farhange-jame-shenasi

Page 1

www.ParsBook.org


‫‪Concise Dictionary Of Sociology‬‬

‫فرهنگ فشرده جامعه شناسی‬

‫فرهنگ فشرده جامعه شناسی‬ ‫‪Concise dictionary of sociology‬‬

‫‪Oriental Sociology‬‬ ‫وام اثر‪ :‬فرَىگ فشردٌ جامعٍ شىاسی‬ ‫تألیف‪ :‬ریچارد شفر‬

‫کاری از حسین شیران‬

‫ترجمٍ‪ :‬حسیه شیران‬

‫‪By: Hossein Shiran‬‬

‫وشر دیجیتال‪ :‬جامعٍ شىاسی شرقی‬ ‫سال وشر‪ :‬بُار ‪1391‬‬ ‫قیمت‪ :‬وثار َمٍ جامعٍ اودیشان ایه مرز ي بًم‬ ‫‪www.orientalsociology.ir‬‬

‫نشر دیجیتال از جامعه شناسی شرقی‬

‫‪orientalsociology@ymail.com‬‬

‫بهار ‪1391‬‬

‫‪shiran.2006@yahoo.com‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪www.orientalsociology.ir‬‬

‫‪www.ParsBook.org‬‬


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

‫فرهنگ فشرده جامعه شناسی‬

3 www.orientalsociology.ir

www.ParsBook.org


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

!"

"+ .3 ) (# "

!"

" ` ,

E\

'

#

(R

* 89 ) 3

,

C (# )

(

# 45 *6, * ( ) # .

B ) : 2 ) ; <(2 ) = >?2 ) = @A2 ) , 2

(H (# ( ) ) P,

#

# (

#*) I 0+# -D > * ) (

8 +@2

www.ParsBook.org

# !'(# ) *

Q0 R

S4 )

K

R

L(UV ) =0 R W

E AF

L(@ ) MN!(2 O +

#

)

, 5 # E 5(

L(@

4+

!+ ,# Z( A D X+ 4 Y 5 # [SF + U4 " E

\ ,] # 4 ,U9 H

]+ ) 5 (

*#)+ +

) + (4

3

*

4 3

a

`

*) ) c

5 4 I! K+

Ű´

4+ #

+ (# .

\3

*(

4 ( 0

!+ E

www.orientalsociology.ir

]

^ ) _ # _ ) (2 # (2 ' ,2 #

b, ) )

>

!+ + #

( ,


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

92 .................................................................................... K j

)* + , "

93 .................................................................................... L j 97 .................................................................................. M j

www.ParsBook.org

106 ................................................................................. N j

6 .....................................................................................

112 ................................................................................. O j

7 ......................................................................... 8

115 ................................................................................. P j

10 ............................................................. /0h X # 5 Q V

126 ................................................................................ Q j

13 ................................................................................... A j

128 ................................................................................. R j

23 ................................................................................... B j

136 ................................................................................. S j

27 ................................................................................... C j

156 ................................................................................. T j

43 ................................................................................... D j

162 ................................................................................. U j

54 ................................................................................... E j

166 ................................................................................. V j

62 ................................................................................... F j

171 ............................................................................... W j

68 ................................................................................... G j

174 ................................................................................. X j

75 ................................................................................... H j

176 ................................................................................. Z j

81 .................................................................................... I j Űľ www.orientalsociology.ir

e ` ^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

po( + t] ,

+ ^ H (R 5 5*)+ H

.+ `# Y( (4 # "4 )3 = * +

)o ,4 u3

,2 3 ] W#

_ ) N= \ Q V

-

*

r ) 8U9 )

9

E \5 #

j ?0 3

"

E

4 + # !v# ) 3

p E

) 3

)

( ) 3, !

E

2 +

E

+ 4

www.ParsBook.org

>b

' )#

IK,A2 q \8

#" oe )

$

# 2+

4 "

(R 5 5 ( % #& '" o e )

(

R+

(,

(R 3F \ ( )

R #)

4 " )" *+ (" !+

" oe

R #)

V +#_ 4 "

!+

!+ #

8

4 "

R 8

,-." o e )

-

' ) ,9 ,

!+

" E # 6 !) * \ E * H #

#'

4 ' ,2 #

(# ' 4 >

5 (

q

E) !'

) 8U9 \ " 5 r 4H )

Űś www.orientalsociology.ir

(R , 3 )

,

) 8U9 5 " *) ps)

* 4"

- / "oe )

* ) + + W] # # 4 +Y ,

4 8 (#

H #!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

8

}) (

\ ( A ) '(" ) " K(2 8

#

R ^

4 6 (F ) '

•S,9 ) (

b E) ~N U2 \ "

, E #

4

#\

www.ParsBook.org

+ (2

+

. t`# 5 # H (R * # 43

*

Y( 6 . W 8

) +( 4

} ) ; AF ~N U2 PY

#

.(

M! ) 2 .N h \+ 2 43

4 (B

" +# (R

+ W 5

*#

`

} ) |j)

# DS2

@ U 6) 2 )

E #

,4 ) ' ,2 2 (

v4

]* # 5

) u3

"2 4 3

( # \8

c0 !

| # 4 ^5

})

(#

٧

(

#* w * 4 (

#*

4

`# 6 (F

4 `E (

+q ) P, 2

, * 4 q3

)E # bU# ( I! +

,"

t] ]+ (R 8 q H ^ \ 4

# # \ K)

2 ( 8

} ) ) UF 8

.+ * e# W « , 2

www.orientalsociology.ir

@

UF

,2» ) « UF ( *

E * (‚ )

#* #

2 4 \= @A2 # \

P, 2 ) UF \ .

`

b# UF

« + q) 5 ( »

* H# 2 (

‚ jS R \ `

u3

.(

•(QV#

})

@ \ ,] # \ , 2 w 30

# H # ) 84 \8

) xS

P, \ ( R #c2 2

,

\5 (

I0

*

/0 1

* 30

2 ,U4

) * ^

) (, )W

8

QKQV2 ) ,U9 5 (

# * j)

(#

.

-+ # +

U` ~N U2 # 3> \ + > W

p (

]

b E ~N U2 #

~N U2

# E b, K+

+

) + (2

q 2 43

) (>

\ #* D*( E

+

9 • (,9 4 5 U€

} ) ~N U2 # + (R )3]

23

# )S9

4 «8 5

p R( E

+EH^ @ » #

* \ E { 4

]+ (R

,2» # 9( # \ ,2» N

) « QKQV2 )

(,9

#*


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

) )

})

[ B

+

2 + W] # Ib

]

^ b

3 (A # • ?! ) E

4

(,9

+

+

#* 3 (@2 #

)

t^ 6 (F 6S,

)3

3 (@2 ,< + (R 2 3 )

,

"# # 3 (2 4

# "2

# b# 8 DS2

…(2 \H (R

www.ParsBook.org

# +

]* # )+# 8 ;U?Q

( 3 (2

# \6 (Q

) , 2 N= •S,9

})

!3 \8

K)

*)

2+

, * D b ) !3 ] H^

( " " E X+ * # 5 "0 3

5

+

(, \ K+

5 "0

* 4 3

) + ( r V (8

‚ * N >0 ) " E

c2 2

(

>0 . (

# 4

•„ # )+

}) N #

3

5 " ^ X (! ) K+

] ‚

* 5 K)

IF 3 UN 4 # q ] .+

8b

+

+ (2

U`

)

q

)

]* # (

4

٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

@ \ (>

N= # *(

} ) •(QR

" ^

#* )

+ (R

8

\5 )+

" 2 \H (R 30

(#

\+

,

2 +* #

4 \;U?Q 5 "0

,9 \+ + 5

,

4 ] • >B .+ #

+

H (R (R ) c

.N h (A # • >B 4

#

ƒ +# '(U9 •S4

5+ +

.

]* #

(42 b

# u(+ #

} ) # ?#

+ 2 # 43

+

)E 5 #

(# })

#5

# 4 ) "0

A

4 ( M! ) 9K

] W# c \

"#

"E

)

R

RE P b

q u3

# ?#

)

H

\ b •(QR

b#

\6 9

(

. * e# 8 H (R ~N U2 ) , 2 ) QKQV2 -5 } ) O

* M

#\ E

R

QKQV2 X*(

B V# b

E 2 4 3 UN 4 E {

4

+ # ` Pb

( P ( ^ I# @2 #

(R # K ) 6+ ) w * 4

"#

P, 2 )

3

+

})

W]

UF


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

P, 2 # D+ 412 ) K (2 ) 2(4 ) 8

5"

,0

W

b

) "`

) (> ) + W]

www.ParsBook.org

N ,2

X*( ‰@

>

4 *

5 " ` * # 8† U9

u+ t`

\3

(R

)@ )M

\5 (

" +# o

• (,9

] ) 3

2

R ^ \8

(R R )

^

#

E

4 3 #

#.

]5

c

* *

4 )

\3 ٩

www.orientalsociology.ir

#* *

E

># + (R 5 # 5 (2

W`

(A

#

*25

}) R # W )

)M

]E

# 3R

4 3 2) 2

} ) X+

)+ (#

\' w *

# c2 ,# ` +b

"E

4 W]

\

,"

‚ * I4

\H (#

\+ (R , 8 q # ( ( 5 "

) v^ u+

5 W` e

! # ' w K+

43]+ # 43

(? ,

"#

) IF ) H (R #* * + (R

, ) + #

) "`

‡)

# 4

4 q ( [ ? '(" w 8b

# 4 ^ ) UF 5

) ) K5

2 (F

5 "0

+

( ) # q ]

D

D

E

. , # K ) ) ) )+

,

K( + (2

( ` # 5) } ) w IF

+ ` ‚ * u )E

]* # 4 q

) K ?@

4+ #

#*

} ) ˆ >2 )

#W 2 2

(R 8 q #

q u (# + (R

+ (2

6 (F

^

"# 4 \ E 5

# + # 4 5 (] W# E

[SF 8b

# 4 # #

.+ b (#

] W# P, * \

(R / < + (R , W]

?R 4N t2 4 3

)

# j + )W \= @A2 #

+ (R ( )

, 5*( E+# 6 >K> P

#

0K) 5

8 * # \ K+ I" )

bU#

(#

" +#

+, + )

bq(4

,

43

4 3

(> 8

,

} ) ) + ~N U2 ) {

=N@A2

.3 )

#* ) )

>0 ) u+ #

R )3

(#

) QV ,0

N

}) +

84 W ,2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

, W 3

5W q M!)

X q 8 • @@

) 3

( .[SF

X+ 4 \ ]* # H

p

‚ c F p ` ) 6 4N t2 5(0Š2 4 +

!+

) p 4+ * , ] "^ .

(? 5S#_

www.ParsBook.org

2012 I )E 8" ) 3 # /1391

١٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

,] # 4 + #

3 ">

) + E + +^

8


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

v#

) «5*( E H » [ (R v +2 1970

*

*( E X+b

www.ParsBook.org

1972 W(

U

`

#w

)

U^

# •,

*

-

) 3

DePaul )

1922

(,0 4 * †E

`

) + •, * ) +

5

'@ R

.+ #

(„

6S QA2

>

# †

4 v#

(B.A) v

*

0x+ 3

.E ) 3 = @A2 ) v +2 (Ž ١١

www.orientalsociology.ir

+

`

U, *

`

#+#)

" # ( ,

*

D

`

4 * †E (University

I QA2 5 # \ `

*

# 3 (2 ) + (] b

0 L( x + )

.+ 4 3

+

r( A +AN 6_

)6(

4 F K R P!S9 ) 3K + v

(University

«5*)+ H » /F)

P

2 3 (2 3 ( ^

' c F

3

5" `

,

Northwestern )

,

(] b

# < .(

( #

. 2 P

* 4 `

,

( 4 2 1997

`

X*(

.+# Œ @2 (Professor (e

(e

3!) ' ,2 5+ 2

2 b (?# (, ^ w '@

6(

( 4 8 (Richard T. Schaefer)

( #

,K # 4 (# `

4 1997

Dean and ) 5

4

(R v +2 8

(Western Illinois University)

!N 2 5 `

4 * †E

^ 4

# (Assistant Professor)

) + I@ (e

E * 8 W(

* + # ) u( (#

23*4 5 #

(Instructor)

(Elmhurst College) 3

) (# + I QA 0 s

)

(R * *

H (PHD)

` R( E

4 ) (M.A)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Encyclopedia of Race, )

A Brief )

.( <

) 3 (! \ C P

.+ #

R 5 "0

C (#

)

(QA ,

(Ethnicity and Society

# )S9 ) * u3

4 ^ 5 + ( ) D(4 ^

QV (

+

6

) 6 UN

X*(

8 r 4 ( 9 30 # •0 # \3

} ))

. ) (Glossary of Sociology

• q # 6)

8 q # 8 "E *

www.ParsBook.org

# (2

R #)+ + 5) j)

K+

K+

4 5 K+

6_ @

• q # cU† 4 (R

.E * .3

+

, 2 ` 5 " #* # : 4

(Racial and Ethnic Groups)

*

(

(! ) 5 C 5 " ) ] ●

Race and Ethnicity in ) +AN 6_

3 (! ) C ●

(the United States (Sociology Matters) (Extraordinary Groups) Sociology: A Brief )

6 9(<( ● 0 L( 5 " ) ] ● # QV 5

K+@ ●

(Introduction

١٢ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

A (

Absolute poverty A standard of poverty based on a

^ 4

minimum level of subsistence below which

.3

families should not be expected to exist.

ŮĄŮŁ www.orientalsociology.ir

;? pI! K+ (# [ + *] MN!(2 + >

) #

> \ @ * 5 ( R* E* 2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

((& &% )% &' )

Achieved status A social position attained by a person

! " #$

[)] ‰V w “ K(2 [ 4] 9 ,

largely through his or her own efforts.

.3

+ c 4 ) (R 6 , * P? (# • 2+,9 (1/ &

Activity theory An interactionist theory of aging that www.ParsBook.org

+ (]

argues that elderly people who remain

4

+9

active will be best-adjusted.

3 !( w

] (V0

$ & ! ) *& + ,$ -. *

] I 2 P ‚ w

K

45

"# + ,# ! #

(V0

.3 ' .+ #

)+

#

0

) / R «j»

# 9 « ”» j

~N U2 ( , \ Ө P

+ (R

# th ; AF ~N U2 -1

(78 9 ) 52. 6 2.3 // $1 2.3

Adoption In a legal sense, a process that

L(@

allows for the transfer of the legal

+0 ) #

rights, responsibilities, and privileges

@

b

+0 ) 6 * .*

of parenthood to a new legal parent or parents. ١۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

4 3 + 8

\ ( ! ‚ * ) 3 0(€ ++ p ( !

\ ( ! +0 )


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78! & &% & ) 2;$< => / 52&$ : !

Affirmative action Positive efforts to recruit minority

) ] 5 „9

group members or women for jobs, promotions,

and

5"F

educational

] 3 +R # 5 # 3>- 5 " S2

) \6

2 \I†

5 #

* .

opportunities.

www.ParsBook.org

A term coined by Robert N. Butler to

5 # « U2 # .

refer to prejudice and discrimination

DS2 K u3 ' .( Age=

+

, 2 "5 ^ * 5 W # " 8

28 4 + ism=

} ) (R # • (,9 ]) 3

+

] ) " N • >2" \+ })

+ W] # "

The most technologically advanced of

preindustrial

W] ]

)

• >2 ) 5 ) + ^ # 4

]* #

(" 43

H^ P

society.

#

> }) (#

Ageism X} ) 5 # o

"

( $ ) ) 7E$ $ 5 ) /3

Agrarian society

form

6 # » “K (2 + ƒ +# [S?F

. + ,0 N=

against the elderly.

("

*( E

(@A&B% ) 2 $ 5 7)

Ageism

4

3 UN !

١۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

Ib

2

-2

# . # \+

8! (D $ ) / & 3 C B

^ 5 )N

‚ *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

+ # 5(A # Œ „9 [M (

Members are primarily engaged in the production of food but increase their

crop

yield

through

2_(QA

such

.+

innovations as the plow.

] .

*# K +

F

t† + 0(2 (Ž

H W H R I >! *

" )E( P? (#

(7&8&%. & % ) #. #&

Alienation www.ParsBook.org

The condition of being estranged or

.3 (

disassociated from the surrounding

^ƒ,

*

(# +

)

c † 30

society.

) «v4 » b ) .E

D

[ ? D .E ) [) # ˆ >2

2) [S?F

'(" w ) D 4 ) ] 4 8 (`# "# ` # (R # 5

! «I` » b ) .E

'‚

I` . "

4

) D .E ) " 4 ) j)

# ?# P ]

D

43

•(QV# \)+ v4 C (# ) v4 .

, 2 " ` ` # (R #" 8 5 ( )+ E '(" * bU# \ + ( ) ,U4 (R

S?F Alienation -3

) ^ b ) .E

)(

U )

] 4 " (R #" ١۶

www.orientalsociology.ir

a '(" w ) + 4

.E p B ) u( R " #*

) " ` ` # (R * " cU† \ M (

H] # ) —

" (R * "

# [S?F ) M# 3

)

9

4 (# "3 Alienation

+ #

u(


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

*" E

,

) " (R # ` ` #"

" ` ` # (R" .(+ #

> †)

4 3 ( ` ` # c0 † 6 (F 8 (`# ] D

Self-)

]

4

`#\

c0 !

` # H (R "| (R" # (5 Q ! I (9 • QV

) ` `#*

)

# Self-Realization Self-Actualization X} ) # # * " • (,9 Alienation 4 3 3

# ƒ(

#.

!"

R 5 ,# Alien) ( 2 (F M! )

www.ParsBook.org

p (

^ ƒ,

2 4 ƒ(

‚ =# ? )

9( # '(" ) } )

u(Alienation

V# =N@A2 (R"

#8

q u+ ("

• ! 2N uH ) 5

#8 5

b

' . (# + (V

"“ A # ` ` #" 4

]*

>2

` #3 [ ? r 4

8 (`# + # 6 (Q #

+

) “ A * \ `> † ) `

u3 ƒ( * •! 2

u(

K(Q2 _

# \I 0

4 ` `#*

"#

" ` ` # (R

R I (9 P? (# v4

"

V# 3 U

.( ) *( * 5 )+

ˆ>

(R" p'(" )

, 2 " ` ` # (R

( ) ` ` # * 8 5 ` 6 (F \ ]

UF

(" u )

)

4 (R

5( ) )

, ‚ # ; AF " ` ` # (R * " # Alienation

‚ * \+ ,

* + “U†

)

`#H

R5

(R | (R # )

#

]

!+

b, H@N@A2 I,9

\+ # K

# 5 (F ‚ * b E * #

H ]

#

8

` \ (

) !"“ A # ` ` # (R * "

\ ` ` # * ƒ(

^ H (R # \H ( ] \H ) # 5

١٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

H (R

^ƒ,

b * +

#8 + #

B V# u ( +

) + #

`# H) 5


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78&%># G) # F& G

Amalgamation The process by which a majority

\3 UN ! ) ] w ) 3 -4 ) ] w

group and a minority group combine

) ] w c0 !

through intermarriage to form a new

\

) ]

‡ ) * P? (#

.+ (

group.

c4 28 #++

www.ParsBook.org

( >%. ) / H I .

Anomie Durkheim's term for the loss of

3+

direction felt in a society when social

developed

by

Robert

4 « (2

Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation

either

of

•9,

socially

>%. ) 4J

# L >? [ W ] ‚ * 5 # 84

5

١٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

p

. / H I . ,$ -.

(2 5

.+ 4

governing their attainment, or both.

o( A

†[ E ]5

6 # » “ K(2

j+

"E # #

prescribed goals or of the norms

w

+ [M! )] .N h

(( &E $ $9 L / &

Anomie theory of deviance

] 5 # «8 4 ) » [S?F

4 4 `E .3

become ineffective.

theory

+@ [30 A#

p 9,

control of individual behavior has

A

4 5+

‚ j A

+ W( 2 >2 )

)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

E84 ) 5

"# '(" *

] ' "0 # (2

5 # 0(>! ( I ) ) " j+ " # +

, )+

5 # " (>!

+

2 j+ 8

43 j A

* "#"

" .+

www.ParsBook.org

\ E #

] 4 4 + 412 ) !S9 8† U9 4 3

+(

+^ 5 )"

"# "

3 <) (2

3 !) ) + # ,

43

u+ t^ , :+

4

-4 ) (Retreat)

(>@ 5 " o^ + 4

ƒ +# # ) "E # + "

) r( E ) D (

+

25"

I )) "

K + 4

8 ) j+ 8 \ # IK (2 #

+ t^

4 \

v^ K ' .+ *

) (+ W`

(>@ 5 "

8 ) + t^

5

(, K

P, X+ ] # j + \I 0

"# 4

+,U! "

A"

\5 )E( 2

.+ )

30

5+ + 5 "

\

.(Rebellion) (>@ j + s

8 3 ^ U ) ) ] W#

١٩

(

2 -2 (Innovation) 5 )E( -1

]6

www.orientalsociology.ir

E # + " (>!

.+ 4

2 j+

( ) )W )

4 Y

u+ 4

25"

A 5

] 6

j+ \

) 4

(

+

) u3

E Ib \(Conformity) ) +

"q ) ‚

v^ -3 (Ritualism)

(2

M! ) p 9 ,

)

"# P ‚ -4

Z A0 # uj +

"E # +

r(U? )

43

`

3 <)

"( , " \

9,

5

+ (]

(` ) +

5

>2 M! )

( ) 0(>! ( j + 5

( 5" "* 4 ) 4

R

(2

v^

) j+ + 4

#

" )+ 4 6) 2

#

DS2 3 ( R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7MA& &M ) /

Anticipatory socialization Processes of socialization in which a person

"rehearses"

for

positions, occupations,

NE &)

.) -. 9

‰V w \ E K B 4 5 t^

future

6>

and social

) I†

b2 )

www.ParsBook.org

(@A& &>%)

Anti-Semitism Anti-Jewish prejudice.

]

] ' K+< 4 3 )

* )+ #

[(

African

policy

government

other

,2 # 2E p 9 , .) 5 $ 5

(2&% of

the

South

designed

+ 5 # 4

to

5 +

maintain the separation of Blacks and

3 ]5 #

) ;2O

^ ' I * (" '(! -5

Apartheid former

+

.3 (" K+< # 5 ) + ^

'. (

The

*

\ " !( [ #

.* ^

relationships.

/ $1 + B

non-Whites

from

*

#( +

5 @ E 3 (b p †

) . (# +

the

dominant Whites.

٢٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

G) / 5 $ 2B ^ PK ) +"` N B 84


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(*%5 G) "Q$ :$ 5

Argot Specialized

language

used

by

Rw

members of a group or subculture.

) ] w 5 „9 “ K(2 4 F K R #* .( ((& &% )% R$ S) )

Ascribed status A social position "assigned" to a www.ParsBook.org

person by society without regard for the

person's

unique

talents

or

• Q R" p 9 ,

3 !(

5 " ]C ) )

* ‚ j F\

5( *

+

.‰V

process by

which

a

person

`

forsakes his or her own cultural to

# QA

(78% &>&) ) 2M

Assimilation

tradition

. " #$

‰V w # "

characteristics.

The

# b#

become

part

of

5"N

\‰V w E P? (# 4 5+

w * 5

a

^ 2

t]

4 .

different culture.

# 45 ٢١

www.orientalsociology.ir

c

* )3

+

D (R ] 6)

( $

Authority Power that has been institutionalized

#>T

) 2U

" 4 2 +!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.63

and is recognized by the people over

+

R

[3 ,

#] (

,9 " E

whom it is exercised.

-2 ) (Power) 6 +! -1 :+ # P ]

5+ # 8 @2 + ! ™A#

ƒ(

* \6 +!

3,

)3 u(

+

) 3 9)

(`q c

www.ParsBook.org

+ ! -3 ) (Charismatic A.) + , )" >

5

#a " + ,

+! ' .+ #

+ ! \ƒ)

X*(

'(" ) X+

# #) u3

# 84

N

+ ! -6

|6 +! UN 4 (?# u(Legitimacy) 3 9) (R # ' 9 3 0(>@ *

+ ! -2 (Traditional A.)

\" N + @9"

#

+!

6 +! X+

N

+ ! -1 :+ (]

u(Rational-Legal A.) 3 9)

٢٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

" ,

, « #) v4 » V

+!

( ! - S@9

(!" \ ( ! - S@9 + !


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

B (* )9 W

Bilateral descent A kinship system in which both sides

|j B )

of a person's family are regarded as

# [5

equally important.

E

4 5+ )

٢٣

(R ' ‚

9(

) 5 +^ X ( R (‚ ] ‰V X ( R .+ (

www.orientalsociology.ir

/ ) $ ) 9 V

` 8" * + w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(@A& # & / ) #. 3 9

Bilingualism The use of two or more languages in particular

settings,

such

\•(QV 5 "? A

as

5 # u

workplaces or educational facilities,

#* + q

*( E 6 K h

4 5 "NUA +

. + IY !

treating each language as equally

) *

b 3 9)

#*

legitimate. www.ParsBook.org

(*$ Y & ) 2&

Birthrate The number of live births per 1,000

3K , *

population in a given year. Also

j)

known as the crude birthrate.

1000

A& /:$ 3 X . +* 5 H * + 2

8 "' R H * — " # . K

w .3

(

Black power A political philosophy promoted by

5 + 2 “K (2

many younger Blacks in the 1960s

5

that supported the creation of Blackcontrolled

political

and

" 3 ,

economic

š) 2 p

* 4 1960 P

E Z ) " &)

2U

P U w ( 3 (e

6 ‚ 3A2 5 Q ! ) . 4

institutions. ٢۴ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Karl Marx's term for the capitalist

\

class, comprising the owners of the

P@>B 5 # «v4

' .3

" 5 ,# › (# u * "

www.ParsBook.org

A component of formal organization

ranking

5 "

rules are

and

used

p5+ #

hierarchical to

5* )} (# 5(Ž0 ‚ * -7

)

(! E

4 ,

b# 5 ) "# [ -4 K+ ] #

achieve

Vincent do ) « 4) (# #) u3 5" *

* 3

$9

*

YW

5 # \c2 .+ +

efficiency.

) K+

4» [S?F

& ) 8/ ] ) " 9 // ] ) 9 // ] )

( ) !

Bureaucracy

which

/ 59 )

.+ 0(2 I ) b0 X+ ] #

means of production.

in

) 7/3 [

(/3 -[

Bourgeoisie

(] ) 3

)» ' #

Q ! “K (2 .' 1745

V E « #) v4 » ' #

#6 ‚ )

b ' .3

# [S?F

E )+# 4 +

#

V "

X*(

4) (#" [S?F -8

K + r # (Gournay

( M ( 5 ) < bU# * # ]C ) \3 S@9

(> I † 8

E

6 >2 * )

٢۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

A

]

# \3

4

+ (V ( ) +

^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7MA& !

Bureaucratization The

process

organization,

by or

which social

a

group,

H>

movement

* .

becomes increasingly bureaucratic.

www.ParsBook.org

٢ۜ www.orientalsociology.ir

]

& ) 7 85 ] )

\) ]w

E P? (# 4 5+

_

+ W (?# 9 ,

(

$9


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

C (@A % &N!) / 9 $ )

Capitalism An economic system in which the means of production are largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits.

+,9 (?# + 0(2 I ) E UF XW ` ) 3 .3 ٢٧

www.orientalsociology.ir

45 Q! '‚ w

F(QR [p b0 ] p

( 5 )E M, \5 Q ! 3 0

5 #


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(* !) * _ , V`

Castes Hereditary systems of rank, usually

>t

religiously dictated, that tend to be

(?# •_(,

H ] +

fixed and immobile.

\ .) ( 5+ # >2 5 " ‚

34

# ) 3# . # 4 \ + I ,A2 .+

www.ParsBook.org

(Z&B] W% Q!) VV)

Causal logic The relationship between a condition or

variable

and

a

4] \• R + ^ w ) K Ž

particular

.(

consequence, with one event leading

30

w

# P?#

` [ ! 2N ] # L 2N w [ E

to the other.

((& ) % ) / >M )

Census An enumeration, or counting, of a

.3K , w P> A

population.

( $

Charismatic authority Max Weber's term for power made

P#a

legitimate by a leader's exceptional ٢٨

www.orientalsociology.ir

w #w D ,

Z& E A$ !) 2 >T

2U

P? (# 4 2 +! 5 # « #) v4 » [S?F


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

\H ) ^ 5 # >

personal or emotional appeal to his

w

Y -

or her followers.

p B9 .3

3 9)

(( !% ) V`

Class A term used by Max Weber to refer

« #) v4 » “K (2 +

to a group of people who have a www.ParsBook.org

*

similar level of wealth and income.

"#

;?

4

#

*

In Karl Marx's view, a subjective

3

awareness held by members of a

for

a p

]E w \«v4

w 5 „9 “K (2 4 x

class regarding their common vested need

+ E ) 6) .

((%.A&8. ! ( !% )

Class consciousness

and

b# [S?F

) ] # 3 ]* # .+

interests

QV

,

collective

change.

٢٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

XN @ M 9,

+M

4» ]+ # j(?

H 4 P *_ ) ( .+ #

political action to bring about social

V`

a VN2 @>B Ž2

5 #


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(/ & =%S& !% )

Classical theory An approach to the study of formal

] 4 4 ,

organizations that views workers as

P 0? 5 # 5 b)

I4 (?# • > @2 4 + #

being motivated almost entirely by

.+ (

economic rewards.

2 ( (

www.ParsBook.org

A social ranking based primarily on

3 !(

economic position in which achieved can

#

+ (2

influence

( ,

V` #5 Q! 5"

(b &) ( !% )

Class system

characteristics

5" *

a ) ,$ -.

> • )+# #

^ U (#

V` //

V` @ -.

p5+ #

w

9,

4 5 " ]C ) \ E

4 5 Q!

.+ # .N h [ 9 , ] xN A2

mobility.

(b &) 93 !)

Closed system A social system in which there is

5

little or no possibility of individual

xN A2

b

E

4 9,

. + ( ) •SF

mobility.

٣٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

@ -. '‚ w 3 84


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7%8& % !L ) Jc d

Coalition A temporary or permanent alliance

j+ w 5

geared toward a common goal.

4

standards

www.ParsBook.org

behavior

of

acceptable by

and

for

) Œ „9 PU (# 4

0(>!

( p5

.3

(2

w

Œ „9 5 #

(* >N $9 G / & & & 5 !) +)

6 M ,$ -.

members of a profession.

Cognitive theory of evelopment Jean Piaget's theory explaining how thought

bN 2

progresses

(`q + .9+ 4

through four stages.

u `0

) 2 +N0(2 * :(Sensori-Motor Stage)

2 U,9 H ^ PU }) )

] @ x

(Z&_% G 2!) Uc6 e O

developed

children's

!N ( 5 AN2

.3

Code of ethics The

,Y

-2 . t^

#* = B * D 5 ]

6 (F H ( x (4 U

^ |Œ

4

- K

PU

; <(2 4 } ^ 3

3

٣١ www.orientalsociology.ir

^ U

-1 : * + 2 >9 U

v,0 ) b W Kv = B * U u `0

5

} P ‚

"q

"q

4 (4

-9

x (4 5 ]

2 ) * :(PreOperational Stage)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Concrete )

9 6 U,9 PU

-4 . ]

@?

(2 x (4 ) H # ) 84 • W0

P,

-3 . + 4

9W 8 u `0

* †E 8

x (4 U

, 64

K B u `0

* 23

b

,< \ ]

6 (F

* :(Operational Stage

W ^ 2 * * :(Formal Operational Stage) 5 (F 6 U,9 PU

+

' 9 \3 V PU

4

\+ #

3 +@

} ^ .+ 4

c 4

C ) 5 " *( E ) "2 " c 4 + *

www.ParsBook.org

' [1384 \W + ]

(E

< ) 9 W •S 4 5

RE PU

K + 4

r 4 * (,„ # I@ ] .+

(78% &VET !L )

Cohabitation The practice of living together as a male-female

5 ]

couple

‡ ) * )+# * )

without

5 e

+ x

I

,

, 5 (F 6 U,9 PU

#

$A>T / #. F>T / A bT 3

w p

W,

,2 .

marrying.

4

(@A& &. !) / 5 >+ ) / $ 5 >+ )

Colonialism The maintenance of political, social,

# `

economic, and cultural dominance

5 #

over a people by a foreign power for

)5 Q! \ 9,

\

R 6 +! w “K (2 [ ( 4 w ] ' .M )

an extended period of time. ٣٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

P?U ~ *X ) w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(@A&. & !) b &. >! / ! M @ -. / $ 5 f M

Communism As

an

ideal

type,

an

economic

43

system under which all property is

5 Q! '‚ w \

O )3

communally owned and no social

4

' ,2 3 b0

4 + 0(2 5 # '

distinctions are made on the basis of

E ƒ( w

(2 P ^ #

www.ParsBook.org

A spatial or political unit of social that

gives

people

4 9,

a

w

sense of belonging, based either on shared

*

+

( &. &>%!) g > B

Community

organization

E 3A2

9,

.3

people's ability to produce.

( #

residence

in

a

*

•R .+ V#

particular

*

„ + )w

b w

4

=NU 2 o

3 (b P ^ # #x

3K (

place or on a common identity.

(/ & h3 Z$ ) % 7&!) A! bT `

Concentric-zone theory A theory of urban growth that sees

@U

growth in terms of a series of rings

w P# -,#

[j B #] 5W4 5

radiating from the central business

٣٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

+

45 " +

2P

* 4+ #

,$ -. P ‚


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ #

district.

( & SN) *S& . !) 10/A& >T /:S>8! " 52$9

Conflict perspective A

sociological

approach

that

+^

assumes that social behavior is best

H2

understood in terms of conflict or

4 W

www.ParsBook.org

:+ (

)

Ĥ, " \ K) ƒ(

\j + u"

# + # 8 3

+ # # + 4

8 @2

)+# 5W `, u3

* " 'K) ƒ(

'K) ƒ( 5

9,

43

9( 5 )Ĥ, .+ #

,

‚ * ") ] ]

5

(^ 5

x

(conflict) 5W

5 # " ( 3@> " 4 3 + (2

Ĥ,

)" ,

) 3 [ ? "5 ] 8 3

*

@# N

) ) ]

# Ib

p 9,

5

"# # 9 ,

x c! 5" ) ]

\

-10

) (Associated)

(^

, ) 5W `, " \'K) ƒ(

* " \ K) ƒ(

4 3 ] (2

\x

>,

) "5 b, M# ) M

, ) (Rivalry) 5 )Ĥ, \(Competition) 3# !

w 8b

, 8 q ƒ(

b) w

.(

u(Disassociated)

5

R

c

tension between competing groups.

5

9

3# ! u+ #

2 +

\ 9,

5 #8

>- 5

٣۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

6)

8 * \

* ƒ(

u+ #

4 4 \ )E

4

) 8† U9 4 E c0 †

) \j+

# # 4 5 (] 6 >2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

9( 5W #8

,

Hb, 4 ) \

U9 # ) + W R

\3 [ ? /

"p

! 4 o…

# " * > " # ` +, # j+ 4 ‡ R ) * " \5 )Ĥ, .)

( (R www.ParsBook.org

+ #

8 q # M#

*

R # 3

4‡ Rc! 3

*

)E 3 +# 5 # ) c ! "p

#

B

5 # " E W E 3 ( R 3# !

.+ ( !

B p 2 a 3 K+<

3# !

IK ( "3 ( R"

# * " 2 4 5W

(# 8 K+< \ „2 p* #

bU# 8 #

4 3 3# !

4 3 5 )Ĥ,

t] " \3# !

H ^ 8 I# @ j B "p )3

" (# " E

B E

4 (` E) conflict X} ) 5 # " „2"

2 a I (9 * + E # • (,9 \3 K+<

) # j+ w #

j+ p

,

b0

\L( ™ >

#

) u+ \5W

>

, ‚ # ; AF ,

b0

' .3 [ ?

( &

Conformity Going

along

with

one's

peers,

[=NU ] |

individuals of a person's own status,

[ # ] \H (R _ , # +

F K R N= O

who have no special right to direct

&!) $ >T / S8>T

4 [ " E] \‰V .+ + ‰V

that person's behavior.

٣۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

,

(R ` ^ # 3+ 5 #


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

((& % N$ T *S . !) 9 6 /j > ,&O

Contact hypothesis An

interactionist

states

that

perspective

interracial

that

#5

contact

\5 b, “

between people of equal status in cooperative

circumstances

(R # + (]

4 ] I 2 ]+ w

\ ` ^8 | .+

will

5 C H 4

5 )+ ^

reduce prejudice. www.ParsBook.org

(A$] . * % &!)

Content analysis The systematic coding and objective

,

recording of data, guided by some

#

9 3>. ) 8N‚ 5 t]W .11 (F

rationale.

'(U9" I UA2"

# D) E (2

( r 4w

4 \+ #

8U w

( A I UA2 w # M! )

E* )+ #

"( ( 5

" ,K 4 ;

=&

2" E '

" 5) * j+

3 QV w 5 (` ] + )E 3 +# /U V “

`

‰V w E

+

# I UA2 9( M! )

( A I UA2 -11

B* )3 š V # b# 5

) " B >2

, })

] .3 )

)

٣۶

"' ^ ,K 4 !

' .+

www.orientalsociology.ir

R#

# *3


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(l 5 WL &!) k . /" 5 " 5

Control group Subjects in an experiment who are

# ` )C^ c

not introduced to the independent

.12 3A2

variable by the researcher.

* \H *E w

)] + (

4

, +

I@

[.+ ] ,

! I@

www.ParsBook.org

(/ & WL &!)

Control theory A view of conformity and deviance

"{ 4 j A ) Ub ,

that suggests that our connection to

#

members of society leads us to

' ‚ (?# .+

systematically conform to society's

L(

# (2

\

-. ,$ -. (

5 ‚

5 „9 #

5

+( ^

# Ub , 3,

norms.

(= $ E W &!) k . &; m

Control variable A factor held constant to test the

w p >

relative impact of an independent

( *E

variable.

.12 2 ( ( [

+"` 3# . 4 U 9

# ) K Ž w 5)

#] I@

. ( M! )

٣٧ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78% $

Correlation A relationship between two variables

w

whereby a change in one coincides

Ž2 E c ( .(

with a change in the other.

www.ParsBook.org

A term used by Bowles and Gintis to

«v

refer to the tendency of schools to promote

the

values

expected

p R

to prepare students for the types of

“K (2 • 9(

E) 9, 4

#

b

+,U! 5 5

( 4 N

<( * \(

5b E

\

P@>B

U†

=

# b# [S?F

b E o

) "v

p ‚

ƒ( 5 #

.12 (

their class.

# 1976

Ž2 # K Ž

!L ) . F>T /

» ) «W|0(#» “K (2 +

jobs typically held by members of

# 4

# ˆ >2

5 " * š ) 2 5 # o + H ] # 3 ]* #

of

individuals in each social class and

( 9 3A2

# 4 KŽ ) , 5`

(=N& $ (.2. N)

Correspondence principle

!L ) # V>T

~

(

*( E H P@>B 5 „9

6 # " ) "W0(# IY(

" -12

D ) ^ ) D*( E) "Schooling in Capitalist America"

' ‚ j + ) (F # (V, ) ( , ) b E D ) ^ ) D*( E ' ‚ # 84

E \ R ^ +AN 6_ R

) (F 4 + 4

٣٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

D ) ^ ) D*( E ' ‚ +@ 9 )+ r 4

.+ 4


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

3 ] (2

'S4 w

'.

)

* \

! " E # 84

( 4

F5

F5

'‚ 5 *

' ‚ 3 +R

3 #

#3

( 4

subculture

^)

D ) ^ ) D*( E ' ‚ 4

( p ! . !) n F o T

Counterculture A

V ^ 3@ @

that

deliberately

8NU

opposes certain aspects of the larger

c(

#

+ 9 4

www.ParsBook.org

. WR

culture.

`

R

# 3 0 V # ] W#

(@A& &M% / !) $ 5 : $ G

Creationism A literal interpretation of the Bible

# ˆ(#

regarding the creation of man and

\oK+@ r 4 * (

# / ‚0

^ ™A# 5 # 4 \ " )

2 w

the universe used to argue that

b

evolution should not be presented as

+ 6 >. p ,U9 3 ! ) ( # + > I b2 [IF ] .13 )

established scientific fact.

" ) *

P +,+ ) " H +^ b

]E H #

>

E # IY ! \3 5+ (2 ) "0 ] 5K

)

]

)

)

)

٣٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

x ]+ )

) M! ) * )+ #

H b# \ (

4 ]+ + ) +R c

E Y

-13 *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

' .+ 4

•+ + + #

" (,

* I b2 P

8

H + ^ ) j Q2

(b$ !) *$ B /@ B

Crime A violation of criminal law for which

"2 *

formal penalties are applied by some

+

governmental authority.

E 5 # 4 5 4 ,9

0) M

(! *

R# c

?N V2

*

,

www.ParsBook.org

.3 (* !) :&!

Cult Due to the stereotyping, this term

* })

has been abandoned by sociologists

\[+ * H #] + 5

" (

in favor of new religious movements.

> t 5" > "M

# .3

5( +

(b$A$ & % W p !) # T

Cultural relativism The viewing of people's behavior

.

from the perspective of their own culture.

۴٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

(R

]+ *

U4 B V# t]

4

$ 5 V . X+


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78&> . W p !) # T W .

Cultural transmission A school of criminology that argues

+4

that criminal behavior is learned

.(

through social interactions.

www.ParsBook.org

3

culture.

4

R( E 9 ,

Cultural universals General practices found in every

_+

' 6S 2 = B *

(A ) &. $ W p !) # T

& >

4[

(

`

]p

( p !) o T

totality

of

learned,

socially

9,

transmitted behavior.

(?# ) +

term

maladjustment

R( E 5

(o p !) o T for

ƒ(, .

Culture lag Ogburn's

`, 5 .+ (

Culture The

>b

a

during

period which

of

5

the

۴١ www.orientalsociology.ir

(

) [/ F(2] 5 # « (>]E [' U )]» [S?F

# *( 5K

nonmaterial culture is still adapting

6 a q / 59

@

EK B

4 @ >?2+# *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.3

to new material conditions.

feeling

disorientation when

people

(f M p !) o T , O / S

Culture shock The

+ =>? + + p5K

of that

surprise

and

X+

is experienced

witness

' ` "# (R [|

cultural

4 ,]

)

] * 6)

`

` o 5

www.ParsBook.org

.+ 4

practices different from their own.

۴٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

( # 2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

D (*$ Y9) &

Death rate The number of deaths per 1,000

3K , *

population in a given year. Also

j)

known as the crude death rate.

r

A& /r X .

1000

8 "' R ›

)› — " # . K

+2 w .3

۴٣ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(9 T V&%. 92 %9) *$ >s *

Defended neighborhood A

neighborhood

that

residents

P? (# \

identify through defined community

4

[ E =>B]

P? (# [W ] )

borders and through a perception are

* ) +

Ž

geographically separate and socially

R

+ #

that

adjacent

areas

/"2M *$ >s #$ >T

K

4

`

,

UN A 5 *

‚ * )

9( [

6 UN A 4 x

8 * 6)

9,

www.ParsBook.org

different.

aspect

( .

of

the

socialization

people

are

subjected

) % 78$%2$ 59) 3 )

/' 2 6 K h

process within total institutions, in which

6

to

)

+

'2 6 K h * • UN 4 ' .+ 4

4+ #

" E 3K ( ) 3 QV \ E* *

+

(

4 +N0( u1982 -1922) « , ]

I >!

* )

) ) )+#

(R ) 3 ^ 6

U4 \ ] ^ \ `

6 K h

۴۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

* 5 > !W E

) » * '(" ) [S?F

E \ +* ( ,

u+ `# ‚ 3A2

2 ( 9 3A2 , ] 4 +

$ 8

E K B 4 \ (R 3 ,2 .14+ ]

, ] (‚ u+ #

\' 2 5 + ! # + 4

6 /"2 ! &

9,

2•

humiliating rituals.

+

‚ .+ (

Degradation ceremony An

]

)

2 K h _(,

4'

-14

(R 3 ,2

p ]+ * #

(2

# ' ,2

"E ) + ]


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78$A& $ ) 2.% %9) $ 93 *+

Deindustrialization The

systematic,

widespread

5 t]

withdrawal of investment in basic aspects

of

productivity

such

) 6

as

*

] ) 8N‚

c@9

R 4 I >! * + 0(2

5 .6

factories and plants.

www.ParsBook.org

(78$A. Z& 5 9)

Demographic transition A term used to describe the change

[3 <)] *

from high birthrates and death rates

.)

(

)3 "

b#

.3K ,

"5

# \"5}(0" |+ ( ^ q ] (

۴۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

^ 3>

5 E 9) 15/ #. *;&+>B

The scientific study of population.

]"

S?F

# _ # › ) +N0(2 5 "R

rates.

Demography

12

&+>B 15 /W .

Ž2 / F(2 5 # 4

# › ) +N0(2 5 "R

to relatively low birthrates and death

' ."

>

]8

,U9 P 0 ?

3K , -15


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78% & .%9) U

Denomination A

large,

organized

religion

not

6 (Q# 4 › W# P

officially linked with the state or

(/ &

Dependency theory www.ParsBook.org

approach

industrialized

that

contends

nations

continue

wU

. + 5+ ( ^ 3 (b

government.

An

*

that

5 # +

to

5

exploit developing countries for their

4

own gain.

30) # ,

.%2 N$9) #

F 5 " UN + 4 ( 4*

/c t w

9K

,$ -.

4 5 b)

"# # H (R M

[

12]

.+

(2

(= $ E *.%2 N$9)

Dependent variable The variable in a causal relationship

`

that is subject to the influence of

.12 •

UN 9 “# ) . ]

another variable.

Behavior that violates the standards

) ]w 6 ‚ ۴۶

www.orientalsociology.ir

x(U 5

45 KŽ

! [I@

(( $E $9) J

Deviance

&; m K Ž :]

. // H! * 45


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ 4

of conduct or expectations of a

?N V2

group or society.

(7M &) )% =%8. % $9) 16 U

Differential association A theory of deviance proposed by

c

Edwin Sutherland that holds that violation

of

rules

results

* +

*

from

Y

\5) 4 [ # ˆ(# ] 5

6 N @ *

www.ParsBook.org

5" 4 # +

exposure to attitudes favorable to

?N V2 4 «+ 0 2

5" `

R

3 * 5 " >2 -1 :+ 4

8 @2

# • (,9

9,

5 " ) 4 X+ 4

u R 5 " ]C ) # .+ 4 !

E

R

) 5 " >2 u+

+ 412 9 , R

]

!

‚ ) »

.12 3A2

.+

criminal acts.

-2

M+

I (9 ) “

6 ‚ / 4 3 +@

V 5 " ) ] •(QV#

,

`

H@ # 8 (

) u+

5 " ]C ) R # * R

5) 4 \ R

5 " >2 ) +

b Eo

/1950-1883) «+ 0 2

) # I (9 bU# #6

5 " >2 -3 )

) ) 2 a I (9

) ˆ >2 = B *

) (

۴٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

'

>2 6 ‚ -16 R

) 5 " >2 3 * 5 " >2

“#

QV )

) » !

6

*) # 1

R( E ` 5

) P ‚

5) 4 q u ] P,

( ,


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

u+ (

R( E 9 ,

43 +

, 5 #) (

u3

+

4 ) " )*( www.ParsBook.org

jSR 3 0 @ >?2 j ,0 " † # 6

] ‚ 9 +2" " \(W + ] \ " " \( 6

5 "2

= B * 8 r(R 5

bU# +# 5

“@

K ... . ]

IY ! L 3 4 ) 3K ,4 ‚ * (] (] 5 "2

\30

.+ 4

" !

8 5 ` 5 "0 " !

/U V M#

+ ( ^" \(... ) 6

\5+ ) V

)

" \(

6

)

\5 (>F "q( ) "6 B >2 6) 2" \( 9 , „R) " !

>2 5 # + 0 2 " [S?F *

Differential Association [S?F 5 #

A

) "ˆ >2 6) 2" ) (... 9 ,

'(U9

4 ) "W , 6SNb 2"

'(U9 j ,0

8

4) " A ' . ... ) (+

\

2 5 "2 ) "r #

\

) ]*

is spread from group to group or

[` ] P

society to society.

`

" W ) ( 9, ) #6

ŒW w # 5

۴٨

'(U9

" \( ) "#)

M /:F

E P? (# 4 5+ *

[ ` ] ) ] # .

www.orientalsociology.ir

R)

` eU] HV# ( ) "j 9

( [ & $9)

Diffusion The process by which a cultural item

6 (F

]

+4 ^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(/ S $9) M S

Discovery The process of making known or

5 >

sharing the existence of an aspect of

(# 8 "

R

'(U + .3 ! ) *

reality.

(78% &>$ ! ($9) u&+V

Discrimination www.ParsBook.org

The process of denying opportunities

N=

and equal rights to individuals and

# # pL(@ ) " F

(V>0 I _

groups because of prejudice or other

] +

5 ) + ^ I 0+# " ) ] ) . `

arbitrary reasons.

(/ & * >H&%#. ($9) !

Disengagement theory A

functionalist

theory

of

aging

+

introduced by Cumming and Henry

individual

mutually

Y +4

that contends that society and the aging

+

“# ) *

sever

many of their relationships.

۴٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

\5+ ,0 9K

# ˆ(# 4 \ «5

R # •S# @ [

// VSV) ,$ -. ] 4 4P ‚ w

»)«

(4» 5( *

* )

#] + ,0

.+ #

8 *

) H (R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Z& % %9)

Domestic partnership Two

unrelated

adults

who

6 9 *! 8 /

2F>T / #. F>T

have

(v&M %

chosen to share one another's lives in a relationship of mutual caring,

2 + # + W] #

q 4 +)

who reside together, and who agree

` +b

W E " P B) P?#

to be jointly responsible for their

,K „

www.ParsBook.org

dependents, basic living expenses,

social,

maintain

economic,

and

) ]+ *

‡ V \ ` #)

# 4

powerful

`

5

+ ,2 +!

political

(

) M " #.

) 5 Q! \ 9,

=YS9 ~ .+ 4

b#

`"\+

17

) + @9 * 5 9(,

interests.

8 >

w #

# 8 # \+ # 8 "

( H& $2$G * % % 9) b! s /ea

A set of cultural beliefs and practices to

] W# )

.+ # ` +b x

Dominant ideology

helps

2 + 4 = (2 ) \+ #

6 ) <

and other common necessities.

that

]+ *

(R †

0 "

^ 5 "0

] ‚ *

)+#

5 }) O

43

(#

b

-

* 8

5}(0(Y+

+9 ! ۵٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

#

DS2 4 # 4 ^ ) ;U?Q

w,4 E * -17

# X} ) )

*


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

6(

» #* # 1801

H " K+

#

5W q [S?F

(# /U V

c

* 5) (‚ u+ 5

* 5 K+

# u3

(# 5W ,

"# (` +

M<)

www.ParsBook.org

D (V# (R } )

V 5}(0(Y+ .( ) ƒK(

(^ 8

5(

IK,A

)

# ... "!3

8 (`#

8

:5}(0 +

)

A# 2 } )

E5 #

K \ (#

("

q })

* v4

part

( # 34

of

w

(x

Dramaturgical approach A

view

popularized

(" )

of

social by

Erving

4 4 .

deindustrialization.

interaction,

“K (2 +

Goffman,

۵١ www.orientalsociology.ir

=S&B

q

E9) /3 ) Z' !

+

,9 5 I + 2

* 3 F [+

r# \ 9,

( *E 5 (B

under which people are examined as

o

8 (`# b 5 # 4 + #

(o $A$ ) as

"3R

] 5}(0(Y+ X} ) (R" 4 3 ] (2

Downsizing

workforce

2)

* ] b (?# 3

' .+

Reductions taken in a company's

"

+ 3R "

"

] ) (R UF '(" )

5 " }(0(Y+

, 5 # >b +

] ‚

j( U (Destutt de Tracy) «

] 9 +2 ) ]

` :+ )8

]*

V#

9) 8$ >. 9 S$ I 2 *

E K B 4 \« , ]

]+ ) »


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

18

.+

if they were theatrical performers.

4[ ?

]+

* •@! 8

, w

9,

2)

b)

www.ParsBook.org

.+ #3

4

]

\5 ] 4\ U

,

"

, 5 „ 8K , c2 2

4 + >#

, (R \ ' !3 84

H@ 5 8

2)8

, P AF ( , * ' +4 \ # 3 84

E

4

, ]

) -18

W ,

) u3

= B

* )

]

]+ * /U V 5 " !( “A \ *

8

, 5 #

(R (, » ( 9 3A2 # 4

XN *) p 9 , AF 3 ^ \

b)

2 # +4 9,

]+ *

`* # ` 4 +(

w

43

+# . * e# N *)

w K B (1959) « N *) , w ( ,

\

` 4

a

* + (2 E

5 + 2)

bU# j F

>2 # \ ]+ (R

, (R ) 5* # (Ž E AF \

)3 * ^ R ž ) ]I 2o

` * # 8b

, ] 4 5* + 8 q ) ]+

H , w

, ]

]+ * ) ‚

u * e# ƒ(<(

AF 5(U \

E

( ! ) +9 !

I4 (?# )

"q \ •(QV

(2E$ 9) y 3 /* B

Dyad A two-member group.

.

۵٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

) ) ]w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(78S. ($9) 9 ! !Q!

Dysfunction An element or a process of society

8

that may disrupt a social system or

4

E 6 >. H 4 #

lead to a decrease in stability.

* 5+ ) w +U `# 8 *

Q9

w 9, .

www.ParsBook.org

۾٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

]


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

E ( $E Q% S % $)

Ecclesia A religious organization that claims to

include

members

most of

a

or

all

society

of and

P,

the

cU† + 4

( # [cU† ] )

is

.(

recognized as the national or official religion.

۵۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

9K ]

4 #

R

>t

*

&! w

w 5 „9 ,

UN c t w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

E-commerce Numerous ways that people with access

to

the

Internet

can

do

(j & ! -/ ) / . $ (D $ ) /Z&.

S

3

5

#

#'

.+ 4 + )

business from their computers.

\ (R P

www.ParsBook.org

The social institution through which

= B * + (2

\+ 0(2 \6 +R ) _ 4 E P? (# 4

goods and services are produced,

.+ (

distributed, and consumed.

9,

A formal process of learning in which

(?#

some people consciously teach while the

social

role

H@ `

of

*

.+ ]

learner.

{3 G

R # EK B 45 ] R # b0

+ 4 +" #

,

An authority pattern in which the

] W# 5 „9 ۵۵

www.orientalsociology.ir

E K B 4

+

v +2 + ]

( &>% 7$ & #$ ) #.

Egalitarian family

"

j Q ) M *(2

(78%S&B% ) {

Education

adopt

(

(b &) Z& . S$ ) /9 z U @ -.

Economic system

others

4 5 K+

H

]E

p 9,

|9 . 6

+ ! 5(`0 w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ (

adult members of the family are

`

, \ ( R

regarded as equals.

(W%9 *& $ ) 19 52$A5 / #VF. / #

Elite model A view of society as ruled by a small

) ] PU (# 3 ,4

group of individuals who share a common

set

of

political

=YS9 *

and

www.ParsBook.org

4 +@q

•_(,

3 V ƒ( D ` u(8 0 (U^)

r(R + 4 H 4)

[ ? D `

3@ @

,

! 8 I# @

# \+ b# 3

(# 2 ) 3

H#5

+ (V

b,

(2 # (2 3 (b \8 •A 8 (,4 )

48

+@q

]+ W] # | ) ] (q ) \+ `# +" #

*

0)

H^8

8" 5 Q! )

] >V D ` -2 (8

4 )

(2 5 ^ \+# r(R + 4

DS2

E8 0 ( X

۵۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

2+ #

*

` +b # I# @2

(2 # (2 3 (b N

bq(4

-19

* u +# ) (]

.+ ) (# (2 # >V 3 (b

,9 \+

(] |“ )

D ` )+ 3"

)3

4

`

‚ 5+ # @>B

] 6 -4 D ` -3 ) (8

DS2 \'K) ƒ( D ` * + )+

5

4 5(

P9(,

.(

economic interests.

] @>B D ` -1 : (

4

E

4+ 4 u (# + (R

]+ W] # + #

,

(2 5 ^ \+#

) + + E + +^ 8"# _+

] >V

q8

* +#

"# 4 q \ (#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(# K) * 4 + + (R

,

6 ) < w bU# t^ r 5 #8

0 X* +

3

«p *

#

0( ( »

•S,9 + + (R I +>2 "2

` )

,4

) ] #'

' (9 # • (R 3 (b *O

] >V 4 3

43 )

!) (`q 4 3 3>. Ÿ 2 P‚

H (R 5 ( (R ) 3 < + V>0 3 (

\3 >B 8b >2 )

* ) !+ ,

... .+

, c

] >V 5«(2 ^» )E

# \+ #

2 ƒ( # ,K "

) K+

# ... .3

9,

8

q # 0

-

6(>. ) ("{ 6 +! 1922 > (

www.ParsBook.org

'! ( >%5 2.% ) / >T

Endogamy The restriction of mate selection to

) ] ,

people within the same group.

are

#3

rV

5 " UN !

subjected

4 9K

?A 6 BV •

disproportionately to environmental

#

E * 5(„9 4]

>

!(@ c

&

*2 >

۵٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

w

(?# 5 C .+

hazards.

9

4 )+A

((& ) B = % $ $ )

A legal strategy based on claims that minorities

)

.[+

Environmental justice

racial

"^

!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(W%9 @ $ V& S$ ) W9 + / #

Equilibrium model Talcott Parsons's functionalist view

4 «W (

of society as tending toward a state

[ 9,

of stability or balance.

^ 6(b0 2» 5 ] 4 4 5( 5" ‚

] * (2

D `

6 >. / F(2 # .

www.ParsBook.org

(b& $ ) 2U /y

Esteem The

reputation

individual

H ]

has

that earned

a

particular within

3 +#

an

^ w

\• R |

w

4 5 >9 .3

occupation.

(l 5 Z& )

Ethnic group A group that is set apart from others

(# 30 F I 0+# [ " ) ]]

because of its national origin or

.3

distinctive cultural patterns.

(@A$ )

The tendency to assume that one's

p ]+ * 5 ۵٨

www.orientalsociology.ir

(

)

U" 5

* 4 ) ]w

] + DW , p `

Ethnocentrism

)E

4 +^

5 (`0

D

)/

@ U #H ]


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

`

culture and way of life represent the

E* * 2

+ ,

2

"# 5 (R

norm or are superior to all others.

.+ #

(

Ethnography The study of an entire social setting through

extended

= B *

systematic

9,

P9(,

5

) / #. @ U

w |3 ,2 P 0 ?

www.ParsBook.org

.8N‚ P

observation.

Evolutionary theory A theory of social change that holds

w

that society is moving in a definite

(/ & / % &M

% ) = S ,$ -.

+^

p Ž2 P ‚ w

4 9, .+ 4

direction.

(2 X+

34

K

( >5 A5% ) / >T

Exogamy The requirement that people select

. K

mates outside certain groups.

۵٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

) #5" ) ]* 3

rV

#

' W0


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(* >$ N S$ ) :$ 3G

Experiment An artificially created situation that

2+

allows the researcher to manipulate

b

` )C^ # 4 ` R

.+ 4 5 b

variables.

[H (R ‚

!(

( 5]

(l 5 = >$ N S$ ) 8$ 3G " 5

Experimental group www.ParsBook.org

Subjects in an experiment who are

U@

exposed to an independent variable

KŽ • !3

introduced by a researcher.

H *E w

+ ‰V

4

` )C^ c

# (2 * 4 .+ ]

(/ & 78% $ N S$ ) >~ ) / 8! " I ,$ -.

Exploitation theory A Marxist theory that views racial

6_

subordination in the United States as

5 C p5 >

4

2 @>B ' ‚ p 2 a p "‚

a manifestation of the class system

4 ( , . `

inherent in capitalism.

۶٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

P ‚ w +AN 5


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

((%. &) N S$ ) / # ]9 // 53

Expressiveness A term used by Parsons and Bales to

«WU #» ) «W (

refer to concern for maintenance of

w

harmony and the internal emotional

)

]

. ( R

affairs of the family.

^» “K (2 + ` , ~ )

www.ParsBook.org

A family in which relatives-such as

8b

in the same home as parents and

Rw

# 3 ]* #

)[ 9,

` # E 20

.+ 4

their children.

* ) (,9 * N

X} ) (? , u ( 8

3,

B 9 IY

) "] W# +^ I >! *

grandparents, aunts, or uncles-live

43

# b# [S?F

( &>% 92 % S$ ) "9

Extended family

#8

// #. &

\) })

)

A

# u( 0 R

)

0R\" + , ' .+ (

b# 0 R 5 # 8 ) ,K 9 5 # 8 \ * • UN 4 " ` #

( ) ,K 9

*" +

( \

4 q \5

\(,9) )

` # 2+

r( A

W

5 #

X

U` U`

۶١ www.orientalsociology.ir

45

(R 5 #

( R

(,9

,K 9 \ "] W#

]+ *

K #)

M! )

‚ K+ 5 +^ ` # ]X ( Rw

5 |9 . 6

aunt X} ) 4 8

b# " ` #

'‚

u+ ( " + #\

+0 ) -20

+ (R } ) 5 # 4 uncle

] X ( R '(" +0 ) ) + *

,"#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

F (f

Face-work A term used by Erving Goffman to

« , ]

refer to the efforts of people to

) » “K (2 + ! # 5 #

maintain the proper image and avoid

5W ) #E * W

embarrassment in public.

(& ) / ! # b# [S?F

5 " S2

^ ) [H (R * ] 3

# 3 ]* # 5 (Q2 .' 9 Š

۶٢ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

((.% A&8. ! ( L ) 7&• 9 T 5G

False consciousness A term used by Karl Marx to describe

«v4

an attitude held by members of a

4» “K (2 +

#

b# [S?F

\ @>B w 5 „9 “K (2 + a VN2 pD ` / F(2

class that does not accurately reflect

] "E

its objective position.

9 3 !( X+ 4 vb

+# 4 .3

www.ParsBook.org

(@A& &>% ) $ 5 "9 . 6

Familism Pride

in

[

the

extended

family,

= B * 4 \[H (R] X

expressed through the maintenance

+)

of close ties and strong obligations

]X ( R #

4 V

(R # + + ' W 0 ) w W “# ) ~ .

to kinfolk.

]

"{

( &> ) "9 . 6

Family A set of people related by blood,

R # ) ‡ ) * \ (R P? (# 4

marriage (or some other agreedupon relationship), or adoption who

8"#

share the primary responsibility for

+ 0(2 5 # UF 5 " 0(€ ۶٣

www.orientalsociology.ir

]+ (R+ *

( `

= (2

* 5 ( “# )

) + + ˆ(#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

reproduction

and

caring

8"

for

9,

5 „9 *

4 3>{ ( ) I-

members of society.

.+

( && &)/

Fertility The amount of reproduction among

. * K #

women of childbearing age.

(B

www.ParsBook.org

(/ f )

Folkways Norms

governing

behavior

*

whose

everyday

social

violation

raises

?N V2 4 N *) p 9 , . )E

comparatively little concern.

U / T " &M

# 84

># 5 ,4 3>

** # W

5

#

` "E *

(j

Force The actual or threatened use of

4 I ,A2 5 # > * W E+ +"2

coercion to impose one's will on

.

others.

۶۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

`

)

!) X # H (R X

3


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Norms that generally have

been

6 N @ )+

written down and that specify strict

.3

rules for punishment of violators.

ƒ(

E ` #

` 6 >9 # u (

. =%

+

3>. # • (,9 4

www.ParsBook.org

u+ +# H .(Laws)

(! -3 ) (Mores) 6

3 9 )+

5

* ƒ( 3N

#

# u +

# "2

3 ,

,"#

t] ^ * 4 3

6

9)

(! 5

" +# u+ ( ,"# \+ # ( o

\

4+

(Customs)

+ q 6 >2 " E *

+

?N V2 j)

(

])

+ #

5 #

5 „9 4 +

( -1 : + 4

3,

8 @2

+ 39 ,

# •_(, (! 5

, r#*

8 (Traditional Norms) " N 5 9(,

6

9 .3

8 (Moral Norms) " !SR 5 '(

(# r( b ) + 3>. \

)r E* QR

?N V2 p ) 4+

+ (R (Formal Norms) " , ۶۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

V

5 (`0 # -21

) (Manners) r E ,

* 4+

,"# 5 K+ 6 >2 ) 3 # .+ (

(! 5

UN V 6 * ( 5

) + +# H

9 -2 (Folkways)

(Moral) pLSR c

. 43 I0

4 )

@# ) ( ) 3NU9 4 q + # 84

‰ QV2

] (Norm)

) 21 >) / T H T

(A

Formal norms

( # "E " # ( (

" )

* ) +(

#\

( |6 !SR (! 5

* "

K( * ƒ(


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

" ,

†5

3 (b '

" \3

+

] ‚

30) 6 ‚ ) 3 , 3A2 \

) 3N

(!

6 ‚ ) 3 , 3A2 \'(

"E *

?V2 5 # QV

,

,

5

6*

.+ (

) + + 3>. • , +

4

(Informal Norms)

) r E ) 6 !SR 6 ‚ ) 3 , 3A2 \6

9 b0

+

!

' .+ #

www.ParsBook.org

(7MA& 5

Formal organization A special-purpose group designed and

structured

for

[#

maximum

Social

control

carried

.3

by

I >! * \*

authorized agents, such as police officers,

judges,

+ +,R )

(W &! =&M ) = out

) >)

3 ] 5 # 4 • R j+

efficiency.

Formal social control

=

4)

school

#

) >)

>B 9,

+ \6 „! \v U^ .(

administrators, and employers.

۶۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

) ]

N B \ E 4 -4 K+

]+ , “K (2 4 +

3)

-. 6 ‚ (1 ,9


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( & SN) * & % &8S. ) $ 59 ! ! " 52$9

Functionalist perspective A

sociological

approach

that

K)

emphasizes the way that parts of a

6 >. ~

society are structured to maintain its

# [• QNV ] 4 5 #

R

b) w

w 5 " V# 4 .+

stability.

www.ParsBook.org

۶٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

+ 412 R

\ E


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

G (* 8 % &%>5)

Gemeinschaft A term used by Ferdinand Tönnies to describe

close-knit

a ) ,+ B /g > B /

5 # «v (2 +

communities,

» “K (2 +

often found in rural areas, in which

=B

strong

p QV 5 + ( ^ " E

personal

bonds

unite

۶٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

# b# [S?F

cU† 4 3 >, "|6 9 , " / F(2 .+ *

members.

f M

) +( q eb

3

)

„9 \+ ,2 +!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(A h

Gender roles Expectations regarding the proper

5" 0

behavior, attitudes, and activities of

2 B)

) \" ` \

# ˆ(#

(3 $9G 9A$] B) 22

Generalized others www.ParsBook.org

A term used by George Herbert to

refer

awareness

of

viewpoints,

and

to

the

the

«+ 6 #

child's

D

of

. ]

society as a whole that a child takes

#

#$9

b# [S?F

4 (4

x (4 4 NI4 w

; AF

$ b&>+

‡ » “K (2 +

) 6 ‚ ?@ \ " ` *

attitudes,

expectations

6 ‚

. *)

males and females.

Mead

& B / I8 .

]E # M

( #

6 !K(2 ‚

[

" E]

into account in his or her behavior.

4 (4 W \5* #

4 (4 4 3 +@

9( M! ) * U

(Self) " (R" |+ 4 (4

4 5* # H@

+

*

V#

) u `

"

5 ) < ) 8"

u+ * ^

` " 5" @

E

` " (1931-1863) + 6 # #

(R 5 ,2 # ‚

) \ E M>2 # ) 5* # ƒ( ) + ... . (

Significant ) "8"

8, 2

4

(Play) 5* # H@ * ) +)

(R I b2 ) +

#3 "

*E 5* # PU

-1 : +

۶٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

) 43

-22 )+

` 5 " @ c0 ! (R # I 2 *# 8 *

+


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Generalized ) "' 9 "

]E (R" # \

` "5" @ E

` ) H (R ( (

W ,2 x

4 +

^

*

# x (4 \ K) PU

!SR +9 (! ) UN 4 5 " * \'K) PU

5* # -2 ) ( K B. ]

K B)+

] ! K (2

(others ( (Others

(Self Consciousness) ' .+# (2$ ) .[) 8! = .

Genocide www.ParsBook.org

The deliberate, systematic killing of

w

an entire people or nation.

[ U >! w ]

(78%S& $ B) /3 ) R&H.

The resettlement of low-income city neighborhoods

by

5

prosperous

( R “K (2 + E 84 p5 " .5

families and business firms.

`

25

, + >2

`#)+

"#

( H& . B) ) M / &

Gerontology scientific

sociological

+ 9 '9 I! .'(!

Gentrification

The

P, 8N‚ )

study

and

of

the

R

psychological ٧٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

) )

R

5

>

,U9 P 0 ?


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

. ]+

aspects of aging and the problems of

^ IY

) +

^

the aged.

(* 8 A5) 237$ . ,+ B / + B /

Gesellschaft A term used by Ferdinand Tönnies to

5 # «v (2 +

describe communities, often urban,

) › W#

that are large and impersonal with

» “K (2 +

4 5 "

www.ParsBook.org

) ] # 3>

little commitment to the group or

» j) U`

^ +K" 2 # \+

*

#

0R

(

W]

q b0

) K‰ V )ƒ,

Ÿ

` # (1887) "3

Society ) Community 5 "0 b *

`

] 43 )

*

) * u+

4

0W]" ) "3

c2 2 # 4+

K u(

] ‚

+ +^( ) * 2 5

0W] “# ) ) ƒ , )

QV

. " * 5)

(Typology) p

' "# )

# b# [S?F

• >0 † "|6 9 , " / F(2

consensus on values.

+

*! 8

# =NU

,0E o

"E 5 #

\ƒ ,

#

M, I# ! 8

w

N

\

,0E [S?F ) -23

" ) "ƒ , " E M>2 # ) b

9( # b + # ) u3

u+ # , 3

)=! 8

9 3 !) w

٧١ www.orientalsociology.ir

#ƒ,

(1936 -1850) «v (2 "

@

,] “# )

“# ) ƒ( )

,]"

4+ ( # ) +(

B V# 3 V u3 ; AF • @U? # )+A 3 5


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

b# •(QR ' "#

48

q

)ƒ,

E # + V# 3 9

5 "0

K +(

.

9)

M! ) +

?!

5K+

)3 5

2 U€

` ) < v (2

Ÿ

# + V# 3 a Z A0 # q ] + ) .+ (

)+

;

b# ( ) www.ParsBook.org

'(U9 j ,0 (R

b

2

) ƒ,

5 # \‰NV /

R)

( , F

)W #

"0

*

;

#

25 `

4 ) "5 (F M ( " ) "5(

, u( b

#P

b# 3 F ƒ( bU# 8

#

M ( "

} ) IF (

# 4 R#o

•_(, ) b \ " E *

u" ( M ( " ) " N M ( " +

43

" +# .3

+

)

*

> 4 2 8 Gesellschaft ) + # (

P

\3

0W] ) "

5

ƒ(

X

) Common/General )+ #

f M ( + w

) .3 IY ! +# D

( (A ) Shaft

Ship ) (

Shaft

! M " \3 ) 34

) ( (# w Ÿ

Gemein * 4 34 ,] 5(Ž0 5 )x

/

> 4 2 \IF

(30

Gemeinschaft X} )

+ ( ^) Ship

r A

# u( S E 5

6) 2 u (# + (R "

٧٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

u( 9 ,

( '(" X+ )E # \

schaft

( ^) Join/Accompany

v (2 (R 4 3 5W ,2

u+ #

5 # "ƒ , " ( 9 * 8 r 4

. (# + (R v (2 ‚ ) ( (,9/x

6 (F

) Associational Society ) Communal Society

6 (Q

#

,

Gesell )

*! 8

) 3 I R ' +4

3Ž0 ! 8" 43


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(Natural Will Rational

U` ) Wesenwille U` ) Kurwille

,0E #) "

,0E #) " S@9 X

>B X "

"

(A x

(A 34

M ( /3

M ( /3

,]

0W]

IR

IR X

' .+

(Will

(o $c&) ( 5) / 8&M n )

Glass ceiling An invisible barrier that blocks the www.ParsBook.org

w 3

promotion of a qualified individual in

)+

a work environment because of the individual's

)

gender,

race,

) 3 (!

^ [| ] 4 Y

C \3

M w

I 0+# 4 “ A .+ 4

or

ethnicity.

(* > &% N $9 =5) J2T

Goal displacement Overzealous conformity

to official

,

regulations within a bureaucracy.

6 N @ #

>KQ

+ * H# p (, .5

`

w

( l 5) " 5

Group Any number of people with similar norms,

$A#$ B

values,

and

6 !K(2 ) " * \

expectations ٧٣

www.orientalsociology.ir

#

* 5 +2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+

who interact with one another on a

` +b # I 2

8N‚

(?# 4 #

regular basis.

(*$ Y 5) 2M X .

Growth rate The difference between births and

6) 2 X)S # \

deaths, plus the difference between www.ParsBook.org

immigrants

and

emigrants,

1000

per

IR

# "2

)

+N0(2

6) 2

" ) ‡ R # "2 .3K ,

1,000 population.

٧۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

"


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

H Hawthorne effect The

unintended

influence

that

(*S% $

_ TE ) 24

] +

45

` ( *E

observers or experiments can have

.+ #

on their subjects.

٧۾ www.orientalsociology.ir

(R 5

( *E /M# (2 5)

_ T _ (R

.12

# + (2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

b E "w b0 Elton /

) 34 " 3 b0 ) 6 ‚ 3A2 \(] b

b E " o

+ * †E 1924

4 6 0?

* " (. “

. " 4 (#

(>"# 5 ^ #

www.ParsBook.org

] 4

] 4

bU,9 H W

4 +

#

Œ(

.

.+ # ,

0?

( KŽ

43

) 4 ' .3

>

5 (>"# \ 0

. r A

4 + Ž2

" *

# .3 ] j)

.12 *

F

+ M! )

.

#

E

UF S# \' ,2 5

(

(# >R # bU# 3

+ ve E

4 q\ )

b, ) 3 )

> +#

K u3 ( 5 4

+ +^ ( #

4 ) ] w * •_(,

† 5 " ) ] ) “# ) P *

\3 + 8U9 ( 8

(.)

4 (

) ]" ( 9 3A2 { ,

b * "E

# u )E #

,4 #

45 ]

( *E •

(Mayo

.12 W

( HW #(

cK 2 4

>2 P ‚ " t` # «W ( ‡ ( » w W

*) )

" (.)

W •S- ) ? A “

( H 4 4

+ ™9 # +

xN A 8 @

# ) (# "

b ) " c0 !

(.

" (. " -24

“# ) H@ P *

)

bU,9

0

R 4 ' M! )

\ 4 “A

(> 5 4 “

43

SR w " ( *E

5 b 5 `"

#H

] 4

5

6 0 ? # 4 (Western Electric Company)

" #*

bU,9 H W ™9 # 8

6 @ @A2

“# )

u

` 5 (`# “

.(

( 0 » j)

] 4 5 4 * # # ( 4 NIA

E )* )

#) ! ( * . (V# 8!

) ) «(

3

, # 9,

.

** 5

) 6 0 ? .3

4 -R5 # #

«(

( 0»

5 +,9 .12 )

(Human Relations Approach) " b)

. ]

٧۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

!

)

( 6 N 4 # IŽ


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(n T% )

Health As defined by the World Health

*

Organization, a state of complete

0

[ #]

" 3 +"#

LSB ] I 4 p 9 ,

physical, mental, and social well-

)

./ < [ ] ) 5 , #

being, and not merely the absence

) 2 /*M 2I *

) \

/ 2 # # # ,

(>"#

+ • F

)[ (

of disease and infirmity. www.ParsBook.org

( % % 7&% n T% )

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

Organizations

that

)2

/ I. 3 ) (7MA&. 5

provide

p

comprehensive medical services for

8

a preestablished fee.

+

/ b W^ 6 +R 4 2 H ^ * 5 W,

" *

[3

] .+ *

Hidden curriculum Standards

of

behavior

that

are

` c

deemed proper by society and are

.+ (

taught subtly in schools. ٧٧

www.orientalsociology.ir

(b% S % $ !% 2&T) 25 I

M3 G , .

c

5

R( E o +

* 4

3N! # ) + (

>!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

"+

( #" (1971)

Ivan ) "O U o + 4

V 4 D ) ^ ) D*( E

( " ) "v

5 +

)E

#

'S9 )

#

3

" ) "W|0(#" ( , 5 ` "^ 5

!( ) ` ^

# 4 + +@

,

bN bN

"E ) * ^

+#)

4[ ?

* ) ] *( E H

S?F " " ^ P

E (Benson Snyder)

.+ R ^ E ( p 9,

P@>B

^ ™A# # (Illich E* # # 4

' .+ 4 www.ParsBook.org

means

of

health

maintenance

6 0

using therapies in which the health care

practitioner

person's

considers

physical,

emotional,

( ) "E *

(7% $2 Z& & T) #. =! SMA

Holistic medicine A

#" -25

and

5 " ]C ) \

the

mental,

*

# 3 +"#

+"# 5 " >! ) )

12 I )

p *( E 4 E B9\

a\

4 , .+ ]

spiritual

characteristics.

(&

Homophobia Fear

of

and

prejudice

against

. E U9 # 5 ) + ^ )

homosexuality.

٧٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

>T) ) T bT ]v , * o 2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( & &Vh = . A$ TE )

Horizontal mobility The movement of an individual from

#

one social position to another of the

9,

3 !( w * .

same rank.

www.ParsBook.org

Preindustrial

societies

in

which

)+ 4

people plant seeds and crops rather

t#

T) S. ) C B 4

F H^ M (

.+ 4 ]+ *

foods.

(QA t] \o

( H S$ 7% &T) . .

Human ecology An area of study concerned with the between

“# ) [

people

.

and their spatial setting and physical environment.

٧٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

#

` 3 !(

5 t† * • F b E 5 # + q

than subsist merely on available

interrelationships

E

w ,

( $) ) p !

Horticultural societies

fa

) M@

#] # + ,!S9 2 0 ? X*( w >B “ A )

„ P9(,

)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(x

Human relations approach An approach to the study of formal organizations that emphasizes the role of people, communication, and

H@ # 4

,

5

w

`

†5

participation within a bureau-cracy

A 8% $ 7% &T) . . e

R

5" * 34

5)

9 S$

P 0?

5 b)

) 6 B >2 \

# W4 ,2 # ) + 4 .

and tends to focus on the informal

H ]

+ 412

*

,

www.ParsBook.org

structure of the organization.

) o $ 5 2. o & . T) / G9 5

Hunting-and-gathering society A

preindustrial

society

in

SM ,+ B

which

( $)

people rely on whatever foods and

t] 5 #

fiber are readily available in order to

o

live.

E

4

E # 4

F H^ 5 0 ) .+

t† #

]+ *

Œ bN2 +

((& % N$ T) . >5 / &O

Hypothesis A speculative statement about the

.

relationship between two or more variables. ٨٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

#

KŽ )

“# ) X # 5 ‚

#w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

I (v$ W% /2$G) 26 . G g .

Ideal type A construct or model that serves as a

measuring

rod

against

5 # `

which

!H

specific cases can be evaluated.

PU w ( , / # *

4 (`0

( + (2 .)

٨٥ www.orientalsociology.ir

*

w

4 F K R

(

b#

`#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

\ƒ(<( w 5 # 4 )• 9D H0(,

E 5 " ]C ) M , X+

, # 5 " ]C ) # ( 6_(@ H

6 > #) ƒ( p

#

E ƒ( \3 )

(2

@ 5 #

a

E P0(@ # ƒ( p ! ) 6_(@ P

( ` +b # ƒ( 5 W P

@

,

3

("

W#

D "

5 b X*

E" 3 F * b

(`0 ( , H UN 4 ! ) 6_(@ P

@ ` )(

www.ParsBook.org

_ )3

a 34

# j(? \

4) (#/5 _ w

a 34

[ B w \+ #

43

( P0(@

' .H (# (`q 5 #

-

R ( ) )

,

#H # 4

48 )+ #

4 ‰V

4

the

altering

@ ` 8

#

ƒ)

E

5 # #)

4 E ƒ(

)

]

]

E

( 5_

(

\3 6 ! ) ) 6 9

" 8 2+ q

#

E ) 9W

(* >% H& 7M N>$ ) / 15 _ *$ $2

A term used by Erving Goffman to to

!) 5W P

" ]C ) E # ) ‚

H (# 5 #

Impression management

refer

b#

" E I UA2 ) W 2 # + # )

^ ™A# # + 4

( ) ‡ R 80 9

• W0

.)

E ƒ( 5 " ]C ) P

( #u* ^

" +# u E 5 " ]C ) (

K u + ( ) 4 )

)

M! ) 80 9 @

E NI4 #

E ƒ( w H-A# ( 6_(@ 5 # •_(, 5) u3 « #) v4 » ' # ( '‚ w \

M! ) K(Q2 (

, 3

@ 3 V : (# + (R b, 6 (F )+#

) ` +b #

E ƒ( -26

, u(

bU# (

. (# + (R b, ‚

w M! )

of

M

the ٨٢

www.orientalsociology.ir

« , ]

) » “K (2 +

# b# [S?F


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

({ =UR (‚ ,# H (R 5 `

presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and

.[ (R] K• R >B V

satisfy particular audiences.

prohibition

relationships

Ž2 #

4 < ) C)

( V% * % $ ) @

Incest taboo The

,

of

sexual

between

certain

Z A0

/ .3 b$

# p ` #

“# )

www.ParsBook.org

. + ‰NV

culturally specified relatives.

3 9( ,

• ?! `

((.%2& $ ) 3

Incidence The number of new cases of a

w )

specific disorder occurring within a

4 C) SR w * ++

L 2N ‰NV

given population during a stated

A& /g &M

*X) w

K

(

+2

3K , .+

period of time.

(@ S $ ) 2 G 9

Income Salaries and wages.

. W,

٨٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

) L(@


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(= $

Independent variable The variable in a causal relationship that,

when

altered,

causes

I 9 +4

or

Ž2 ]

&; m

4 UN 9 P?# w

.(

influences a change in a second

*.%2 %2 $ ) = 'K)

5 KŽ Ž2 ™9 #

variable.

www.ParsBook.org

( &) =$ % ) 2 $ )

Industrial city A city characterized by relatively large size,

open

• >

competition, an

X* + [I >! * ]

_ 4 + 0(2

open class system, and elaborate

+

IM

2 F # j(F( 5 "

) * # 2 @>B ' ‚ \ *E 3# ! \› W# .+

specialization in the manufacturing

QKQV2 •S 4

of goods.

( $ ) ) =$ % ) 2 $ )

Industrial society A

society

mechanization

that

depends

on

to

produce

its

) 5 Q ! 5 _ 4 + 0(2 5 # .3

economic goods and services.

٨۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

#) +

+

,+ B

4 5 # H2 +R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(*$

Infant mortality rate The number of deaths of infants

&

*% $)

1000

under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year.

w

* p 4 (4 ›

. K

w ((.%

Influence The exercise of power through a www.ParsBook.org

. R +9 @ +

process of persuasion.

(A

Informal norms Norms that generally are understood

(WL &! =&M ) =%

Social control carried out by people such

means

+ * +N0(2 $ ) &_q /‚ . ,9

$ ) >) &• / T H T ( • (,9 4 .+ + 3>.

Informal social control

through

. =%

+2

= B * 6 +!

• @ ! K + + M! ) 8"

but are not precisely recorded.

casually

!9 ! r X .

_ c

as

+V

laughter, smiles, and ridicule.

\

$ ) >) &•

PU (#

) + V>0 \ + R ( ,

4

>B

9, W# .(

٨۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

-.

6 ‚ R # P? (# ,9


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(l 5 7$ ) /9 6 " 5

In-group Any group or category to which

E #+ 4 o

people feel they belong.

45 .+ (7M

Innovation The

process

www.ParsBook.org

elements

into

) ]

of a

introducing culture

new

P? (#

through

w

++ p F 9 p .ƒ R

either discovery or invention.

(78% &>$ S $9 = M % &

Institutional discrimination The denial of opportunities and equal

5 #

rights to individuals and groups that

b L(@ ) " F

w 5K 9 5

results from the normal operations

bU,9 *

=NU 2 $) g2 + / 4

$ ) /9 I. u&+V [5 ?9 ] * 3 ,

4 " ) ] ) •V .(

of a society.

( & %

Instrumentality A term used by Parsons and Bales to

$) / 5

«WU #» ) «W (

refer to emphasis on tasks, focus on ٨۶

www.orientalsociology.ir

) // 5 A // 5 &)

^» “K (2 +

# b# [S?F


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

more distant goals, and a concern

5)

for the external relationship between

“# )

one's

family

and

other

social

5

institutions.

# W4 ,2 \/ {) 5) # ˆ(# "

# + 412 # 3 ]* #

[W ] ) \3 ) ‰V

)

U R j+

X ( R

R .27 9 ,

www.ParsBook.org

# 4

4 K B «W (

6 W0 "

# q

^» u8 + >2 5

" ) #" ) " ) " P> [S?F ) u3

> 4 4

^ ™A#

# ˆ(#

# ˆ(# "#

“# ) 8 ‚ 2 # ˆ(#

"H 4 P ‚ # 5+ E " ( 9 3A2 1953

) \" ( R " " (

[S?F )+ 3

8 ‚ 2 # 3 ˆ(#

\+

R ^ ' +4

R ) UR 5 #

E )+ * Expressiveness "5 ` #" [S?F # 8

/ {) !5 e

5 R

\D " ` ^

(`0 5

) 5 4 4 / {) ;

* H ^ -27 4 «WU # 6 # »

Ž " ) " ] "q 5 4 4 2 # ) +

IY !

E 5 #

# 5 # c 2 2 # Instrumentality ) Expressiveness B V# ) 8" Z A0 # 4 3

]* # / {) WU # ) W ( ] W# / {) ) +

"

^ .8 `# ‚

+

# b# )+ c "

H@ " # j(? 3

' ." +^ H@ " # j(? \ ( R 5 >

٨٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

*

( R'‚

] W•# " ) "

]* •#| " c 2 2

( R

)

B 9 IY

) 5 Q ! IY

)

)

) # “# )


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( & SN) * & 8!

Interactionist perspective A

sociological

approach

that

b

generalizes about fundamental or

8, 2 # 4 .* ^

everyday forms of social interaction.

b) w I 2 XN *) ) 5

www.ParsBook.org

to

influence

+4

public

DS2 4 + ) " *

( &&

Intergenerational mobility Changes in the social position of

+0 ) # 3>

children relative to their parents.

4 (4 p 9 ,

. ` ^

of

or a

telephone

respondent

w 2

& fa 6

Ž2 .

( $

face-to-face

,

K 93

=% M % B $)

Interview

questioning

>UB)

.+ 4 a(

policy.

A

#

(l 5 *) $ ) C $‚ " 5

A voluntary association of citizens attempt

R 9,

Interest group

who

$ ) 5 = + " 52$9

3" (`V ^ *

to

U2 .*

obtain desired information. ٨٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

)

)

( 6 9SNB

$ ) Vs z ^

h

)E 3 +#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &&

Intragenerational mobility Changes in a person's social position

]+ * K B

within his or her adult life.

=% M % B

$)

‰V p 9 ,

. 3 !(

www.ParsBook.org

a form that did

•S>! 4 Ub w # ( ( p `

not

0 ] W#

( ! #&

Iron law of oligarchy of

organizational

p F 9 c4 2

.3

previously exist.

principle

Ž2

(7%8. $ ) g 6

The combination of existing cultural

A

6 .)

Invention

items into

9 fa

life

G]

$G) 28/ ] ) ";2 7& TG

6 # » “K (2

developed by Robert Michels under which even democratic organizations

N

will become bureaucracies ruled by a

5_

?

+ ( )

(2 \ 3A2 [3

( [5 " `

*

]+ * IF w

+@ ]

] #8

* 5 K+9 PU (# 4 + (

few individuals.

.U

4 \«WU 5" * I +>2 .+ (

٨٩ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

"5 _

] "

"5 _

) ]"

X+ )E # H # ) 84 "0 "5 _

* 5 )+

K+9"

)

) Patriarchy 6 S?F www.ParsBook.org

u+ (R

* "5

) (

] ‚ 3 ,4

)

,

) 3 (b '(" ) *

5_

)5 _

#" ) "+ q" "w " 3

c 2 2 # (Democracy) 5 _

(#

\

+ (R 8 * # ) + ( !

* 5W ] ? #

3

4 3R ^ U€

( P O

> .3 ] + (R ' E

4

tN

) K(,

4 9K ) " ' "

` 0 3 <)

3 "

3 (b "

`0 4 +

) ("

,# 8 archy + ( ^ ) "84 \x+ ;

2 E

#

` 0 " \(Monarchy) " j

("5

\(Kingdom)

3 (b P ]

6 0 ? K B (1936-1876 /

` 0 \3 (b c0 † ) V 2 Ib

" t

3 (b ) 6 +! b c

) (Aristocracy) 5 _

P *

` 0 -28

+^ 5 ,# 4 + 8 (R 8 Matriarchy

... .+ # 3 "

) M#

archy + ( ^ .8

U^" ) (Oligarchy) "

'

M

` 0 5(Ž0 ‚ * u

* u( + #

8 q # (Polyarchy) "

, , 2 •_(,

E 5 # " + ,2) . 3 (b "

+ 2 3 (b

.+ # }) c 2 2 # + #

]

P, u (

\ )+ " 5 ,# Olig) 5 #

( #8

b

^ 5" ‚ E5 #

(,

) «WU

6 # »

,0E o

[ B # (1911) "

r W " ( 9 3A2 # 4

* 5 )+

u (# + (R 8 * # ) 3

`0 8 " *

٩٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

,

E ( !"

D

)

2 6 4(

"

N

( 9 ) .3 ) (# + (V


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

#8

H# 4 # (#

,

4

4 * †E 8

4

)

4 +,U! (" # 5

:q * 4 ) .+ ' !+ ) 5

_

D(R ,0E )

3

p

'

5 " (b 5 ! # 5 # DS2 WU

5_ ' 0( ( '

5, ) 4 ) )E 5)

4 8 +@2 « #) v4 » B

3

Issei www.ParsBook.org

The early Japanese immigrants to

. +AN 6_

the United States.

٩١ www.orientalsociology.ir

\IF

#

#

( % $)/

$

^ } PK 0)

"


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

K (v&8 &!) /2. 8$ 6

Kinship The state of being related to others.

.

٩٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

`

# 3>

30


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

L (/ & =V&% ) .3 R ' ,$ -.

Labeling theory An

approach

attempts

to

to

deviance

explain

why

that

q+

certain

people are viewed as deviants while

+(

others

. +

engaging

in

the

same

behavior are not.

ŮŠŮŁ www.orientalsociology.ir

; <(2 + (4

4j A

` jA S>

,

# 5 b)

( # # 4

K `

| b0


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &%

% % ) 9 3G

H

E K B 4 5

*

Ub

Laissez-faire A form of capitalism under which people compete freely, with minimal government

intervention

in

the

I! K+

# \

.+ 4

3# ! 8 #

*E \ Q !

30) 30 R

economy. Language www.ParsBook.org

An

abstract

meanings

system

and

of

symbols

word for

' ,2 5 #

all

6

aspects of culture. It also includes gestures

and

other

) 6 ,U4

X+ ] # .+ #

nonverbal

3

9W

*

, u 8

(y% # ) w 5

>

S4 † 6 B >2

)

communication.

(7%8S. * % % )

Latent functions Unconscious

or

unintended

. "^6 †u

functions; hidden purposes.

(R

I 9 ! !

]E 5

4 4

(])

Law Governmental social control.

. ٩۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

(b

9,

.U

6 ‚


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( $

Legal-rational authority Max Weber's term for power made

3 9)

legitimate by law.

|6 +! 5 # « #) v4 » [S?F

( H% & 7%M V& ) " F$9 3G ) M 26

www.ParsBook.org

Use of a church, primarily Roman

w 0(2 4 c t #

Catholicism, in a political effort to discrimination,

\ @

and other forms of injustice evident

w

poverty,

#

# ) • )+# \

#* 5 # 0 +9

# p " +#

b

\')

) • >2 . *c t P

(( ' n$]) 52.3 W H

Life chances Weber's

term

for

people's

12 5 #

opportunities to provide themselves

]+ * “

with material goods, positive living conditions,

U4 w *

5 " S2 c0 !

in a secular society.

Max

2U . ( ! PU (#

Liberation theology

eliminate

=% M % E =%#& ) .c –

and

favorable

5 " F 5 # « #) v4 » [S?F \5K

5 _4 #

.r(U?

life

experiences. ٩۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

(R

4

* 6 # 2 ) \3>-


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(

Life expectancy The average number of years a

% SN S$ n$]) 52.3

+ * 5 # ‰V w

person can be expected to live under

‚ + (2

current mortality conditions.

4

U

"0

)›

2&

+2

`

+ .+ #

www.ParsBook.org

(n ) ( 5 o &! ) /

Looking-glass self A concept used by Charles Horton

+ 412 4 « 0(4 (2 ( W0 q» X

Cooley that emphasizes the self as

#

the product of our social interactions

9,

I 2

.+ #

`

(A $ 9 ) T *$9

Luddites craft

nineteenth-century

workers England

in

4

who

destroyed new factory machinery as

*

part

.+ #

of

( '("

(QA \" (R" + 4

with others.

Rebellious

&$G 9 6

their

resistance

to

the

industrial revolution.

٩۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

U` 8 *( V#

( # #*

!

` (

^( |6 F rS@ # #

)

R 4 |6_E H (R 3 ) @

^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

M ( A&' )

Machismo A sense of virility, personal worth,

9

V ) \ QV [5 W]] D* \5 ,2 +! o

and pride in one's maleness.

.H (R

ي٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

(#

#

R)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( H% &) ) SE ) c! ) M + B

Macrosociology Sociological

investigation

concentrates

on

that

5

large-scale

+ +^ [P 0 ? ] # 4 .(

phenomena or entire civilizations.

W4 ,

www.ParsBook.org

stated,

and

conscious

.

functions.

A status that dominates others and determines

K+,2 3 ,2 › W#

]E ) +

# \* # 5

(( &% )%

Master status

thereby

6 @ @A2

(78S. * % & E ) SMG 9 ! !

Manifest functions Open,

R

a

3 !( )

person's

* ) 3 “NU .+ 4

general position within society.

4 4

E ) VT " #$ `

# 4

` ^

2

UN 4

( p ! =&$ % % ) /;9 o T

Material culture The physical or technological aspects

. XN *)

of our daily lives.

٩٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

]+ * N

,

5

>


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( ! $ %)/ ) 9

Matriarchy A society in which women dominate

( R 5 ] 8 ,Q2

in family decision making.

(* % $9 W%

A kinship system that favors the www.ParsBook.org

5 +>

relatives of the mother.

` # * 4 5+ )

(R ' ‚

9(

(7%MA$2 . 9 Z ) 29 2M /2 . 9 Z

The process by which the principles fast-food

& / %)/ V 9 .+ 4

McDonaldization

the

45 .+ “NU

Matrilineal descent

of

* E

restaurant

/W^ )* 5 " (R t† (F

have

come to dominate certain sectors of

“NU

society, both in the United States

. "

*

K

E P? (# 4 5+ 5 " V# # (R )*

8 ) +AN 6_

8 \+ (

and throughout the world.

> 1990

4+ #

b E F

o

' .3

(George Ritzer) « W

+ [ ? 5*

S@9 ) 3 S@9 (

٩٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

‡ ( »*

#) v4 5

-29 ` #


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(A' &' # )

Megachurches Large worship centers affiliated only loosely,

if

at

all,

with

"2 \ ( ( 5

existing

.+ + •SF 8 +

denominations.

!

# 4 H -+

www.ParsBook.org

A densely populated area containing or

more

ˆ >2 / < 6 (Q#

cities

and

( ) " +q

their

) I

3K ,

( H% &) )

Microsociology investigation

that

5" ) ] P 0?

stresses study of small groups and

`

often uses laboratory experimental

S$ ) 9 6 ) M + B

# 4

R

6 @ @A2

*E 6 0 ? * cU† )

(l 5

Minority group subordinate

members

+ 412 wq(4 .+ 4

studies.

A

^ P@? w

. "E j B 5

surrounding suburbs.

Sociological

^ › W# W4

((& ] # ) IM c!

Megalopolis

two

& ! c!

have

group

whose

significantly

5

less ١٠٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

$

(?# H „9 4 3

& ) *;& U " 5 * ) ] w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

control or power over their own lives

H (R

than the members of a dominant or

“NU

majority group have over theirs.

]+ * 5)

# 5 ,4 6 +!

) ] 5 „9

4

E # 3>

.+

(7MA&. 9 ) /3 ) .

The far-reaching process by which a www.ParsBook.org

*

society moves from traditional or

of

more

w #

less developed institutions to those

(2 (2

developed

E P? (# 4 o ,4

N

" [3 <)] .+ 4

functionalist that

approach modernization

w

# M ( 6 F(QR [c 4] 3, 34

(/ & 7MA&. 9 ) /3 ) . ,$ -.

Modernization theory

proposes

+

5

societies.

A

\+

]+ * # 3K -4

Modernization

characteristic

6 ‚

that

2 +4

and

5 " UN

development will gradually improve

5W

[ B 4

] 4 4

]+ * š + # .+

the lives of people in peripheral nations.

١٠١ www.orientalsociology.ir

b) w (2 ) 5* ( (>"#

(

^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( >%5 ) / >T Z

Monogamy A form of marriage in which one

# “@

woman and one man are married

w ) *w E

4 ‡) * *

.+ 4

only to each other.

(

Monopoly www.ParsBook.org

Control of a market by a single

.+ ) 5

business firm.

) z . / V UZ

(*$ . K

population.

‡ ) * ` +b

2 P K ( w “K (2 * # w

Morbidity rates The incidence of diseases in a given

3K , w

$2&

#

the welfare of a society.

w

5 , # *) # W

١٠٢

)

&

5 # 4 .+ (

www.orientalsociology.ir

4

) / >& X .

(3

Mores Norms deemed highly necessary to

Ub

` 5) <


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(*$

Mortality rate The incidence of death in a given

. K

population.

Multilinear evolutionary theory A theory of social change that holds www.ParsBook.org

that change can occur in several

% %

Ž2 [+ E ]

+^

&

)

(A M

Commercial organizations that are

w

headquartered in one country but do

! =% &8. " E 3 + W4

5 Q! 30

business throughout the world.

6 2 ' = S ,$ -.

Ž2 P ‚ w

.(

Multinational corporations

› *) # W

4 9,

•2 ) <)+

the same direction.

) $ & X .

3K , w

(/ & / &M

w

ways and does not inevitably lead in

&

+q , 3+

)

+ (2

QNV

&; 2 ' / I ! M

4

2 5" *

"

3 .+

(/ & & ! . =N& ) /

Multiple-nuclei theory A theory of urban growth that views

5 + +^ ( , ١٠٣

www.orientalsociology.ir

+

3"

45 " +

( 4 '

T 2 ' ,$ -. P ‚ w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

growth

as

emerging

from

) # #

many

centers of development, each of

3 b, ' +4

which may reflect a particular urban

www.ParsBook.org

1925

#

V u+

#5 " “

‚ )+

[ ? 5 " +

u8 +

E "W4

5 (`0

8 =B

5W4

] >0 u+ #

D

8 5

c0 !

] ) # 3,

`U UA2 ) [ N B ( # 4 3 v

#

\3R

P2 +

c0 † (?#

A

P ‚" # 8

#3

(] b

2 P@?

o

,

4

( » “K (2 + # P

E Ib

# W4 * +

b

) ˆ@

4 + [ ? "5 ] ‚

6 (F ) # 3,

+q +

# )+ u+

P ‚ " 8" E * + # P H@ E 8 ‚ 2

*

#3

»

) 3R ^ ™A>

P?@ *

?A 3 *

+ [ ? vU` “K (2 ) * H ^ +

Q ! ) «3 (

t^

]

\(Theory «v

" +

( 5) "p 9 ?! P ‚ " # ) (Homer Hoyt / K 3 t^

D

* H ^ -30

X*(

# > 2 #

# + # " W4 5

* 4 + #

F K R p5 " |3 0

( #)5 "

'(# ]+ * (Ernest Burgess /1966-1886)

3A2 4 3

(

,

W4

4 [5W4 ] \+#

.30+ 4 vb

need or activity.

Sector ) " 9 ?! P ‚ " #

(2 | K+

#

>

w u3 ] ‚

(Harris & Ullmann) ١٠۴

www.orientalsociology.ir

v ?!

.(

R

v

# ‚

4 (`0

( 5(`0

# ‚ 3 ( u+ M! ) +@ ?! ) 9 ?! bU# 5)

,0) ) v

5" # +

Ž


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

w

( +

" u5) ; <(2

\v

# ‚ =# ? 8

E

4+

) (# 9 ?! E Ib \3 ( D `

) . (# 5W4 P

w

Y

> 4 2 [ B w \3 ( ) v

‚ =# ? 8 ) 3 ] ) K+

' (.3

5

+

6 (F ) # 3, ] ‚

« (^ ƒ

www.ParsBook.org

١٠۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

# 5 (`0 6K(! ) / <

3

]* 2

(,A » 4 "5 "

# ) * 5W4 P ‚

4 5W q " M> *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

N (( $ ) W &p.) +&V` @

Natural science The study of the physical features of

"E 4

nature and the ways in which they

(

) 3 >B 5K .+ #

interact and change.

١٠۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

5

Ž2 ) + 4

(U P 0 ? .12 8

#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( 9 L 2%

Negotiated order A social structure that derives its existence

from

the

6S 2 *

social

H (R

E ]C )

interactions through which people

M #%.)

4 9,

E= B* 4 .+ 4

define and redefine its character.

www.ParsBook.org

The attempt to reach agreement others

concerning

# = (2 #

some

dependence

9,

M #.) " ! 1

3

3"

DS2

R # # ˆ >2

(@A& &. ! &.) / 5 >+ ) .

Neocolonialism Continuing

w

/ 2* # ) / 2

.6 9(<(

objective.

R ]

(7%M%

Negotiation

with

// " ! 1 b-.

of

former

5

colonies on foreign countries.

( 4

#

^ 6 ,

p ` # ) ') +2 .

L *%

New religious movement (NRM) or cult

(&H& $

&.) :&! $ 7$ .

R

VT1 / I8V B (* !

١٠٧ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( #

A generally small, secretive religious group that represents either a new

w

religion or a major innovation of an

4 5N ( #

) wq(4 • (,9 p > t ) ] w ) (

{ ++ c t w .( (

existing faith.

(* %

New social movements www.ParsBook.org

Organized collective activities that promote

autonomy

determination

and

as

well

=&M ) &.) 7$ .

) 5 V (R 4

self-

]+ * 3 4

as

5* "#

5" 0

, [)] 5 (A (R š) 2

( H% &) ) 7 L &.) 317$ . / IM ) M + B

An approach to urbanization that interplay

p , .+

New urban sociology

the

> B / I8V B

*

improvements in the quality of life.

considers

› W# 39+#

of

5 )

local,

pI# @

[W ] ) [ ` +b

national, and worldwide forces and

.12 4 # ]

" ]

#

b) w

" )

UN \ UN A

.12 # C ) + 412 # UN A 5 „

their effect on local space, with

. ]

special emphasis on the impact of global economic activity.

١٠٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

#

"E 6 .

" 5 Q! 5" 0


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

b ) " # H 4)

1970 P I )

Q ! ]+ * 4 9, # 5)

]+ * * )

b)

! (R K (2 ( 4

www.ParsBook.org

'(#

' .+ 8 (R

b)

e #

5 b) " ( 5 "

u+ E + +^ (# 5 "

" 3 >B ) w W

/1942 +0N ( ) IF_ 5 "

43 5 "

o

c0 †

]+ 4

2 ) .12 # 4 5 "

5 "

]+ *

E8 5 "

]+ * 4 5+ 2 6 @ '(#

b) #

b ) "2K+ 4 "5 " '(#

6 " 8 "5 " # 4 (#

. 48

b)

.+ #

H +^5 #

Cultural

adjustments

to

material

patterns

of

[b E #

X+ ] # ] \5K

conditions, such as customs, beliefs, communication,

) 2 B >2 5 (`0 \

and ١٠٩

www.orientalsociology.ir

b) "

'*_ P *

4

)

( % &.) /

&.

+ +N0( 5 ^}

( p !W / &%

Nonmaterial culture

+ 412 ) K (2

4 U, * (Manuel Castells

>2 * 4 +AN 6_

who were descendants of the Issei.

\+ [ ? Q!

Nisei Japanese born in the United States

'(#

b ) +@

6 +! ) 6) . # # M *(2 \3

«WU 4 IY( » .3 4

" -31

"]

.) /;9 #

`

^} 5

&• o T 5 " ]*

) # \6 9 I >! * [5 (


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.5K

ways of using material objects.

(7%8S % &. &>&! =

Nonverbal communication The sending of messages through the

use

of

posture,

Œ

6 (F 6_

facial

\ +# 6_

*

5

.)

c! &• ƒ V

*

(

#' ^ .6

expressions, and gestures.

)

www.ParsBook.org

(( .2& ! =% .) / H T „. )

Normal accidents Failures that are inevitable, given

) r E

the manner in which human and

— p t^ r *

technological systems are organized.

N )

5

5" ‚

4

( .+

(A

Norms Established standards of behavior

5( * + 3 ,

maintained by a society.

.) T H T

X+ 3 >-2 5 .

١١٠ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &> %

Nuclear family A

married

couple

and

their

8 # 4 "E N

unmarried children living together.

5

! &.) /

K # ) ‡) W 3 .+ 4

www.ParsBook.org

١١١ www.orientalsociology.ir

T |9 . 6 w ]+ *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

O ((.% /2& L ) / 9 V.

Obedience Compliance with higher authorities

. >2

in a hierarchical structure.

١١٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

U U

R w

2_ # M

* 3K >2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(2% %

Objective method A technique for measuring social class

that

assigns

individuals

4 9,

to

& SH G)

6 @>B p5 `

classes on the basis of criteria such

\6S QA2 \IŽ

as occupation, education, income,

.+

! K

& {

5 #5 (

I >! * 2 @>B

#

>

3 (b IA ) + E

and place of residence. www.ParsBook.org

(7%M % G) "2T 8

Observation A research technique in which an investigator

collects

6 9SNB

information

) 8@

through direct participation in and/or

.+ 4

observation of a group, tribe, or

` )C^ E K B 4 = @A2 X(

w

34

(]

= B*

5 )E ] ƒ ,

[H (R * U >! \ ) ] X+

community.

(b &) 7 L ) 3 @ -.

Open system A social system in which the position

* .1

of each individual is influenced by

|3 !(

E

4 9, .3 )

his or her achieved status.

١١٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

'‚ w #

4 ` ^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7%8& % 9 =% &M G)

Operational definition An

explanation

of

an

abstract

# 4 F R K+

concept that is specific enough to

E 2 9 W '(" w ; <(2

.+ +#

allow a researcher to measure the

& > n$ +

'(" H

b

` )C^

concept.

www.ParsBook.org

(b$ !% 9A$ 5% L )

Organized crime The work of a group that regulates

5 + #

relations between various criminal enterprises smuggling prostitution,

involved and

sale

gambling,

in of and

\( K+V

the

())

.+ 4

drugs,

“# )

$

4

) ]

D) ) L q !

8‚2

,9

3)@ B 4 w

] |/U V

) 5* # ,! \ A

other

activities.

Out-group A group or category to which people

E #+ 4

feel they do not belong.

o

(l 5

) . & " 5

4

) ]w .+ + =NU 2

١١۴ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

P ( ! $ )/ ]) 2

Patriarchy A society in which men dominate

5 ] 8 ,Q2

family decision making.

١١۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

#

E

4

w

.+ “NU

] ( R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Patrilineal descent

(3

A kinship system that favors the

5 +>

relatives of the father.

+^

` # * 4 ] ( R'‚ w .+ 4 ( & ) ) *&zFM

Personality In

everyday

speech,

a

person's

www.ParsBook.org

\ *

typical patterns of attitudes, needs,

\"

] * # 5 (`0 \ K 9 .‰V w

characteristics, and behavior.

Peter principle A principle of organizational life, originated

by

_ 5 ^) / V 2 |

Laurence

J.

v (0» *

Peter,

\c2

according to which each individual

] 61

U U

. ) _ # H (R 32 «

within a hierarchy tends to rise to

\

#

#

) 6 F(QR

(=N& $

&) & =

*

]+ * IF w

\ E =# ?

4 \« ^ .

4 # ;? » 2

H ]

his or her level of incompetence.

3 +@ E)

) u3 5K+

*

3 ^w \+ # Œ @2 + (2

E 4 /@ M! ) 4

E 2 \ (R 3 4 ١١۶

www.orientalsociology.ir

«

4 # ;? » (1969) #+ 4

^ ]+ * -32

DS2 " *


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(R

4 # ;?

#

+ (]

^ 43

u+ + 3

^5 #

'*_ 3 4 `

43

*

' .+ +

(@A&

Pluralism Mutual respect between the various

) $ 52 '

5 #

w

/U V 5 " ) ] pI# @ '

cultures, which allows minorities to

2 +

*

4 [5

express their own cultures without

5 ) + ^ IK,A2 )+#

groups in a society for one another's www.ParsBook.org

(`#] \ ` +b H (R

8 " UN ! .+ +# "{

experiencing prejudice.

(W%9 * &

Pluralist model A view of society in which many competing

groups

within

the

community

have

access

to

|/U V 5 " ) ] E K B 4 5(

D ` w

0) cF

+ 4 3# !

.3

governmental officials so that no

) 52 ' / #

single group is dominant.

١١٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

[(

#] “NU

# ƒ,

5+ ) | ) ] O ) +


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &>&! 78! =%S& & ) ) &) : ! *…&T

Political action committee (PAC)

A political committee established by

+

an interest group-say, a national

M a ) ] w “K (2 4

bank, corporation, trade association,

) 2 P AN2

or

or

membership

W

solicit

contributions

34

cooperative

association-to

\5

2 P AN2 \34

5 # 23 cU

3€

w

\ UN w #

+ v 12 „9 P AN2

[

(]

)

rW

www.ParsBook.org

for candidates or political parties.

.+ 4 (7MA& &) ) =%S& & ) ) &) 2M

Political socialization The process by which individuals acquire develop

political patterns

attitudes of

5"

and

]

(2

political

E PU (# 4 5+ 5 (`0 ) + 4

c 4 .+

behavior.

(b &) =%S& & ) ) &) @ -.

Political system The social institution that relies on a

P9(,

recognized set of procedures for implementing

>B

and

achieving

3

the ١١٨

www.orientalsociology.ir

w )

R

# 3 ^5 #

>

4

9,

K) * +

" R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

. ) ] w j+

goals of a group.

((S& & E ) *) &)

Politics In Harold D. Lasswell's words, "who

3 +#

gets what, when, and how." www.ParsBook.org

\

#

X+ ] #

>2

)E ] \

(# + ` # 4 ] \... ) 4 \ 4 \ Wq q + #

' .+ #

0(@

» >2 #

".33 (`q ) 4| \ 5W q q \ )E

)E 3 +# ( , 3 5 K+ E ." (`q )

4 q" \« p( _ .5 +0)

# ˆ >2

«get» X} ) q \3

+

Y

UV

] \ (# \ + E =Y \ + ," \ +

4" b

3

:3 ]

8 L(

> 2 ) +R q

A form of polygamy in which a

+ (2

woman can have several husbands

\

١١٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

4c 4

, 5 # >b

( 3

3 ‰V

(/ 2.

)/ T M2'

*w E .+ #

at the same time.

4 K "2 \

* -33

(`

"6 +!" (A

Polyandry

# 2 U,

45 , +q*

Ub

( +q+ ) E


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( >%5

Polygamy A form of marriage in which an individual

can

have

+ (2

several

w

E

4

.+ #

husbands or wives simultaneously.

,

A form of polygamy in which a www.ParsBook.org

+ (2

husband can have several wives at

( w E

Ub

( +q

W,

A special type of bar chart that of

M *(2 `

the

4 5 .+ #

population by gender and age.

U

(, *

)3

A city in which global finance and

D ] )

the electronic flow of information

.

dominate the economy. ١٢٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

" 5 t] ?

&; +>B @ T F R ƒ(

o

( &) =&$ ) 2.% * h )

Postindustrial city

Ub

*+q+ ) E

(2& & 7%8% & )

Population pyramid

distribution

) .3 2 '

45 , +q*

.+ #

the same time.

the

( * *

( &B

Polygyny

shows

) / >T 2 '

# 3K , +

E

Q ! [X*( ] # 6 9SNB

( IM 4 5 " b ) b0


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( $ ) ) =&$ ) 2.% * h )

Postindustrial society A society whose economic system is

D* ^ ] •

primarily engaged in the processing

.3 6 9SNB ( $) )

Postmodern society www.ParsBook.org

technologically

society

that

is

sophisticated

preoccupied

( ,+ B

D 5 Q! '‚ 45

and control of information.

A

+

_4j Q P

with

9 * h ) 7$ . ( ,+ B 4

>R N

‚ * P

w

.3 5

consumer goods and media images.

) Q2 ) (

Power The ability to exercise one's will over

.

others.

`

# H (R X (*& %

Power elite A term used by C. Wright Mills for a

5 # «WU 3

small group of military, industrial,

0) )

and government leaders who control

.+

the fate of the United States.

١٢١ www.orientalsociology.ir

E)

» “K (2 +

F\ 3

4)

>

*

E)

2U

,9

(2

2U

#VF.

# b# [S?F bq(4 ) ] w

+AN 6_ 3 (

4


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &) =&$ ) 2.% / )

Preindustrial city A city with only a few thousand

)

people living within its borders and

[ 4 3K , ]

]+ * E X )+A

. )+A [ 9 , ] xN A2 )

class system and limited mobility.

:& IM

W +q "2 # 5 "

' ‚ w # j(F( ) + 4

characterized by a relatively closed

+

#• >

www.ParsBook.org

(($2&B ) /

Prejudice A negative attitude toward an entire

*

category of people, such as a racial

*

2 @>B 28&

w 3 UN 4 # 3>

`

. (! 5 C 5 " UN ! I >!

or ethnic minority.

(Q& ) ) V

Prestige The respect and admiration that an

.

occupation holds in a society.

IŽ w 4

A2 ) '

(( %

Prevalence The total number of cases of a

w

specific disorder that exist at a given

١٢٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

) g &M

4 • R S R w * 5 ( I4 + 2 .

time.

/*&~&s

( ) K

*


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(l 5 / >% $ ) 34 & ; " 5

Primary group A

small

group

intimate,

characterized

face-to-face

by

p5 , )

association

,

# + / F(2 .)

and cooperation.

(1929-1864) « 0(4 2 ( W0 q» www.ParsBook.org

(

#

4+ #

bq(4 ) ]

(" 6 9 +# * 0(4 * 8 "5

K) / K ( . ) ] E # # E (R" '(" \)+ *

)

) )

V / 0K) ) ] -34

† .+ #

b Eo ' .3

(7%

Profane The

ordinary

and

commonplace

)

+

) . /j;2

.oK+@ * W , u ]+ *

elements of life, as distinguished

, ,F

) 0(,

&• F 9

from the sacred.

(=% >$ !% =% 8% ) /

Professional criminal A person who pursues crime as a day-to-day

occupation,

P (2 # \ N *) IŽ w

developing

W

skilled techniques and enjoying a ١٢٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

) 3

'

s@ H

( # 4 QV >

#

5


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

certain

degree

of

status

.3

among

(R #

?! P

#

` ^*

b">2

other criminals.

(*&$ % &

Proletariat Karl Marx's term for the working

P

class in a capitalist society. www.ParsBook.org

(Z& % * % % \“>„

work ethic, this-worldly concerns, orientation

4» [S?F .5

Max Weber's term for the disciplined

rational

/ VH. / 5 !

] 4 P@>B 5 # «v4

Protestant ethic

and

) $

to

!SR

[ƒ( ] #

life

) « (0 4

emphasized by John Calvin and his

) .

†c6

(F 5 # « #) v4 » [S?F

S@9 5 ` " ) \ » c

*

# j(? +

+ 412 p ]+ * .35H ) ^

followers.

-1483) « 2(0 š

2 » HU

c t c0 ! 2) ^ c t

Y #3 "

( , 4 5+ + 5

4+

8

(John Calvin/5( *( E ) b

/1564-1509) « (0 4

4 (# H 4 w (Martin Luther/

5+ + c t * ١٢۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

* š +# ) +

` w 0(2 4

» -35 ,0E/1546 3A


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

`

"

) 3 <) X+ 4

"2

u)

# W 80 9 6 ( ) 3

"0 6 , ) 6) . * 5 @N U2 * B ƒ(

www.ParsBook.org

4 3 ] ^ ^) *

B@

{

(R # ,

\(1905) "5 5

" +# + # + ) +R K (2 ) 3 9 P ' .+ + (R

,9 4 (# +@

(0 4 ... u3 ] j)

+

2 H^ * "

E 4 + ># 2 ( = ! (R ( ) ƒ <)

... !3

3

"

H^ o

) " ]+ W] #" , H +^ ) > t

2

43 P

+ +# ' ] W# !3

( < P, 3 (

3

45 4 0* "

2) ^ LSR " D + r 4

'‚ 43

Q2 + (]

) u+ 4

5+ ,2) . ) 5

(R #

P {) ) / Ub2 w H@

"

+,+ 3 > "5

١٢۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

u3

+ (2

[) )

!) u (# 84

c t)

! # ?#

`

"

#) v4

( 5

8 (0 4 C (# 8 5( 3 0

2) ^

E

) DS2 4


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

Q (x & $

Qualitative research Research that relies on what is seen

+

in the field or naturalistic settings

2 3

more than on statistical data.

4 bN

&%

E [P 0 ? ] # (

+ .5 E 5

١٢۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

!)

&! & # 4 @ @A2

>B 5 "? A [5 )E ]]


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(x & $

Quantitative research Research that collects and reports

5 +9 Ib

data primarily in numerical form.

www.ParsBook.org

printed

employed

4

obtain

instrument

@ @A2

D W] ) 5 )E ]

( % &8)% !)

research to

. !) >; ! & •

.+ 4

Questionnaire A

&%

8)

)E 3 +# 5 # 4 + • q p= @A2 W# w

desired

#

information from a respondent.

b# (`V ^ w * *

( 6 9SB .(

١٢٧ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

R (l 5 =%M ) /9 Q. " 5

Racial group A group that is set apart from others because

of

obvious

* \ b E

physical

,

5 "2) 2 I 0+# .3

differences.

١٢٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

4

+ +

) ]


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(@A&) )

Racism The belief that one race is supreme

[

and all others are innately inferior.

C]

)3

[ E * ] 2)

2 a (?#

(=N>) @%2. )

A sample for which every member of www.ParsBook.org

\3 , NI4 * 5(„9

the entire population has the same

.

chance of being selected.

E

4

(l 5 (.

Any group that individuals use as a

# *

standard in evaluating themselves

] (,

5

) CB " 5

( # E*

4

.+ 4

and their own behavior.

9 z ,. >.

+ rV 5 #5 # #v

Reference group

) ] )

(7%M $ %9 & % ) V . *&

Relative deprivation The conscious feeling of a negative between

2 # C w 4 + @9 [ ] .+

Random sample

discrepancy

) 9 Q.

6 ‚

legitimate

(V,

P

]E o

. ( ( 6 ! ) ) ƒ)

expectations and present actualities.

١٢٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

(R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(

Relative poverty A floating standard of deprivation by

E P? (# 4 3 ) A * )

which people at the bottom of a

\+

society, whatever their lifestyles, are judged

to

be

disadvantaged

&% ) V .

4

]+ * X(

‰ V 2 "# # \NI4 w

in

w

# \

w /4

( # 3NU #

@

.+ (

comparison with the nation as a www.ParsBook.org

whole.

( & & % /c$ ) 36 $ $ / 9 >

Reliability The extent to which a measure

< 9

provides consistent results.

o @ *

) +R q

# \5 `

" + #

(Measurement) 5 `

(A ^H

.(Reliability) , 9 -2 ) (Validity) > 9 -1 : (

^ 3 ,K 4"

(, * #

"o @

\

w

E

4

W

.

"|3!N " ) "3KAF" # 6 ‚ 5 # \+ 4

\ > 9 ™A#

5 + ^š

(2" W \ , 9 ™A#

@ q 8 ># + # 3 V b 5 # \ (

[ ?

) \"

(

4 ,U9 5 " )C^ 5 #j

M! ) K (2 (

5

-36

(Scale)

IF ) c 2 2

^ 3 4" # "o @ 5 ]* " W

, 9 ™A# * 2 )* • 2+9 ! > 9 ™A# u3 [ ?

١٣٠ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

+

q 2 \ + r V o @ 8 ># + # ) + +#

!H

(

(

^"

+#" 2 8 4 r V

. * ‰V )

2 ,

N

* 8 (2 ™A# www.ParsBook.org

#)

4

K u+ 4

H ^ ) [ B # ... !+ #

, ) ¡8 # b# ]

) +4

4rV

o @ # ,9

^

5 `

,„2

@ q* + +

cK 2 5

( 5

4

_

W 8

5 # W

o @

43 )

^3

!8

‰V

]

)+ \8

E - 1 :8 4 5 )

4 rV

¡+

2) +

, o @ p >9 +@

o @ w

#

‰V (# +,

4

!)* 2 *

W " + (2 ,9 ) >9

M

2 >

>

) ˆS R

@

E -2 ) ( > 9 +@

43

#

* +#_ ¡+ 4

3 <) w 5 # ) + 4 ) >

, 8

(` .+

4=!

E ,

(7H& $ ) RT1

Religion According unified

#

b 5 # , .( , 9 ™A# , ) ¡(+ 3 +#

u*

'. (

^" ) " ) " # c 2 2 #

b# 8 5 # >

+ E 3 +# š

#

, 28 "

^ "= !

to

Émile

system

of

Durkheim, beliefs

a

+ @9 * 5 q eb ' ‚ \«8 4 ) I » ‚ =# ?

and

.oK+@ 5 W q # r(

practices relative to sacred things.

١٣١ www.orientalsociology.ir

,9 )


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(n& & (&H& $ ) VT1 2$

Religious beliefs Statements to which members of a

+

particular religion adhere.

) E # • R c t w 5 „9 4 2 "{ .(+

((.% / N S$ (&H& $ ) VT1 , H

Religious experience The feeling or perception of being in www.ParsBook.org

direct

contact

with

the

!) # 8 @

ultimate

overcome

with

(R #

# 2 # ( ( w

reality, such as a divine being, or of being

E + B )

( )x

o

"0 ( ( w I >! *

. >t

religious

emotion.

(W% p$ (&H& $ ) VT1 Z)

Religious rituals Practices required or expected of

) # w 5 „9 pM!K(2 (

members of a faith.

(=N>%) & % A$

A selection from a larger population is

statistically

(

,9

.( , )

Representative sample

that

3 (R

found

to

) Ja + ,. >.

(, 5 E ‚ * 4 ] W# 3K , w *

be

١٣٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

#V


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ # 3K ,

typical of that population.

(7$ A$9 x & $ )

Research design A

detailed

plan

E* * #5

or

method

for

)E 3 +# 5 # + ;

obtaining data scientifically.

&

2 D)

‡ `

[ Bw

. ,U9 D)

#

www.ParsBook.org

(7MA& &M ) / ) 2M

Resocialization The process of discarding former

)

behavior patterns and accepting new

^ 5 ]+ *

ones as part of a transition in one's

5 (`0

t] w

>B 3

t]

4 +

( # + + 5 (`0

. QV

life.

(7MA& &

Resource mobilization The

t^

ways

in

which

a

social

*

movement utilizes such resources as

9,

)

money, political influence, access to

H>

$ ) fa

w "E = B *

# [H (R j +

the media, and personnel.

j

\

4

CV "

a( \ (^ + #

3

5 #]

# 4 4 . #

١٣٣ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(ˆ E *$ ) 15 7&$G

Rites of passage Rituals

marking

the

symbolic

9,

transition from one social position to

3 !( w * .+ 4

another.

‰V

@

4

b

` 3 !( #

(*S& . ! W ) : . /A& >T

Role conflict www.ParsBook.org

Difficulties

,

that

occur

when

6 !N (2 4

incompatible expectations arise from

w

two or more social positions held by

4

`E +

9,

3 !( + q .+ W R

the same person.

4

" (

) *

]*

#

‰V

(*$A5 W ) : . f

Role exit The process of disengagement from

3K ( 3K W4

a role that is central to one's self-

.+ + H@ w

identity and reestablishment of an identity in a new role.

١٣۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

4 H@ w * W ] + 3K (

*#)

!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7$ )% W ) : . 8

Role strain Difficulties

that

result

from

the

w 4 2)

differing demands and expectations associated

with

the

same

6 !N (2 )

.+ (

social

< @2 * 4

" (

,

3 !(

# 9,

position.

www.ParsBook.org

(o &S% W ) / &5 : .

Role taking The process of mentally assuming

\ EP

the perspective of another, thereby

\+

enabling one to respond from that

4 \5 ` | ]+ p K(Q2 p ‚ ?@ E * 2 (

(/ &

Routine activities theory The notion that criminal victimization when

! .+

imagined viewpoint.

increases

a K(Q2 +

there

is

+#

a

HW

V` #

convergence of motivated offenders

.+ #

and suitable targets.

١٣۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

$ & !% 7& UN V

*

w H 4)

) /;9 / I8 ! ,$ -. p

# ! 4 K(Q2

[ QNV ] ( ) [ " E] (R

`, w 4 j+ ) +


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

S (2$ S)) j;2

Sacred Elements beyond everyday life that

pHV# ' "0

inspire awe, respect, and even fear.

4 N *) .+ #

١٣۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

]+ * 5 ) o 2 N

)'

5 F 9 \6


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7&8S ))

Sanctions Penalties and rewards for conduct

5 # [+

concerning a social norm.

www.ParsBook.org

holds

that

shaping language

cultures. is

5 ] Ib

It

`

culturally

(?# #* 4 bN 2 30

determined and serves to influence

>2

w # ?#

#* pH@ X # `

5 >

5

<

q <

UN 2 3 +R

)3

u +

2

.+ #

our mode of thought.

(( $ )) b

Science The body of knowledge obtained by methods

^ )

((& & N$ T J T - &NE)) J T - & ) ,&O

A hypothesis concerning the role of in

5] "

. 9,

Sapir-Whorf hypothesis

language

] ‚

3H

based

upon

X+

systematic

#

> 5 " ) PU (# 4 H * 5 .3

observation.

١٣٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

+ IF

^ 8N‚


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(x

Scientific management approach

Another

name

for

the

classical

* >% H& E Z& & 7$ )) > *$ $2 9 S$

. ,

theory of formal organizations.

5" *

A systematic, organized series of that

www.ParsBook.org

objectivity

ensures and

p -4 K+

maximum

consistency

U€

in

4

*

w [5)

) 8N‚ I

#] = @A2

A variety of research techniques that of

publicly

I# ! 5

accessible

. #

A formal, impersonal group in which little

social

9(

'(,9 o

(l 5 / %2 S % ) % ) $; . _ " 5

Secondary group

is

,„2

) 6 9SNB * 4 = @A2 ( *

information and data.

there

5 + ^ ) 3K 9

(( & .% / %2 S % ) % ) $; . _ =&

Secondary analysis

use

w .+ 4

researching a problem.

make

(9

(2% Z& & 7$ )) > {

Scientific method

steps

N P ‚ 5 #5 `

intimacy

3K , ,F E

or

.

mutual understanding. ١٣٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

4 QV

†) ,

( ) 5 ,4 I# @ 8 2

) ]w 9,


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(*S%)) U

Sect A relatively small religious group

R # *

that has broken away from some

4 wq(4 • >

5W q E 2 3

other religious organization to renew

p >t

] ` p > t 5" *

[H (R] p , pI F |6 Q#

what it views as the original vision of

) ] w

( # 4 +4 Œ . `

the faith. www.ParsBook.org

(7MA$ % &S)) $ 93 7$9 / $ 93 j;2

Secularization The process through which religion's

> t 30 R

influence on other social institutions

.+#

diminishes.

E P? (# 4 5+ H 4 9,

5

"

(7%8# % $ #%)) $AH //3 ) 2B

Segregation The act of physically separating two

[ 4 5 K) ] u ) ] ) p

groups; often imposed on a minority

I ,A2 3K U! ) ] # “NU

group by a dominant group.

,

p

] + I,9

) ] 5( * cU† .(

١٣٩ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(n )) 379 6

Self According to George Herbert Mead,

64

the sum total of people's conscious

ƒ(,

«+ 6 #

[|3K ( ] * Kw

perceptions of their own identity as

‡ » [ ‚ ] =# ?

(R 3K ( *

P .

distinct from others.

www.ParsBook.org

™ > ]* †E \c b

5

#

bN

* + )+ #

3 (2 * e# I# @ H 4 # W D (R # 3 I 0 u+ V># F K R + (]

> u `#

-2 ) ( ) )

S@

+

)

! +

, I# @ H 4 c b

!

4 ‰R

) K‰V 2

I# @ 5 " 4 ) ƒ , .+#

#

("

) u+

]

Ib

43

( 8 )+ # + 8 (I) " U9

X `

P" ) • UN 4 0(

(QA

(R )

a) 43

9,

5" 0K

bU#

8 + (2

43

) X*(

(R #

Ib D (R N ١۴٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

6 )

`

* " (R" -37 '("

*

" (R"

# QA

]C )

* " (R"

E+

43

]C )

" # 4 0(

‚2 K > H (# t^ #

# ˆ(#

8 " (R" # 4

+ ( ) +N0(2

8 (Me) " 0( ]

`

+ 3K ,

HV# ) * cN4

3 '. ]

# 5) u+ #

8 )

" 4 U9 HV# -1 :+

HV# b 0

8

X*(

# H ^ I# ! † \ V ` (R \L UN R I 0+# U9 HV# .3 j) 9,

]E

HV# N

5 " 4 ) ) H 4 .12 3A2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(

Self-fulfilling prophecy The tendency of people to respond to

and

act

on

the

basis

o

of

#

/

stereotypes, leading to validation of

o & & W n )) 38 G 9 6 $ #8&

&

2

4 I,9 R

)

> /=N@A

www.ParsBook.org

(] c † • A (U2 ) (3 5 )E ' ^ H )\ +

[S?F

5) #

# b# +

# 4

H ] >0 ! 6 K(Q2

.(

false definitions.

4» u+ #

Ÿ ^ #

@ O V u+ #

H@ H (R p=@N A2

" E =N@A2

>0 4) 5 > ^ 5

30 R )

« (2 6 # » * M! ) (R 4

(` ^ #

4

# IF

3

Prophecy -38

(` ^ # ˆ >2

})

« ^(^

Self Fulfilling Prophecy p[S?F K u 4 « 9,

R

) 9,

P ‚» r 4 .3

) UN 9

(! #

>

# H ^ -/0 :+ ( IY ! W ,2

* 3 [ ? \/ <

X*( •(QV# > 5 # + W#

(`> † ) 5 > ^ ,

# H^ # 3

# H ^ ƒ( )

'(U9 (

+ #

# 4 R ƒ( u5 (`

(` ^ [S?F * ^(^ 4 3 )

4 ] )3

5 +)

43

+ 412 ^(^

>

# H ^ -r

#

(R # K) ƒ( 3N! ) 6 +!

* u `# w,4 8 5 ` 5 " R .+ 4

١۴١ www.orientalsociology.ir

* + # W] (


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

q ] K• R pƒ(

u+ *

4 3 '(,9 W

(` ^ > 9

.+

Ž2

(` ^ p +

8

H (R + \M! )

)E # 3,

(R

(` ^" p

www.ParsBook.org

5 ` 5 "0 p

\

0E 9 ,

(') +U ) 9 ,

\(

” (

(`> † O

( )8

3

(` ^

]E 5

5 + ) * (` ^

) + 4 I,9 ) 6 F(2 # , 9 # '

! ) P, 2) 8

] H^

)E # /

4 I ,b2

4 ' ,2 /

'(U9 P U r 4 P, 2

'(U9 j ,0

'(U9 QQV2 #* - 9 ,

4

\ (R 4 +

(

E * "Self Fulfilling Prophecy" ( 9 3A2 (2

\( } ) # } ) ) ` 5

bU# 3

#

.+ 4

)E # 6 >K>

D)

R)

'(U9

8

Fulfilling) 8 -

4 )+

( # u3

] ‚

8

43

+

5

r

Ž0 # 5* 8

43 ]

H> 9 " 2 u[S?F .E P 0 ?

I4 (?# ! .( + )

5 ,# Self Fulfilling )3

+

@ X+ @9 # \

) 3 ‚ #'

})

]* # 8 3 2+

]

W¢ ˜ ) !3

•,

]* #

3

!) ,< 8

)

١۴٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

(` ^"

"HV# .12

#

4 }) \

# 9 ƒ( # + > +

q ] (

(` ^"

# 4" \ 9 ,

8 \D)

*# # 9 #

` eU] HV# ( X

E5 #8

"H (R WK

+

D

" )E #

] ‚

E5 #

` eU] HV# ( r

!)

5 #

] ‚

. " (R ) =# ? \

,

+ # * 4 5+ ) =# ? [S?F

4

r 4

c>

0(,

U` )

R) u(3

4 HV# .12


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

' !+ # q

`

( >%5

Serial monogamy A form of marriage in which a

w

K + #

his or her lifetime but only one

})

E

4

( **

Ub

. * w “@

*

www.ParsBook.org

(@A& S)) $ 5 ( B

Sexism The ideology that one sex is superior

.3 5 ` * 2 # v

to the other.

Behavior that occurs when work

# 5 4 M

benefits are made contingent on sexual favors (as a "quid pro quo") or when touching, lewd comments, appearance

of

creates

w 4

`

(* >) T% W% 8S))

Sexual harassment

material

]* #

, + q \H (R ]+ * (B

spouse at a time.

or

!)

W% / &)) / " &H.3 / >T Z

+ (2

person can have several spouses in

‚ 2!

pornographic a

4

"

( #) (

*

6 ‚ \

“A w \

"hostile ١۴٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

"

* +

ˆ) 4 v,0 4

B 3G 4 5 p

,

* (" E # #

/ ` 6(" r >

H ,


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ 4

environment" in the workplace.

4 NIA

expectations

about

the

w *

attitudes and behavior of a person

) "

.(

viewed as being ill. www.ParsBook.org

A term used by George Herbert

«+ 6 #

Mead to refer to those individuals are

most

important

]

#

` •

5

5(

6 ‚

( # 4 ‰V

(j %9G * S& & #&)) bI

Significant others

who

) †

(W Z&)) >& : .

Sick role Societal

5

in

" (R" +

the

‡ » “K (2 + [+ E ]

. 8NU )

development of the self, such as

# b# [S?F

45

) \ +0 ) +

#$9

E # 3 ]* # +

8"

#

parents, friends, and teachers.

( &>% *. E =# &))

Single-parent families Families in which there is only one

5 #

parent present to care for children.

+0 ) *

b “@ " E .

١۴۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

$2 („

Z / T "9 . 6 4

( R K # * 3>!


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(/ $ % )) 59

Slavery A system of enforced servitude in

( ! (?#

which people are legally owned by

transferred

from

parents

45 >

` ^\ EK B)+ E

others and in which enslaved status is

E

.(

to

]+ # ' ‚ w ` 3 b0 3A2

I@

+*

#

+0 ) *

]+ #

children. www.ParsBook.org

(l 5 W >)) Z' ! " 5

Small group A

group

small

enough

for

all

P, p

members to interact simultaneously,

W, I 2 5 #

E 8b

that is, to talk with one another or at

4 X* +

# 4

` +b # (` ] 5 #

) ] \ „9

least be acquainted.

.+ # wq(4 \8 # [ " E] +

Social change

(ˆ ' =&M ))

Significant alteration over time in behavior

patterns

and

5

culture,

5 (`0 ." * )

including norms and values.

١۴۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

*K B

> B &&m

K (2 I# ! X+ ] # \

(] ] )


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

* & &8! %

Social constructionist perspective

An

approach

to

deviance

&! =&M ))

> B / 5 6 ) " 52$9

that

( & SN)

emphasizes the role of culture in the

p=UR

creation of the deviant identity.

H@ # 4 j A .

www.ParsBook.org

The techniques and strategies for

* 3 , /5 ` ^ 5 #

preventing deviant human behavior

( H% &>$2& =&M ))

Social epidemiology The study of the

distribution of

] ) S R [w

disease, impairment, and general

.3K ,

health status across a population.

A condition in which members of a

.+

wealth, prestige, or power. ١۴۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

) (

>B

) M &5 >T

] \5 , # w M *(2 P 0 ? '9

"2) 2

society have different amounts of

-.

jA

+ 2 3K <) [P 0 ?

( & S$ 7$ =&M ))

Social inequality

>B >

.

in any society.

b) w

+ 412 j A |3K (

(WL &! =&M ))

Social control

#

w 5 „9 E

>B / 4 ?

[ ` +b #] 6 +! ) > 9 \6) . W

.


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(7%M &

Social institutions Organized patterns of beliefs and

5

behavior centered on basic social

)

www.ParsBook.org

The ways in which people respond to

Ÿ ^ ` +b

one another.

# W4 , >B = +

"E K B 4

( .+

(@A& &M )) $ 5 g > B

An economic system under which of

production

\M *(2 ) + 0(2 pI ) E K B 4 5 Q ! ' ‚ w

and

.+

distribution are collectively owned.

M, 3 b0 3A2

(7%MA& &M )) 9 !

Socialization The process whereby people learn

) " *

the attitudes, values, and actions appropriate

5 (`0

5 *

$ =&M ))

#

Socialism

means

* 9,

(7%8!

Social interaction

> B / T9 I.

)# * 5 .

needs.

the

$ =&M ))

for

individuals

\"

]

w 5 „9 * 5

as ١۴٧

www.orientalsociology.ir

>B

E P? (# 4 5+ ( #

„@ 5" 4


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+ ]

members of a particular culture.

( &&

Social mobility Movement of individuals or groups

'‚

from one position of a society's

•(QV# |

=&M ))

> B fa

3K !( w * " ) ]

#

. ` 3K !( #

stratification system to another. www.ParsBook.org

(* %

Social movements Organized collective activities to bring about or resist fundamental change in an existing group or

Ž2

3"

# #

3)@

5+ # @>B

=&M )) * [)]

> B / I8V B p , 5" 0 ) ]w

5

. E

society.

(f

Social network A series of social relationships that

8@

links a person directly to others and therefore

#

indirectly

to

still

# 8@

more

(?#

. =&M ))

w 4 9, † (?# ) *

١۴٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

“# ) “>2

.

people.

> B ,SVM w `

# 8" E * 5

#


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(W =&M ))

Social role A set of expectations of people who

3K !( w 4 5

occupy a given social position or

.+ 4

status.

www.ParsBook.org

The study of various aspects of

organized

K

p 9,

which into

a

society

is

I# ! |“# ) 5

predictable

(x

Societal-reaction approach

>

P 0?

>B

6)

w EK B 45 ( .3

relationships.

` ^

>B b

/U V 5

( p! ) =&M ))

Social structure in

Ž

.5 #

human society.

way

* 6 ‚ * 5 9(,

(( $ ) =&M ))

Social science

The

>B : .

*

78! / =% $ ) )) / + B : ! 9 S$

.39 * c q # P ‚ 5 # `

Another name for labeling theory.

١۴٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

#H^


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

c

*

« b#

4

*) # IU9

>2

( » ) (Edvin M. Lemert) «6 ,0 ‚

+ ,

"> q # .12 # \'

U

)

www.ParsBook.org

(# j A

(! ) @ 8Y '

] +

" P ‚)

c q #)

r b2 PU

4+

(R \ * .3

c0 !

\

*

E

]+

Y

] # (R

* c q # P ‚ # -39 I4

K(, ) ‰NV

N

43

U€

4 3 +@

(# '

M! )

4

c

* 3 b,

K (3

„!

,

‰NV 2

*

(R c q #

V

*c q # # 4 q3

Q K @

# u+

\

#

8 "5(

H 4 )" #

( $ ) )) + B

A fairly large number of people who the

relatively outside

K> 8

@# ) (

o

*

Society

in

`

(Howard S. Becker)

' .3 j)

live

)

4 K 0) 5) 4 u" ( . 5) 4" ) " 0K) 5) 4" : ]

( . 5) 4 ) !+

A r b2

^

+ 412 ) K (2 \+ (R

R # # "2 U

" E • (,9

t] " E

u8 +

`# 6 (F 8

' ( .6

43 )

) »u

5) 4 (1972) 6 ,0 .+ #

«+ 0 2 » " +

same

territory,

independent it,

and

of

participate

) ,U! w

are

* I@

people in

x

a

١۵٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

4 >

* 5 * • >

(?# ) + 4 w

)+

+2

]+ * [‰NV ] E* ) #|


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

.+

common culture.

( H% $ &) ))

Sociobiology The

systematic

study

of

the

. 9,

biological bases of social behavior.

www.ParsBook.org

(7%M

Sociocultural evolution The

process

of

change

and

*

development in human societies that

3 *5

) M * $3 ^ 8N‚ P 0 ?

$ W p ! &) )) # T

45 #M ( "E

results from cumulative growth in

R

>B

`

>B = S

(2 )

6 9SNB

8"

Ra

Ž2 + ,K 2 + .+ #

their stores of cultural information.

(7%8 &HE>$ =%S&B] &) ))

Sociological imagination An awareness of the relationship

) P

between an individual and the wider

)

w

6 M + B ; z “# ) *

]E

.[D + ] # ]

society.

١۵١ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( H% &) )) ) M + B

Sociology The

systematic

study

of

social

.5 # 5 " ) ] ) 9 ,

behavior and human groups.

(* > ) %

Squatter settlements Areas occupied by the very poor on

(

www.ParsBook.org

the fringes of cities, in which housing

S)) 3 H &• " # . S) / Vz• " # U

@

UR

“K (2 +

" (R “K (2 cU†

is often constructed by the settlers

.3

themselves from discarded material.

8N‚ P 0 ?

R "E +

( 4\

# B@

" ( *

((& &% )) " #$

Status A term used by sociologists to refer

“K (2 +

to any of the full range of socially defined

Ž

positions

within

a

large

/ F(2 • 9 ,

5 " K !( * w

.

› W# ) ] w )

group or society.

#

b# [S?F # 3 ]* # K 9 ' ,2 X+

(l 5 (& &% )) T 5 " #$

Status group A term used by Max Weber to refer

« #) v4 » “K (2 + ١۵٢

www.orientalsociology.ir

#

b# [S?F


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

to

people

who

have

the

5 " K !( *

same

prestige or lifestyle, independent of

.+

their class positions.

‚ j F 4 5 b

]+ * X(

>9 \

Unreliable generalizations about all

w 5 „9 P, X #

www.ParsBook.org

members of a group that do not individual

differences

, 9 I# ! † 5

) ] )

•V

8, 2

5 "2) 2 4 ) ] . ] ,

within the group.

( >#& )) 40‰ 9

Stigma A label used to devalue members of

5 " ) ] 5 „9

deviant social groups.

` )

u+ #

r(U? 3K ( ) ( ( 3K ( 4 q \+

(R s |

R

D*

.(

™A# ( `

2 @>B

(v$ $ % )) / 5 R U

Stereotypes

recognize

# 3 ]* #

I# @ H 4 ƒ( E (R *

2)

4« , ]

) »* 3

j b \"s " [S?F * + >

# b# j A p 9 , # 4 ( 9 (1963) "s " -40

, ] (‚ u3

) + # >R # s pƒ(<( *

١۵٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

#5 # 4 > q #

`

+ M! ) b c

#) #


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

)+

]E

`

W

5" 2* 4+ 4

5 (B b W + + 5

) ... .+ ( ) #) 5 ,4 5 ƒ(<( +

(# D *

(B

@A2 ) " *

4+ 4

)

j F

4 3 V 6 (F

u+ 4

q \+

(R " E c

!+

4)

B # (

S2 ' ,2 \+ #

4

"E #

,

* 48

> q #

H (R s * >R #

`

www.ParsBook.org

4'

"^ "E *

5 " ) ] P, * 5 w

economic rewards and power in a

.*

^ )

( p ! Š )) o T "9 6

A segment of society that shares a pattern

of

'(

mores,

pattern

of

the

\r E * ‰NV

5(`0 * W ,

folkways, and values that differs the

5+ #

# # 6 +! ) 5 Q ! 5 "

Subculture

from

,

)) /2 8U R

society.

distinctive

*

4 'K) 6 (F

(78%S& &

Stratification

of people that perpetuates unequal

> 8

E 2 ) + b# „! ' .+ +"`

A structured ranking of entire groups

#

4 +

(`0 4 š) 2 .+ #

larger

society. ١۵۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

*

V#

" * ) ] W# P


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(Š % Š ))

Suburb According to the Census Bureau, any

)

territory within a metropolitan area

) ,U! .3

that is not included in the central

\5 ,

5W4

X

" )W

s

[ ‚ ] =# ?

4 " S4 w X*(

city.

www.ParsBook.org

(/ &)) :$ >&

Survey A study, generally in the form of

4

interviews or questionnaires, that provides

sociologists

researchers

with

and

^ 2 9SNB \

other

[ (`q] ) + 4

information

> Q c0 ! ` )C^ b .*

concerning how people think and

• (,9 5 )

0? 5 #

(`q ' 8

b •(QR + 4

I,9

act.

(A V>&)) T . 8.

Symbols The gestures, objects, and language that

form

the

basis

of

ˆ >2 5

human

^ 4

#* ) \6 S9 \6 .+

communication.

١۵۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

Ib 2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

T (*S% $

Teacher-expectancy effect The

impact

that

a

teacher's

expectations

about

a

student's

performance

may

have

on

H

bU,9 X # .

the

% SN S$ p& ) 53 G - . _

student's actual achievements.

١۵۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

*( E H

]*( E 6 ‚

4 5

! ) 5 3 @N ( 5)

# *( E


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( H% S ) ) M 7

Technology Information about how to use the material

resources

of

5K

the

M#

*

4

.

environment to satisfy human needs

(`q X #

2 9SNB

6S ,2 ) * 5 < 5 # “ A

and desires.

www.ParsBook.org

(

Telecommuters Employees who work full-time or

5 # 3!)

part-time at home rather than in an

^

outside office and who are linked to

= B* )+ 4

their

# #,

supervisors

and

colleagues

` .+

through computer terminals, phone

&>&!

) T ! 9

3!) ' ,2 6 (Q# 4 4 )

R

\ ) #X

4 4 w

U2 ˆ(?R \ 2( e 4 5 ˆ >2

b, )

^ ^

lines, and fax machines.

(/ & ) $ -.

Theory In sociology, a set of statements that

seeks

to

explain

> +# 4 ' b

problems,

* 5 9(, .3

actions, or behavior.

١۵٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

\ ,9 \IY

>2


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(*$

Total fertility rate (TFR) The average number of children born

# \+ *

alive to a woman, assuming that she

.+ 4

conforms to current fertility rates.

www.ParsBook.org

A term coined by Erving Goffman to

aspects of a person's life under a

w

single authority, such as prisons, the

\+ 4

military,

mental

hospitals,

$ =% ) " 6 *& > /@ ) » “K (2 +

]+ * 5

+2

>

) ; <

ƒ +# [S?F

' ,2 4 2 K h # 3 ]* #

8 ‚ 2 + ) + ! w 3A2

(F )

and

X .

3K >2 U 5 ) # — * ) 4 •

« , ]

refer to institutions that regulate all

=% ) =! /

* w 4 5 + * 4 (4 “K (

(7%M &

Total institutions

&&

) 5"

‰V

, # \H2 \ " + * +

convents.

.

Tracking

(o &! % ) 41/2 n$9

The practice of placing students in

p

specific curriculum groups on the basis

of

test

scores

and

*( E 5 " ) ] . "4S

other

criteria. ١۵٨ www.orientalsociology.ir

*( E H ) " ( *E 6 , o

I,9 #•R


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

o

# *( E H 6 (F

cU† +

E5 "

}) Y

E

5

#+

o

'("

www.ParsBook.org

(?# K

4 5

,

(2" 5 >

c0 † ) š

† (?# N >0 u+ # ‚ (,

4+ #

b E D ) ^ ) D*( E ' ‚ # *( E H q ] u3 4

E*

K \+ #

#

# u8 @

, )

(R 8 q # š

)+ # ` #•,@

Ia

" bU,9"

Tracking ... . t^ ,

} ) ) "`

> +# + ` \ + 5 ]*

# 9( #

9(> 8

"5 ] " ( 9 (2 ` # •,@

4+ #

8@

\ ) 9 43

)

( ) Tracking 5 # 5 ` 5

}) *

b

V> (R 4 (# 8 ‚ *

>0 ) '("

(

5 #

(A. &. $ 9 ) / H / T $9 a

Trade unions Organizations that seek to improve material

R #

5 ]

' . + r V (8

the

b "5+ # / " -41 5+ # ) ]

*

( '(" X+ )E # #(V# 4 (# E * 5 ` 5 o

) *

u+ (

, 2 "5 ] " \ M#

ˆ >2 \3 5+ # ) ] I,9 ` # 4 L( '(" 8

X(

p5+ # ) ] \ ` X( +

E \"5+ # / " ) + # 5+ # ) ] '(" "# ( #

š

status

of

„9 5K

their

members, all of whom perform a

4x

similar job or work for a common

` ^ (>"#

> +# 4

4 " E P, [Œ „9 * 5

4w 5 #

" *

(‚ ] \+ + 0(Ž

"# .+ 4

employer. ١۵٩ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( $

Traditional authority Legitimate

power

conferred

by

,9 ) 6 (

custom and accepted practice.

www.ParsBook.org

tendency

bureaucracy

of to

a) 2U

?9 ƒ)

6 +!

+

.+

workers

in

become

a

C )" 5 # 5

so

`

w

(Q!

spots and fail to notice obvious

4 4 H ]

b E IY

P‚ S

) +* ^ .42+ * )

problems.

* # +9( * H ^

(q ) + q * 4 (R \

.

/ < ˆ @ [ R #] p*) # # 4 [ (` E] + " 4

specialized that they develop blind

"E \ `

t^

( & NE S % $ 2% $ ) >& + / # 6 ) .

Trained incapacity The

*

=% &8$9 )

4 4*

R #u*

0(, / {) ' ' .3

4 4p +

* + 2

(2 6 (F (R # / V2 *

H (R

4

( ) 5 C ) # +2 •_(, " E \5 4 “

(2 # ` R

` # L( [S?F .+ (

‚ * )

(?# + 4

(R # E 5 W * ) + *

١۶٠ www.orientalsociology.ir

+

" *

-42

!3 ,

(

>R # 6 N @ " 4 C)

(,


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(2E$ ) . 5 )

Triad A three-member group.

.5(„9

www.ParsBook.org

١۶١ www.orientalsociology.ir

) ]w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

U (( !% 2.G) 437$ $3 , V`

Underclass Long-term poor people who lack

) D*( E +!

training and skills.

4 2+ *

@

[X+ ] # ] .+

١۶٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

6 "


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

* ' +4

u+ 4

2 @>B * # (R )

8 @2 " @>B

^ ) “K ( \_ #" P

\ E* 5

#

(R # W c

P@>B ) "IŽ " \“K ( P@>B \"3 b0 " • >0 † _ # P@>B # ?#

www.ParsBook.org

u3

] 4)+

) IŽ

\+

P@>B"

"

4\

3 b0

R 4 c 2 2 # (2 \+ # ,

* P@>B" ( 9 3A2 \+

" ( U ) o( 0( ' U )" c

*

#

]C )

6 @>B •_(,

# 4 ‰V

-43

( ) QV ]C ) E u (

) * # ]C ) \ @>B 8 @2 (Subclass)

@>B

UN 4 , o

# .+ #

* w O

(,

+^8 5

! 5+ # @>B V

9,

!

4

4 +( * ) ]

* P@>B [S?F .+ ' .3

A theory of social change that holds

١۶٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

&

. $)

4 9,

t] .+

and inevitably reach the same end.

% %

`

) + 4

same successive stages of evolution

!6 "

+ [ ? (William Julius Wilson)

M ( P,

that all societies pass through the

^

(Deprived Class) "') A

(/ & / % &M

Unilinear evolutionary theory

"6 " " \

6 Z = S ,$ -.

Ž2 P ‚ w

b p 0 ( I b2 I 8

b '

*

#•2 ) <


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( H% S$ 7 $ ) 44/ IM ) M @

Urban ecology An area of study that focuses on the interrelationships

between

)

people

I# @ “# )

.3 W4 ,

and their environment.

E*

UN 4 ) "5 "

www.ParsBook.org

(?# E

")"

(q (

@N U2

P 0 ? # • QNV #) 3 ,

'(#" 5 " # UN 4 ™A> ) PR

3 ** 5 R '(# K u ]

43

!

)

‚ K+ "

>B “ A " # ˆ >2 \

4 QV

X )+A

,U9 PR

FSR 5 " “ A ) 5 " ! ,U9

#

(

E 9,

• (,9 0?

'(# u+ # (

(

'(# # 2 '(#

'(#

\“ A )

“A ) "

H(

u" 9 ,

b W “ A I# @

^“A '(# -44

")"

^ “A ) +* 6 ( ( # +* ^

P 0?

(

*5 "

"

)u* ^

4 6) 2

)+ 5 " P 0?

# 4 2 0 ? X*( w

'(#" “# )

UN 4

^ “A )

“# )

“ A # H?# ) )

P 0?

“ A " # ˆ >2

UN 4 X*( .12 \

b (A # \+ + ( ^ 3 (A # >

) 8"# + # " #) ( . ]

+ #

(] b c b ) (] b

'(# 1970 P

2.)

, #)

" • QNV

) b E \5 " ` ^)

(R ( , 5 "

'(# ` R

t` # * (Robert Park /1944 -1864) x ^ 6 # ) ١۶۴

www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

) 5K+ c ! #

I)

K \ (# 5 "

c0 † ' .+

b)

( "5 "

70-60 6K+,# 5 " Q!"

behavior

(q 5+ +

(b & E $ ) $ 5 IM

Urbanism Distinctive

b)

patterns evident

of among

social

4

city

www.ParsBook.org

residents.

١۶۵ www.orientalsociology.ir

4 9,

‰NV

5 (`0

.+

"


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

V ( $2& ) $

Validity The degree to which a scale or measure

truly

reflects

X+ +^ "

the

+#" H

o @ w 45 .+ 4

phenomenon under study.

١۶۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

/ V

vb

0?

(


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

( &

Value neutrality Max Weber's term for objectivity of

&. & ) M3

# M! ) 5 # « #) v4 » [S?F

sociologists in the interpretation of

.

data.

2

(3 & ) IM3

Values www.ParsBook.org

Collective conceptions of what is considered proper-or

`

good, bad,

desirable,

and

undesirable,

and

\r(R" \ "3

w ) r(U?

4 \+#"

E*

8

) "3

) r(U?

improper-in a culture.

.(

Variable

(= $ ) &; m

A measurable trait or characteristic

3A2 4 5 ] * + I# ! PQNV

that is subject to change under

.3

different conditions.

Ž2 •

`

]C ) w /U V “

(7I& ) ) b;I

Verstehen The German word for understanding

\"5 ` ١۶٧

www.orientalsociology.ir

) "

" + ," " 5 #

,0E 5 C )


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

# + 412 5 # « #) v4 » “K (2 +

or insight; used by Max Weber to stress the need for sociologists to

)

take into account people's emotions,

) # \6 bN 2 \6 .

thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes.

www.ParsBook.org

The movement of a person from one position

to

another

of

#

a

9,

] ‚

=S&

5"

) /9 >

. ` 6)

[* < 9,

of social change and who have a

8"

stake in maintaining the status quo.

$H B

]

E X #

Ž2 ƒ(!) 6 (F

( ( M<) ~

#

3 !( w

(* $ % $ 2& ) ) " a

Vested interests

groups who will suffer in the event

]

3 !( w * ‰V w

different rank.

Veblen's term for those people or

b#

|6 ) <

“K (2

( &&

Vertical mobility

social

p

#

C

« U#)» [S?F 4

") ]

4 " E [W ] ) + 4 .45+

١۶٨ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

>

, + (]

* 5 ](U

) u # `

b# ) ] )

R #3

)3

b E 5+ # c?! w # ) +0(

b ) 30

(

+ (2 1857

" QV M " • A (U2

9, 9, 43

Ž2 6

R # |3

Ž2 + (]

" N @ M " U#) M! ) "

\+

U#) 4 3 IF

The Leisure ) H " E 2 P@>B" P ‚ B V# W q

H (R QV M ,

b E IF_ 5}) o

#

> u 9,

« U#)

* H # U#) u3 t]

0 4 30

1929

www.ParsBook.org

(/ &) 7MA&>& S$ )

Questionnaires or interviews used to determine

whether

people

5 # +

have

used

by

p

(Class &. U :$ >&

> Q

^

# ! 45

+2

(A>$ ! ( >& S$ ) 46 . U

Victimless crimes term

b# 5

.+ + 8Y

been victims of crime.

A

#

sociologists

to

5 #

describe the willing exchange among

Ž2

(2» .+ ]

' .3 j) Victimization surveys

-45

“K (2 +

2

2 bd B

# b# [S?F

• (,9 5 _ 4 ) 6 +R P (R (R P0 > / F(2

adults of widely desired, but illegal,

. _ ] W#

goods and services.

١۶٩ www.orientalsociology.ir

( ! †

r(U?


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

8Y

(]

)"

( \ ,! \5+ # ˆ 8Y

* ƒ(

3 +@

(R (R" cU† # ˆ(# 8Y

u+

43

" ]E" + #

6 >2 ) "> E (q 4 + ) #

I# @ ‚ K \ *

"E ]

' .+ # 6) 2 # 8Y

+(

+

# ! )+#" \8Y

"

# (]

# R # ... .+

(R 8 @

(?# 3 (b

* ƒ(

# 3> + >

3 b, ƒ(

4

ƒ(

* +

b 3NU9 -46

E * 8 cU† ) + (

> 5

," )

)W0 \3 " E

3 S ) LSR

>b2 >"`

www.ParsBook.org

Records of births, deaths, marriages, and divorces gathered through a

( # 3 (b

)

PU (# +

* \+ * †E (John Grant) «3 ]

' .3

v U`

(2

»5 » *)

... ) D ) ^ ) D*( E \5* ) 4 \w } I >! * ` 5

G

0) 5 " ` 5( * 4 3>.

* .(

E 8U9 +^ ( # (Ronald Fisher) «

&s

\ +N0(2 3>.

governmental units.

3 UN 4

4

5 )E ] \ "!SB ) \ " ) * \ "]

registration system maintained by

5) )

K ( •,@

(Z& & % ) =% $ ) 47

Vital statistics

E" +^

A \ K+V

* #

E 8U9 ` R ١٧٠

www.orientalsociology.ir

4 #8+ 43

! ‚

3 ,

,U9 P + # K u+

" 2

E 5 ^ (# ) 4 q \ ( # # + (#

-47

U` (4t

R )

( (R .+ 4


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

W (* ) $ 9

Wealth An inclusive term encompassing all of

a

person's

material

5K

assets,

5 5 ( ( P, X+ ] # . ( ƒ(

including land and other types of property.

١٧١ www.orientalsociology.ir

)

*I

]

5 })

‰V w


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

Crimes

committed

by

affluent

(B

individuals or corporations in the course

of

! *$ ) 482& ) $ @ B

(b$ !

White-collar crime

their

daily

K(, 5 " 4 ! r b2

business

“K (2 4 ,Y

(

XN *) p UŽ 5 " 0 . ]

activities.

www.ParsBook.org

) "

c0 !

23

D(R ) 9K+ ) N

! bU# \ (

2 ^ \Œ 2 \oS R u3 4+ )

,Y

( !6

)6

* R *

4 4 ' .+ (

+ (4 5) u3

8 "E * (, ... )

>2 , " +

+ [ ? «+ 0 2

, )+A

,4 + > ` (!

@ " .+ *

"^

#+ #

84

*

# ] 4 +(

! 8Y

(# ]E I 0+# " (R 6 UN V2 4 + (

] 4 ,

*

+ )

* ) \5 (R C ) \5 Q ! -5

) ( ! 8R ) 8q *

+ (R ( 9

) »c

4"

#

V [S?F

! # "2 ' 8Y

r b2

4 *

cb2 8

5 + # ) * \6 0 *

\+ (

" E cb2 4+

\5* #

( (# +

=N ( cU† \3 +,

#E @ " * W ,2

-48

"4

(, 8 ) " *

((& & .% A> &) 2 ) . IB / I -. =&

World systems analysis Immanuel Wallerstein's view of the

4

global economic system as divided

١٧٢ www.orientalsociology.ir

"

Q! '‚ * «

0 ) IY( , » ]+

@


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

between nations

certain that

developing

4 -+

industrialized

control

wealth

and

countries

that

are

F • ?! 5 " UN 5

\+

controlled and exploited.

[5) X+ @9 #]

( 4 ) \+

! [ " E] ,-

3

6) .

) 6 ‚ 3A2 4 .493

www.ParsBook.org

3

,

# L(>

3

4 " +4

)+4 < 9 4

5 (B e " b : #

]+

' "

3 (b " 5 RE ) 3 84

(

^ -5

#

> ( b E 1930 +N0( )

" ' ‚" "

=B

* +4

# (4 8

[ ?

P?#

( 9 3A2 ?#

4

4 "5

"-A# "

@? ,)+

\ UU,0 # 3" 5

# 4 8 @2 ‚ * * )+

=B

,-

"

0) \

) 6 ‚ 3A2 • , ... .+

M (

“# )

# (5 @>B ' .3

) 4

) u(

4 (Periphery)

†) "

(

^ =B

8 4

4

I UA2 ;?

K(2 (

١٧٣ www.orientalsociology.ir

" `V 2 )

4" (4

(A # 3

" "

" '‚ *# 8 *

-2 . + * ^

4 3"

4"

0 (

- 1 :+

4 (Semiperiphery)

“# ) *

+

Q ! X ? 3A2 4 =B

0 ) -49 E * H^ 4

t] D

+ =N@A *(

R 4 (Core) 5

! )+ “ ) K+

)M (

+ M! ) "

!5

Q! '‚

[ ?

Q !" 5 ` \ u3

+ 8 @2

* (R

0) . *

(2

(

` =B ^ , =B -3

* Œ @2 (

0) b " ' ‚)


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

X (b $ ) $3) / 2 . #&

Xenocentrism The belief that the products, styles,

P

or ideas of one's society are inferior

5 ` 5

to those that originate elsewhere.

١٧۴ www.orientalsociology.ir

`

\ "b> \6 + 0(2 4 + @9 [ ]

* 4+

" E * 2)

\5 (R

.50+ ]

, q


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

3

) .3

5 +

(R

2 ] M,

* 5 (, (Westernism) N >0 .

("

]r †\ P

! (Ethnocentrism) 5 +

‚ * 5 + '(! 4 6) 2

U, * '(

'(! '("

pI# @

# #

+ (2

# + # [ ? '("

P?@

" M ( '("

-50 4

8 (Egocentrism) ' .3 5 + (R *

www.ParsBook.org

١٧۵ www.orientalsociology.ir


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

www.ParsBook.org

Z (

Zero population growth (ZPG) The state of a population with a

[30

growth rate of zero, achieved when the

number

of

births

6

plus

5 7%8% & ] u F +

*;&+>B 2M

# 3K , *

" X)S # +N0(2" + 2 4 (

"‡ R # 6

immigrants is equal to the number

$3)

=N@A

١٧۶ www.orientalsociology.ir

*

" X)S # › " + 2 # "IR .+ #

of deaths plus emigrants.

0 # b


Concise Dictionary Of Sociology

(3] o &. 3) /2

Zoning laws Legal provisions stipulating land use

)

and architectural design of housing

* *

5 W#

sometimes used as a means of keeping racial minorities and low-

\+ E

income

.(

people

out

of

suburban

5 # +

( # 84

N @ p ( ! ˆ)

] 4 5*

R5 ,

" 5

www.ParsBook.org

1 ١٧٧ www.orientalsociology.ir

N B

) 5 C 5 " UN ! 5 +"` 5 #

areas.

END

.U

( p

( * ‡ R


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.