and go for walks with friends.
Nice surprise A week after I came to Norway, I got sick and went to the hospital for two days. I was very worried about paying them and I didn’t know what to do. But there was a surprise! They said, ‘You don’t need to pay anything’. It was so funny to hear! I think it’s so wonderful that the state takes care of people and helps them meet their most important needs. My favorite day in Norway is the 17th of May. There is a lot going on, people wear nice clothes and many people are out celebrating.
Hopes for peace Ten years after emigrating from my home country, I hope that peace will prevail in my country. I miss everything in my country; I miss my brothers and sisters, my friends. I miss all the places and my memories of them. I will never forget that, and I will never give up. One day I will visit my home country.
2 Encounters • Mohannad Dames
101
Sayeda Zeinab shrine in Damascus capital of Syria, showing the shrine with one golden dome and two minarets and some residential buildings.
Safe country Norway is a fantastic country. It is beautiful, with nature, big mountains and long fjords. The thing I like most about Norway is that it is a safe country. Police don’t carry weapons in front of people, and they are kind. My dream for the future is to be a pharmacist. I would like to work in a pharmacy and prepare medicines. It takes a long time to be a pharmacist, but I have a dream and I believe in that.
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4 5
102
Why did Mohannad leave his home country? How did he feel about life in Norway in the beginning? What did Mohannad do to learn Norwegian? Name some things he likes about Norway. What is Mohannad’s dream for the future?
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
There was once Short story by Margaret Atwood, Canada In this short story, the narrator faces a problem when he tries to tell a fairy tale about a little girl.
‘There was once a poor girl, as beautiful as she was good, who lived with her wicked stepmother in a house in the forest.’ ‘Forest? Forest is passé, I mean, I’ve had it with all this wilderness stuff. It’s not a right image of our society, today. Let’s have some urban for a change.’ ‘There was once a poor girl, as beautiful as she was good, who lived with her wicked stepmother in a house in the suburbs.’ ‘That’s better. But I have to seriously query this word poor.’ ‘But she was poor!’ ‘Poor is relative. She lived in a house, didn’t she?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Then socio-economically speaking, she was not poor.’ ‘But none of the money was hers! The whole point of the story is that the wicked stepmother makes her wear old clothes and sleep in the fireplace—-’ ‘Aha! They had a fireplace! With poor, let me tell you, there’s no fireplace. Come down to the park, come to the subway stations after dark, come down to where they sleep in cardboard boxes, and I’ll show you poor!’ ‘There was once a middle-class girl, as beautiful as she was good—-’ ‘Stop right there. I think we can cut the beautiful, don’t you? Women these days have to deal with too many intimidating physical role models as it is, what with those bimbos in the ads. Can’t you make her, well, more average?’
KEYWORDS wicked, wilderness, stuff, urban, socio-economically, intimidating, physical, bimbo, average, appearance, encourage, anorexia, oppress, dominant culture, indeterminate descent, transcend, puritanical, judgmental, moralistic, epithet, conditioning, be abused, condescending, paternalistic, terminology
3 Fiction texts • There was once
125
‘There was once a girl who was a little overweight and whose front teeth stuck out, who—-’ ‘I don’t think it’s nice to make fun of people’s appearances. Plus, you’re encouraging anorexia.’ ‘I wasn’t making fun! I was just describing—-’ ‘Skip the description. Description oppresses. But you can say what colour she was.’ ‘What colour?’ ‘You know. Black, white, red, brown, yellow. Those are the choices. And I’m telling you right now, I’ve had enough of white. Dominant culture this, dominant culture that—-’ ‘I don’t know what colour.’ ‘Well, it would probably be your colour, wouldn’t it?’ ‘But this isn’t about me! It’s about this girl—-’ ‘Everything is about you.’ ‘Sounds to me like you don’t want to hear this story at all.’ ‘Oh well, go on. You could make her ethnic. That might help.’ ‘There was once a girl
126
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
of indeterminate descent, as average-looking as she was good, who lived with her wicked—-’ ‘Another thing. Good and wicked. Don’t you think you should transcend those puritanical judgmental moralistic epithets? I mean, so much of that is conditioning, isn’t it?’ ‘There was once a girl, as average-looking as she was well-adjusted, who lived with her stepmother, who was not a very open and loving person because she herself had been abused in childhood.’ ‘Better. But I am so tired of negative female images! And stepmothers— they always get it in the neck! Change it to stepfather, why don’t you? That would make more sense anyway, considering the bad behaviour you’re about to describe. And throw in some whips and chains. We all know what those twisted, repressed, middle-aged men are like—-’ ‘Hey, just a minute! I’m a middle-aged—-’ ‘Stuff it, Mister Nosy Parker. Nobody asked you to stick in your oar, or whatever you want to call that thing. This is between the two of us. Go on.’ ‘There was once a girl—-’ ‘How old was she?’ ‘I don’t know. She was young.’ ‘This ends with a marriage, right?’ ‘Well, not to blow the plot, but—yes.’ ‘Then you can scratch the condescending paternalistic terminology. It’s woman, pal. Woman.’ ‘There was once—-’ ‘What’s this was, once? Enough of the dead past. Tell me about now.’ ‘There—-’ ‘So?’ ‘So, what?’ ‘So, why not here?’
LET’S TALK 1 Who do you think the people talking in this short story are? 2 Why was it wrong to call the girl ‘beautiful’? 3 One of the speakers is tired of ‘negative female images’. Does this person show any prejudice throughout the text? 4 What do you think the author wishes to tell us through this short story? 5 What do you think of this short story? Explain your answer.
3 Fiction texts • There was once
127
War and a woman Poem by Saba Kidane, Eritrea In this poem, we can read about a woman’s struggle during war and a woman’s struggle for peace.
War and a woman I sing. A country needs a woman to find peace. Only a woman can sacrifice enough to overcome fear, win the fight and still keep peace in sight. Ready for anything, she sacrifices herself and gives birth, rocking and soothing like a lion licking her cubs. They grow with her love but peace demands more, calling her back to the trenches. Guarding her children, she still can’t refuse such passion or even think
128
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Eritrean refugees from Ethiopia resettle at the Wad Sharif camp in Sudan.
of being tired, parched, starved, hurt or dead.
KEYWORDS struggle, sacrifice, soothe, cub, trench, refuse, be parched, bounce
Instead she takes a breath and catches fire, her breasts bouncing as she races to join her fighters, marching and marching, only she marches for peace.
Translated by Charles Cantalupo and Ghirmai Negash
LET’S TALK 1 Describe the woman you read about in the poem. 2 Find three verbs that show strength and explain why you have chosen these verbs. 3 Why do you think Saba Kidane compares the woman to a lion? 4 What do you think Saba Kidane wants to tell us in this poem? 5 Do you think the roles of men and women are different in wartime?
3 Fiction texts • War and a woman
129
The crow and the eagle Traditional tale. Unknown author, Native Australian This is an ancient Aboriginal ‘Dreamtime’ story of how the crow and the eagle came by the colours of their feathers.
Long ago in the Dreamtime, the crow was white. The crow and the eagle were the best of friends. They lived together in the same camp. When they got up in the morning, the crow used to tell the eagle, ‘You go up to the hills and look for the big red hill kangaroo. I will go down to the billabong and see if I can catch some ducks for our dinner.’ The eagle went up into the hills and the crow went down to the billabong and caught lots of ducks! He had a hairstring tied around his waist and he used a long, hollow reed to breathe underwater. He’d jump into the water and sink below the surface. When the ducks were passing, he would grab them by the legs, one by one, and tuck them in the hairstring around his waist. When he had enough, he’d get out of the water and make a big fire and start cooking the ducks. Every day he had a good feed there, then he would go back to camp empty-handed. Every day the eagle came home and asked the crow, ‘Have you any tucker for me?’ And the crow would say, ‘Sorry, I didn’t catch anything today.’ He always told the eagle to go up into the hills to look for kangaroo. Then one day the eagle thought, ‘That crow is up to something! He’s telling me lies.’ So he came back earlier than usual but he didn’t go to the camp. No, he went to the billabong to catch the crow at his tricks. He saw the crow rushing around hiding the cooked ducks under some leaves. When he came near, the eagle asked the crow, ‘Have you kept any food for me?’ The eagle started rushing about, looking here and there as if he was trying to find something.
KEYWORDS crow, eagle, Australian slang: billabong, duck, hollow, tucker, reed, grease, coal, ashes, feather, greediness
148
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Then eagle saw some grease on the hot ashes and around crow’s mouth, where he’d been eating, and there was grease on the crow’s hands. ‘This fire has grease on it!’ shouted the eagle. ‘So that’s what you’ve been up to. You’ve been hiding my share of the food, and telling me lies!’ Eagle got very angry, grabbed the crow and threw him into the hot ashes. The crow jumped out of the fire but the eagle kept on throwing him back onto the coals, until he was burnt black all over. Some of the eagle’s feathers were burnt too. That’s why he’s brown. The crow was punished for his greediness and that’s why he’s black today.
LET’S TALK 1 How was the relationship between the crow and the eagle in the beginning? 2 How would you describe the character of the crow? 3 How did the crow get its black feathers? 4 Why do you think the Aboriginals used to tell this story to their children? 5 What do you think of this story?
3 Fiction texts • The crow and the eagle
149
Gula gula Song lyrics by Mari Boine, Sapmi/Norway These Sami song lyrics have an important message on behalf of the indigenous peoples of the world: We must listen to our ancestors and take better care of the earth.
Hear the voices of the foremothers Gula brother Gula sister Hear the voices of our foremothers Why have you defiled the earth Poisoned depleted Listen brother Listen sister Hear the song of our ancestors Eatnan, our mother, is Earth If we kill her we also die Did you get snared in the fiction That symbiosis is competition Hear our forefathers’ question Do you know where you are from You have brothers You have sisters in the Amazonian rainforests on the windswept cliffs of Greenland Do you remember where you come from
210
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Norway, Oslo, February 6, 2019. The Norwegian Sami singer and musician Mari Boine performs a live concert at Rockefeller in Oslo.
KEYWORDS on behalf of, defiled, poisoned, depleted, ancestors, snared, symbiosis, rainforest, windswept, cliff
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4
How is the condition of the earth described in the lyrics? Who are the sisters and brothers in the song? What might be the message here? What do you know about the Sami peoples and their situation
today? 5 What can we do to take better care of our planet?
3 Fiction texts • Gula gula
211
Women’s rights movement In the Western world, especially in Europe and the US, there has been a longlasting fight to achieve equality between men and women. At first, it was a peaceful movement, but when peaceful methods failed, women started organizing militant actions. The women’s rights movement is divided into two waves. The first wave was in the 19th and early 20th century and was about women’s right to vote. The second wave was in the 1960s and 1970s and was about equal rights and opportunities.
The right to vote One of the most famous English suffragettes in the 19th century was Emmeline Pankhurst. She organized the women’s suffrage movement in the UK. Even though the fight was particularly intense in the UK and the US, those countries were not the first to grant women the right to vote.
British suffragist leader Emmeline Pankhurst addressing crowd, Wall Street, New York City, November 27, 1911.
KEYWORDS militant action, suffragette, intense, grant, sexual harassment, contraception, ban, child benefit, transitional benefit, initiate
Women got the right to vote 1893 in New Zealand
1902 in Australia
1918 in England, Canada and Poland
1920 in the US 1913 in Norway
2015 in Saudi Arabia
Equal rights and opportunities The main goals of the movement were the right to divorce; equality in marriage; sexual liberation; legal protection of women against sexual violence and sexual harassment; contraception and abortion; and equality in education and work.
Famous female leaders Men thought that women’s brains were too small to deal with serious matters. So, women had to fight for their social, political and academic positions. The first university to accept women was the University of London in June 1868. The first woman who obtained a law degree in England was Eliza Orme. This happened in 1888. The first female Prime Minister, Sirimavo Bandaranaike, was elected in 1960—this wasn’t in a Western democracy, however, but in Sri Lanka. Six years later, Indira Ghandi became Prime Minister in another Asian country: India. In the UK, the first female Prime Minister, Margaret Thatcher, was elected thirteen years later! In Norway, the first female Prime Minister, Gro Harlem Brundtland, was elected even later: in 1981. A few years later, in 1988, Benazir Bhutto became the first female Prime Minister in a Muslim
4 Democracy and citizenship • Women’s rights movement
219
country—Pakistan. In the US, the first woman in Congress in the House of Representatives was elected in 1916, but it wasn’t until 2020 that Kamala Harris became the first female Vice President of the country.
Gender equality in Norway The women’s rights movement in the 1970s in Norway was mainly about women’s opportunities to work outside home. The Norwegian Parliament, Stortinget, passed the Gender Equality Act: this banned gender discrimination at work and favouring men over women in the job market. More acts and regulations were passed to protect mothers’ and children’s rights. The child benefit, first introduced in 1946, was increased. It now applied to all mothers, not only single mothers. Single mothers were also granted a transitional benefit. Paid maternity leave was gradually extended—from twelve weeks in 1946, to eighteen weeks in 1977 and finally to forty-two or fifty-two weeks in 1993. Obligatory paternity leave of four weeks was introduced in 1993, and then prolonged. In 2014, it was ten weeks.
Modern challenges Today, most of the women in Western societies are free and equal. They are free to make decisions about their private and professional lives. They can decide on family planning and whom to marry and whether to marry at all. Women can choose their education and professions. But are they really equal? Many of them have two careers: one outside and one inside the home. They live under the constant pressure of needing to show that they are good both at work and as a wife and a mother. In addition, in a majority of professions, they still earn less than men despite having the same qualifications. There are still many countries where women don’t have equal rights and opportunities—countries where women cannot make decisions about their own lives and property. Women are still often treated as the weaker sex and property of men. Their futures often depend on their male family members: fathers, brothers and husbands. All over the world, women are still treated as sexual objects. It wasn’t until 1994 in the UK that rape in marriage was made a crime—and this was after fifteen years of tough campaigning by women’s organizations. In 2006, a different movement was organized by women to break the silence around another controversial
220
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
New York City, May 14 2019. Tarana Burke speaks onstage during the 32nd Anniversary Celebrating Women Breakfast at Marriott Marquis.
topic: the sexual abuse and sexual harassment of women by men in power in the US. The ‘me too’ movement encouraged women to share their experiences of sexual abuse and harassment. It was initiated in 2006 by an African American activist, Tarana Burke. In 2017, the name was reused by an American actress, Alyssa Milano, and spread with a hashtag on social media: #MeToo.
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4
What was women’s rights movement about? What’s the difference between a suffragist and a suffragette? When did women get the right to vote in different countries in the text? What are the most important laws in favour of women named in the text? 5 What negative effects might the cash-for-care benefit have for immigrant women and their children in Norway?
4 Democracy and citizenship • Women’s rights movement
221
The Norwegian education system Everyone in Norway has the right to a primary school, lower secondary school and upper secondary school education. At the upper secondary school level and up, you can choose an educational path based on what kind of job you want in the future.
PRIMARY SCHOOL: AGES 6–12 LOWER SECONDARY SCHOOL: AGES 13–15 UPPER SECONDARY SCHOOL: AGES 16–18
HIGHER EDUCATION ENTRANCE QUALIFICATIONS
VOCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
HIGHER EDUCATION UNIVERSITY
A SUPPLEMENTARY COURSE
UNIVERSITY COLLAGE
JOB
The Norwegian Educational system
262
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Norwegian University of Life Sciences in Ås, Norway.
KEYWORDS primary school, lower secondary school, upper secondary school, vocational qualifications, supplementary course, higher education entrance qualifications, higher education, university, university college
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4
Study the overview of education in Norway. Translate the overview into Norwegian. At what level are you now a student? What kind of job do you wish to have in the future, and which route are you planning to take to reach your goal? 5 Explain the educational path to achieve vocational qualifications. 6 What kind of qualifications does a student usually need to study at a university or a university college? 7 How can a student with vocational qualifications go on to study at a university or a university college?
5 Professional life • The Norwegian education system
263
Inspiring people ‘You have brains in your head. You have feet in your shoes. You can steer yourself any direction you choose. You’re on your own. And you know what you know. And YOU are the one who’ll decide where to go …’ – Dr Seuss, Oh, the Places You’ll Go!
This quote from Dr Seuss is often used to inspire people to see their potential. The world can be a scary place in so many ways, even when we have many opportunities. Luckily, there are people who achieve and do great things and who can inspire us. Below you can read about some people that have set big goals and worked hard to reach them.
A football player from a rough neighbourhood Zlatan Ibrahimovic has become a world-famous footballer. He is praised for his technique and has been the captain of the Swedish national football team, in addition to playing for many big football teams, such as Juventus, AC Milan and Manchester United. Ibrahimovic was born in Malmø, Sweden in 1981. His parents are both immigrants. His father came to Sweden from Bosnia Herzegovina, and his mother came from Croatia. He grew up in a part of Malmø known for its rough neighbourhoods. His childhood was challenging. His father was an alcoholic and his parents divorced when he was two years old. The rough environment resulted in some poor choices for Ibrahimovic. He describes his childhood self as a bicycle thief and a school bully. Nevertheless, Ibrahimovic was able to turn his life around. He says that football saved him. At the age of 18, he realized that he was a very good football player and that he could turn it into a career.
KEYWORDS potential, opportunity, rough, footballer, praise, technique, children’s rights activist, struggle, suppression, aerospace engineering, fighter pilot, aircraft carrier, graduate, mission, NASA, surface, leap, mankind, solicitor, integration, threat, pave the way, overlook, backbone of something
284
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Zlatan Ibrahimovic
Malala Yousafzai
Sadiq Khan
The youngest Nobel Prize winner At the age of 17, Malala Yousafzai became the youngest-ever Nobel Prize winner. She received the prize in 2014 alongside children’s rights activist Kailash Satyarthi. They both received the prize ‘for their struggle against the suppression of children and young people and for the right of all children to education.’ Malala Yousafzai was born in Pakistan in 1997. She voiced her ideas through a blog she started writing in 2009. In the blog she wrote about life under the Taliban regime. This made her a target. In 2012, she was shot in the head on a school bus on the way home from school. Luckily, she survived. Today, Malala lives in the UK and continues to fight for girls’ education.
The first man to walk on the moon Neil Armstrong fell in love with flying and airplanes when he was two years old. This was a lifelong love and he went on to study aerospace engineering at university. While he was still a student, he became a fighter pilot for the US Navy. He fought in the Korean War and flew fighter jets from aircraft carriers. After graduating from college, Armstrong got a job as a test pilot. This job was dangerous, but also very exciting. Then, in 1962, he moved on to become an astronaut for NASA. This was a first step to him becoming part of history. On 20 July 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human to walk on the moon. The moon landing was part of the
5 Professional life • Inspiring people
285
Apollo 11 mission for NASA. He is famous for the words he said when he first stepped on the moon’s surface: ‘That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind’.
A multicultural mayor Sadiq Khan was elected Mayor of London in 2016. He got a lot of attention because of his background. Khan is the son of two Pakistani immigrants and was born and grew up in London. Before becoming a professional politician, Khan studied law and worked as a human rights solicitor. When he became mayor, he was the first Muslim to be elected mayor of a major Western city.
The brave little girl who helped end segregation in the South Ruby Bridges is an African American woman who became a historical figure at the age of six. At that time, she was part of the integration of the New Orleans school system. In 1960, she started at a school in which she was the only Black student. This made her the first Black child to attend an all-White primary school in the southern US. Many people disagreed with the decision to let Black and White students attend the same schools. On her first day, protesters shouted threats at six-year-old Ruby. To keep her safe, four US Marshalls had to walk her the five blocks to and from school. Unfortunately, the fight for equal rights had consequences for her family. Her father lost his job at a gas station and her grandparents lost their farm in Georgia.
The first woman and woman of colour as Vice President In 2021, Kamala Harris became Vice President of the United States. This makes her a historical figure as the first woman—and the first woman of colour—to become Vice President of the US. Kamala Harris is well aware that she has the opportunity to inspire others. In a speech given after the election, Harris said: ‘While I may be the first woman in this office, I will not be the last, because every little girl watching tonight sees that this is a country of possibilities’. Kamala Harris was born in California in 1964. Her father is Jamaican and her mother is Indian. Harris has paid tribute to the women who have gone before her. ‘I’m thinking about her [Kamala’s mother] and about the generations of women—Black women, Asian, White, Latina
286
GRIP 3 ENGELSK
Democratic US Vice President Kamala Harris speaks at the National Forum on Wages and Working People in Las Vegas, Nevada, April 27, 2019.
and Native American women—throughout our nation’s history who have paved the way for this moment tonight. Women who fought and sacrificed so much for equality, liberty and justice for all, including the Black women, who are too often overlooked, but so often prove that they are the backbone of our democracy’.
LET’S TALK 1 2 3 4
Choose one of the people in the text and try to retell their story. Explain why you chose this person. Share a story about a person who has inspired you. What can you do to inspire other people?
5 Professional life • Inspiring people
287
Acknowledgements Text credits Margaret Atwood: “There was once” from Good bones and simple murders by Margaret Atwood, copyright© 1983, 1992, 1994, by O.W. Toad Ltd. Used by permission of Nan A. Talese, an imprint of the Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved. Saba Kidane: “War and a woman” © Saba Kidane, “War and a Woman”, translated by Charles Cantalupo and Ghirmai Negash Unknown author: “The crow and the eagle”. Reproduced with permission of the Magabala Books, © Gracie Greene Mari Boine: “Gula gula” © Sony/ATV Music Publishing Scandinavia Tryckt med tillstånd av Notfabriken Music Publishing AB.
Image credits Cover image: Slate roof in Ålesund, city of Norway © Baac3nes / GettyImages Neelam Sarwar Anjum, Selamawit Zeray & Mohannad Dames © Bjørn Moholdt Stovner, Oslo © Stian Lysberg Solum / NTB Lahore, Pakistan © A M Syed / Shutterstock Child writing in Arabic © Pascal Deloche / GettyImages Dire Dawa city, Ethiopia © Alamy Stock Photo / NTB Sayeda Zeinab shrine in Damascus capital of Syria © Easoul Ali / GettyImages Silhouette of girl walking in rural landscape © Alamy Stock Photo / NTB Mari Boine © Per-Otto Oppi / Gonzales Photo / Alamy Stock Photo / NTB “The crow and the eagle” © drakuliren-iStock Eritrean refugees © Peter Turnley / Contributor / GettyImages Emmeline Pankhurst © Universal History Archive / Contributor / GettyImages Tarana Bruke © Monica Schipper / Stringer / GettyImages University of Life Sciences, Ås © Håkon Sparre / Wikimedia Commons Zlatan Ibrahimovic © Marco Canoniero / Dreamstime Malala Yousafzai © Getty Images / Staff Sadiq Khan © Frederic Legrand - COMEO / Shutterstock.com Kamala Harris © Naresh777 / Shutterstock