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#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

nfhOk;G ,e;J kfsph; kd;w tNahjpgh; ,y;yj;jpw;F kpd;J}f;fp thq;Ftjw;F khkd;wj;jpd; epjp md;gspg;ig kd;w jpl;lj; jiyth; jpUkjp td[h jtNahfuh[htplk; khkd;wg; nghUshsh; jpU. Nt. fe;jrhkp toq;Ffpwhh;. eLtpy; khkd;wj; jiyth;.

fdlh Mj;kN[hjp epiyaj;jpy; ftpQu; tp. fe;jtdk; jiyikapy; ele;j itgtj;jpy; irtQhdghD nrQ;nrhw;nry;th; fyhepjp MW. jpUKUfd; ciuahw;wpa NghJ nfsutpf;fg;gLfpwhh;. rptj;jpU rpt. Kj;Jypq;fk; (Fg;gpshd;) ,e;j epfo;r;rpia Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;jhu;.

etk;gh; 10Mk; 11Mk; jpfjpfspy; aho;. gy;fiyf;fof tUlhe;j gl;lkspg;G itgtj;jpd; Ch;tyj;jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa khkd;w rptnjhz;lh; mzpapdh; (nra;jpf; Fwpg;G 44Mk; gf;fj;jpy;)

nfh];ye;j kPhpangj;j gFjpapy; mz;ikapy; Vw;gl;l kz;rhpT mdh;jj; j;jpy; ghjpff; g;gl;l kf;fSf;F epthuz cjtpfs; toq;Fk;NghJ khkd;w cgjiytUk; r%feyd; FOj; jiytUkhd jpU. rpdd ; j;Jiu jdghyh> khkd;w cgjiyth; nrQ;nrhw;nry;th; fyhepjp MW. jpUKUfd; MfpNahh;. ïªJ xË 2

fle;jfhy Nghh;r# ; o;epiyfspdhy; ghjpff; g;gl;l jpUKwpfz;b gFjpiar; Nrh;ej; tWikf;Nfhl;bd; fPo; thOk; FLk;gj;jiytp xUtUf;F tho;thjhu cjtpfs; toq;Fk; NghJ jpU. rpdd ; j;Jiu jdghyh mth;fs;. #a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

c átka«

Ôg« - 19

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Rl® - 01

#a tUl« fh®¤âif¤ â§fŸ 13 M« ehŸ (29. 11. 2014)

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gjpg;Gg; gzpapd; Kd;Ndhb ehtyh; ngUkhd;

gŠr òuhz§fŸ âU¢á‰w«gy«

njthu«

irtKk; jkpOk; tsh;r;rpngWtjw;F ngUe; njhz;lhw;wpa ngUkfd; ehtyh; ngUkhd;. irtk;, jkpo; rhh;e;j tifapy; mth; Mw;wpa gzpfs; gytifahdit. ,tw;Ws; xd;whfg; gjpg;Gg; gzpia Fwpg;gplyhk;. ehtyh; ngUkhd; , jhd; Nkw; n fhz; l jkpo;gg ; zpf;Fk;, rkag;gzpf;Fk; ,uz;L rhjdq;fs; mtrpakhf ,Ug;gij czh;e;jhh;. ,jpy; xd;W fy;tpf;$lk;> kw;nwhd;W mr;Rf;$lk;. khzth;fs; fy;tpiaj; njhlUtjw;F Ehy;fs; Njitg; g l; l d. me; j f; fhyj; j py; irtrka nfhs;iffisAk;, tho;f;if newpKiwfisAk; Nghjpf;Fk; ey;y E}y;fs; fpilg;gJ mhpjhf ,Ue;jJ. mt;tpjkhf Ehy;fs; fpilj;jhYk; mr; R g; gpiofs; cs; s dthfTk; , irtrka newpKiwfSf;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fs; nfhz;ldthfTk; fhzg;gl;ld. vdNt, ey;y E}y;fis jhNk cUthf;fpf; nfhs; s Ntz; b a jtph; f ; f Kbahj epiy ehtyh; ngUkhDf;F Vw;gl;lJ. mJNt mth; EhyhrphpauhfTk;, gjpg;ghrphpauhfTk; khwNtz;ba epiyia Njhw;Wtpj;Jtpl;lJ. me; e hspy; fy; t pf; $ lKk; , mr; R f; $ lKk; INuhg; g pauhd kp\dhpapdhpd; ifapNyjhd; ,Ue; j d. ,e; e piyapy; , mth; f s; ehtyhpd; irtj;jkpo; E}y;fis mr;rpl;Lf; nfhLg;ghh;fs; vd vjph;ghh;ff ; KbahJ. vdNt, jhNk mr;Rf;$lk; epWtNtz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij czh;ej ; hh; ehtyh;. ,e;jpah nrd;W mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L aho;gg ; hzk; jpUk;gp ‘tpj;jpahEghyd ae;jpurhiy’ vd;w ngahpy; mr;rfnkhd;iw epWtpdhh;. ,jd; %yk; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; Kjd;Kjyhf mr; R f; $ lk; mikj; j INuhg; g pah; my; y hj xUth; vd; w ngUikia ehtyh; ngUkhd; ngw; W f; n fhz; l hh; . fpwp]; j t kp\dhpkhh; f s; ,ytrkhf ntspapl;Lte;j rpW gpuRuq;fs; Clhf rkaj; i j gug; G k; Kaw; r pfis Kwpabf; F k;

fbnjd te;j fhpjid Ahpj;J mt;Thp NkdpNkw; Nghh;g;gh; gpbad eilahs; nga;tis kle;ij gpiwEj ytnshLk; cldha;f; nfhbnjdf; fjWq; Fiufly; #o;e;J nfhs;sKk; epj;jpyQ; Rke;J Fbjid neUq;fpg; ngUf;fkha;j; Njhd;Wk; Nfhzkh kiymkh;e; jhNu!

âUthrf« tho;fpd;wha; thohj neQ;rNk ty;tpidg;gl;L Mo;fpd;wha; Mohkw; fhg;ghid Vj;jhNj #o;fpd;wha; NfLdf;Fr; nrhy;fpd;Nwd; gy;fhYk; tPo;fpd;wha; ePmtyf; fly;Ma nts;sj;Nj!

âUÉir¥gh ,t;tUk; gpwtpg; ngstePh; ePe;Jk; Vio Naw;(F) vd;Dld; gpwe;j ItUk; gifNa ahh;Jiz vd;why; mQ;ry; vd;wUs; nra;thd; Nfhapy; iftUk; godq; Fioj;jnrQ; rhypf; filrp ah;fis jU ePyk; nra;tuk;(G) mUk;Gk; ngUk;gw;wg; Gypa+h;j; jpUtsh; jpUr;rpw;wk; gyNk!

âU¥gšyh©L nrhy;yhz;l RUjpg; nghUs; Nrhjpj;j Jha;kdj; njhz;lUs;sPh; rpy;yhz;bw; rpij AQ;rpy Njth; rpWnewp NruhNk tpy;yhz;l fdfj; jpus; NkU tplq;fd; tpilg;ghfd; gy;yhz; nld;Dk; gjq;fle; jhDf;Nf gy;yhz;L $WJNk!

âU¥òuhz« nrwpjU Kaph;njhWe; jpfo;e;J kd;dpa kWtW khdpl kugpd; NktpNa mWtif newpfSk; gpwT khfpa ,wtpjd; kyub apwQ;rp Vj;Jthk;! âU¢á‰w«gy« ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

tifapy; irtrkag; gpurhuj;jpw;Fk;, fy;tp Nghjidf;Fk; Vw;w tifapyhd E}y;fisAk; gpuRuq;fisAk; ntspapLtjw;F jdJ mr;rfj;ij ehtyh; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ljd; %yk; gjpg;Gg; gzpia Kd;ndLj;Jr; nrd;whh; vd;gJ tuyhW. ,jd; Clhf ehtyh; mr;Rj; njhopYf;F topfhl;bahfTk;, Kd;NdhbahfTk; tpsq;Ffpwhh;. ehtyhpd; ,j;jifa gjpg;Gg; gzpiag; gpd; g w; w pajhf ehtyh; topepd; W ew; g zpahw; w ptUk; mfpy ,yq; i f ,e; J khkd;wKk; jdJ nraw;ghl;il Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;fpwJ. rka, r%f, fy;tpg; gzpfSld; ,ize; J khkd; w j; j pd; gjpg; G g; gzpAk; mike;jpUf;fpwJ. khkd;wj;jpd; ,j;jifa gjpg;Gg; gzpapd; Muk;gkhf 1996Mk; Mz;L fhh;j;jpif jPgj; jpUehsd;W cjakhd “,e;J xsp” Md;kPf rQ;rpif gjpndl;L tUlq;fis epiwTnra;J nfhz;bUg;gJld;, cq;fs; fuq;fspy; jtOk; ,e; j ,jo; gj; n jhd; g jhtJ tUlj; j pd; KjyhtJ ntspaPlhfTk; kyh;eJ ; s;sJ. ,jw;Fk; Nkyhf gjpg;Gg; gzpapd; Kd;Ndhbahd ehtyh; ngUkhdpd; epidTr; rpwg;gpjohfTk; ,jid ntspapLtjpy; khkd;wk; ngUikailfpwJ. ,e;j gjpg;Gg; gzp njhlhpy; khzth;fs; kw;Wk; ,e;J kf;fSf;F gaDs;s gy rka E}y;fisAk; khkd;wk; ntspapl;L tUfpwJ. ,J njhlh;ghd tpguq;fis ,dptUk; ',e;J xsp" ,jo;fspypUe;J mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. irt kWkyh;r;rpiaAk; r%fr; rPh;jpUj; jj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jpa ehtyh; ngUkhDf;F, mtuJ rpwg;ghd gzpia kwthJ ,d;Wk; irtj;jkpOyfk; Nghw;wpj; Jjpj;J tUfpwJ. me;jtifapy; khkd;wKk; tUle;NjhWk; mtuJ epidTjpd itgtj; i j elj; j ptUtJld; , khkd;wj;jpd; Md;kPf ,johd “,e;J xsp” ehtyh; epidTr; rpwg; g pjohfTk; kyh; e ; J tUfpwJ. ,e;j Ntisapy; ,d;ndhU nra;jpahf, mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; vjph;tUk; ij khjj;jpy; mWgJ tUlq;fis epiwTnra;J itutpoh fhZfpwJ vd;gijAk; njhptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

thœ¤J tho;fNt tho;f ntd;ee;jp jpUtb tho;fNt tho;f kykWj; jhd;gjk; tho;fNt tho;f nkQ;Qhdj; jtd;jhs; tho;fNt tho;f kdkpyhd; ghjNk!!

ïªJ xË m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w ïªJ MuhŒ¢á Ãiya¤â‹ btËpL

ehty® Ãidî¢ áw¥ãjœ #a tUl« I¥gá-fh®¤âif (29.11.2014)

MáÇa® FG : âU. fªijah Úyf©l‹ irtPhdghD fyhÃâ MW. âUKUf‹ fyhÃâ K¤ijah fâ®fhkehj‹ fyhÃâ k. ghyifyhrehj r®kh âU. j. kndhfu‹ âU. m. fdfNÇa® xU ãuâÆ‹¬ Éiy %gh 50.00 tUlhªj¢ rªjh (cŸehL) %gh 300.00 (jgh‰ bryî jÅ) tUlhªj¢ rªjh (btËehL) US blhy® 15

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hindu oli Publication of

Hindu research centre of

all ceylon hindu congress Navalar Commemorative Issue - 29.11.2014 Editorial Board : Mr. Kandiah Neelakandan Dr. Aru. Thirumurugan Dr. Muthiah Kathirgamanathan Dr. M. Balakailasanatha Sarma Mr. D. Manoharan Mr. A. Kanagasooriar Price Rs. 50.00 Annual Subscription (Inland) Rs. 300.00 (Excluding Postage) Annual Subscription (Foreign) U. S. $ 15 (Including Postage)

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#a tUl« kh®fÊ - ij

ISSN : 2012 - 9645

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#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

mUŸ klš kiyaf¤ jÄœ k¡fS¡F¥ ghJfh¥ghd åLfŸ mik¤J¡ bfhL¡f nt©L«. midtÇdJ« cjÉí« x¤JiH¥ò« mtáa«. mtáakh»wJ. jkJ FUâia ciwait¤J eh£o‹ c‰g¤âfS¡fhf mauhJ ciH¤JtU« mªj k¡fŸ ghJfh¥ghd åo‹¿ Rfhjhu trâfS« ïšyhkš ‘ãwªnjh«, thœªnjh«' vd j§fŸ thœ¡if¥ gaz¤ij el¤â¡bfh©oU¥gJ bgÇJ« ntjidia¤ jU»wJ. kiyaf¤ jÄœ k¡fË‹ å£L¥ ãu¢áid r«gªjkhf gyjlitfŸ g¤âÇiffËY«, nkilfËY« ngr¥g£L tªJŸsd. Mdhš mJ braštot« bgwÉšiy. ït®fS¡FÇa Kj‰ njitahf ghJfh¥ghd åLfŸ mik¤J¡bfhL¡f nt©oaJ kÅjneaKŸs midtÇdJ« flikahF«. m¥ghÉ k¡fsh»a ït®fŸ Vida k¡fis¥nghy trâfSlD«, ghJfh¥òlD« thœtj‰F ïu¡fKŸs k¡fŸ m¡fiw bfhŸs nt©L«. cyfshÉa ïªJ ÃWtd§fŸ ït®fsJ å£L¤â£l« g‰¿ m¡fiw bfh©lhš bgU« gadhf ïU¡F«. ïªÃiyÆš, ïªJ k¡fsh»a kiyaf¤ bjhÊyhs®fË‹ Jau¤ij m¿ªJ m©ikÆš ïªJ ÃWtdkh»a RthÄ uhkjhÞ mw¡f£lisÆd® eåd KiwÆyhd å£L¤ bjhFâfis mik¤J k¡fS¡F ïytrkhf tH§»ÆU¥gJ gyU« m¿ahj brŒâahF«. ï¤jifa e‰gÂahdJ ngh‰Wj‰FÇaJ. kiyaf¥ gFâfËš fšÉia nk«gL¤Jtj‰fhf gy bgÇnah®fŸ j«khyhd Ka‰áfis brŒJŸsd®. m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w« kiyaf¤âš mwbe¿¥ ghlrhiyfis cUth¡», kiyaf khzt®fsJ fšÉ nk«gh£L¡F áw¥ghd tifÆš gÂah‰¿tUtij, mona‹ kiyaf« br‹¿UªjnghJ neuoahfnt fhz KoªjJ. mnjngh‹W, kh¤jis K¤JkhÇ m«k‹ MyaK« gy r_fey¤ â£l§fis cUth¡»

cyf« KGtJ« kÅjhãkhd« g‰¿a v©z¡fU nknyh§»ÆU¡»wJ. ïd«, kj«, bkhÊ flªJ v§bfšyh« kÅj‹ ïU¡»whndh m§F gáahš tho J‹g¥gL»wtD¡F«, fšÉia¤ bjhlUtj‰F trâÆšyhkš ftiy bfhŸgtD¡F« ïu¡f« fh£L»‹w kÅj nea« cyfshÉa ßâÆš ts®¢á bg‰WŸsJ. ïy§ifÆš F¿¥ghf kiyaf¥ gFâÆš thœªJ bfh©oU¡F« ïªâa âUeh£oÈUªJ tªj irt¤jÄœ t«rhtÊÆd® fhy¤J¡F¡ fhy« ïa‰if md®¤j§fshš mDgÉ¤JtU« Jau§fŸ všiya‰wJ. ãwªj k©izÉ£L, ãÇ¤jhÅa M£áahsuhš miH¤J tu¥ g£l m¥ghÉ jÄœ k¡fË‹ t«r¤âd® Ú©l fhykhfnt gyÉj fZl§fS¡F k¤âÆšjh‹ thœªJ bfh©oU¡»wh®fŸ. v›tsî ï‹dšfŸ tªjhY« jh« rh®ªj kj¤ijÉ£L khwhkš, át‹ k‰W« khÇa«k‹ Kjyhd bjŒt tÊgh£L fUk§fis jtwhJ nk‰bfh©L thœ¡ifia elh¤â tU»wh®fŸ. m©ik¡fhy¤âš kiyaf¤âš V‰g£l k©rÇî md®¤j« cyf¤â‹ gh®itia kiyaf¤â‹ g¡f« âU¥ãíŸsJ. gJis kht£l¤âYŸs bfhÞyhªij ÛÇahbg¤j njh£l¤âš ïl«bg‰w ghÇa k©rÇî md®¤jkhdJ cy»šthG« kÅjneaKŸs midtÇdJ« ftd¤ij <®¤âU¥gJl‹, mt®fis áªâ¡fî« it¤JŸsJ. kiyaf¤âš ghJfh¥g‰w NHÈYŸs ya‹fËnyna ahU¡F« ÔikÆšyhj tifÆš m§FŸs k¡fŸ thœªJ tU»wh®fŸ. ï¤jifa bjhl® ya‹fËš FoirfŸ ngh‹w åLfËš thœªJtU« k¡fS¡F fhyÃiy¡F«, ïl¤â‰F« V‰wtifÆyhd ghJfh¥ghd åLfŸ miktJ

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#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

kiyaf k¡fË‹ eyD¡fhf ciH¤J tU»‹wJ. ïªj K‹khâÇia kiyaf¤âYŸs Vida Mya§fS« ã‹g‰¿ k¡fŸ nritia K‹bdL¡f nt©L«. kh¤jis efÇYŸs t®¤jf¥ bgUk¡fŸ x‹W nr®ªJ ‘RÕ£r«' v‹w bgaÇš xU mw¡f£lisia ÃWÉ, mj‹ Clhf njh£l¥ gFâfËš tWik ÃiyÆš thœªJbfh©oU¡F« k¡fË‹ fšÉ k‰W« Rfhjhu ey‹fS¡fhf bgU« g§fh‰¿ tU»wh®fŸ. kh¤jis ef® t®¤jf¥ bgUk¡fŸ khjhªj« tH§F« e‹bfhilfŸ _y« ïªj ‘RÕ£r«' mw¡f£lis ïa§»tU»wJ. ïJ bgÇJ« ngh‰WjY¡FÇa gÂahF«. ïJngh‹W kiyaf¤J Vida ïl§fËYŸs t®¤jf¥ bgUk¡fS« j§fŸ gFâfËš mw¡f£lisfis ÃWÉ kiyaf¤ njh£l§fËš thG« k¡fsJ r_f nk«gh£L¡F cjt K‹tunt©L«.

ï¤jifa rka r_f ey¥ gÂahdJ, ï‹W eh« bjhl§F« xU bra‰ghL mšy. ïJ MWKfehtyÇ‹ fhy¤ânyna Mu«ã¡f¥g£lJ. F¿¥ghf ahœ k©Âš ãwrka Mâ¡f« nt%‹¿ fšÉ¡fhf k¡fŸ kj« khW»‹w Ãiy V‰g£lnghJ, ehty® fšÉ¢rhiyfŸ ÃWÉ, irt k¡fŸ jkJ rka¤âÈUªj t©znk fšÉ f‰F« thŒ¥ig V‰gL¤â¡ bfhL¤jt®. m¤jifa bgUik¡FÇa ehty® tÊÃ‹W v§fŸ rka, r_f¥ gÂfisí« bjhlu nt©L« v‹gJl‹, mJ fhy¤â‹ mtáakhfî« f£lhakhfî« ïU¥gijí« F¿¥ãlnt©L«. ehtyÇ‹ FUóir ehËš mtiu Ãid¤J¥ ngh‰¿ mt® tÊÃ‹W, e©gÂfis K‹bdL¥nghkhf!

- bjh©Lehj‹

ehtyupd; ew;Nghjid epj;jpafUkk; t];jpuKjypatw;iwj; Njha;j;J myk;gp miuapNy jhpj;Jf; nfhz;L> clk;ig ed;whff; Nja;j;J ];ehdQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ryj;jpNy neLNeuk; <uk; CWk;gb epw;fyhfhJ. ];ehdQ; nra;j clNd clk;gpYs;s <uj;ijj; Jtl;b> Njha;j;Jyh;e;j t];jpue; jhpj;Jf; nfhz;L> mEl;lhdQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ];ehdQ; nra;tjw;F kj;jpahd fhyj;jpYk; gpuhjf;fhyk; cj;jkk;. Mw;wpNy ];ehdQ; nra;tJ tpNr\k;. mJ rkPgj;jpy; ,y;iyahapd;> Fsk;> fpzW Kjypaitfspy; ];ehdQ; nra;ayhk;. clk;G Nth;j;Jf; fisf;f Ntiy nra;jTlNd ];ehdQ; nra;ayhfhJ. rpwpJ Neuk; ,Ue;J Nth;itahwpdgpd; ];ehdQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. fhiyapy; cz;lNghrdk; rPuzkhFKd;Dk; rPjskhd ,utpYk; ];ehdQ; nra;ayhfhJ.

R+hpad; cjpf;f ,uz;L kzpNeuj;Jf;F Kd;Nd epj;jpiu tpl;nlOe;J iffhy; Kjypad fOtp ,ad;wtiuapw; Rj;jdha;> flTisj; jpahdpj;Jj; Njhj;jpuk;gz;zp> mjd; gpd; ghlq;fisg;gbj;J kddQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. rpWgpuhaj;jpNy fw;fpd;w fy;tp kdrpNy ed;whfg; gjpjy; Nghy> ahtUf;Fk; tpbaw;fhyj;jpNy gbf;Fk; tpj;ij kdrpNy ed;whfg; gjpAk;. Mjyhy;> fy;tpia tpUk;gpf; fw;Fk; khzhf;fh;fs; tpbaw;fhyj;jpNy gbg;gJ cj;jkk;. tpbaw;fhyj;jpNy ghlq;fisg; gbj;J tug; gz;zpf; nfhz;;lgpd;G> tpjpg;gb kyNkhrdhjpfs; nra;J ,ay;ghfpa JtUs;s gw;nfhk;gpdhNy je;jRj;jp nra;J> tha;nfhg;gspj;J Kfj;ijAk; iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; fOtp ];ehdQ; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ];ehdQ; nra;AKd; cLj;j

(ghyghlk;- %d;whk;)

irtf; fy;tpg; ghuk;ghpaj;Jf;F tpj;jpl;lth;

md;idAk; gpjhTkhd ehtyh; ngUkhd;

me;jf; fhyj;jpy; ghlrhiy vd fl;Lf; Nfhg; G fpilahj NghJ ek;kth; fy;tp

MWKf ehtyh; jkpo;g; gps;isfSf;F md;idahAk; gpjhthAk; ,Uf;fpwhh;. jkpo; mwpit tsur; nra;jyhy; mth; ekf;nfy;yhk; md;id: rka mwpit tsur; nra;jyhy; mth; gpjh. md;idAk; gpjhTkhd ehtyh; ngUkhid ehk; kwf;fyhfhJ. ehtyh; rhpj;jpuj;ij ehq;fs; gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ehtyh; ngUkhd; je;j nghpa Guhz trdk; rka gf;jpia tsh;f;Fk; xU gz;lrhiy. me;j gz;lrhiyapy; gpuNtrpg;gjw;F ehtyh; rhpj;jpuk; cgfhukhapUf;Fk;.

Nfs;tpfspy; rpwe;J tpsq;ff; fhuzkhapUe;jJ xU ghuk;ghpak;. mJNt ekJ irtf; fy;tpg; ghuk;ghpakhFk;. mJ nghpath;fisad;wp mlf;fnthLf;fkhf xOfp mthplk; tud;Kiwahf vy;yhtw;iwAk; fw;wwpjyhFk;. <oj;jpYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; irtf; fy;tp kWkyh;r;rpapd; xsptpsf;fhfj; jpfo;e;jth;fSs; ehaf kzpahf tpsq;fpath; ey;Yhh; =y= MWKf ehtyh; mth;fshth;. irtg;Gyth; f.rp.Fyuj;jpdk;. (ed;wp:- rptj;jkpo; Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liufs;-1985)

ïªJ xË

-gz;bjkzp rp.fzgjpg;gps;is

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

$y$ MWKfehty® Ãidîâd áw¥ãjœ ehty® FUóir/ Ãidî âd¤ijbah£o khk‹w¤â‹ M‹Ûf ïjHhd ‘ïªJ xË’ Énrl btËplhf ky®ªJŸsJ. jÄœTW« ešYyf« ngh‰W« irtbkhL jÄœ ts®¤J¥ bgU«gÂah‰¿a ehty® bgUkhD¡F fhÂ¡ifahf ‘ïªJ xË’ áw¥ãjiH rk®¥gz« brŒtâš khk‹w« bgUk»œ¢áail»wJ.

ehtyÇ‹ thœ¡if tuyh‰W¢ RU¡f« $

y$ MWKfehty® á¤âughD tUl« kh®fÊ khj« 5M« ehŸ (18.12.1822) òj‹»Hik ãwªjh®. jªijah® bga® g. fªj¥ãŸis, jhah® bga® átfhÄah®. ït® IªjhtJ taâš ešÿ® R¥ãukÂa cgh¤âahaÇlK« ešÿ® ntyhíj KjÈahÇlK« Mu«g¡ fšÉia¡ f‰wh®. 1834M« M©L MtÂ khj¤âš ahœ. btÞÈa‹ Äõ‹ fšÿÇÆš (ã‹d® k¤âa fšÿÇ vd miH¡f¥g£lJ) M§»y¡ fšÉ f‰f¤ bjhl§»dh®. mnjntisÆš ïUghiy be. nrdhâuha KjÈah®, ešÿ® k. rutzK¤J¥ òyt® M»nahÇl« jÄœ f‰wh®. 1841M« M©oš ahœ. btÞÈa‹ Äõ‹ fšÿÇÆš jÄœ, M§»y MáÇauhf Ãakd« bg‰wh®. ehty® 1847 kh®fÊ khj¤âš t©iz it¤ÔRtu‹ nfhÆš trªj k©lg¤âny rka¢ brh‰bghÊî brŒa Mu«ã¤jh®. mtuJ ntjhfk bkhÊbga®¥ig x¥òÉ¥gj‰fhf ng®átš ghâÇahUl‹ 1848M« M©L KjyhtJ ïªâa¥ ãuahz¤ij nk‰bfh©lh®. mnj M©L MtÂ khj¤âš ahœ. t©zh®g©izÆš irt¥ãufhr É¤âahrhiyia Þjhã¤jh®. 1848 òu£lhâ khj¤âš btÞÈa‹ Äõ‹ fšÿÇÆ‹ MáÇa® gjÉÆÈUªJ Éy»¡ bfh©lh®. 1849M« M©L Mo khj« m¢áaªâu« th§Ftj‰fhf ïu©lhtJ ïªâa¥ ãuahz¤ij nk‰bfh©lh®. mªjntisÆšjh‹ âUthtLJiw MÔd« mtU¡F “ehty®” v‹w g£l¤ij tH§»¡ bfsuÉ¤jJ. 1854M« M©L I¥gá khj¤âš _‹whtJ ïªâa¥ ãuahz¤ij nk‰bfh©lh®. bjhl®ªJ 1858M« M©L MÅ khj¤âš eh‹fhtJ ïªâa¥ ãuahz¤ij nk‰bfh©lh®. m¥nghJ br‹idÆš É¤âahEghyd m¢áaªâurhiyia Þjhã¤jh®. br‹idÆš j§»ÆUªj fhy¤âš, áj«gu¤âš irt¥ãufhr É¤âahrhiyia ÃWîtj‰fhd xU nt©Lnfhis ÉL¤âUªjh®. 1862 g§FÅ khj« ahœ¥ghz« âU«ãa MWKfehty®, mnj M©L itfhá, Mo khj§fËš t©iz irt É¤âah rhiyÆY« gU¤â¤Jiw á¤â Éehaf® nfhÆÈY«, áj«gu¤âš irt É¤âahrhiy ÃWîtj‰fhf irt m‹g®fË‹ cjÉia¥ bg‰W¡ bfhŸS« tifÆš rka¢ brh‰bghÊîfis Ãfœ¤âdh®. irt m‹g®fËlÄUªJ ÃâíjÉfŸ »il¤jd. 1864M« M©L ij khj¤âš IªjhtJ ïªâa¥ ãuahz¤ij nk‰bfh©lh®. mnj M©L I¥gá khj¤âš áj«gu¤âš irt É¤âahrhiyia Þjhã¤jh®. MW tUl fhy¤â‹ ã‹, 1870 khá khj« ahœ¥ghz« âU«ãdh®. 1872M« M©oš ahœ. t©zh®g©izÆš irt M§»y É¤âahrhiyiaí«, nfh¥ghŒ ònyhÈ M»a ïl§fËš irt¥ãufhr É¤âahrhiyiaí« ÃWÉdh®. MWKfehtyÇ‹ rka, r_f fšÉ¥ gÂfŸ áw¥ghf¤ bjhl®ªjd. rka¢ brh‰bghÊîfisí« Ãfœ¤â tªjh®. 1879M« M©L Mo khj¤âš Rªju_®¤â ehadh® FUóirÆ‹ nghJ Ãfœ¤âa ehtyÇ‹ brh‰bghÊnt, ïtuJ ïWâ Ãfœthf mikªâUªjJ. á¿Jfhy Rfpd¤â‹ ã‹d®, ãukhâ tUl« fh®¤âif¤ â§fŸ 21M« ehs‹W (5.12.1879) kf e£r¤âu¤âš ïiwao nr®ªjh®. ï›tUl« MWKfehtyÇ‹ 135MtJ Ãidî âd¤ij irt¥bgUk¡fŸ mDZo¡»wh®fŸ. or«g® 5M« âfâ ïtuJ Ãidî âdK«, or«g® 12M« âfâa‹W FUóir âdKkhF«. ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehtyU« fªjòuhzK« nguháÇa® kh. ntjehj‹ jiyt®, ïªJehfÇf¤Jiw, ahœ gšfiy¡fHf«

ïy§ifÆš g¤bjh‹gjh« ü‰wh©oš irt¥

mt®fis ÄFªj MuhiknahL nf£L¢ rªnjhrkilªJ ghuh£o ïtiu¡ f£o¤ jGÉdh®. jÄœeh£oš k£Lk‹¿ ahœ¥ghz¤âY« ehtyÇ‹ fªjòuhz ãur§f§fŸ jÅ¢áw¥òiladthf És§»d. “fªjòuhz gld«” vD« KiwikÆY« fªjòuhz« ahœ¥ghz¤âš e‹F ts®¤bjL¡f¥g£lJ. fªjòuhzgld« ehtyU¡F K‹nd ahœ¥ghz¤âš bjhl¡f¥g£lnghJ«, ehty® fhy¤ânyna mJ c¢rÃiyÆš És§»aJ. 1872 M« M©oš ešÿ®fªjRthÄ nfhÆÈš fªjòuhz gld« ehty® Ãfœ¤âdh®. ehtyÇ‹ kUfU« mtÇ‹ khztUkh»a É¤JtánuhkÂ bgh‹d«gyãŸis fªjòuhz¥ ghlšfis thá¡f mj‰F ehty® bghUŸ T¿dh®. m‰òjkhd Ãfœî mJthF«. t©iz it¤ÔÞtu‹ Mya¤âY« ehtyU«, bgh‹d«gy¥ãŸisí« fªjòuhd gld« brŒí« fh£á Äfî« cz®î ó®tkhf ïU¡F«. gyU« gy ïl§fËÈUªJ ït®fË‹ òuhzgld¤ij¡ nf£gj‰bf‹nw tUtJ tH¡fkhF«. fªjòuhz gld« ahœ¥ghz¤âš jÅ¤bjhU KiwÆš bastd jiria milªJ, c¢rÃiyÆš És¡fKw¢ brŒjt® ehtynu v‹W g©ojkÂ á. fzgâ¥ãŸis F¿¥ãL»‹wh®. rªÃâ ÉnuhjÄ‹¿ xUt® fªjòuhz¥ ghliy thá¡f k‰bwhUt® ga‹ brhšY»‹w Kiw ahœ¥ghz¥ g©gh£o‰FÇa áw¥ò KiwahF«. fhy¤â‰F« Éõa Fzght¤â‰F« V‰g v¢RUâÆš, v›Éuhf¤âš fªjòuhz¥ ghlšfŸ thá¡f¥gL»‹wnjh, m¢RUâÆš m›Éuhf¤â‰whnd bghUŸ brhšy nt©L« v‹W ehty® vGâa átòuhz gldÉâ br¥ãÃ‰»‹wJ. fªjòuhz gld¤â‹ Kj‹ikí« K¡»a¤JtK« nr®¤JŸsh®. všnyhU« nf£L cŒí« bghU£L¤ âU¡nfhÆšfËny nah¡»a®fis¡ bfh©L òuhz§fis thá¤J¥ bghUŸ brhšYÉ¤jš Äf nkyh»a ò©ÂakhF« v‹gJ ehty® th¡fhF«. irtòuhz§fis¥ go¤jš, nf£lš, áªâ¤jš Kjyhd átò©Âa§fis¢ brŒJtÇ‹ mw«, bghUŸ, ï‹g«, åL M»a eh‰ngWfis milayh« v‹gJ irt rka c©ik. ïJ átPhdá¤âahÇš, “Phdüš jidXjš XJÉ¤jš

g©gh£il nk«ghL bgw¢ brŒj bgUªjifahf ahœ¥ghz¤J ešÿ® $y$ MWKfehty® És§F»‹wh®. “nk‹ikbfhŸ irt Úâ” vD« fªjòuhz kfhth¡»a¤ij ïy§ifÆny, áw¥ghf ahœ¥ghz¤âny ãufhá¡f¢ brŒjt® |PhdNÇa‹ ehtyuht®. v¤Jiz¡ fhyª âU¥ã¤ âU¥ã go¡»D« nf£ãD« v¤Jizíª bjÉ£lhJ â¤â¤jKöW« mâa‰òj mâkJu¤ â›Éa th¡Ffns fªjòuhz¤ âUÉU¤j§fŸ v‹gJ ehtyÇ‹ th¡fhF«. fªjòuhz«, âUKiw tÇirÆš it¤J¥ ngh‰W« jifikaJ. fªjòuhz¤ij ïa‰¿a f¢áa¥g áth¢rhÇah® fhy¤ânyna fªjòuhz« ahœ¥ghz¤â‰F tªJÉ£ljhf ïy¡»a fyhÃâ g©ojkÂ á. fzgâ¥ãŸis F¿¥ãL»‹wh®. f¢á¡fnziraU«, ahœghoí« f¢áa¥g áth¢rhÇahÇ‹ fhy¤jt® v‹gJ mtÇ‹ fU¤jhF«. ehtynu fªjòuhz¤ij Kj‹Kjš 1869 ïš gâ¥ã¤J btËÆ£l bgUik¡FÇat®. fªjòuhz¤ij g£objh£o v§F« gu¥òiu brŒí« neh¡Fl‹ ehtyuhš vGj¤ bjhl§»a üš fªjòuhz trdkhF«. fªj òuhz trd« Kj‹Kjš 1861 M« M©oš br‹id¥ g£lz« thÂ Ãnfj‹ m¢R¡Tl¤âš gâ¥ã¥ã¡f¥g£LŸsJ. ehty® fªj òuhz¤ij¥ ãur§f _yK«, fªjòuhz gld _yK« ts®¤bjL¤j irt¢ rh‹nwhuht®. ïy§ifÆš k£Lk‹¿ jÄœeh£oY« fªjòuhz¢ áªjidfŸ ãur§f _y« fªj òuhz fyhrhu¤ij ehty® gu¥òiu brŒjh®. ehty® áW taâduhf ïU¡F§ fhy¤âš xU Kiw ehfg£od« nghÆUªjh®. m¥nghJ m§»Uªj ãuò âyfuh»a brštehaf¢ br£oah® ïtiu miH¤J, “j«Õ! Ú® ahœ¥ghz¤âny e«Kila át‹ nfhÆÈY« ãwÉl§fËY« Äf my§fhukhf¥ ãur§f§fŸ brŒ»Öbu‹W«, òuhz§fS¡F m®¤jŠ brhšY»Öbu‹W« nfŸÉ¥g£nl‹. ïitfis eh‹ nf£fyhfhjh” v‹wh®. clnd ehty® fªjòuhz¤âYŸs 'fhLnghªjdÅªâu‹, v‹DŠ brŒíis¢ brhšÈ mj‰F m®¤jK«, mijna Õoifahf¡ bfh©L xU ãur§fK« brŒjh®. br£oah® ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

e‰bghUis¡ nf£ã¤jš jh‹nf£lš e‹wh <dÄyh¥ bghUsjid¢ áªâ¤jš IªJ« ïiwtdo milÉ¡F« vÊšPhd óir” vd tUjyhš m¿ayh«. fªjòuhz¤ij g¡â áu¤ijíl‹ go¥gjdhš V‰gL« gaid¡ f¢áa¥g áth¢rhÇah®, “ïªâu uh»¥ gh®nk y‹gK‰¿ÅJ njÉ¢ áªij ÆÅidªjK‰¿¢ átr¡â ajÅ‰ nr®t® mªjÄ yîz® j§f slš bfl KÅªj br›nt‰ fªjntŸ òuhzª j‹id¡ fhjÈ¤njhJnthnu” v‹W bkhÊt®. ï§F “fªjntŸ òuhzªj‹id... XJnth® ïªâuuh»... ï‹gK‰W... átfâajÅ‰ nr®t®” v‹W T¿ajdhš, òuhz§nf£lyh»a mwK« mjdhš bgw¥gL« bghUŸ, ï‹g«, åbl‹gdî« á¤âahF«

v‹gJ bjËî bgW»‹wJ. ïjid e‹F cz®ªjikÆdhy‹nwh ehty® fªjòuhz¤âš bgÇJ« fÇrid fh£odh®. ï‹W fªjòuhz¥ ãur§f§fnsh, fªjòuhz gld Kiwikfnsh Äfî« mU»¡fhz¥gLtJ Äfî« kdntjidia¤ jU»‹wJ. ïy§ifÆš ïªJ rka¥gÂfis K‹bdL¤JtU« m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w« fªjòuhz gld¤ij Û©L« kWky®¢áaila¢ brŒtj‰fhd elto¡iffis vL¥gJ fhy¤â‹ f£lha njitahfîŸsJ. “ahœ¥ghz¡ fyhrhu _y« fªjòuhz«” v‹W ïy¡»a fyhÃâ g©ojkÂ á. fzgâ¥ãŸis T¿íŸs áªjidia bra‰gL¤âdhš všnyhU¡F« e‹ik c©L.

ÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂÂ

ehty® bgUkhÅ‹ bgÇaòuhz trd eil nr¡»Hh® mo¥bgho ïy¡»a fyhÃâ â. e. ïuhk¢rªâu‹

it¤âU¡»nw‹. bjšÈ¥giH J®¡fhnjÉ njtÞjhd¤jh® btËÆ£l ehty® bgUkhÅ‹ bgÇaòuhz trdeil übyh‹¿‹ ãuâia j§f«kh m¥gh¡F£o m«ikah® mt®fŸ vd¡F m‹gË¥ò¢ brŒâUªjh®fŸ. mâny ehty® bgUkhÅ‹ bgÇaòuhz ciueil üš gâbd£L¤ jlit m¢ál¥g£ljhf¡ F¿¥ãl¥g£LŸsJ. v‹Dila fz¡F¥ ãufhu« ïUg¤Jeh‹F Kiw mJ m¢ál¥g£oU¡»wJ. go¤jhš ehty® bgUkh‹ mUËa mªj¥ bgÇaòuhz ciueilia¤ jh‹ eh« go¡f nt©L«. mJ Mjhu ó®tkhdJ. irtá¤jhªj ÉnuhjÄšyhjJ. irt rhÞâu¡ fU¤J¡fisbašyh« j‹df¤nj nj¡» it¤âU¡f¡Toa bgÇa bg£lfkhf És§FtJ. v‹W« Ã‹W ÃyîtJ. mJ jh‹ áwªj üš. mijna Ú§fŸ midtU« Xâ tunt©L« v‹gJ vdJ ãuh®¤jid.

1852M« M©L. m¥nghJ ehty® bgUkhD¡F K¥gJ

taJ. ïªj ïstaâny jh‹ bgÇaòuhz¤ij - ciueil toÉny - vk¡F¤ jªjh®. ï‹wsî« mij ÄŠr¡Toa ciueil üš ãw¡fÉšiy. v¤jidnah m¿P®fŸ bgÇaòuhz¤ij¢ RU¡» ek¡F¤ jªâU¡»wh®fŸ. mt®fŸ v©Â¡if ï‹W« mâfkhf ïU¡»wJ. ïUªj nghâY«, ah® v¥go vGâdhY« rÇ, e«Kila ehty® bgUkh‹ vGâa msÉ‰F vtuJ jÄœ ciueilí« áw¡fÉšiy v‹gij brhšnt‹. m›tsî mUikahf mªj ciueilÆš bgÇa òuhz¤ij vk¡F mik¤J¤ jªjh®. mJjh‹ ï‹D« ngh‰w¥g£L tU»wJ. eh‹ xU bgÇaòuhz¥ãÇa‹. nr¡»Hh® RthÄfË‹ mo¥bgho. v‹Dila bjŒt« nr¡»Hh® bgUkh‹. bgÇaòuhz« g‰¿ btËahd üšfËš gy gofis¢ nr®¤J

(e‹¿ : ïªJ rhjd« - 31.10.2001)

fªjntŸ brŒjt«ngh‰ fhQª jtKkt‹ ikªjdh« ehty‹nghš ikªj®fS« - brªjÄÊš tšyt®f s‹dt‹nghš tªâLt J«Ky»š ïšiyÆšiy ïšiy ïÅ

- KUnfr g©oj®

ešiyef® MWKf ehty® ãwªâynu‰ brhšYjÄœ v§nf RUâ v§nf - všytU« V¤Jòuh zhfk§fŸ v§nf ãur§fbk§nf M¤jd¿ bt§nf miw. ïªJ xË

- á. it. jhnkhju«ãŸis 7

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehtyhpd; ew;gzpfs; - rpy jfty;fs; rptj;jkpo; tpj;jfh; rpt.kfhypq;fk;

ehtyhpd; fy;tpg; gzp

jd;Dila

Kaw;rpapdhy;> MSikapdhy;> nraw;ghl;bdhy; irtj;jkpo; cyfj;jpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wth;jhd; ehtyh;. “tpisAk; gapiu KisapNy njhpAk;” vd;w KJnkhopf;Nfw;g ,th; khztdhf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; fy;tpapy; kpfTk; mf;fiw fhl;b te;jhh;. ,th; ,aw;ifahfNt xU tpNtfp> ghyNkij. jkJ xd;gjhtJ tajpy; je;ijahh; vOjpa ehlf vOj;Jg; gpujpapd; Fiwiag; g+h;j;jp nra;jth;. cstpay;fhuh; $WtJ Nghd;W flTshy; MrPh;tjpf;fg;gl;l Foe;ijahf ,tiu Vw;Wf; nfhs;syhk;. Muk;gj;jpy; ey;Y}hpy; Rg;gpukzpak; vd;gthplk; %Jiu>epfz;L Kjypa fUtp E}y;fisf; fw;whh;. gpd;dh; rutzKj;Jg;Gyth;> ,Ughiy Nrdhjpuh[ Kjypahh; Nghd;Nwhhplk; cah; jkpo;f; fy;tpiag; ngw;whh;. tlnkhopiaj; jdJ nrhe;j Kaw;rpahy; fw;whh;. jdJ gd;dpuz;lhtJ tajpy; 1834Mk; Mz;L Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;fhf aho; kj;jpa fy;Y} hpf;Fr; nrd;whh;. VO tUl fhyk; khztdhfTk; mLj;j VOtUl fhyk; MrphpauhfTk; flikahw;wpdhh;. fPo; tFg;GfSf;F Mq;fpyKk; Nky; tFg;GfSf;F jkpOk; fw;gpj;jhh;. iggpisj; jkpopy; nkhopngah;j;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;. ghh;rpty; ghjphpahUf;F jkpo; fw;gpf;Fk; MrhdhfTk; flikahw;wpdhh;. irtg;ghuk;ghpa tpis epyj;jpNy tpise;j ehtyh; ngUkhd; gjpdhd;F tUlq;fs; fLk; fpwp];jt R+oypNy tho;e;jhh;. fpwp];jtuhf khwhtpl;lhYk; fpwp];jt R+oypy; tho;e;jjhy; ehtyh; ngUkhd; fpwp];jth;fSila gyj;ijAk; gytPdj;ijAk; mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. vkJ kjj;ijAk; gz;ghl;ilAk; kiwar; nra;J fpwp];jt kjj;ijAk; Mq;fpNyahpd; gz;ghl;L ehfhpfj;ijAk; fy;tp vd;w Nghh;itapNy Foe;ijfspd; gpQ;R cs;sj;jpNy jpzpg;gjw;F ghjphpkhUk; mth;fSila ghlrhiyfSk; Kaw;rp nra;jdh;. Mq;fpyf; fy;tp vd;w ,dpg;Gg; gz;lj;ijf; fhl;b kjkhw;wk; nra;Ak; Kaw;rpfs; kiwKfkhf kprdhpfshy; elhj;jg;gl;L te;jd. gyte;jkhf kjkhw;wk; nra;gth;fisg; Nghy ntspapNy fhl;bf; nfhs;shky; [dehafj; jd;ik epiwe;jth;fisg; Nghyj; jk;ikf; fhl;bf;nfhz;L cs;s+u ele;j RNjrpa kjj;Jf;F vjpuhd R+o;r;rpfis vy;yhk; ehtyh; ghh;rpty; ghjphpahUila ghlrhiyapy; mth;fNshL khztdhfTk; MrphpadhfTk; ,Ue;jjpdhy; mwpe;J nfhz;lhh;. ehtyh; 1848 Mk; Mz;L nrg;nuk;gh; khjk; mg;ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpj;J te;j jdJ Mrphpag; gzpiaj; Jwe;jhh;. ïªJ xË

irtg; gps;isfs; irtrkar; R+oypy; fy;tp fw;f Ntz;Lnkd;W tpUk;gpa ehtyh; ngUkhd; 1848Mk; Mz;L Mtzp khjk; 5Mk; jpfjp aho;g;ghzj;jpy; tz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia epWtpdhh;. ,t; tpj;jpahrhiyapy; VO tFg;Gf;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. juj;jpy; kpff; $ba tFg;G Kjyhk; tFg;G vd;Wk; juj;jpy; kpff;Fiwe;j tFg;G Vohk; tFg;G vd;Wk; tFf;fg;gl;ld. lhf;lh; ngy; vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Nky; tFg;G khzth;fs; fPo; tFg;Gfspw;F ghlk; fw;gpf;Fk; rl;lhk;gps;is Kiwia (Monitorial System) ,th; jdJ ghlrhiyapNy eilKiwg;gLj;jpdhh;. 1846 ,y; jdJ tPl;bNy elhj;jpa jpz;izg; gs;spf;$lj;jpy; gbj;j rjhrptg;gps;is> Rthkpehijah;> eluhirah;> tpRtehj Iah;> MWKfg;gps;is> fe;jRthkpg;gps;is> MWKfr;nrl;bahh; Mfpa VO NgiuAk; VO tFg;Gf;fSf;Fk; Ntjdkpd;wpf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrphpah;fshf epakdk; nra;jhh;. ehtyh; NkyjpfhhpahfTk; MrphpauhfTk; flikahw;wp te;jhh;. khzth;fSf;F ,ytrf;fy;tpNa toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1870Mk; Mz;by; mf;fhyf; fy;tp ,af;Fduhf flikahw;wp te;j N[.v];.yhwp vd;ghhpd; rpghh;rpdhy; murhq;f cjtpg;gzk; fpilf;fg; ngw;wJ. 1872Mk; Mz;bNyjhd; ,g;ghlrhiyapy; khztpfSk; Nrh;f;fg;gl;lhh;fs;. 1864Mk; Mz;by; aho;g;ghz kf;fs; cgfhpj;j nghUSld; rpjk;guj;jpYk; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiy epWtpdhh;. ,th; jdJ ghlrhiyapy; nghpaGuhzk;> jpUthjt+uh; Guhzk; Kjypa rka E}y;fisAk; ehybahh;> jpUf;Fws;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> thf;Fz;lhk;> ey;top Kjypa ePjp E} y;fisAk; ghlE}y;fshf;fpdhh;. 1871Mk; Mz;by; tz;zhh;gz;izapy; Nahd; fpy;dh; vd;gth; elhj;jpa nt];ypad; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapy; irtkhzhf;fh; tpg+jpazpe;J nrd;wikf;fhf ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;ldh;. ehtyh; mg;gps;isfspd; ed;ikapidf; fUjp xU irt Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyapid tz;zhh;gz;izapy; 1872,y; epWtpdhh;. Nghjpa gzkpd;ikahYk; gps;isfs; gyh; NruhikahYk; ,t; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy ehd;F Mz;LfNs eilngw;wJ. fpwp];jt kjf; FOf;fshy; elhj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiyfspy; jhd; Mq;fpyf; fy;tp rPuhfg; Nghjpf;fg;gLtNjhL khzth;fsplk; xOf;fk;> xOq;F MfpaitAk; 8

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehtyhpd; rKjhag; gzp (fQ;rpj; njhl;bj; jUkk;)

Ngzg;gLfpd;wd vd;w epidg;G mf;fhyj;jpy; ekJ r%fj;jpy; tho;e;j Nky;jl;L th;f;fj;jpdhplk; epytp te;jJ. vkJ kf;fspd; MjuT Nghjhikahy; ehtyhpd; Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiy nraypoe;jJ. ehtyUila Qhd thhpRfshfj; jpfo;e;j tpj;JtrpNuhkzp r.nghd;dk;gygps;isiaj; jiytuhfTk;> =kj; j. ifyhrgps;is mth;fisj; jdhjpfhhpahfTk; nfhz;L 1888 Mk; Mz;L rpj;jpiu khjk; %d;whk; jpfjp irtghpghyd rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo; nkhopiaAk; irtrkaj;ijAk; NgZtjw;F xU rig ,aq;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w ehtyuJ vz;zj;Jf;F ,th;fs; nray; tbtk; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. tz;iz itj;jP];tud; Nfhapypy; ,Ue;J Fj;J tpsf;Nfw;wp mjd; jPgj;Jld; ehtyh; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyf;F tUif je;J irtghpghyd rigia Muk;gpj;jhh;fs;. irt rkar; R+oypNy irtg;gps;isfs; fy;tp gapy Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUg;gk; nfhz;l gy irtg;nghpahh;fspd; $l;L Kaw;rpapdhy; 1890Mk; Mz;L tp[ajrkp ehspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L njhlh;e;J rpy tUlfhyk; irtghpghyd rigahuhy; ghpghypf;fg; ngw;w ,yq;if tho; ,e;Jf;fspd; cah;fy;tp epiyakhf ,d;Wtiu kpsph;e;J nfhz;bUg;gNj aho; ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hp MFk;. njhlh;e;J ekJ ehl;by; gy ,e;Jf; fy;Y}hpfSk; irt tpj;jpah tpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jhy; ];jhgpf;fg;ngw;w ghlrhiyfSk; cUthFtjw;F tpj;jpl;l ngUik ehtyh; ngUkhidNa rhUk; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ.

ehtyUila cs;sj;jpNy rhd;whd;ik tPuk; ,Ue;jJ Nghy neQ;rpNy <uKk; ,Ue;jJ. kf;fs; gl;bdpahy; thbanghOJ ,tUila cs;sk; Ntjidahy; thbaJ. 1876 Mk; Mz;by; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; kio kpff; Fiwthfg; nga;jikapdhy; gaph; tpisTfs; Vw;gltpy;iy. Nfhjhhp (Colera) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;w nfhba Neha; kf;fis tUj;jpaJ. czTg; nghUs;fspd; tpiy ehk; ,d;W mDgtpf;Fk; epiyNghy vd;Wkpy;yhjthW cah;e;jd. gQ;rKk; nfhyuh vd;w nfhbaNehAk; Vw;gl;ljhy; kf;fs; gyh; ghpjhgkhfg; gypahdhh;fs;. ,e;jj; Jd;gr; R+o;epiyiaf; fz;Lk; fhzhjth;fs; Nghy mf;fhy Ml;rpahsh;fs; thshtpUe;jdh;. kdpjhgpkhdk; gilj;j ehtyh; mf;fhyj;jpw; rpwe;j r%fj; njhz;luhdhh;. ,f;fhyj;jpy; ehtyh; fQ;rpj;njhl;bj; jUkk; elhj;jpdhh;. tz;zhh;gz;izapy; ,e;jf; fQ;rpj; njhl;bj; jUkk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;fQ;rp mhprp Njq;fha; cg;G Kjypad nfhz;L Mf;fg;gl;L gidNahiyapdhy; ,iof;fg;gl;l njhd;idapy; kf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. 1877Mk; Mz;L Mbj;jpq;fs; 3Mk; jpfjp njhlf;fk; ehNlhWk; rpwhk;gpabapw; fQ;rpj;njhl;bj; jUkk; elhj;jg;gl;L te;jJ. fQ;rpj; njhl;bj; jUkj;jpy; ehtyUld; Kd;dpd;W cioj;jth; rp. gpwpw;Nwh Mthh;. ,f; fQ;rpj; njhl;bj; jUkj;ijg; gw;wp mf;fhyg; gj;jphpiffshd cjajhuif> ,yq;ifNerd;> fj;Njhypf;f ghJfhtyd; Mfpad gpurhuk; nra;J cjtpd. ehnshd;Wf;F 8000 kf;fs; ,jdhy; gadile;jhh;fs; vd ,yq;if Nerd; gj;jphpif vOjpAs;sJ.

gjpg;Gg; gzp

fw;gpj;jypy; Vl;Lr; RtbfNs gad;gl;L te;jd. ehtyh; Gj;jf Kiwiaf; ifahs tpUk;gpdhh;. ghyghlq;fs; irt tpdhtpilfs; ,yf;fzr; RUf;fk; Mfpa Gj;jfq;fis ntspapl tpUk;gpdhh;. Mj;jpR+b Kjypa ePjpr; nra;As;fSf;Fk; ciu vOjpdhh;. fpwp];jth; nra;Ak; irt J}\zq;fSf;F clDf;Fld; kWg;G ntspapl Ntz;Lk; vd;W tpUk;gpdhh;. ,tw;iw mr;rpLtjw;F mr;rpae;jpuk; thq;f tpUk;gpa ehtyh; 1849 Mk; Mz;L jkpo;ehl;bw;Fr; nrd;whh;. tz;zhh;gz;izapy; epWtpa jdJ ghlrhiyf;F mUfhikapy; “tpj;jpahDghyd ae;jpurhiy”vd;w mr;Rf;$lj;ij epWtpdhh;. mope;J NghFk; epiyapy; ,Ue;j gy Gj;jfq;fs; mr;R thfdNkwpd. ,tuhy; ntspaplg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fspy; vOj;Jg; gpioNah thf;fpag;gpioNah ,yf;fzg;gpioNah Vw;glhjNjhL mr;Rg;gpioAk; Vw;glhky; ,Ue;jJ kpfr; rpwe;j mk;rkhFk;. jkpo; trd eilapw; FwpaPLfshl;rpAk; re;jp gphpj;jYk; ,th;fshw;whd; Kjd; Kjy; ifahsg; ngw;wd vd;fpwhh; njd; ,e;jpag; NguwpQh;fspy; xUtuhfpa Nr. Nt. [k;Gypq;fk;gps;is mth;fs;. gioa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpf;Fk; Jiwapy; MWKfehtyh; nra;j gzpf;F <L ,iz fpilahJ. murhq;f cjtpapd;wpj; jhkhfNt gioa ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpf;f Muk;gpj;j KjyhtJ mwpQh; MWKfehtyh; mth;fNs vd;fpwhh; gd;nkhopg; Gyth; nj. ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; mth;fs;. ïªJ xË

Nrh;.nghd;. ,uhkehjd; njhpTf;F Kd;dpd;wth;.

1979Mk; Mz;by; ,yq;if mur rl;lrigf;Fhpa gpujpepjpf;fhd Njh;jy; xd;W eilngw;wJ. me;j Njh;jypy; jkpo; kf;fspd; gpujpepjpahfj; njhpT nra;ag;gl tpUe;j gpwpw;Nwhit vjph;j;J 27 taJila Nrh;.nghd; ,uhkehjd; rl;lrigf;Fj; njhpthFtjw;F cjtpahf ,Ue;jhh;. Nrh;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; rl;lrigapy; ehtyiu ,e;Jf;fspd; rPh;jpUj;jtPuh; vd th;zpj;jpUf;fpwhh;. ehtyhpd; fdit edthf;Fk; gzpapy; Nrh;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; rl;lrigapy; irtf; fy;tpapd; tsh;r;rpf;fhf nra;j gzpfs; midtUk; mwpe;jitahFk;. jkpoh; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpd; %iy KLf;Ffnsy;yhk; irtg; ghlrhiyfis epWtpa irttpj;jpah tpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpd; ];jhgfh;fspy; xUtuhfTk; guNk];tuhf; fy;Yhhp (,d;iwa ekJ gy;fiyf;fofk;) ,uhkehjd; fy;Yhhp Mfpatw;iw jdJ nrhe;jg;gzj;jpNy ];jhgpj;j ts;syhfTk;> gy;yt Nrho kd;dh;fs; nra;j gzpf;Fr; rkkhf nfhOk;gpNy nfhl;lhQ;NridapNy nghd;dk;gythNd];tuj;ij ];jhgpj;j irtr; rhd;NwhdhfTk; gy gad; fUjhg; gzpfis Nrh;. nghd; ,uhkehjd; Mw;Wtjw;F mtiu topg;gLj;jpa ngUik ehtyiuNa rhUk;. 9

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehty® bgUkh‹ ntjáthfk¡»Çia be¿fS¡F M‰¿a g§fË¥ò

m¢RntÈ FkhuRthÄ¡FU¡fis mo¥gilahf¡ bfh©l bghJ¥gh®it fyhepjp kN`];tuf; FUf;fs; ghyifyhrehjru;kh rpNu\;ltpupTiuahsu>; rk];fpUjj;Jiw> Rthkp tpGyhde;jh mofpaw;fw;iffs; epWtfk;> fpof;Fg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.

“ehtyg;

me;jz Fyj;jpy; mr;RNtyp e. rghgjpf;FUf;fSf;Fg; Gj;jpudhfg; gpwe;j FUf;fstu;fspd; fy;tp> Nfs;tp tpUj;jpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;jtu;fs; ehtyu; kugpy; te;jtu;fNs. ehtyupdhy; newpg;gLj;jg;gl;l irt ,af;fj;jpy; neUq;fp cioj;j ePu;Ntyp =y= rptrq;fu gz;bju; mtu;fspd; FkhuUk; ehtyuplk; ,ilapilNa ghlq;Nfl;ltUkhfpa rptg;gpufhr gz;bjuplk; FUf;fs; jkpioAk; rk];fpUjj;ijAk; gapd;whu;. mj;Jld; Rd;dhfk; tpj;JtrpNuhkzp =kj; m. FkhuRthkpg; Gytu;fsplj;Jk; Kiwg;gb fw;wNjhL ehtyupd; ngUkfdhfpa =kj;. j. ifyhrgps;is mtu;fsplj;Jk; jkpo;E}y;> rpj;jhe;j E}y; Mfpatw;iwg; ghlq;Nfl;ltu;. rq;fhid m. mUzhry rh];jpupfsplKk; GNyhyp k. Kj;Jf;FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fsplKk; nrd;W rpthfkq;fisf; fw;wtu;. =kj;. j. ifyhrgps;isahy;> tz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;L Rd;dhfk; FkhuRthkpg; Gytuhy; elj;jg;gl;l fhtpa tFg;Gfspy; gapd;wtu;. cLtpy; mk;kd; Nfhtpy; tpj;Jthd; r. gQ;rhl;ru Iau;> jpUNfhzkiy ,. F. G+u;zhde;NjRtuf; FUf;fs; Kjypatu;fs; ,tuJ fhyj;jpy; gapd;w rf khztu;fs;. ehtyupd; kugpNy gapd;w ehtyupd; rkaf; fUj;Jf;fis eilKiwg;gLj;Jfpd;w gzpapy; jdJ rkag; gzpiaj; njhlq;fpdhu;. gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; ehtyu; elj;jpa ,af;fj;jpd; capu;ehb Ntjkhf topte;J irt czu;thf ,Ue;jJ. irt rkaj;ijAk; mjd; tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fUtpahfpa fy;tpiaAk; tsu;j;jy; Ntz;Lk; vd;gNj mtuJ Nehf;fq;fshf mike;jd. irtg; gzpNa mtuJ capu;%r;rhf ,Ue;jJ. ehtyupd; ,af;fk; ,U Kf;fpa Kidfisf; nfhz;bUe;jJ. gurkaj;jtu;fshy; irtf; Nfhl;ghLfSf;Fk; topghl;L KiwfSf;Fk; vjpuhfg; gug;gg;gl;l J}\zq;fisf; fz;bj;J> irt rka Mjhuq;fis Ntjrpthfkq;fs; Mfpa KjD}y;fspypUe;Jk;> jpUKiwfs;> fe;jGuhzk; Mfpa top E}y;fspypUe;Jk; gpukhzq;fSld; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ xd;W. ehtyupd; irtJ}\z gupfhuk; (1854) ,jw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L. kw;iwaJ irtu;fshf thOfpd;wtu; kj;jpapNy rkak; njhlu;ghf epytpa mwpahikiaAk; xOf;ff; FiwghLfisAk; fistjhFk;. FUf;fstu;fsJ irtg; gzp ,uz;lhtJ mk;rj;ijNa mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpsq;fpanjd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

ngUe;jifahu; rkaj;jpd; nghUl;Lj; jkJ capiuAk; tplr;rpj;jkhapUe;jdu;. mtu;fisg; Nghy; ,dp xU Gz;zpa GU\d; gpwg;gjpy;iy. ,jdhNy ehtyu; mtu;fis Ie;jhq;Futu; vd;Wk; irtg;gpurhufu; vd;Wk; irt cyfk; Nghw;Wfpd;wJ. ,g;ngupahu; Nghy; mfj;J}a;ikNahL fUkq;fisr; nra;J epiwNtw;WtJ kw;iwNahUf;F mupanjdpDk;> mtu; fhl;ba nfhs;iffisf; filg;gpbj;njhOfr; irtu;fs; xt;nthUtUk; flikg; gl;Ls;shu;fs;.” gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;by; =y= MWKfehtyutu;fs; irtrka tsu;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gzpfis kjpg;gpLk; tifapy; mike;j ,f;$w;W> ehtyu; kiwe;J vOgJ Mz;LfSf;Fg; gpd;du; (1949) ntspte;j xU gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupaj; jiyaq;fj;jpd; gFjpahFk;. ,g; gj;jpupifapd; ngau; MWKfehtyu;. gj;jpupifia ntspapl;ltu;fs; aho;g;ghzk; Ntjhfk irt rpj;jhe;j rigapdu;. gj;jpupifapd; Mrpupau; mr;RNtyp rpthfkQhdghE rpt= r. FkhuRthkpFUf;fs;. (1886-1971). Ntj rpthfkq;fspd; mbg;gilapyhd irtj;ij epiy epWj;Jtjw;Fj; jdJ tho;ehspd; Kg;gj;jpuz;L tUlq;fis mu;g;gzpj;j MWKfehtyu; jdp kdpjdhfg; Gupe;j gzpfis mtu; kiwe;j gpd; njhlu;e;J elj;Jk; Nehf;fpidf; nfhz;L> ,yq;ifapy; cUthd gy;NtW epWtdq;fspy; xd;W Ntjhfk irtrpj;jhe;j rig. ,r;rigapd; jiyikg; nghWg;ig tfpj;jtu; rpt= FUf;fs; mtu;fNsahthu;. ehtyupd; gue;Jgl;l MSikapdhy; <u;f;fg;gl;l gyu; mtu; fhl;ba topepd;W mtuJ kuG tOthj rkaf; nfhs;iffisAk; gzpfisAk; NgZk; jiyaha flikapNy jk;ik <LgLj;jpf; nfhz;ldu;. ,jd; fhuzkhf ehtyiu Mju;\khff; nfhz;L xU Qhdguk;giuNa cUthfpaij mtjhdpf;fyhk;. ,e;j Qhdguk;giuapdu; Nkw;nfhz;l gzpfs; ahTk; ehtyu; gzpapd; tsu;r;rpAk; njhlu;r;rpAkhf mike;jd vd;gJ kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. ,t;tifapy; ,e;E}w;whz;bNy ehtyupd; ,yl;rpaq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpa xUtuhfj; jpfo;gtu; rpt= FUf;fshthu;. ehtyu; kiwe;J (1879) VO Mz;Lfspd; gpd;dNu FUf;fstu;fs; gpwe;jpUf;fpwhu;. 1886,y; Mjpirt ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

rptGz;zpar; nrayhFk;" vd;w cWjp nfhz;l FUf;fstu;fSf;F jpUf;NfjPr;ruj; jpUg;gzpr;rig> mg;Nghija ,e;J khkd;wk; Nghd;wtw;wpd; ey;yhjuTk; fpl;baJ. ,e;epWtdq;fspd; Kaw;rpapdhy; rpthde;j FUFyk; vd;w ngauhy; ,g;gapw;rp epiyak; cUthfpaJ> rpt= FUf;fstu;fNs gpujk FUthfTk;> mjpguhfTk; tpsq;fpdhu;. FUFyk; jw;nghOJ aho;g;ghzj;jpNy ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; MjuTld; rpthde;j FUFy gupghyd rigahy; elj;jg;gl;L tUtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. FUf;fstu;fs; jk;Kila ,y;yj;jpy; gpuhkzg; gps;isfSf;Fk; irtg; gps;isfSf;Fk; jkpopYk;> rk];fpUjj;jpYk; Njitahd E}y;fisAk; gbg;gpj;jtu;. aho;g;ghzj;jpy; gy ,lq;fspy; gpuhkzg; gps;isfSf;Fk;> irtg; gps;isfSf;Fk; eyd; fUjp elj;jg;gl;l tFg;Gf;fspy; rpthfkq;fs;> gj;jjp Kjypatw;iwg; Nghjpj;J> rkaE}y;fisAk; gbj;jhu;. ehtyiug; gpd;gw;wpf; FUf;fstu;fSk; E}y;fis vOjpAk;> Mfkq;fspypUe;J njhFj;Jk;> nkhopngau;j;Jk;> E}y;fisg; gjpg;gpj;Jk;> E}y;fSf;F ciu vOjpAk;> mUe; njhz;lhw;wpdhu;. jpUf;Nfhapy; fpupia nra;Ak; FUkhUf;Fg; gad;glf;$ba gpujp\;lh E}y;fisg; ngUkstpy; Mfkq;fspypUe;J njhFj;J ntspapl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fjhFk;. jkpogpkhdk;> irtg;gw;W> Mo;e;j rka Qhdk; Mfpa mk;rq;fs; ,tuJ E}y;fspy; kpspu;fpd;wd. ehtyu; kugpy; te;j FUf;fs; ngw;w jkpo;> rk];fpUj nkhopfspd; Gyikf;F ,e; E}y;fs; rhd;whFk;. jpUf;Nfhapy; fpupiafspy; <LgLk; FUkhu; Ntjhfk mwptpy; Nkk;gl;ltu;fshf tpsq;fNtz;Lnkd ehtyu; nfhz;l ,yl;rpaj;jpid epiwT nra;a Kide;jJ Nghy; mtuJ irtf;fpupia> gpujpl;il gw;wpa E}y;fs; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. aho;g;ghzj;jpNy Ntjhkfq;fspd; kuGf;nfjpuhf vjpu;g;nghd;W cUthfpaNghJ fuztha; irt Muha;r;rp rq;fj;jpdupd; MjuTld; FUf;fs; vOjpa E}y; Ntjhfk ep&gzk; MFk;. 1950(I) 1951(II). mtuJ epjhdj;ijAk; rka mDgt Kjpu;r;rpiaAk; ,e;E}y; ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. irtk; jkpo;r; rkak; vd;W $wp Ntjhfkq;fspd; njhd;ikia vjpu;g;gtu;fis cupa Mjhuq;fSld; kWj;J Ntjrpthfkq;fNs Rj;jhjJtpj itjpf irtrpj;jhe;j KjD}y;fs; vd FUf;fs; Ez;zpa Muha;r;rpj; jpwDld; vOjpaitjhd; ,t;tpU E}y;fs;. ,e;E}ypy; ehtyu; eilapd; rhaiyf; fhzyhk;. ehtyupd; gzpapy; FUf;fs; nfhz;bUe;j ek;gpf;ifAk; kjpg;Gk; ,e;E}ypy; ntspg;gLfpwJ. MWKfehtyu; gioa itjpf irtj;ijg; GdUj;jhuzk; nra;a te;j ngupahu;. rka Futu;> re;jhd Futu; Kjypa mUl;nry;tu;fs; fhl;ba newpapNy epd;W ekJ rw;rkakhfpa itjpf irtj;ijg; gupghydQ; nra;jhu;. mJtd;wpg; GjpanjhU newpia epWtpdhuy;yu;. ,e;E}ypy; FUf;fs; jhd; cUthfp te;j guk;giuiag;

xU rkaj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wgtu;fsplk; fhzg;glf;$ba mwpahik> xOf;ff;NfL vd;gtw;wpw;F mr;rkaj;ij top elj;Jk; FUkhUk; xU tifapw; fhuzkhtu;. ,jid ehtyu; ed;F czu;e;jpUe;jhu;. Ntjrpthfk newpg;gb xOfj;jtwpa gpuhkzu;fisf; fz;bj;jhu;. ,f;fhyj;jhu; jq;fs; jq;fs; fUj;Jf;fpira ele;j gpuhkzu;fs; vj;Jizg; ghjfu;fshapDk; mtu;fisNa Nkd;kf;fs; vd;W gpujpl;il G+ir jpUtpoh Kjypad nra;a epNahfpf;fpd;whu;fs;. ,t;thW fz;bj;j ehtyu;> irthfk czu;r;rpAk; ey;nyhOf;fKk; rptgf;jpAk; cs;s gpuhkzu;fNs Myaf; fpupia nra;aj; jFjpahdtnudf; fUjpdu;. ,jidg; gpd;tUk; $w;why; czuyhk;. “ekJ irtrkapfs; xw;WikAilatu;fsha;j; jpuz;L> Njthyaq;fnsq;Fk; irthfkq;fspy; tpjpj;j ,yf;fzq;fsike;j gpuhkzu;fisf; nfhz;Nl gpujpl;il> G+ir> jpUtpoh Kjypatw;iw tpjptOthJ ,aw;Wtpj;jYk;........”,t;tifapy; ehtyu; vjpu;ghu;j;j Xu; me;jzg; ngUkfdpd; ,lj;ijj; jkJ rpe;jid> nrhy;> nray; Mfpatw;why; rpt= FUf;fs; epiwT nra;a Kide;jhu;. ehtyutu;fs; rpthfkk; tpjpf;Fk; rptjPi\ gw;wpAk; cWjpahd nfhs;ifAilatuhf ,Ue;jhu;. irtj; jpUf; Nfhapy;fspy; rptjPi\ ngw;wtu;fNs FUkhuhff; flikGupaj; jFjpAilatnud;gJ ehtyupd; cWjpahd fUj;J. ey;Y}u;f; fe;jRthkp Nfhapiyg; gw;wp (1:10-11) ehtyu; gpu];jhgpf;Fk; nghOJ ,t;tp\aj;jpy; mtuJ jPtpukhd nfhs;ifia czuyhk;. ehtyutu;fs; jkJ fhyj;jpy; rkaf; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij czu;e;jpUe;jhu;. mt;ntz;zj;ijr; nraw;gLj;Jk; tifapy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspy; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyfisj; jhgpj;jhu;. tz;zhu;gz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiy> kw;Wk; Nfhg;gha;> GNyhyp Mfpa ,lq;fspYk; tpj;jpahrhiyfis epWtpdhu;. mtuJ topte;j FUf;fs; mtu;fSk; 1918 Mk; Mz;L mr;RNtypapy; tpehafuhya Nkw;F tPjpapy; jkJ nrhe;j epyj;jpy; 'ru];tjp tpj;jpahrhiy" vd;w ngaupy; ghlrhiyia jhgpj;Jk; kw;Wk; kUjd;NfzpapYk; Nrhud;gw;wpYk; irtg; ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpj;Jk; itj;jhu;. irtrkaj;ijr; irtrkapfs; Kiwahf mwptjw;Fg; gpurq;fk; Jiz nra;Ak; vd czu;e;J ,jidNa jk; gzpahff; nfhz;ltu;. ,jid> FUf;fstu;fs; jkJ ghlrhiyapy; nraw;gLj;jpatu;. <oj;Jr; rkag; ngupahu;fSk; ,g; ghlrhiyapy; epfo;e;j khjg;gpurq;fspYk; fye;Jnfhz;ldu;. ehtyutu;fs; rpjk;guj;jpy; xU FUFyk; jhgpg;gjw;Fj; jpl;lk; tFj;J kf;fsplk; nghUs; Nfhupdu;. Nghjpa gzk; Nruhikahy; mtu;fSila Kaw;rp rpjk;guj;jpy; tpj;jpahrhiy epWTtNjhL epd;Wtpl;lJ. FUf;fstu;fs; ehtyupd; ,f;fditg; gytopfspy; edthf;f Kad;whu;. ehtyu; Nghw;wpa jpUf;NfjPr;ru ];jyj;jpy; cUthfpa Ntjhfkg;gapw;rp epiyaj;jpw;Ff; FUf;fs; KOkdJld; cioj;jhu;. 'mu;r;rfu; gapw;rpf; fy;Y}up mikj;J mu;r;rfu;fisr; rpwe;j FUkhuhf tur;nra;tJ kpfNkyhfpa ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

gw;wpf; $Wk; fUj;Jk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehtyUk; (rq;fu) gz;bjUk; jpUj;jp itj;j guk;giuNa ek; ehl;by; ,d;Wk; irtj;ijg; gue;J tUfpwJ. aho;g;ghzk; Ntjhfk irt rpj;jhe;j rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J FUf;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l gzpjhd; mtu; fhyj;jpd; cr;rf;fl;lk; vdyhk;. ehtyu; kuG te;j irtg;gzp vd ,jidf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ehtyupd; nfhs;iffisr; irt cyFf;F gpufldg;gLj;Jk; gzpahf ,f;fhyk; mike;jJ. fl;Liuapd; njhlf;fj;jpy; Nkw;Nfhshfj; jug;gl;lJ rigapd; ntspaPlhfpa MWKfehtyu; gj;jpupifapy; (1949) ,lk; ngw;w FUf;fspd; Mrpupaj; jiyaq;ff; $w;wpd; gFjpahFk;. ,f;$w;W ehtyiug; gw;wpa FUf;fsJ kjpg;GiuahfTk; gj;jpupifapd; Nehf;fkhfTk; mike;J tpsq;FtJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ehtyu; jkJ fhyj;jpy; cjaghD vd;w gj;jpupif elj;j tpUk;gpdnudTk; mt;tpUg;gk; mtuJ khztuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;Lg; gpd; ,e;JrhjdkhfTk; kyu;e;jjhfTk; mwpa Kbfpd;wJ. ,t;tifapy; ehtyupd; topte;j FUf;fSk; ehtyu; gad;gLj;j tpUk;gpa nghJrd rhjdj;ij mtuJ nfhs;ifsisg; gug;gk; jskhf fUjpr; nraw;gl;lhu;. ehtyu; guk;giuapy; gapd;W mtuJ irtf; nfhs;iffspy; Cwpa FUf;fSf;F ehtyupd; rpe;jidfis kf;fs; kj;jpapy; nfhz;L nry;y ,r;rhjdk; ed;F Jiz Gupe;jJ vdpy; kpifapy;iy. 'Vjkpy;rPu; MWKf ehtyutu;fs; ,r; rQ;rpif &gkhfg; Gdu; n[d;kk; vLj;J tUfpwhu;’’ vd;Nw ,g;gj;jpupif kf;fSf;F mwpKfQ; nra;J itf;fg;gl;lik ,q;F ftdpf;fj;jf;fnjhd;whFk;. ehtyupd; jpUTUtg; glj;ij xt;nthU ,jOk; jhq;fp ntspte;jik NkYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. <oj;jpYs;s jpUf;Nfhapy;fspy; eilngw;w cw;rt itgtq;fspy; ngUksT fye;J rpwg;gpj;Js;sNjhL ke;jpuk;> fpupia> ghtid %d;Wk; tOthJ gpujpl;il cw;rthjp fpupiafs; nra;tjpy; gpurpj;jpngw;wtu; FUf;fstu;fs;. Mya mikg;gpd; rfy JiwfspYk; FUf;fs; Nghjpa mDgtk; ngw;W tpsq;fpatu;. ehtyu; irtg;gzpfis jpUf;Nfhapiyf; Nfe;jpukhff; nfhz;Nl epiwNtw;wpdhu;. mNj Nghd;W FUf;fs; mtu;fSk; jpUf;NfhtpNyhL njhlu;Gs;s vy;yh EZf;fq;fisAk; mwpe;J rKjhaj;jpw;F ngUe;Jiz Gupe;jhu;. jpUf;NfjPr;ru jpUg;gzpr; rigf;F Ntjhfk tOtpd;wp Myag; GdUj;jhuzk; eilngw;w Ntisapy; ey;y MNyhridfis toq;fpaijAk; epidT $u;jy; mtrpakhFk;. jkpofj;jpy; jpUthtLJiw MjPdk; ehtyu; gl;lk; #l;b ehtyu; ngUkhidf; nfsutpj;J ,yq;ifr; irtg; ngupahUf;Fg; ngUik ghuhl;baJ> mNj Nghd;W FUf;fstu;fspd; rpthfk mwptpd;gb Moj;ijAk; GyikiaAk; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; kJiu jpUQhd ïªJ xË

rk;ge;j MjPdk; mtUf;F ''rpthfk Qhd ghD’’ vd;w gl;lj;ijr; #l;bf; nfsutpj;jik (1966) MWKf ehtyu; guk;giuf;Ff; fpilj;j nfsutnkdyhk;. ehtyupd; topepd;W irtj;njhz;L Gupe;j FUf;fspd; Nritiar; irt cyfk; kwf;ftpy;iy. ehtyupd; itjpf irtnewpiag; NgzpaNjhL khj;jpukpd;wp mjd; top irtk; fhj;j ngUikiag; ghuhl;Lk; tifapy; xU tpoh (1960) FUf;fstu;fSf;F elj;jg;gl;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,e;epfo;r;rpapypUe;J irt cyfk; FUf;fs; mtu;fis vt;thW cau;e;j epiyapy; itj;J kjpf;fpd;wJ vd;gJ Gyg;gLfpd;wJ. mg;nghOJ aho;g;ghz mur mjpguhf tpsq;fpa jpU. k. =fhe;jh mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; FUf;fs; ghuhl;L tpohr;rig mikf;fg;gl;L nraw;gl;lJ. aho;g;ghzk; itj;jP];tu tpj;jpahya mjpguhftpUe;j jpU. r. mk;gpifghfd; jiyikapy; kyu; ntspaPl;Lr; rig mikf;fg;gl;L FUf;fs; ghuhl;L tpoh kyu; xd;W ntspaplg;gl;lJ. FUf;fspd; Nritiar; irt cyF czUk; gy mwpQu;fs; FUf;fspd; irtj; njhz;il kjpg;gPL nra;Js;sik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. jpU. r. mk;gpifghfd; gjpg;Giuapy;> “FUf;fs; mtu;fs; <oehl;bYk; jkpo; ehl;bYk; irtj;ijAk; jkpioAk; tsu;j;j Qhdg;gpufhr Kdptu;> =y= MWKf ehtyu;> fhrpthrp nre;jpehijau;> ,yf;fzk; Kj;Jf;Fkhuj; jk;gpuhd; Nghy; Ntjhfkq;fs;> irt rpj;jhe;j rh];jpuq;fs;> jpUKiwfs; Kjypatw;iwj; JiwNghff; fw;wtu;fs;. ,jdhNyNa FUf;fs; mtu;fs; irt rpj;jhe;j cz;ikfis kuG gpwohJ vLj;Jiuf;f KbfpwJ” vdf; $WtJ kdq; nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. jpUf;NfjPr;ru Fk;ghgpN\fk; 1976 ,y; epfo;e;j NghJ ntspaplg;gl;l jpUf;Fl jpUkQ;rd kyupy; FUf;fisg; gw;wpa fl;Liuapy; ,lk;ngw;w kjpg;gPL FUf;fspd; irtj;njhz;bd; ngUikia tpsf;Fk;. rpthr;rhupahu; jpyfkha;j; jpfo;e;J irt rka tsu;r;rpf;F Ntz;ba topKiwfis Muha;e;J =y= MWKfehtyu; mtu;fSf;Fg; gpd;du;> ,t;tpUgjhk; E} w;whz;bw; njhz;lhw;wpatu; mr;RNtyp 'rpthfkQhdghD rpt= r. FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fstu;fshtu;. irtrkak; gw;wp vOe;j E}y;fis mopahJ ghJfhf;fTk; Nghw;wTk; FUf;fstu;fs; Mw;wpa gzpfs; msg;gupad. jpUf;NfjPr;ru jpUg;gzpj; jiytuhfg; gzpGupe;j rptkzp Nru; fe;ijah itj;jpaehjd; FUf;fsplk; cau;e;j kjpg;Gf; nfhz;ltu;. FUf;fNshL jpUg;gzp tplaq;fspy; neUq;fpa njhlu;G nfhz;ltu;. FUf;fisg; gw;wp mtUila fUj;J kdq;nfhs;sj;jf;fJ. “Ntjhfkk;>gd;dpU jpUKiw> nka;fz;l rh];jpuk; Kjyhk; irtrpj;jhe;j E}y;fSf;F tpsf;fKk; mUs; ciuAk; gfu;tjpy; =y= MWKfehtyu; gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; ngUik je;j ngUkhd; Mthu;. mq;qdNk ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;LfSf;Fg; ngUik mspj;J tUgtu; rpt= r. FkhuRthkpf; FUf;fs; mtu;fNs” vdf; $WtJ kpifahfhJ. 12

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ehty® bgUkhÅ‹ rka e‰gÂfŸ fyhg+\zk; jpUkjp ,uhN[];thp n[fhde;jFU

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ehtyhpd; tho;tpaYhlhf Vw;gl;l rka> r%f> fy;tp khw;wq;fs;. f. Fkhurhkp kz;^h;.

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jd;khd czh;NthL Nghuhb ntw;wp fz;lth;

mwpT> Mw;wy; gilj;j jiyth;fs; gyh; vk;kpdj;jpy; Njhd;wpAs;sdh;. Mdhy;> mth;fSs; xUrpyh;jhd; jk; mwpthw;wiy> jhk; ngw;w mEgtj;ij jkJ gpwe;j ehl;Lf;Fk;> jkJ ,dj;jpw;Fk;> jhk; NgRk; nkhopapd; tsj;jpw;Fk; gad;gLj;jpAs;sdh;. ,j;jifa Fwpg;gplj;jf;f xUrpyUs; =y= MWKfehtyUk; xUtuhthh;. Nky;ehl;L ehfhpfj;Jf;Fk; tho;f;if Kiwf;Fk; mbikahfp> jkpopdk; jd;dpiy jtwpj; jj;jspj;j Ntisapy; mth;fSf;F xU topfhl;bahf – fyq;fiu tpsf;fkhf tpsq;fpath; ehtyh; mth;fs;. <ok; tho; jkpopdj;jpd; kpf neUf;fbahd fhyj;jpy; ehtyh; Njhd;wp gzpGhpe;jpuhjpUg;gpd; jkpoUila tuyhNw NtWtpjkhf mike;jpUf;Fk;. ehtyhpd; rkag;gzp Kf;fpaj;JtKilajhapDk;> mth; jkpOf;Fk; jkpo;g; gps;isfspd; fy;tpf;Fk; jdpkdpjdhf epd;W Mw;wpa gzp vd;Wk; ed;wpAzh;Tld; Nghw;Wjw;FhpaJ. ehtPW gilj;j ehtyh; jkpo; ciueilapd; tsh;r;rpf;F Mw;wpa gzp mstplw;fhpaJ. vz;zj;jpy; Vw;wk; nfhz;L> vOj;jpy; vOr;rp $l;b> Ngr;rpy; nty;Yk; nrhy; ifahz;L jkpo; kf;fis topg;gLj;jp newpg;gLj;jpa ngUik ehtyiu rhh;e;jjhFk;. jhk; nfhz;l nfhs;iff;fhf> Fwpf;NfhSf;fhf jd;khd czh;NthL ,WjptiuAk; Nghuhb ntw;wp fz;lth; ehtyh;. - rh.N[.Nt. nry;tehafk; (Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdh;) (ehtyh; khehL tpoh kyh;-1969)

jÄœ k¡fË‹ e‹ikÆ‹ bghU£L¤ j« clš bghUŸ MÉ _‹iwí« m®¥gz« brŒj bgÇah® ehty®. ïªJ xË

- vÞ. itahòÇ¥ãŸis #a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

<oj;J ehtyUk; ,e;jpa MjPdq;fSk; nry;tp ikjpyp ghyrpq;fk;> Mrphpah;> mk;kd; mwnewpg; ghlrhiy> te;jhW%iy

gj;njhd;gjhk;

mq;NfapUf;Fk; nghOJ fy;tpawpnthOf;fq;fspw; rpwe;j gz;lhu re;epjpfSk; jkpo; tpj;Jthd;fSk; ,jw;F Kd;dNu mtUila fy;tpj;jpwik Kjypatw;iw Nfs;tpg;gl;bUe;jhu;fshjyhy; mtuplj;jpNy ,yf;fz tpyf;fpaq;fspYk; irtrpj;jhe;j rh];jpuq;fspYk; gythl; Nrgq;fisAk; tpdTthuhfpdu;. mt;thl;Nrgq;fSf;F mtu; nrhy;ypa tpilfs; gy E}ypd; rhukhAk; mwpT mDgtq;fSf;F cgNahfkhdjhfTk; ,Ue;jd. xU ehs; gz;lhure;epjpfs; irtgpurq;fQ; nra;Ak;gb mtiu Nfl;lhu;fs;. mg;nghOJ mtu; nra;j gpurq;fQ; rpthfkq;fspNy gpujpgypf;fg;gLk; gjp gR ghrq;fis czu;j;JtjhAk;> RUq;fr; nrhy;yy; Kjypa jpt;tpa ,yf;fzQ; nrwpe;j nre;jkpo; trdkhAk; ,yf;fz mikjpf;F xU rpwpJk; khWghby;yhjjhAk;> jUf;f rk;gpujhak; epiwe;jjhAk; gpwnuhUtuhy; nra;jw;fupajhfTk; flTl; gf;jpAilahiu kl;Lkd;wp vy;NyhiuAk; kdKUfp fz;zPu; nrhupa gz;ZtjhAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. “NjUe;NjhW kpjhe; jkpo;’’ vd;wgb Nfl;f Nfl;f njtpl;lhjjhAk; ,Ue;jgbahy; jpUf;ifyhr guk;giu jpUthtLJiwahjPdj;J cga re;epjhdq;fSk; kw;iw tpj;Jthd;fSk; mtUila thf;F Mr;rupaKk; re;NjhrKq; nfhz;L mtUf;Fupa ,aw;ngaupw;F gpd; ‘’ehtyu;’’ vd;Dk; jpt;a rpwg;G ehkj;ij R+l;bdhu;fs;. mg; ngupNahu; $wpagbNa VidNahUk; mf;fhuz rpwg;G ngaiu mtUila ,aw;ngaupd; gpd; itj;J MWKf ehtyu; vd miog;ghuhapdu;. gpd; mq;F epd;Wk; Gwg;gl;L nrd;idia Nru;e;jhu;.

E}w;whz;bNy> jpUf;NfjPr;ruk;;> jpUf;NfhNzr;ruk; vDk; mUshsh;fshy; ghly; ngw;w jyq;fspuz;bidAk; ,uz;L fz;fshf nfhz;like;j ,yq;fhGupapNy “MWKfg;gps;is’’ vDk; ,sikg;ngaUld; mtjhuk; nra;jtu; MWKfehtyh; ngUkhd; Mthh;. ,th; Ik;gj;NjO Mz;Lfs;(18221879). ,t; cyfpy; tho;e;J irtj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; mUk;gzp Mw;wpapUe;jhh;. jdJ rpWguhak; KjNy mehjpkyKj;jgjpahfpa rptngUkhd; gpwg;gpy;yhj flTs; vd;Wk;> ghw;flYl; gpwe;j kPd;fs; mg;ghypid cz;zhJ NtWgytw;iw cz;zy; Nghy irtrkapfs; nka;E} yhfpa jq;fs; irt E}y;fisf; fy;yhJ fw;gdh rka E} y;fisf; fw;W jq;fs; tho;ehis tPzhf fopf;fpd;wdu; vd;gjhy; mtu;fSf;F nka;awpT+l;ly; Ntz;Lk; vd;w nfhs;ifia nfhz;bUe;jhu;. rKjhaj;jpw;F ,d;wpaikahjjhf Ntz;lg;gLtJ vit vd;gij Muha;e;J mtw;iw nraw;gLj;j jk; tho;f;ifia jpahfk; nra;jik mtUila jdpj;Jtj;jpw;F mbg;gilahdjhFk;. irtj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; ghupa njhz;lhw;wpAs;s MWKf ehtyuth;fs; MjPdq;fNshL ,ize;J nraw;gl;lthw;iw Nehf;Fkplj;J> aho;g;ghzj;jpNy tpj;jpahrhiyia epWtp mq;F fy;tp fw;Fk; khzhf;fh;fSf;F fy;tp E}Yzu;r;rpAk;> fUtp E}Yzu;r;rpAk; Cl;lj;jf;f E}y;fs; ,q;F ,y;yhky; ,Ue;jikahYk; ,q;fpUe;j E}y;fs; vOj;Jg;gpio> nrhw;gpio> trdg;gpio nfhz;L fhzg;gl;likahYk; mtw;iw GJg;gpf;f Ntz;ba Njit fhzg;gl;lJ. mr;rpYk; Vl;Lg;gpujpfspYk; cs;stw;iw jhk; gupNrhjpj;jYk; Gjpjhf rpy E}y;fis nra;jYkhfpa ,uz;bdhYk; khzhf;fUf;F gad; ngupJk; fpilf;fg; ngwyhk; vd vz;zp Xu; mr;rpae;jpuj;ij nfhz;L tUk; nghUl;L nrd;idg;gl;lzk; Nghf Kad;W tpj;jpahrhiyia jk; khzhf;fu; rpyuplk; xg;gilj;J tpl;L jk;kplk; vg;NghJ fy;tp fw;f te;jhNuh mf;fhyk; njhl;L jd;idtpl;L ePq;fhj ey;Y}u; rjhrptk; gps;isiaAk; $l;bf; nfhz;L nrskpa tUlk; (1849) Mbkhjk; nrd;idf;F Gwg;gl;lhu;. mq;F Ntjhuzpak; Ngha; mq;F epd;Wk; kA+u khu;f;fkha;r; nrd;W> jpU%yu; jpUke;jpuk; vDk; jkpo; E}iy mUspr; nra;j jykhfpa jpUthtLJiw klj;ij mile;jhu;. ïªJ xË

jUkGu MjPdk; ,q;F rpy fhyk; jq;Fk;gb gz;lhu re;epjpahw; Nfl;fg;gl;lhu;. mq;fpUf;Fk; NghJ irtg;gpurq;fk; nra;tjpNyNa jk; Neuj;ij Nghf;fpdhh; gpd;du; mt;tplj;ij tpl;lfd;W rPu;fhop rpjk;guk; Kjypa jyq;fis tzq;fpf; nfhz;L nrd;idg;gl;lzk; Gwg;gl;lhu;. mq;Nf jpUthrfk;> jpUf;Nfhitahu; vDkpuz;ilAk; gupNrhjpj;Jk; mtUila khzhf;fuhfpa rjhrptk;gps;is ngauhNy rpj;jhu;j;jp (1859) itfhrp khjk; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mt;tUlj;jpNy NtW mNef Gj;jfq;fisAk; mr;rpl;L ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;. mg;NghJ mtUf;F taJ Kg;gj;Njohapw;W. fy;tp nry;tk; 19

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

vDkpuz;bYk; Nkk;gl;ltUk; tpj;Jthd;fSf;F mtutu; jpwikf;Nfw;g rk;khdk; nra;gtUk; jk;kplj;Nj tUgtu;fSf;F ms;spf; nfhLf;Fk; ,uhkGuj;J n[kpe;jhupd; khNerUkhapUe;j “nghd;Dr;rhkpj; Njtu;” ehtyUila ngUikiaAk; mtu; gjpg;gpj;j Gj;jfq;fisAk; mwpe;J jpUf;Nfhitahu;> er;rpdhu;f; fpdpahiuAk;> jpUf;Fws; gupNkyofu; ciuiaAk; jUf;f rq;fpufk; md;dk; gl;baj;ijAk; gupNrhjpj;J mr;rpLk;gbAk; mjw;F nryT jhNk jUNthk; vd;Wk; Ntz;bdhu;. mt; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb Ke;jpaij nusj;jp tUlk;(1860) Ig;grp khjKk;> gpe;jpa ,uz;ilAk; Jd;kjp tUlk;(1861) itfhrp khjKk; ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

mDg;gg;gl;lhu;. mk; kf;fs; ,g;gbg;gl;l gpurq;fj;ij Kd;ndhUNghJk; Nfl;buhjgbahy; gpurq;fj;jpy; Mu;tKk; mtu;kPJ md;Gk; itj;jdu;. ,d;DQ; rpy fhyk; nrd;wgpd; jq;fs; klj;jpNy gpurq;fk; nra;tpj;jhu;fs;. gpurq;fk; Kbe;jTld; kfhre;epjhdk; re;Njhrq; nfhz;L jdJ jpUr;nrtpfspy; mzpe;jpUe;j Re;juNlq;fisf; fow;wp ehtyUila nrtpfspy; mzpa mJ fz;l rpd;dre;epjhdk; jhk; mzpe;jpUe;j MW fl;biffisAk; fow;wp mt;thW nra;a cgare;epjhdq;fSk; gpurq;fj;ij ,dpJ ghuhl;b tupirNahL mDg;gpitj;jdu;. rpd;dr; re;epjhdk; ,yf;fz nfhjpjYs;s re;Njfq;fisf; Nfl;L eptu;j;jpgz;zpf; nfhz;lhu;. mq;fpUf;Fk; NghJ jpUg;G+dk;> jpUNtlfk; Kjypa jyq;fis tzq;fpf; nfhz;L jpUg;guq;Fd;wj;jpw;Fg; Ngha; mj;jyj;jpypUf;fpd;w Rg;gpukzpag; ngUkhid tzq;fp rpyehs;fs; mq;fpUe;J kPz;Lk; kJiuf;F te;jhu;. gpd; cgare;epjhdq;fsplk; mDkjp ngw;Wf;nfhz;L gpuahzg;gl;L tUk;NghJ topNaAs;s jpUg;gj;J}u; vd;De; jyj;ij tzq;fpf;nfhz;L kA+ufpupnad;Dk; Md;Nwhuhw; Nghw;wg;gLk; Fd;wf;Fbf;F te;jhu;.

jpUtz;zhkiyahjPdk; irtrka E}Yzu;r;rpAk; jkpo; fy;tpAk; nfhz;ltnud Ngu;gilj;J tUq;fhyj;jpNy nrd;idg;gl;lzj;jpw;F rkPgkhapUe;j jpUkapyhg;g+upy; cs;s jpUtz;zhkiyahjPdj;J rpd;dg;gl;lkhfpa MWKf Njrpfu; ehtyiu jhk; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lnkd;w mthtpNy mtuplj;jpw;F rpy XJthu;fis mDg;gp jk;Kila jpUklj;jpw;F miog;gpj;J mtUila ,yf;fztpyf;fpa jpwikiaAk; rpj;jhe;j E}Yzu;r;rpiaAk; fz;L> kpfTk; re;Njhrq; nfhz;L jhd; jupj;jpUe;j cUj;jpu fhQ;rpaj;ij Qhgfg; nghUl;lhf ,Uf;fl;Lk; vd;W mtUila NkdpapNy jdJ jpUf;fuq;fshy; mzptpj;jhu;. mjd; gpd; mtrpak; aho;g;ghzk; tuNtz;bapUe;jikahy; nrd;idg;gl;lzj;ij tpl;L gy jyq;fisAk; tzq;fpf; nfhz;L jpUehiff;fhNuhzj;jpw;F te;J mt;T+upd; Ntz;LNfhspd;gb irtg; gpurq;fk; nra;J rpyehl;fs; mtu;fSf;F tpilnfhLj;j gpd; NjhzpNawp Jd;kjp tUlk;(1862) gq;Fdp khjk; aho;g;ghzk; te;J Nru;e;jhu;.

Fd;wf;FbahjPdk; Fd;wf;FbapNy jhgpf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,t;thjPd gz;lhu re;epjpfSk; jkJ jpUklj;jpNy jq;fpapUe;J NghFk;gb Nfl;Lf; nfhz;ldu;. mq;fpUf;Fk; fhyk; rpj;jhe;j tplaq;fspNy gz;lhu re;epjpfs; nra;Ak; Ml;Nrgq;fSf;F nrhy;Yjypy; Nghf;fg;gl;lJ. xUehs; rpj;jhe;jj;jpdJ cau;itAk; mjd;top xOFNthu; va;Jk; gaidAk; Fwpj;J mj;jpUklj;jpNy gpurq;fk; nra;Ak;gb gz;lhu re;epjpfshy; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;sg;gl;L gpurq;fk; nra;jhu;. mg;NghJ gz;lhu re;epjpfs;> rh];jpupfs;> XJthu;fs;> jk;gpuhd;fs;> irtgpuGf;fs; KjypNahu; rpuj;ijNahL te;J Nfl;ldu;. gpurq;fk; nra;JKbj;j gpd; NtW NtWklj;J gz;lhu re;epjpfs; jhDk; mj;jpUklj;J tPjptopNa gy;yf;F Vwpf;nfhz;L Nghdhy; jkJ fl;Lg;ghL mope;JNghFnkd;W mjw;F ,lk;nfhlhj gz;lhu re;epjpfs; gy;yf;nfhd;W jpl;lg;gLj;jp rpj;jhe;j irtg; gputu;j;jfuhfpa ehtyiu mjd;NkNyw;wp rh];jpupfs;> XJthu;fs;> jk;gpuhd;fs; KjyhNdhu; R+o;e;J nry;y fl;baj;jb> thdj;jb> Nfhzj;jb> nts;spf;ifg;ge;jp Kjypa tpUJfSk;;> ngupa Nksk; Kjypa thj;jpaq;fSk; Kd;nry;y gl;lz gpuNtrk; nra;tpj;jhu;fs;. gpd;du; rpyehs; klj;jpNyapUe;J gz;lhu re;epjpfsplk; tpilngw;Wf; nfhz;L jpUg;ngUe;Jiwf;Fg; Nghdhu;. mq;Fs;s jpUthtLJiwahjPd klj;jpypUe;j fl;lisj;jk;gpuhdhy; cgrupf;fg;gl;L mk;klj;jpypUe;J Rthkp juprdQ; nra;J te;jhu;. ,e;ehspNy ,uhkehjGuk; ,uhkRthkpg;gps;is jpUtpilahlw; Guhzj;jpYk;> td;nwhz;lr; nrl;bahu; ed;D}y; tpUj;jpAiuapYk;>

kJiu jpUQhdrk;ge;ju; MjPdk; kJiuapy; cs;s jpUQhdrk;ge;juhjPdj;J gz;lhu re;epjpfSk;; kw;iwa irt gpuGf;fSk; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lgb mj;jyj;jpNy rpyfhyk; jq;fpapUf;Fk; nghOJ NfhapYf;F rpyfhyk; epakkhf Ngha;r; Rthkp juprdQ; nra;J nfhz;L tUthu;. mg;gbapUf;Fk; ehl;fspNy gz;lhu re;epjpfs; Nfl;Lf;nfhz;lgb kPdhl;rpak;ik re;epjhdj;jpNy mj;jyj;jpd; ngUikiaAk; mjpnyOe;jUspapf;Fk; nrhf;fypq;f %u;j;jpapDila ngUikiaAk; irtrpj;jhe;jj;jpDila cau;itAk; tpupj;J kf;fSf;F ,dpJ tpsq;Fk;gb gpurq;fpj;jhu;. clNd Nfhapy; mh;r;rfu; mk;ikf;F rhj;jpa tpG+jp gpurhjj;ij irtgpurhufUila ifapw;nfhLj;J guptl;lj;ij rpurpNyfl;b> khiyia Njhspypl;L Mrpu;tjpj;jhu;. gpd;du; Nfhapypy; epd;W thj;jpak; Kjypa tupirfNshL klj;jpw;F ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

jq;fSf;Fs;s re;Njfq;fisf; Nfl;L eptu;j;jp nra;J nfhz;ldu;. mjd; gpd;du; GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F gazkhdhu;. mq;F ehl;Lf; Nfhl;il tu;j;jfu;fshy; neLq;Fb Fk;ghgpN\fj;jpd; nghUl;L miof;fg;gl;lhu;. mjd;NghJ gpurq;fk; nra;Ak;gb ehtyuplk; mtu;fs; Ntz;bf; nfhz;ldu;. mjw;fpire;j mtu; rptngUkhDila ngUikfisAk; mtiu topgLNthu; jupf;FQ; rptrpd;dq;fspd; tuyhWfisAk; tpupj;Jg;Ngrp KbtpNy mr;rpd;dq;fis jupg;gtu;fs; khkpr Nghrdq;fis cz;zhjtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vdTk; gpurq;fpj;jhu;.

mjidj; njhlh;e;J nrLq;Fbf;Fr; nrd;W Rthkp juprdQ; nra;J gpurq;fk; gz;zptpl;L kPz;Lk; GJf;Nfhl;ilf;F te;J Nru;e;jhu;. gpd;du; mq;fpUe;J Gwg;gl;L jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp> jpUthidf;fh> jQ;rhT+u; Kjypa jyq;fis tzq;fpf; nfhz;L Fk;gNfhzk; te;jhu;. ,t;thW xt;nthU MjPdq;fs; thapyhfTk; gpurq;fk; nra;J irt rkaj;jpd; ngUikfisAk; jkpo; nkhopapd; rpwg;igAk; cyfwpar; nra;j ehtyupd; rpwg;Gfs; jkpo; $Wk; ey;YyF cs;stiu epiyj;jpUf;Fk; vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy.

ehtyupd; ew;Nghjid ed;khzhf;fd; ey;y khzhf;fd; mjpfhiyapy; epj;jpiu tpl;nlOk;Gthd;. mtd; fy;tpapy; tpUg;gKk;> Cf;fKk; cilatdhapUg;ghd;. tpj;jpahrhiyf;F xOq;fhfg; Nghthd;. cghj;jpahahplj;J md;Gk; gzpTk; cilatdha;> mtUila nrhy;Yf;F mlq;fp elg;ghd;. mth; nrhy;Yk; ghlq;fis NtW rpe;jidapd;wpf; Nfl;L> Nfl;l ghlq;fisg; gyjuQ; rpe;jpj;Jj; jdf;Fr; re;Njfkhd nghUs;fisj; jd; tFg;G khzhf;fh;fis tpdhtpawpthd;. mth;fs; re;NjfKw;W tpdhtpaitfSf;Fj; jhd; cj;juQ; nrhy;Ythd;. mth;fsplj;J md;GQ; rpNdfKk; cilatdhapUg;ghd;. mtd;> jhd; NehahapUf;Fq;fhyKk; jd; gpjh khjh Kjypa nghpNahh;fs; Kf;fpa fUkq;fSf;fhfj; jilnra;j fhyKk; my;yhj kw;iw vg;nghOjhtJ> gs;spf;$lj;Jf;Fg; NghfhkypUf;fkhl;lhd;. NghfhjnghOJk;> jhd; tpj;jpahrhiyf;F tuKbahikf;Ff; fhuzj;ijj; jd; cghj;jpahaUf;Fj; njhptpj;J mth; mEkjp ngw;Wf;nfhs;thd;. tuhj ehspw; ghlj;ijj; jtwhky; gbj;J mjd; nghUisf; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;J nfhs;thd;. jd; ghlj;ijf; ftdpj;jiy tpl;Lf; nfl;l gps;isfSila tPz; Ngr;Rf;fSf;F xUNghJQ; nrtpnfhLf;f khl;lhd;. mth;fNshL $l tPz;tpisahl;Lf;fSf;Fg; Nghfkhl;lhd;. xUNtis jhd; nra;Aq; Fw;wj;Jf;fhf cghj;jpahah; jd;idj; jz;bj;jhuhapDk;> mth; jd;Nky; itj;j Nerj;jpdhy; mJ nra;jhh; vd;W epidj;J> jhd; mth;Nky; itj;j md;ig xUNghJk; kwf;fkhl;lhd;.

xt;nthU Ntisfspy; jhd; thrpf;Fk; ghlq;fs; fbdkhapUe;jhYk; mjw;fhfg; gae;J mitfisg; gbf;fhky; tpl;Ltplkhl;lhd;. mitfis ehSf;Fehl; gbj;Jg; nghUs; njhpe;Jnfhs;Sthd;. gok; ghlq;fis ehNlhWk; rpwpJrpwpjhfg; gbj;Jg; Nghw;wpf; nfhs;thd;. ,d;Dk;> fy;tpf;Fg; gad; mwpTk;> mwpTf;Fg; gad; mwpe;jgb elj;jYNk vdj;njspe;J> jhd; gbj;j ghlq;fspw; nrhy;ypagb elf;fg; gofpf; nfhs;thd;. ,g;gb tpj;ijia tpUk;gpf; fw;gJk; ew;gof;fKk; mtid mfyhky; ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ me;j ed;khzhf;fDf;F tpj;jpahrhiyf;Fg; Nghfhkw; fopf;fpw xUehs; xU Afk;Nghyf; ftiyf;fplkha;f; fopAk;. ,e;j ed;khzhf;fd;> fy;tpiaAk; mjd; gadhfpa mwpitAk; mt;twptpd; gadhfpa xOf;fj;ijAk; cilatdha;> mwpTilNahh;fshy; ed;F kjpf;fg;gl;Lg;> nghUisAk; GfioAk; ,d;gj;ijAk; milfpwhd;. fy;tpia tpUk;gpf; fw;Fk; khzhf;fh;fs; ,e;j ey;y khzhf;fidg;Nghyg; gs;spf;$lj;Jf;F xOq;fhfg; Ngha;> cghj;jpahaUila nrhy;Yf;F mlq;fp ele;J> ghypa tarpNy fy;tpia mtkjpahJ fw;Wf;nfhs;sf;flth;fs;. “rpWikapw; fy;tp rpiyapnyoj;J”> “fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw”> “Nfby; tpOr; nry;tq; fy;tp”> “mwpTil nahUtid murDk; tpUk;Gk;” vd;Dk; nghpNahh; thf;Ffis khzhf;fh;fs; vg;nghOJk; rpe;jpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. (ghyghlk;- %d;whk; Gj;jfk;)

cyf¤J¡F fU¤jh átbgUkh‹. ït® v‹W« cŸst®; v§F« Ãiwªjt®; všyh« m¿gt®; všyh« tšyt®. M‹kh¡fS¡fhf gil¤jš, fh¤jš, mÊ¤jš v‹W« K¤bjhÊšfis¢ brŒ»wh®. - ehty® bgUkh‹ ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

MWKfehty® g‰¿

r¤âaÉ¤jf® Úâaur® f. É. É¡ndÞtu‹ (ïªJrka áªjidfŸ üÈÈUªJ ......)

irt®fshf¥ ãwªj k¡fŸ irt rka¤ij m¿ahJ thœªJ

e¡Ñu‹ gu«giu ehty®, f‰wt®, k‰wt®, ãuò¡fŸ, ãw

tªjik MWKf¥ãŸis¡F kdtU¤j¤ij¡ bfhL¤jJ. e«Kila rkakhdJ e«kt®fS¡F¥ nghâ¡f¥g£lhš mt®fŸ ãw kj¥ãuntrŠ brŒa kh£lh®fŸ v‹W mt® f©L bfh©lh®. Mfnt 1847 M« M©L or«g® 31 Mª âfâ bjhl¡f« irt¥ãur§f« brŒa¤ bjhl§»dh®. m¥bghGJ mtU¡F taJ ïUg¤ijªJ.

k¡fŸ, ãuhkz® mšyhnjh® v‹W gh®¡fhkš irtrka ÉâfS¡F khwhf el¥gt®fŸ midtiuí« f©o¤J tªjh®. ïjdhš gift®fŸ gy® nr®ªjd®. ïilôWfŸ brŒjd®. Mdhš mit mtiu¥ ghâ¡fÉšiy.

ehty® âUthtLJiw kl¤ij milªjh®. m§F mtÇ‹ jifik m¿ªJ irt¥ ãur§f« brŒí«go nf£f, k¡fis¥ bgÇJ« ftU« t©z« e‰ãur§f§fŸ brŒjh®. MÔd cga rªÃjhd§fS« k‰iwa É¤Jth‹fS« nr®ªJ ehty® v‹w áw¥ò ehk¤ij MWKf¥ãŸisÆ‹ bgaÇ‹ ã‹ N£o MWKfehty® v‹W miH¤jd®.

irt¤â‹ j‹ik, mt®fŸ tÊgLª bjŒt§fŸ, mt®fŸ jÇ¡f nt©oa á‹d§fŸ, mt®fS¡FÇa ïy£rz§fŸ v‹W gy Éla§fis¤ jkJ ãur§f§fËš ehty® T¿dh®. K¡»akhf¢ átbgUkh‹ xUtnu ãw¥ò ïw¥ò ïšyhj Mâí« mªjK« ïšyhj bjŒt« v‹gij vL¤J¡fh£odh®. t©zh®g©iz it¤ÔÞtu‹ nfhÆš trªj k©lg¤âny mt® ãur§f§fŸ Ãfœªjd. mtÇ‹ ng¢R¡fŸ gyiu¡ ft®ªjd. khÄr nghrd¤ij¥ gy® É£lh®fŸ. kJ ghd¤ij¢ áy® jÉ®¤jh®fŸ. gy® Ô£ir bg‰wh®fŸ. cU¤âuh£r« mÂªjh®fŸ. njthu¤ njh¤âu§fis¡ nfhÆšfËš ghl¤ bjhl§»dh®fŸ. gy® Éuj§fŸ ïU¡f¤ bjhl§»dh®fŸ. nfhÆšfËš RthÄia¤ jh§fš mtkhd« v‹W Ãid¤âUªj gy® RthÄia¤ jh§F« ga‹ g‰¿ m¿ªJ KidªJ ö¡f K‹ tªjh®fŸ. $ ghjª jh§»fŸ v‹w â›Éa ehk¤ij¥ bg‰wh®fŸ. jUk« brŒa¥ gy® K‹ tªjh®fŸ. NJ, fsî, ãw‹ kid ÉiHjÈš <Lg£l gy® mt® ãur§f§fis¡ nf£L¤ âUªj¤ bjhl§»d®. gR¡fis tij¡fhkš m‹ò fh£l¤ bjhl§»dh®fŸ. k¡fŸ tÈªJ fšÉ f‰f¤ bjhl§»dh®fŸ. rKjha¤âš kWky®¢á V‰g£lJ. MWKf¥ãŸis ehty® MF« fhy« m©Ä¤JÉ£lJ. ïªJ xË

ïu©L bg©lh£o¡fhu‹ c§fŸ KUf‹ v‹W nfÈ brŒj »¿Þjt®fS¡F kWbkhÊ TW« t©z« 'R¥ãunghj«' v‹w üiy ehty® btËÆ£lh®. KUfid btW« kÅjdhf¥ ghÉ¥gJ klik v‹W« MW Fz§fisna MWKf« F¿¡»‹wd vdî« ntš Phd r¡âiaí« bjŒthid »Çah r¡âiaí« tŸË ï¢rh r¡âiaí« F¿¡»‹wd vd¡ T¿ ïªJ kj« v›thW xnu neu¤âš guªj mf‹w MHkhd M‹Ûf m¿î¡F«, mnjneu¤âš bghJk¡fË‹ m‹ò¡F« kâ¥ò¡F« É¤â£LŸsJ v‹gij És¡»í« vGâ it¤jh®. ïj‹ã‹ ghâÇkhÇ‹ J®nghjid FiwªjJ. irtk¡fSª j« kj¤â‹ ÛJ <LghL bfhŸs Mu«ã¤jd®. KUfÅ‹ Énrl âd§fshd R¡»uthu«, fh®¤âif, fªjrZo M»ad k¡fis KUf‹ nfhÆšfS¡F bgUthÇahf <®¤jd. ehtyU¡F m¥nghJ taJ K¥g¤bjh‹W. 22

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehty® ghâÇkhÇ‹ igãŸ üiy e‹whŒ MuhŒªj

ã‹ jkJ kj¤â‰F »¿Þjt kj« <lhfhJ v‹W f©L ghâÇkh® <Lg£l elto¡iffËnyna mtU« <Lg£L¤ j‹ kj« rh®ãš bt‰¿í§ fhz¤ bjhl§»dh®. irt¥ ãur§f§fŸ brŒjh®. m¢R¡Tl« jhã¤J irt üšfis btËÆ£lh®. mt‰¿‹ Clhf k¡fS¡F e‰rka thœ¡ifiaí« irt ghu«gÇa¤ijí« trd eilÆš nghâ¤jh®.

ÉâfS¡F KG Énuhjkhf mik¡f¥g£L el¤j¥g£L tªjikahš Rkh® ïUg¤ijªJ tUl§fŸ m¡nfhÆY¡F¥ nghtij ešÿÇš ãwªj ehty® jÉ®¤âUªjh®. Mdhš ï¡fhyf£l¤âš ehtyiu miH¤J cÇa âU¤j§fŸ brŒJ ãuâZilíŠ brŒJ Mtd brŒJ bfh©lh®fŸ nk‰go nfhÆyh®.

ehty® âUthtLJiw MÔd«, jUkòu MÔd«

mL¤j tUl« ešÿ®¡ fªjrhÄ nfhÆÈ‹ knfh‰rt¤â‰F ehtyiu miH¤jnghJ 'c§fŸ nfhÆÈny »uhk rhªâÆY« nj®¤âUÉHhÉY« itut óirÆY« ML bt£L»wgoahš, eh‹ m¡nfhÆY¡F tnu‹' v‹whuh«. mt® nt©LnfhË‹go ML bt£lš ifÉl¥g£lJ. mtU« nfhÆY¡F¥ nghf¤ bjhl§»dh®. ehtyÇ‹ m¿ÉY« xG¡f¤âY« m‹iwa k¡fS¡»Uªj myhâahd e«ã¡ifia ïJ btË¥gL¤J»wJ.

ngh‹wt‰¿‰F¢ br‹W irt¥ ãur§f§fŸ brŒjh®. ã‹d® br‹id br‹W âUthrf«, âU¡nfhitah® ngh‹w üšfisí« m¢á£L btË¥gL¤âdh®. K‹d® gâ¥ãš ïšyhâUªj Xiy¢RtofËš ïUªj irt ïy¡»a« k¡fË‹ vËjhd gh®it¡fhf, gUFjY¡fhf m¢áš tu¤ bjhl§»d. bgh‹D¢rhÄ¤ njt® v‹gtÇ‹ cjÉíl‹ e¢ádh®¡»Åa® ciuí«, âU¡FwŸ gÇnkyHf® ciuí«, jU¡f r§»fuf« M»adî« btËtªjd. ehtyuhš <Hk¡fË‹ bgUik jÄœeh£oš gut¢ brŒjJ. âUthtLJiw MÔd kfh É¤Jth‹ âÇáuòu« Ûdh£á Rªju«ãŸis jkJ áw¥ò¥ ghÆu¤âš ã‹tUkhW T¿íŸsh®.

ehtyU¡F 56 taJ MÆ‰W. xUehŸ irt¥

ãur§fŠ brŒjnghJ rd§fis¥ gh®¤J¥ ã‹tUkhW T¿dhuh«. "eh‹ c§fŸ ïl¤nj ifkhW bgWjiy¢ á¿J« v©zhJ, e« rka¤jt®fnshL« ãwrka¤jt®fnshhL« bgU« gifia vL¤J K¥g¤âu©L tUõ fhykhf c§fS¡F¢ irt rka¤J c©ikia¥ nghâ¤J tªnj‹. vd¡F¥ ã‹ irt rka« F‹¿¥ nghFbk‹W ghâÇkh®fŸ brhš»wh®fŸ. Mjyhš eh‹ cÆnuhoU¡F« nghnj c§fS¡fhf xU irt¥ ãurhufiu¤ njo¡ bfhŸS§fŸ. ï‹D« v‹id¥nghny go¤jt®fS« r‹kh®¡f®fSkhŒ mnef® tUth®fŸ. Mdhš c§fSila itit¡ nf£L¡ nf£L¡ ifkhW fUjhJ rka¤ij¥ nghâ¡f v‹id¥ nghy xUtU« tuh®"

‘ÚL òfœ âU¡nfÔÞtu« âU¡nfhzhry Ä‹ Ãyth Ã‹w ehLòfœ¤ jy« bghÈ ahœ¥ghz¤J ešÿ® thœefuhf¡ bfh©nlh‹ njL òfœ cU mikªj fªj ntlt¤Jâ¤j bršt‹ ahU« ghLòfœ MWKf ehty‹ m›thW m¢á‰ gâ¥ã¤jhnd'

ehty® gy MÔd§fËš j§» ïUªJ irt¥ ãur§f§fŸ brŒj ã‹ jkJ 39 MtJ taâš âU«gî« ahœ. âU«ãdh®. ehtyÇ‹ Éiw¥ghd rka xG¡fbe¿ ahœ. k¡fË‹ kdâš gâa¤ bjhl§»aJ. ï‹W mij eh§fŸ ahœ¥ghz ehty® ghu«gÇa« v‹W milahs« fh£lîª jiy¥gL»nwh«.

rka¥ ãurhuŠ brŒjš, rka áªjidnahL

thœjš, fšÉÆš áwªJ És§Fjš, rka neh¡Fl‹ thœjš, üšfis¥ gâ¥ã¤J m¿it¥ gu¥òjš, òâa òâa üšfis k¡fŸ nk«gh£L¡fhf vGJjš, òâa khzt® gu«giuia cUth¡Fjš, mŠrhJ thœjš - ït‰iw¤ j« thœÉš thœªJ fh£oa xG¡f Óy® ehty®.

kj m¿t‰w jÄœ k¡fis¤ jkJ rka¤â‹ ÛJ g‰W¡ bfhŸs it¤jt® mt®. mt®fŸ xG¡fÓy®fshf És§f mU«ghLg£lt® ehty®. k‰iwa kj§fË‹ jh¡f¤ij btFthf¡ Fiw¡f tÊnfhÈat®. ïªJ xË

ešÿ® fªjrhÄ nfhÆš m¤jUz¤âš át Mfk

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ehtyÇ‹ e‰gÂfŸ eh« kwnth« mU£fiykhkÂ, fyhÃâ fdfrghgâ ehnfÞtu‹, KJÃiy ÉÇîiuahs®, bkhÊ¤Jiw, r¥ufKt gšfiy¡fHf«.

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ehtyÇ‹ e‰gÂfŸ eh« kwnth« ehÅy¤âš ghtyuhŒ¥ g©ãduhŒ¥ gÂ brŒjh® - ghÇÅny ntWgy bjhÊš brŒah É¤jfuhŒ ca®ªâ£lh® MWjny mt® Ãidî jh‹!

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nfhyîil jÇ¤J¡ Ftya¤âš thœgt®nghš rhy my§fÇ¤J thHÉšiy, jh« tÇ¤j bfhŸiffis É£L nt‰WkjŠ rhuÉšiy všiyÆšyh É¤jfuhŒ ïa§»at® fšÉÆY« fjh¥ãur§fŠ brŒtâY« všiyÆyh¥ ngu¿î vŒâ¥ ãwkj¤jh® brh‹dt‰iw¡ f©o¤j öa® bra‰fÇa öa gÂfŸ gy brŒâ£lh® tšygnk thÊ Ãj« thÊ!

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ešiy ef® jªj ehtynu PhÆbwd tšy xËgu¥ã¢ irt¤ij thœÉ¤j všiyÆyh¥ ngu¿î VªjÈt® âšiy¢ át‹ ghj« ngh‰W« e‰áªjidahš Ô£iõ jid¥ bg‰w Óy®, fÉ tšnyh‹ rh‰w‰fÇa rhšbgšyh§ bfh©ltuh« ngh‰w‰fÇa gÂfŸ gy brŒjtuhŒ¢ Ó‰wŠ ádÄ‹¿¢ áªjidahš ca®ªâ£lh®!

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brhšYjÄœ fh¤j öatuh« ntjbe¿ btšYª jU¡fbe¿, m¢Rbe¿, mwbe¿í« tšyÓ® âU¤j thâat® brhyštšyh‹ bršY« tÊvGâ¢ Óuhd tÊfh£L« tŸsš m¢rf¤â‹ M¡füš gyjªJ Ã‹w ngu¿P‹. M§»y¤jh® rkabe¿ e‹Ff‰w fšÉ¡flš igãŸjid¤ jÄÊš bga®¤j jifrh‹nwh‹ ešygy üšfŸjid vGâ¥ gâ¥ã¤njh‹!

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Úâbe¿ tšnyh‹ ne®ikahs‹ jhbdt®¡F« mŠrhj beŠr« gil¤j mU§Fz¤jh‹ beŠrhu¡ flîŸjik neá¤j j‹ikÆdhš gŠrhd vËik ghuÄyh m¿îts« JŠrhjU« gÂfŸ Jo¥òlnd brŒJbt‹wh®. bg©rhâ jÄHz§nf v‹d kd§bfh©lh® j‹ rhâ btšy¤ jifrh® gÂòÇªjh®!

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irt¤jÄGyF jis¡f¥ gÂ brŒjh® bk¢R gy gâ¥ò nk‰bfh©L btËÆ£lh® m¢Rjid¢ br‹idÆY« M¡»üš btËÆ£lh® t©iz efÇš ehty® ghlrhiy v©z« câ¡f vL¤â£lh® K‹Ka‰á jÄœ irt¢ ÓyÄ¡f khzh¡f® gÆ‹¿lnt gyüšfŸ ghyghl«, irtÉdh ÉilbaGâ¤ JÂthf¤ jÄœirt« jh‹ts®¤jh® fhtydhŒ!

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ïy¡fz¤âš É¤jfuhŒ ïUªj v« ehtydh® ïÅa jÄœ¥ ãugªj« gyÉa‰¿ Ã‹wtuh« ešiy ef®¡fªj‹ Ó®âU¤j¢ áªjidfŸ všiyÆyh bjGâ¡ FÉ¤j gÂg‰¿ tšy jÄH¿P® thâLnth® MŒths® òšYUÉ vâuhs® òÇªj tH¡FÃiy brhšy Koahj Nœ¢áfis íŠbrŒJ ehtyiu¤ J¢rbkd kâ¤j JaukJ tuyhW!

ïªJ xË

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âahf¤â‹ ngbuhËahŒ âlkdJ bfh©ltuhŒ Ãaha¤â‹ g¡fnk Ã‹Wbra‰ g£Ltªnjh‹ fŠá¤ bjh£o¤ jUk« r_f¢áªjid å¢rhš beŠáš Ãid¤J ÃjªbjhHî« it¤âLnk! irtbe¿ KiwfŸ ãrfhJ übyGâ ešy KiwÆš ešy¿î¢ Rl®bfhS¤â ehSkD£ lhdŠ brŒJ e«g‹ fHyofŸ ghL« âUKiwfŸ X§ftÊ brŒjtuh«!

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f©ld§fŸ, J©L¥ ãuRu§fŸ v‹wÉit bfh©l »¿Þjt¤â‹ tÊa¿ªJ fil¥ão¤J¤ jhK« mJtÊna j¡f thjhu§fSl‹ ehS« bghGJ« eakhf¥ nghâ¤J« ghG« tÊÉL¤J¥ gh®ngh‰W« irt¤â‹ Óy¤ij bt‹bwL¤jh® ehÄ‹W bfh©LŸnsh«. khÃy¤jt® nk‹ik kâ¡f¤ bjÇªâ£lhš ntWsnjh e‰irt¥ ngW!

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xG¡f¤â‹ ca® Fz§fŸ X§» ts®ªâlî« gH¡f¤âš MrhuÓybud thœtj‰F« ka¡f¤âš ãwkj¤âš kâka§»¥ nghfhkš ïW¡f¤â‰ irtbe¿ Ã‰f tÊ tF¤â£lh®!

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g¡â Fz« g©ghL go¥ã‰ br«ik gh®ngh‰W« khDl¤â‹ kh©ò¡ bfhŸif v¤â¡F¢ br‹whY« ÃÄ®ªj ne®ik vL¤âa«ò« ehtydh® ïja nk‹ik!

� òuhz¤â‰ òÅj¤âš c©ik thœÉš ò©Âa e‰fUk¤âš ciw¤j Óy® mªÃaÇ‹ Mrhu Ä‹ik f©L M®¥gÇ¤ bjGªâ£l m¿P® f©O®! v©Âa e‰ fUk§fŸ V‰wkhf vL¤jh©l É¤jfuh« ehtyÇ‹ f©Âa¤ij¡ fhÇa¤ij¡ flik j‹id¡ fUjhj j‹ikaJ ïÊth« f©O®! �

ehtyiu baâÇbad¡ fhQŠ ášnyh® eh¥ãH¡f¥ bghŒíiu¤J e‹ik fhzh®! ó¥g¿ªJ òÅjkhd ïiwt‹ j‹id¥ óîy» Èšiybad¥ òf‹W ngá Ã‹W M®¥gÇ¤J mty§fŸ brŒjjhny mÊªjJnt irt« mj‹ Óybkšyh« ngŒão¤j _¢áauhŒ ÚWÄ‹¿¥ ãj‰W»‹w ng¢RiufŸ bghŒna! bghŒna!

� brªjÄiH¥ ãiHÆ‹¿ m¢ro¤j bra‰fÇa brŒj ehtydh® thÊ eªjÄiH¢ irt¤ij thœÉ‰ bfh©l e‰bgÇnah dhWKfehty® jhŸ thÊ KªJkj« fh¤jË¤J¥ gÂfŸ brŒJ KGîyFŠ irt¤ij¥ ngh‰¿ thH¤ jªJjÉÃ‹w jt¥òjšt® gÂ Ã‹bw‹W« jiy¡ bfh©L e‹WÃ‹W thGnthnk! 24

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Sri La Sri Arumuga Navalar

The Champion Reformer of the Hindus (1822- 1879)

Dr. Kumarasamy Somasundaram was assessed the best among all translations submitted for review in Madras by a great Tamil Scholar who acted as the adjudicator. The Madras Tamil Scholar admired the excellence of the Tamil diction, prevalent in Jaffna.

Sri La Sri Arumuga Navalar, the Champion Reformer

of the Hindus, was born in Nallur in the Jaffna peninsula, on the 18th, December 1822, this was a time when the Hindu Tamil world was earnestly praying for a saviour who could safeguard the Hindu religion/ Tamil language and culture from the clutches of the foreign imperialists. He lived and worked relentlessly to fulfill his expected tasks with commitment and dedication. Three centuries of foreign domination, had almost strangled the national languages, national religions and national culture of the Lankans. It is appropriate to mention that Arumuga Navalar’s services and contributions for the upliftment and promotion of Hinduism, Tamil language and culture were as great and valuable as Anagarika Dharmapala’s, to Buddhism and sinhala culture in the South Lanka. Arumuga Navalar, roused the Hindu Tamils from their prolonged slumber, stimulated them to be aware of their rich religion and culture and motivated them to be on the alert. For this, he led an exemplary celebrate life and strictly observed the tenets of the Hindu religion. He was a role model for those who would look upto him. He started the Hindu Tamils Renaissance movement and carried on successfully.

His Hindu (Saiva) Missionary work

Arumugam emerged the champion of the Hindu (Saiva) Renaissance movement of the nineteenth century, both in Jaffna and in South India. Arumugam gained a profound knowledge of the Bible. He spent, nearly fourteen years in the Christian environment, as a student, a teacher and a translator of the Bible. During this period, Arumugam became well acquainted and familiar with the Methodologies, Strategies and techniques, adopted by the Christian Missionaries to serve and promote Christian religion and western culture, in this country. Arumugam adopted the same strategies and techniques and also modified some of them to serve and promote his religion – Hinduism. Arumugam, through massive propaganda, making use of the print medium and public meetings, developed positives concepts and attitudes among peoples , about their Mother land, mother tongue, mother Religion, mother Culture and the need for the revival of all of them. He set up Printing presses in Jaffna and Madras o publish hisown religious and Tamil works as well as propaganda materials to counteract ill – informed criticisms of Hinduism and Tamil culture. He did all those with a missionary zeal. He even condemned the Hindus for their lethargic attitude and the Hindu Priesthood form its ignorance of Saiva agamic principles of conducting meaningful temple services; there were challenges from outside and inside. Arumuga Navalar tackled both with courage and determination. Always he stood for justice and truth. Arumuga Navalar was a versatile writer, eloquent speaker and an efficient debater. All these he cultivated to promote Hinduism, Tamil language and Tamil Culture.

His education and Scholarship

Arumugam had his early education in the traditional, non formal, Guru – Shisya mode of learning. He was a prodigy. He not only mastered Tamil grammar and Literature but Sanskrit also. He made a deep study of the Saiva philosophical works and literary works – 14 Saiva Siddhanta works and 12 Thirumuraikal. He studied Vedas and Siva Agamas in their original Sanskrit under competent teachers. At the age of twelve, he almost completed his Tamil education. Thereafter, Arumugam joined Jaffna Methodist English School for his English education. This, later came to be known as Jaffna central College. The Principal of the School, at that time, was Rev. Peter Percival, an Englishman who had taken a liking for Arumugam, from the beginning, because of his ways and scholarship in Tamil Language. Arumugam was appointed as a teacher of Tamil Language in the Upper School. Rev. Percival learnt Tamil from Arumugam earnestly. He never interfered with Arumugam’s religions practices and observances within and outside the school. He gave due respect for Arumugam. On the request made by Rev. Percival, Arumugam made an earnest attempt to translate the Holy Bible which was in English into Tamil. He completed this assignment to the utmost satisfaction of all concerned. Infact, his translation ïªJ xË

His concept of education

The English education that was prevalent at that time was job- oriented and aimed at westernizing the learners. This system of education was bent on destroying the indigenous culture and religiosity and enthroning the western culture and Christian religion in this country. The English educated people despised their own religious practices and values and even felt shy to speak and write in their own mother tongue. They aped western lifestyles, habits and manners. This pained Navalar’s heart. Arumuga Navalar established schools in important places and caused the dissemination of Saiva doctrines as instruments 25

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

for the development of Tamil education and Saiva Faith. In 1848, the first such school was established at Vannarpannai, Jaffna named Saivaprgasa Vidyasalai. In 1854, a similar school was established at Chidambaram, South India. Navalar wrote suitable text books such as Saiva Vinavidai series and Pala Padam Series an published with a view to instil into the minds of the young children the way to spiritual, moral, cultural, physical and social life. In fact, he designed a five years education development plan which still remain as an unfinished task. Navalar also organised non – formal, adult education centres in Temples where he introduced “Purana – Padanam” – recital of Hindu Puranas and explaining elaborately the underlying meanings and religious talks. He himself got involved in these activities. In this way, Navalar tried to propagate the “Kandapurana Kalasaram” (Kanadapurana culture) among the masses. This helped the common people to lead a righteous life. The concept of education as enunciated by Navalar was both material and spirituality oriented. He was not totally against English education. On the other hand, he wanted it to be more meaningful and also to retain the spiritual, moral, ethical and cultural aspects of the Tamil education system.

In Sri Lanka, a long succession of national leaders emerged, from Sir Ponnampalam Ramanathan who have drown inspiration from Sri La Sri Arumaga Navalar. For the excellent work, carried out by Arumugam, the renouned Saiva Aatheenam in Dharmapuram, South India conferred the title “Navalar” on him. Navalar made a tremendous impression in Tamil Nadu.

Navalar’s Viewpoint

Navalar was of the view that before achieving political freedom, a country should strive hard to achieve religious, cultural, spiritual and language liberation, so that the political freedom could be made meaningful and permanent. This freedom is very essential for the improvement of the quality of human life and conduct which will lead to establishing peace and harmony in individual, family, society and the country. Navalar called a spade, a spade. He was always with justice. He never hesitated to criticise or condemn his own people, Hindu Religious leaders, temple authorities, Hindu Priests, Hindu Religious bodies, social and political leaders – if they went wrong or indulged in misconduct and misappropriation. At the same time he never failed to praise the positive aspects of even his opponents He was both human and humane. He worked for the humanity as a whole and not to boost any individual or relation. He respected other Religions. His involvement in Bible translation bears testimony to this. He could not be branded as a person who propagated caste – consciousness, based on one’s own birth. According to him, even a person ho was born in a so – called “High caste” family, if he/ she commits acts of sins and behaves immorally in society, such person cannot be considered as a high caste person in society, even a person who was born in a so – called “Low caste” family, behaves morally, possesses good human qualities and refrain from all acts of sins, such a person is to be looked up as a high caste person. Birth is not the criterion; possession human and humane qualities and moral conduct should be the criterion for social differences. Navalar’s position should be properly understood in this regard and not haphazardly be misinterpreted. Navalar’s vision as to create a new social order, which would be rich both materially and spiritually; and would uphold justice and truth.

Tamil Renaissance movement,

Navalar was the author of not only school text books but was the author of a number of treatises on Tamil grammar, Literature and Hindu Literary and philosophical works. He has been hailed as the “father of Tamil Prose: He wrote simple prose, understandable to common people. He printed and published some of the rare books of ancient Sangam period, which were hitherto found in palmyrah Ola leaves. Had Navalar not ventured to do this stupendous task, the Tamil world would have lost such treasures. In this way, Navalar initiated the Tamil Renaissance movement in Sri Lanka and in South India. The tamils in Sri Lanka and Tamilnadu soon began to realize the fact that they were in matters relating to Philosophy and Religion, Language and Literature; Art and Architecture humanism and spirituality richer and more advanced and highly developed than the western world that was imposing its culture forcibly on them. For the first time, the Tamils awoke to the richness and prosperity of their heritages.

gšJiw É¤jf® ehty® ehty® bgUkh‹ thœªj thœî bgUthœî. Câa« bgwhj MáÇauhf, ghlrhiyfË‹ ÃWîduhf, Ã®th»ahf, m¢áaªâu Tl§fË‹ brhªj¡fhuuhf, üš btËp£lhsuhf, Éah¡»ahd« brŒgtuhf, gâ¥ghsuh, bkhÊbga®¥ghsuhf, fÉPuhf, »il¤j‰fÇa Xiy¢Rtofis¤ njo¢ nrfÇ¤jtuhf, ng¢rhsuhf, ãur§»ahuhf, f©ld vG¤jhsuhf, J©L¥ãuRu (áWüš) vG¤jhsuhf, ghlüš vG¤jhsuhf, ÃâíjÉ¡F murh§f¤âl« É©z¥ã¥nghdhf, rf kÅj®fË‹ J‹g§fis Ú¡Fgtuhf, r_f - rka - muáaš - bghUshjhu Ó®âU¤jthâahf ehty® bgUkh‹ M‰¿a gÂfŸ ms¥gÇad. (e‹¿ : ïªJ rhjd« - 30.11.2001) ïªJ xË

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ey;Yhh; MWKfehtydhh; Rthkp tpGyhde;jh;

H¡»y§if jªj nguhrh‹ K¤jÄœ É¤jf® RthÄ Éòyhdªj®. ït®, tlïy§if bg‰bwL¤j irt¤ jÄœ¡ fhty‹. ehty® bgUkhid¥ ngh‰¿ ghoa ghlš ïJ.

jd;dpay; Gzuj; jiytd jpay;G rhw;wpa irtE}y; gyTk; kpd;dpay; rilahh; mUspdhy; mr;rpy; NkTjy; eynkdj; Jzpe;J gd;dy kpFe;j nrd;idkh efh;f;Fg; glh;ju ntz;zpehd; kiwfs; Jd;dpepd; Nwj;Je; njhy;gjp njhOJ njhiytpy;rPh; MtL Jiwapy;

njhy;ypay; tOthr; irtE}w; Gyth; J}newpj; jkpOiu ahsh; ey;ypaw; Gyth; ,irjUk; Gyth; ehlf etpw;wpa Gyth; nrhy;ypaw; nwhifE}y; thdE}y; jUf;fk; NjhkW fzpjE}y; Kjyhk; gy;fiyg; Gyth;f;F ciwtpl khfpg; gue;jpir naa;Jk;aho;g; ghzk;

ghtyh; Nghw;Wk; QhdNj rpfiug; gzpe;jt uhizapd; tz;zk; G+tyh; nfhd;iw Gide;jth; Gfiog; GykpF kwpth; $l;Lz;zf; fhtyh; tpag;g ciuj;jply; Nfl;Lf; fUiz$h; Njrpfh; ,th;f;F ehty nuDk;Ngh; jFnkd mspj;jhh; Qhyj;jhh; jFe;jFk; vd;d

Mhpah; Mop Nte;jnud; wtdp Gfo;e;Jiu mspf;fey; Y}hpw; rPhpa nrq;Nfhy; nrYj;jpa Nte;jh; nrd;wgpd; irtepe; jidnra; G+hpah; Ml;rp Gf;fJ fz;L nghwhJGz; zpaj;jpir ele;j Nehpay; Qhd tpsf;nfD Kdptd; epiwGfo; kuGNkk; glNt!

nrhy;Yjy; ty;yhd; Nrhh;tpyd; mQ;rhd; JzpTnfhs; rpe;ijahd; mtid nty;Yjy; ahh;f;Fk; mhpnjd ciuj;j nka;k;kiwg; nghUl;fpyf; fhfp ey;iyap Yjpj;j ehtyh; ngUkhd; eye;jpfo; nrd;idkh efhpd; vy;iyia ez;zp ,aw;fiy gug;Gk; ,ae;jpuk; thq;fpa gpd;dh;

jpy;iytho; $j;jd; jpUtU SUthk; rPh;r;rpt fhkRe; jhpahh; vy;iyapy; fUizf; nfhs;fy kha vopw;rpt fhkpahh; tapw;wpy; ey;iytho; fe;jd; mUspdhy; ey;iyf; fe;jh;jk; jtg;ga dhf tpy;iyNeh; Ejyhh; fz;tiyg; glhj nka;j;jtd; kfntd cjpj;jhd;.

fUizNa AUthq; fz;Zjw; ngUkhd; foypidg; gjpe;j Ts;sj;jhh; mUizkhy; tiuapd; rhuypw; rpd;dhs; mkh;e;jdh; jpUklj; jjpgh; nghUzpiw jkpod; Gyj;Jiw Kw;Wk; Gz;zpah; jftpid naz;zpj; njUzpiw AuNtha; <z;L eP itfr; rpe;ij nra; jply;eyk; vd;whh;.

Fye;jU nry;td; mWKfg; ngaUk; Nfhjpy;rPh; xOf;fKk; kUtp eye;jU fy;tp Nfs;tpahy; epiwe;J ew;wkpo; tlnkhop Flghy; epye;jU kd;dh; nkhopapit Azh;e;J ePLrPh; KUfNd nad;d mye;jth;f; Fjtp epide;jJ Kbf;Fk; Mw;wYk; ngw;Wah; tile;jhd;! ïªJ xË

jk;ik aPd;nwLj;j ahopay; ehl;bw; irtkhQ; rkaKk; Gyth; nrk;ikNr Usj;jpw; nghype;jKj; jkpOk; rPUwg; gzpgy Ghpjy; ,k;ikapw; gpwtpf; fpiae;jkh jtnkd; nwz;zpNa tpilngw;W kPz;lhh; vk;ikAk; gae;j <okh ehl;bd; ,izapyhg; ngUepjp aidahh; 27

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

fbfko; nfhd;iwj; jhhpdhh; mofpw; fhjYw; WUFnka; ad;gh; tbapiy Ntw;f zuk;igah; thpDk; kjpj;jplh uhjypd; tpjpj;j gbapdpw; W}a newpGf epide;J gbfypq; fj;jpdpw; wiytd; JbkOf; fuQ;Nrh; Re;ju tbitj; njhOjpl vz;zpa J}Nahh;

ehtyhpd; ew;Nghjid flTs; cjtp flTSjtpahtJ> flTshy; Md;khf;fshfpa vq;fSf;Fr; nra;ag;gLk; cjtp. flTs; jk;Kila mDgtj;jpd; nghUl;L Ntnwhd;iwAk; Ntz;Lgth;. Mjyhy;> mtUf;F ehk; nra;Ak; cjtp xd;Wkpy;iy. xUth; xUtUf;F Xh; cjtpiar; nra;tJ> mjidg; ngw;Wf; nfhz;lth; mjdhw; Rfk; cWjw;Nf. Jf;f ePf;fj;jpd; nghUl;Lr; nra;Ak; cjtpAk; Rfj;jpd; ghw;gLk;. mr;Rfk; rhPuRfk;> Md;kRfk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. ,t;tpuz;bDs;> epiyapy;yhj rhPu Rfj;jpd; nghUl;Lr; nra;Ak; cjtpapDk; epiyAs;s Md;kRfj;jpd; nghUl;Lr; nra;Ak; cjtpNa rpwe;jJ. mjpDk; rhPuRfk;> Md;kRfk; vd;Dk; ,uz;bd; nghUl;Lr; nra;Ak; cjtp kpfr;rpwe;jJ. ,e;j ,uz;L Rfq;fisAk; ekf;Fj; je;jUSgth; flTNs. flTs; ek;Nkw;nfhz;l ,uf;fj;jpdhy; ehk; ,Uj;jw;Fg; g+kpiaAk;> cyhTtjw;F Mfhaj;ijAk;> cz;Zjw;Fr; ryKjypatw;iwAk;> czTfisg; ghfk; gz;Zjw;F mf;fpdpiaAk;> Rthrpj;jw;F thAitAk; cjtpdhh;. ,d;Dk;> Ntiynra;Aq; fhykhfpa gfw;fhyj;jpy; xspiaf; nfhLj;jw; nghUl;L Ngnuhspahfpa R+hpaidAk;> ,isg;ghWq; fhykhfpa ,utpy; xspiaf; nfhLj;jw; nghUl;Lr; re;jpuidAk;> fpufq;fisAk; el;rj;jpuq;fisAk; cjtpdhh;. ,itfis khj;jpukh? caph;fshfpa ehk; trpj;jw;F xd;gJ thry;fisAilaJk;> vOk;Gjy;> tPo;jy;> tisjy;> epkph;jy;> elj;jy; vd;Dk; Itifj; njhopy;fisr; nra;tJk; Mfpa xU eil tPl;ilAk; cjtpdhh;. ,tw;iwnay;yhk; nfhLj;J ,itfis mwpe;J mDgtpf;Fk;gb> mwpitAk;> mt;twptpdhNy Md;kRfj;ij miljw;Ff; fhuzkhfpa Qhdj;ijg; ngWk;gb Ntjhfkq;fisAk; cjtpdhh;. mJ khj;jpukh? caph;f;Fapuha; epd;W czh;j;JjiyAk; nra;fpd;whh;. ,t;tpay;Gila flTSf;F ehKk; ,t;TyfKk; mbikg; nghUs;fSk; cilikg; nghUs;fSkhk;. Mjyhy;> mth; ekf;F Mgj;Jf; fhyj;jpw; nra;tdTk;> ifk;khW fUjhJ nra;tdTk;> nra;ahkw; nra;tdTk; Mfpa ,g; NgUjtpfisf; Fwpj;J ehk; mtUf;Ff; ifk;khwhfr; nra;Ak; cjtp xd;Wkpy;iy. MapDk;> mf;flTisAk; mth; nra;Ak; ed;wpfisAk; ,iltplhJ rpe;jpj;J> mtiu vthpDk; Nkyhdtuhf kjpj;J> topgl;Lf; nfhz;L tUjy; Md;khf;fshfpa ekf;Ff; flikahFk;. (ghyghlk;- %d;whk; Gj;jfk;)

ez;zpzh; tpidfs; eypTw mUSk; ehtye; jPtpid aile;J Gz;zpae; jpuz;l cUtpay; Qhd Nghjfh rphpaidj; njhOJ kz;zpdpw; gpwe;Njhh; kdka yfy tsnuhspg; gpok;ngd epd;w tpz;zth; Kjiyg; G+rid GhpAk; tpjpapid kjpapdpw; nwspe;jhh; kd;DkP oj;ij aile;Jnjhz; lhw;wp khkiwf; fhl;bid Nktpj; njhd;dyj; Jiwir jUikak; gjpapw; nwhiftphp Aiugy etpw;wp Kd;dNk opirahw; nrOe;jkpo; tsh;j;j Kjy;tiug; gae;jrP fhop vd;Dkh efhpy; ,iwth;jhs; njhOjhh; ,d;wkpo; tsh;j;jeh tydhh;. ciuAzh; tpwe;j jdpKjy; fUiz cUTnfhz; Lynfy;yhk; gae;j tiukfs; ctif tpopapdhw; gUf khjth; tho;j;njhyp naLg;gg; giuAU tha khkzp kd;Wl; gjQ;ryp ahJepd; whLk; tpiufko; nfhd;iwj; jhhpdh uhly; tpUk;gpte; jkuUk; gzpthh;; mj;jpw kha jpy;iyak; gjpapy; Mfk msitahw; rike;j tpj;jff; Nfhapw; NfhGuq; fz;lhh; tpopfzPh; ngUfnka;k; kwe;jhh; gj;jh;rPh; guTk; ey;iyeh tydhh; ghhpdpw; gd;Kiw tpOe;jhh; mj;jNu nad;whh; mk;ikNa nad;whh; Mbdhh; ghbdhh; md;ghy;. khkzp kd;Wl; bUelq; fz;lhh; kdnefpo;e; Jilath; ghjk; ghkzp khiyg; gDtyhw; gutpg; gy;gfy; gphpe;jfh jydhh; jhkzp ikapNy tUjy;fz; Ltif jioj;jnky; ypanydj; jsh;e;jhh; G+kzpr; rpyk;gp ndhypnrtpg; glYk; GJikNrh; kUl;ifAw; nwOe;jhh;! ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

bnrk;gh; 5Mk; jpfjpad;W jpUf;fhh;j;jpif jpUehs;. ,jd; rpwg;ig vLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; vopy;kpF jpUtz;zhkiy jpUj;Njhw;wj;ij ,e;J xsp ml;il glk; rpj;jhpf;fpwJ.

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gk; ,Uis tpyf;fp xspiag; ngUf;fp nghUis tpsf;fk; nra;Ak;. ,j;jifa rpwg;Gkpff; jPgj;ij Myaq;fspy; kl; L ky; y tP L fspYk; Vw; w pitj; J topghL nra; A k; xU ehshf fhh;j;jpif khjj;J fhh;j;jpif el;rj;jpu-ehs; mike; j pUf; f pwJ. ,JNt jpUf; f hh; j ; j pif jpUehshf ,e;Jkf;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,jid fhh;j;jpif tpsf;fPL vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,e;j fhh;j;jpif jPgj;jpUehs; njhd;ik tha;e;jJ. fp.K 2500 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;gpUe;Nj ,j;jpUehs; ,e;J kf;fshy; nfhz; l hlg; g l; L tUtjhfTk; > rq; f ,yf; f paq; f spy; ,Jgw;wpa Fwpg;Gfs; fhzg;gLtjhfTk; nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. fhh;j;jpif jPgj;jpUehs; jpUtz;zhkiyapy; kpfTk; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,jid jpUtz;zhkiy jPgk; vd;Wk; miog;ghh;fs;. ,q;F rptngUkhd; N[hjp tbtkhff; fhl; r paspj; j ij epidT$Uk; tifapy; > jpUf;fhh;j;jpif jpdj;jd;W jpUtz;zhkiy cr;rpapy; kfhjPgk; Vw;wp itf;fg;gl;L g+i[ topghLfs; elj;jg;gLtJ tof;fk;. jPgjhprdkhdJ gpwtpgg; pzpia ePff; ty;yJ vd;gJ IjPfk;. xUjlit gilg;Gf; flTshd gpukDf;Fk;> fhj;jy; flTshd jpUkhYf;Fk; ,ilNa thf;Fthjk; Vw;gl;lJ. ,UtUk; kw;wtiutpl jhNk nghpath; vd thjpl;ldh;. me;j thf;Fthjk; Kw;wpajhy; mth;fs; ,UtUf;FkpilNa rptngUkhd; xspgg; psk;ghfj; Njhd;wpdhh;. me;j N[hjpahdJ g+kpapypUe;J Mfhak; tiu gue;J epdw ; J. mjd; mbiaAk; KbiaAk; ahh; Kjypy; fz;Lnfhz;L tUfpwhNuh, mtNu nghpath; vd;W rptngUkhd; Nfl;Lf; nfhz;lhh;. gpuk;kh md;dg;gl;rp tbtkhfp Kbiaj; NjLtjw;fhf Mfhaj;ij Nehf;fpAk;> jpUkhy; gd;wp tbtkhfp mbiaj;

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'fy;tpapd; tuk;G fz;Nlhd;> rptnewp nropf;f itj;Njhd;> nrhy;Y jkpo; nghope;Njhd;>" vdr; irtg; ngUkf;fshy; - jkpo; NgRk; kf;fshy; Nghw;wpg; Gfog;gl;l ey;iyefH MWKfehtyH ,d;W ,e;j ehl;bdJ Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; %j;j Kjy;tuhf> Kd;Ndhb %ytuhf KO ehl;lhYNk Vw;wpg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH. rpt newpr; nrk;ky;> kjk; fhj;j rhd;Nwhd;> jtf;Nfhyk; g+z;l rPyH> irtk; tsHj;j Ie;jhq; FutH vdf; fzpf;fg;gl;lth; ehtyH ngUkhd; ,e;j ehl;bd; xU rpWghd;ik ,dj;ijr; NrHe;jtiu> xU rpWghd;ik kjj;ijr; NrHe;jtiu> jpUePWk; cUj;jpuhl;rk; fhAkhff; fhl;rp je;j xU rPyiu KO ehLk;> ehlhSk; muRk; Gfo;e;J Nghw;wp> Kj;jpiu ntspapl;Lf; nfsutpj;jJld; mtH tho;e;j ,bghLw;w ,y;yj;ijj; Njrpa nrhj;jhf;fp ,e;j kz;zpy; gpwe;j ve;j kNfhd;djkhd Nkijf;Fk; ,Jtiu fpilf;fhj jdpr; rpwg;igAk; mspj;Js;sJ.

- gpNuk;[p QhdRe;jud; ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

É¡»uf tÊgh£o‹ gy‹fŸ

cUt tÊghL

fhŠá $ b#naªâu RthÄfŸ

� gu«bghUŸ v§F« Ãiwªjjhf, m¿ªjjhf všyh« tšyjhf És§F»‹wJ. mjid m¥gona mDgÉ¡f rhjhuz kÅj®fshš MfhJ. vdnt gšntW _®¤j§fshf m¿ªJ mDgÉ¤jt®fŸ ek¡F cUth¡»¤ jªâU¡»wh®fŸ.

f‰áiyÆš flîis¡ fhz Koí« $ áU§nfÇ rhujhÕl RthÄfŸ

� Fz«, Ãw«, mik¥ò, bga® ït‰iwbašyh« flªjt® gu«bghUŸ. Mdhš rhjhuz kÅj‹ v¥go m›thW flîis milahs« f©L bfhŸs Koí«? flîis m›thW Ãid¤J tz§F«go FHªijÆl« brhšÈ¥ghU§fŸ! mj‰F v¥go g¡â cz®î« kÇahijí« tU«? Mdhš mHfhd »UZzuhf, ghyfÅ‹ cUÉš KUfdhf it¤J tz§f¢ brhšY§fŸ. FHªij¡F g¡â cz®î jhnd tªJÉL»wJ. ïJ X® milahs ó®tkhd tÊ m›tsîjh‹. tÊia¥ òÇªJbfh©l ãwF ã«g¤J¡F K¡»a¤Jt« ïšiy. Mdhš mªj Ãiy¡F tUtj‰F ÄFªj kd¥g¡Ft« njit. Mifahš rhjhuz k¡fS¡F _®¤â ói# mtáakh»wJ.

cjhuzkhf Ä‹rhu« ïU¡»wJ. vijí« brŒatšy M‰wš mj‰F ïU¡»wJ. És¡»š xËia¤ jU»wJ. xÈbgU¡»Æš xÈia beLªbjhiyî bfh©L bršY« M‰wš cilajh»wJ. Éá¿fËš fh‰iw¤ jU»wJ. bgÇa ïaªâu« Kjš á¿a ïaªâu« tiu brašgl it¡»wJ.

Ä‹rhu¤ij¥nghy gu«bghUS«, mjdhš brašgL« fUÉfis¥ nghy É¡»uf§fS« ekJ bgÇnah®fŸ f©L m¿ªJ nj®ªJ mDgÉ¤J, ek¡F m¿Kf¥gL¤â it¤âU¡»‹wh®fŸ.

É¡»uf tÊghL V‰g£lJ v¥go? RthÄ á‹kahdªj® � rhjhuz kÅjD« òÇªJ bfh©L, bjŒt tot§ fshf¡ fUâ tÊgL« Kiwia m¥nghJ mt®fŸ cUth¡ »dh®fŸ. âahd¤âš <Lglî«, kd¤ij xUKf¥gL¤jî« mªj tÊgh£L Kiwna áwªjJ v‹W mt®fŸ fUâdh®fŸ. “c‹Dila jªijí«, jhí« Ú f© K‹dhš f©L tz§f nt©oa cÆUŸs bjŒt§fŸ” v‹W mt®fŸ brhšÈ¡bfhL¤jh®fŸ.

� ïiwtD« r¤âa nyhf¤âš cÆ®fis¥ gil¡F«nghJ ãu«kh, itF©l¤âš å‰¿UªJ fh¤jUS«nghJ ÉZQ, ifyhr¤âš j‹DŸ xL¡»¡ bfhŸS«nghJ át‹. xnu ïiwt‹jh‹, K¤bjhÊiy¥ òÇí«nghJ bt›ntW tifÆš brašgLtjhf e« rhÞâu§fŸ TW»‹wd. “Vift _®¤â, ããnj ¤Çijt: nshnah ah« au« jW« g¡j; ¢u¤ij ah®¢áJ« ï¢râ." ah® ah® vªj vªj cUÉš tÊ¥gL»wh®fnsh mªj mªj cUÉny njh‹¿ mUŸghÈ¤J tªâU¡»wh‹ gfth‹.

mªj cUt¤ânyna tÊgh£ilí« el¤j¡ f‰W¡ bfhL¤jh®fŸ. cÆUŸs bjŒt§fshf¥ bg‰nwhiu tz§f K‰g£lt‹, mªj tot¤âš cŸs ïiwtidí« cÆ®òŸs ói#Ædhš tÊgl¤ bjhl§»dh‹. É¡»uf Muhjid v‹gJ ï¥go¤jh‹ V‰g£lJ - nfndhgÃlj És¡f§fŸ’ v‹w üÈÈUªJ.

� f‰áiyjhnd! mj‰F v›thW bjŒt rhªÃ¤âa«, k»ik V‰gL»wJ? ¥uâkhah« J [hªÃ¤a« m®¢fÞa jngh gthª. óÍ¥gt®fË‹ jttÈikia e«ã¡ifia¥ bghW¤J cUt§fËš rhªÃ¤a« V‰gL»wJ v‹»wJ rhÞâu«. mJk£Lkšy. rhÞâu Kiw¥go F«ghãnõf« brŒjhš Mya¤âš mikªJŸs f‰áiyí« bjŒt¤j‹ik bgW»wJ. ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

cUt tÊgh£odhš òÅj¥gLnth«

ïiwt‹ xUtnd - cUt§fŸ gy

RthÄ Éntfhdªj®

âUKUf »UghdªjthÇah®

� eh« VjhtJ xU ã«g¤ij kd¤âš bfhŸshkš ãuh®¤jid brŒtJ v‹gJ eh« _¢R Élhkš cÆnuhL ïU¡f KaštijÉl áukkhd fhÇa«. kd¤âš gâªJŸs X® cUtnk eh« kdjhu mij¥ g‰¿¢ áªâ¥gj‰F cjî»wJ v‹gJ ïa‰ifahd x‹W. mjdhnyna ïªJ¡fŸ tÊgLtj‰F xU ã«g¤ij kd¤âš bfhŸ»wh®fŸ. mJ mt‹ kd¤ij xUÃiy¥gL¤â mt‹ tz§F« bjŒt¤â‹ ÛJ j‹ ãuh®¤jidia KGikahf <LgL¤â¡ bfhŸtj‰F cjî»wJ.

� g£od¤J RthÄfŸ X® mUikahd ghlš ghoÆU¡»wh®. mJ tUkhW x‹bw‹¿U; bjŒt« c©bl‹¿U; ca® bršt bkšyh« m‹bw‹¿U; gá¤njh® Kf«gh®; ešmwK« e£ò« e‹bw‹¿U; eL Ú§fhk nyek¡ »£lgo v‹bw‹¿U; kdnk! cd¡Fg njrÄnj. “bjŒt« x‹W v‹W ïU; bjŒt« c©L v‹W ïU” v‹W RthÄfŸ cyF¡F cgnjá¡»wh®. át‹, âUkhš, KUf‹, fzgâ - ï¥go ehk§fŸ gy; cUt§fŸ gy; bjŒt« x‹Wjh‹. � mfubkd m¿th» cyfbk§F« mk®ªjfu cfu kfu§fŸ j«khš gfUbkhU Kjyh» ntWkh»¥ gyntW âUnkÅ jÇ¤J¡ bfh©L òfÇš bghUŸ eh‹»idí« ïl®Ô®ª bjŒj¥ ngh‰WeU¡ fw¡fUiz òÇªjšyh®¡F ÃfÇškw¡ fUizòÇª jh©L bfhŸS« ÃUkyid¡ fzgâia ÃidªJ thœt« v‹W Éehafòuhz¤âš f¢áa¥g® TW»‹wd®. vdnt ïiwt‹ xUt‹jh‹, gy¥gy ngj§fis¤ jh§» Ã‰»‹wh‹. eluh#® cUt¢áw¥ò � ïiwt‹ v§F« Ãiwªjt‹. všyh« m¿»‹wt‹. fUiz Ãiwªjt‹. ï‹gkakhdt‹. všyh M‰wšfisí« cilat‹. M‹kh¡fË‹ bghU£L gšntW âUnkÅfis vL¤J¡ bfhŸ»wh‹. mt‰W‹ ïilawhJ Mdªj¤ jh©lt« òÇí« Ãiy x‹W. mJ všyh _®¤âfËY« áwªjJ. mªj Mdªj¡ T¤J M‹kh¡fË‹ bghU£L XahJ átbgUkhdhš Ãfœ¤j¥gL»wJ. mt‹ MlÉšiyahdhš cyf¤âš x‹Wnk MlhJ. mªj¤ âU¡T¤J¡F KjYÄšiy, KoîÄšiy. Vida bjU¡T¤J¡fis¥ ngh‹wj‹W mªj¤ âU¡T¤J. m‰òj¤ jÅ¡T¤J mJ. nr¡»Hh® RthÄfŸ 'Mâí KoîÄšyh m‰òj¤ jÅ¡ T¤jhL« ehjdh® fHšfŸ thœ¤â tÊgL« ey¤â‹ Ä¡fh®' T¿ mUËdh®:

ïªJ xË

v§F« ÃiwªJ všyhkhŒ Md ïiwt‹ r¡fut®¤â uh#nfhghy¢rhÇah® � ÉjÉjkhŒ _®¤âfŸ ïU¥gjhnyna c©ikÆš M©lt‹ vªj xU _®¤j¤JlD« KoªJ nghfhj mUt¥ bghUŸ v‹gJ«, mtD¡F ïy£rz« tF¤J¥ òÇªJbfhŸs KoahJ v‹gJ« ek¡F ïašghf kd¤âš gâªJÉL»wJ. xUtidna gy _®¤âfshf¡ bfhŸtjhš ïit x›bth‹¿YKŸs mt‹ v§F« ÃiwªJ všyhkhŒ Mdt‹ v‹gJ« Vf_®¤â cghrf®fisÉl mG¤jkhŒ ek¡F¥ òÇ»wJ. x‹W¡bfh‹W v¤jidnah khWg£l j‹ikfŸ gil¤j ïªj všyh _®¤âahí« xnu M©lt‹ ïU¡»whbd‹W fh©gjhnyna mt‹ všyh Fz« F¿fS¡F« m¥gh‰g£lt‹ v‹gJ« e« kd¤J¡F vËjhf¡ iftªJ ÉL»wJ. � ek¡F¤ bjÇahj x‹whf mid¤ijí« ÄŠá Ã‰gt‹ mt‹. “khWg£lhš m¿í« Kiw” (Method of difference) v‹W fÂj rhÞâu¤âš x‹W c©L. bjÇªj òŸË Étu§fis¡bfh©L bjÇahjij m¿í« Kiw bjÇªj Étu§fËš bghJthÆU¥gij¡ bfh©L« mit x‹W¡bfh‹W v¥go É¤âahr¥gL»‹wd v‹gij¡ fÊ¤J¥ gh®¤J«, ÄŠRtij¡ bfh©nl bjÇahjijí« ïªj tÊahš m¿th®fŸ. ï¥gona ek¡F¥ òÇíkhW mnef _®¤âfisí« kh®¡f§fisí« bfhL¤J ït‰¿š 'khWgh£lhš m¿í« Kiw' ia¥ ãunah»¤J, vŠá Ã‰F« òÇahj mUt <Rtu j¤Jt¤ij eh« »u»¡f ïªJ kj« tÊfh£L»wJ. e«Älnk gy kh®¡f§fŸ ïU¥gjhš, ïªj¡ fz¡»ny m¿a Ko»wJ.

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

nahf® RthÄfŸ g¡f«

jt¤âU átnahf RthÄfË‹

ghku kf;fSf;Fk; Qhdxsp gug;gpa vq;fs; FUehjd; 50tJ FUóir

rptnjhz;ld; jpy;iyak;gyk; rptNahfgjp - fdlh

<otsehl;il

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rhh;e;j aho; khtl;lj;jpy; Xh; rpw;W}h; khtpl;lGuk;. rhpj;jpug; Gfo; ngw;wJk;> KUfg; ngUkhd; mUs;xsp tPRk; ,e;j khtpl;lGuk; Rthkpfspd; gpwg;gplk;. ,th; mk;gythzh; - rpd;dhr;rpg;gps;is jk;gjpapdhpd; Gjy;th;. Rthkpfs; ,sikapy; jk;ik ntWj;jhh;. cwTj; njhlh;gw;whh;. gpukr;rhhpaj;ij Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. KUf topghl;bypwq;fpdhh;. ey;iyf; fe;jid ehbdhh;. Nahf ehjdpd; tuitf; fhj;jpUe;jhh; nry;yg;gh Rthkpfs;. ,tiu tprh; nry;yg;gh vdTk; kf;fs; miog;gJ tof;fk;. Vnddpy; ey;iyf; fe;jd; kPJnfhz;l gpj;J. ,Nj gpj;jiur; re;jpj;jhh; Nahfehjd;. ,th; mUs; ngw;whh;> rp\;auhdhh;> rpj;jUkhdhh; NahfRthkpfs;.

mg;gDk; mk;ikAk; ePNa> mhpa rNfhjuDk; ePNa xg;gpyh kidtpAk; ePNa> XjUk; ike;jUk; ePNa nrg;gpy; murUk; ePNa> Njthj NjtUk; ePNa ,g;Gtp nay;yhk; ePNa> vd;id ahz;lJk; ePNa! ehd;F tUlkstpy; Jwtpahf> Ch; Cuha; fhL topNa miye;J jphpe;j Rthkpfs; khj;jis te;J Nrh;e;j kWehs; aho;g;ghzk; jpUk;g Ntz;Lk; vd;whh;. rutzKj;J nrhw;g gzk; nfhLj;jhh;. mjpy; Gifapujtz;br; rPl;bw;F Ntz;ba gzj;ij khj;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L kpFjpiaj; jpUg;gpf; nfhLj;jhh;. Giftz;bapNywp kWehs; aho;g;ghzk; te;J Nrh;e;jhh;. Rthkpfspd; Kjw; fjph;fhk ahj;jpiu Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ.

fjph;fhk ahj;jpiu KUf gf;juhd NahfRthkpfs; fjph;fhk ahj;jpiuia Kbj;Jf;nfhz;L top ele;J mk;ghe;Njhl;il> khj;jiw> fhyp khh;f;fkhf nfhOk;G te;J Nrh;e;jhh;. nfhr;rpf;filapy; Xhplj;jpy; jq;fp ,Ue;J gpr;irnaLj;Jz;L te;jhh;. njUf;fiuapy; fhpNtiy nraj $ypahl;fSld; gLj;Jwq;fpath;. fjph;fhkj;jpy; Kd;fz;lJ Nghy; nghpa Midf;Fl;br;rhkpia ,q;F re;jpj;jhh;. mth; Xh; Ie;J rjj;ijf; nfhLj;J ,J Jk;gpf;if mJ ek;gpf;if vd;W tho;j;jp mDg;gpdhh;. gpr;irf;fhud; Nghy Nrh;. nghd;dk;gyk; mUzhryj;jplk; nrd;whh;. mth; Xh; ,Ugj;ije;J rjj;ij khw;wptpj;J Rthkpf;F gj;Jr; rjk; nfhLj;jhh;. gpd; nfhOk;gpypUe;J fz;b topahf khj;jisf;Fr; nrd;whh;. JzpAk; fe;ijahf myq;Nfhy &gkhff; fhis khLNghy; ele;jhh; vd;Nw $Wfpwhh;. vk;gpuhd; Njhod; mUs; Ghpthdhapdd;. rptnjhz;ld; epiyaj;ij epWtpa rq;fuj;ij thrpahd mkuh; jpy;iyak;gyk; mth;fspd; khkdhh; rutzKj;J mq;F tho;e;J te;jhh;. mtUila fdtpy; vk;gpuhd; Njhd;wp vd;Dila gf;jd; ele;J nkype;J fjph;fhkj;jpypUe;J tUfpwhd;. mtid Mjhpj;J GJcilAk; gzKk; nfhLj;J Gifapuj tz;b %yk; mDg;gptpL vd;W tpz;zg;gpj;jhh;. tpbe;njOe;J rutzKj;J topghh;j;J epd;whh;. Rthkpfisf; fz;lJk; ,th;jhd; vd;W vz;zp mtiu mioj;Jr; nrd;W ];ehdQ; nra;tpj;J czT nfhLj;J Mjhpj;jhh;. Xh; ïªJ xË

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#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

rpj;jh;. ,jdhy; Vw;gl;l nrhy;tbNt rpj;jd; Nghf;Fr; rptd; Nghf;F. ,e;epiy mile;jth;jhk; ek; NahfRthkpfs;. rpj;jUl; rpj;juha; epd;W rptgpuhdpd; jpUtUl; nrayhfg; gyh; gpzpfisAk; Jah;fisAk; xopj;J mUs;kio nghope;e rpj;jUs; xUtNu ek; rptNahf Rthkpfs;. Jl;liuf; fz;lhy; J}uj;jpy; xw;wpAk;> gf;jiuf; fz;lhy; gf;fj;jpy; mizj;Jk; mtuth; ght tpidiag; Nghf;fTk; ey;topg;gLj;jTkhf mizj;Jk; fbe;Jk; Mrp $wp MWjy; nkhop je;jpLthh;.

mbahh;fSk; tpj;jpahrhiy khzt khztpfSk; gpwUk; nfhOk;Gj;Jiw Mr;rpukj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUe;j Rthkpfspd; g+jTliyj; jhprpj;J mQ;ryp nrYj;jpdhh;fs;. gf;jh;fs; $l;lk; $l;lkhf jpUKiwfs; kw;Wk; jkpo;j; Njhj;jpuq;fs;> ew;rpe;jidg; ghly;fis kdk; frpe;JUf ,irAld; Xjpdhh;fs;. 25-03-64 Gjd;fpoik mjpfhiy 5:00 kzpastpy; RthkpfSila g+jTlYf;F gf;jp rpuj;ijAld; mgpN\fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mtUila g+jTly; J}a ntz;JfpypdhYk;> g+khiyfshYk; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l gpd; g+khiyfshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;l rJu tbtkhd njhl;bapy; itj;Jf; nfhOk;Gj;Jiw tPjp topahfj; Jz;b Rliyf;F mbahh;fs; Rke;J nrd;whh;fs;. RthkpfSila Mr;rpukj;jpypUe;J Rliy tiuAs;s ghij ,Ugf;fKk; kfuNjhuzq;fshy; myq;fhpf;fg;gl;bUe;j g+jTly; nrd;w topNa trpf;Fk; kf;fs; tPl;L thapy;fs; NjhWk; Fj;Jtpsf;Ffs;> epiwFlk; itj;Jg; g+khhp nghope;J RthkpfSf;Fj; jq;fs; md;igAk;> tzf;fj;ijAk; nrYj;jpdhh;fs;. g+jTly; Ch;tyk; te;j nghOJ g[idf; Nfh\;bapdh; gf;jpg;ghly;fs; Xjpdhh;fs;. Kw;gfy; 9.00 kzpastpy; g+jTly; kahdj;ij mile;jJ. gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd Mz;fs;> ngz;fs;> rpWth;fSkhfj; jfdf;fphpiaiag; ghh;g;gjw;fhff; $bdhh;fs;. njhz;lh;fs; mth;fis ngz;fs; NtwhfTk; Mz;fs; NtwhfTk; cl;fhur; nra;jhh;fs;. vq;Fk; mikjp epytpaJ. g+jTly; g+e;njhl;bapypUe;j tpwFfspdhYk;> fhy; me;jUf;F Nkw;gl;l re;jdf; fl;ilfshYk; mikf;fg;gl;l rpijapd;kPJ itf;fg;gl;lJ. ahtUk; NahfRthkpfspd; mUisj; jpahdk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jhh;fs;. nfhf;Ftpy; jpU. FkhuRthkpg; Gyth; jpUthrfg; ghf;fs; rpytw;iwAk;> xU Guhzj;ijAk; cUf;fkhf Xjpa gpd;G> <if neUg;G %l;lg;gl;lJ. ahtUk; mNuhfuhntd;W Nfh\kpl;Lr; Nrhjpia topgl;ldh;. ,t; itgtj;ijg; ghh;itapl;L RthkpfSf;Fj; jq;fs; mQ;rypiar; nrYj;Jtjw;fhfr; rpq;fs rNfhjuh;fSk;> ,];yhk; kjj;jth;fSk;> fpwp];jth;fSk; r%fkspj;jpUe;jhh;fs;. ,q;qdk; vy;NyhUk; Rthkpfs; NrhjpAl; fye;j itgtj;ij jhprpj;jhh;fs;. ,e; epfo;r;rpfis vy;yhk; fz;Zw;w nghOJ me;j ,lNk g+Nyhf ifyhakhfj; Njhw;wkspj;jJ. 'ehd; Ik;gJ tUlj;Jf;F Nkyhfr; nra;a Ntz;batw;iw vy;yhk; nra;J tpl;Nld;. Nghjpf;f Ntz;batw;iwg; Nghjpj;J tpl;Nld;. xU FiwAk; tpltpy;iy" vd cUf;fkhfr; Rthkpfs; $wpAs;shh;fs;. MfNt Rthkpfs; miuE}w;whz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l fhykhf ekf;Ff;fhl;ba topia gpd;gw;wp ca;jpailNthkhf!

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FUgud; jpUtbf;fyg;G aho;g;ghzj;jpd; Nrhjpahf tpsq;fpa Nahfh; Rthkpfs; 23-03-1964 jpq;fl;fpoik ,uT rptgjkile;jhh;. ,r; nra;jp thndhyp %yk; <oehL KOtJk; njhptpf;fg;gl;lTld; <oehl;bd; gy ghfq;fspYKs;s mbahh;fs; Vuhskhdth;fs; te;J Nrh;e;jdh;. 24-03-64 nrt;tha;f;fpoik KOikAk; ïªJ xË

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

ïsŠirt¥òyt®, á¤jhªju¤âd« f. nuh. ândZFkh®, rk‹ã£o - bghyeWit.

“ï‹dW§ fÅ¢ nrhiyfŸ brŒjš ïÅa Ú®¤j© RidfËa‰wš m‹d r¤âukhÆu« it¤jš Mya« gâdhÆu« eh£lš ï‹dUŸs jUk§fŸ ahî« bga® És§»bahËu ÃW¤jš m‹d ahÉD« ò©Âa§nfho M§nfh® ViH¡F vG¤j¿É¤jš” v‹w ghuâÆ‹ ghtÇfis kFl th¡»akhf¡ bfh©L 2010 M« tUl« ij khj« 14 M« âfâ mwbe¿¢ br«kšfis m»y¤â‰F jUÉ¡f Mâfhy tuyh‰whŒÉš átóÄ vD« bga® bgh¿¤j bgh¡»õkh« bghyeWit k©Âš rk‹ã£o vD« ïiwflh£r« Toa âUñÇš cUthdnj m‹id $ rhujhnjÉ mwbe¿¥ghlrhiyahF«. mw« v‹whš v‹d? rka¤â‹ c£bghUŸ v‹whš v‹d? tÊgh£L KiwfŸ v‹whš v‹d? vd m¿ahj vJî« bjÇahj ÃiyÆš bjhl§»a ï› mwbe¿¡Tl« ï‹W <H« m¿ªj gy g©òil¢ áwh®fis cUth¡»aâš k£l¿ªj k»œÃiyÆš csbjdyh«. ghlrhiyÆ‹ tuyh‰iw xUòw« it¤J ï¡Tl¤â‰FŸshf tªJ át¤bjh©L vD« ÓÇa gÂfis brŒí« átbjh©l® mÂg‰¿ Tw Éis»nw‹. m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w¤âš gâÉny cŸs vkJ áwh®fsJ át¤bjh©L g‰¿ Éa¡fhjt®fŸ ïšiy vdyh«. Rkh® ïUgJ áwh®fŸ jkJ ghlrhiyÆ‹ tÊfh£lšfis ika¥gL¤â ï§F ïU FGÉduhf átbjh©L òÇ»‹wd®. ïªJ khk‹w¤â‹ ahœ gÂkidÆš k£LkšyhJ k£l¡fs¥ò ïªJ fyhrhu Ãiya¤âY« _‹W jlitfŸ Énrl gÆ‰á bg‰W áwªjbjhU f£lik¥ã‹ Ñœ gÂfis brŒ»‹wd®. F¿¤j br«ikÆš ït®fS¡F öŒikia¡ F¿¡f bt©ik Ãw¢ ÓUil jah® brŒa¥g£L âw«gl¢ brŒí« ï¢áwh®fŸ _y« CÇny 2010 M« tUl« ïUªj ÃiyÆid Él ï‹W M¤Ûf«, Mya« g‰¿ gy® ÉÊ¥gilªâU¥gJjh‹ vkJ mÂÆduJ nrit¡F »il¤j Kjš kÇahij. muirao vD« áW Mya¤ij jkJ f£L¡nfh¥ãš it¤J guhkÇ¥gJ« x›bthU thuK« T£L¥ ãuh®¤jid brŒtJ«, Mya« njhW« áukjhd« brŒtJ« thu« ïU jlit fÂÅ¥ gÆ‰áÆš <LgLtJ«, ju« - 03 mwbe¿¥ ghlrhiy khzt®fS¡F nahfhrd«, NÇa ekÞfhu« f‰ã¥gJ«, bgÇah®fŸ, eha‹kh®fŸ k‰W« Éuj ÉHh¡fis Kiw¥go bfh©lhLtJ«, eh£lh® ghlšfis njo eynkhL mij¤ bjhF¤J Kiw¥go gho kdd« brŒtJ«, átuh¤âÇ âd bfho É‰gidÆš <LgLtJ«, jÄH® ïªJ xË

g©ghLfis¥ ngQ« ehÇdhš khiy f£Ljš, kh¡nfhy« nghLjš vdî« ït®fsJ gÂÆid ÉÇ¤J¡ bfh©nl nghfyh«. bjhÊšE£g¤âš bjhiyªJ nghF« ï›îyf khÅl®fŸ k¤âÆš bgU«gh‹ikÆd® br¿ªJ thG« kht£l¤âny ït®fsJ gÂ Äf mtáakhd bjh‹nw. mJ kW¥gj‰»šiy. “m‹g® gÂ brŒa vid Msh¡»É£lhŒ ï‹gÃiyjhnd tªbjŒJ« guhgunk” vd jhíkhdt® ÉU«ãaij vkJ áwh®fŸ ÉeaKl‹ M‰¿ tU»‹wh®fŸ. x›bthU bg‰nwhU« jkJ FHªijfis Äf k»œnthL vkJ m‹idÆ‹ mw¥gŸË¡F mD¥ã it¥gâš mt®fsJ nguth, kdkh‰w« ïitahî« vkJ ghlrhiy¡F«, átbjh©l® mÂ¡F« »il¤j khbgU« bt‰¿na v‹whš kW¥gj‰»šiy. vkJ gÂ¡F tYñ£Lnth® tÇirÆš m»y ïy§if ïªJkhk‹wK« ifbfhL¥gJ bgW«ngW ïu©L fÂÅfŸ, 700 m¥ãahr¡ bfh¥ãfŸ, khjhªj ïªJ xË btËpL vd vkJ áwh®fS¡F mt®fsJ cjÉ¡fu§fŸ »il¥gJ mt®fsJ f‰wiy ts¥gL¤J« bgU« ghykhf mik»‹wJ. ïj‰F« nkyhf brŠbrh‰bršt® fyhÃâ. MW. âUKUf‹ Iah neuoahf vkJ áwh®fis vkJ CÇš tªJ rªâ¤J mt®fsJ gÂ¡F ïªJ khk‹w¤â‹ rh®ghf cjt K‹ tªâU¥gJ eh§fsšy v§fŸ K‹ndh®, brŒj jt¥ ga‹ v‹nw Twyh«. ÉŠPhd cynfhL nghuho bkŒŠPhd¤ij bkŒkwªJ Tl áy® Ãidah ï›îy»š ït®fsJ gÂia¢ br¥ò«nghJ cŸs« Ãiw»wJ; óuz¤Jt« bgW»wJ. ï¤jid¡F« ït®fsJ fšÉ Ãiyí« Äf¢ áwªj KiwÆš ïl«bgW»‹wJ. ïªJ fyhrhu mYtšfŸ âiz¡fs« tUlªnjhW« elh¤J»‹w ïªJ rka bghJ m¿î¥ngh£o¥ gß£irÆš vkJ ghlrhiyÆš ïUªJ k£L« Rkh® 11 khzt®fŸ ï›tUl« gÇR bg‰¿Uªjik F¿¥ãl¤j¡fJ. nkY« m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w«, bfhG«ò jÄœ¢ r§f«, bfhG«ò ïuhk»UZz Äõ‹, ny¡AîÞ ïªJ k‹w«, bfhG«ò gšfiy¡fHf« vd rfy ÃWtd§fS« elh¤J»‹w ngh£ofËš <Lg£L bt‰¿ thif NLtJ f‰wš k£L« mšy, ïiz¥ghl Éjhd¢ bra‰ghLfËš vkJ khzt®fS¡FŸs ïl« vL¤Jiu¡f¥gL»‹wJ. “ngu¿thŒ bgUŠRlbuh‹W mj‹ ntu¿ahikia És«ò»‹nwnd” vd âU_y® T¿aJnghy átbjh©l® mÂÆd® brŒí« át¥gÂfis vL¤âa«ãaâš Xusî âU¥â ail»nwh«. “m‹ng át« - mJnt ey«” 34

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rKj;jpuj;jpd; kj;jpapy; rpt G+kpaha; tpsq;Fk; ,yq;ifj; jpUehl;by; ,e;J epWtdq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;fp topg;gLj;jp mwr;Nritahw;Wk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; Md;kPf ,johf ntsptUk; ,e;J xsp [a tUlk; Gul;lhjpj; jpq;fs; 09 Mk; ehs; (25.09.2014) (Mtzp - Gul;lhjp) etuhj;jpup rpwg;gpjohf ntspte;jpUf;fpd;wJ. ,r;rpwg;gpjopd; Kfg;G ml;ilahdJ ghu; Nghw;Wk; Kg;ngUe;Njtpau; nfhY tPw;wpUf;Fk; glj;Jld; nja;tPfkhf fhl;rpaspf;fpwJ. cl;Gw ml;ilapy; khkd;wj;jpd; td;dpg;gpuNjr gzpkidf; fhf nrQ;nrhw;nry;tuhy; mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gLk; glKk; fPupkiyapy; ePj;jhu; epidT epow;glq;fSk; fhzg; gLfpd;wd. KfTiuia Nehf;Fkplj;J ghujkhjh vq;fis gupTld; ghu;j;Jf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk; vDk; jiyg;gpD} lhf vk;kf;fSf;F ,e;jpa muR nra;j cjtpfSf;F ed;wp njuptpg;gjhfTk;> vq;fspd; cupikfis ghJfhf;fTk; Fwpg;ghf ghuj ehl;bw;F Md;kPf ahj;jpiu nra;gtu;fs; fly; khu;f;fkhf gazpf;f> ,e;jpa ,yq;if muRfs; cjt Ntz;Lk; vdTk; Md;kpf epiyapy; epd;W mikjp Ntz;Lgtu;fSf;F tpNkhrdk; Ntz;b gpuhh;j;jpg;gjhfTk; mikag;ngw;Ws;sJ. mLj;J Md;kPf Rlupd; mUs;kly; Clhf “Fsk; Kjyhd ePu;epiyfisg; NgZk; jpUg;gzpfisr; nra;Nthk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; Md;kPfr; Rlu; njhz;L ehjd; Rthkpfs; tlfpof;F gFjpfspy; epyTk; twl;rp epiyiaAk;> kioePupd; rpwg;igAk;> vjpu;fhy re;jjpapd; ed;ik fUjp ePu;epiyfis ghJfhf;f ehk; midtUk; Kd;tu Ntz;Lk; vd $wpapUg;gJ ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sNtz;Lk;. etuhj;jpupapd; rpwg;G vDk; jiyg;gpd; thapyhf etuhj;jphpapd; fhyk;> ru];tjp G+i[apd; jj;Jtk; vDk; cg jiyg;Gfspy; etuhj;jpup kfpik gw;wp kfhru];tjp jpUthtLJiwahjPd ntspaPL gFjpapypUe;J gpuRukhfpapUf;fpwJ. mLj;J md;idapd; mUs; gputhfpf;Fk; etuhj;jpup gz;bif vDk; jiyg;gpy; aho; gy;fiyf; ïªJ xË

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‘nrhw;fpoj;jp’ vDk; rpW jiyg;Gfspy; thzpaUs; ngw;w nja;t Gytu;fs; mk;gpif mUs; ngw;w kfpikapid $WtjhAk; cs;sJ. NkYk; ,t; ,jOf;F moF Nru;f;Fk; tpjkhf Nfjhu nfsup tpuj rpwg;G gw;wp jpUkjp nfsup tpkNye;jpud; mth;fspd; fl;Liuapy; ,iwtd; mk;gpiff;F mUs;Gupe;j tuyhw;wpidAk;> ,t;tpujk; filg;gpbf;f Ntz;ba fhyk;> tpuj epakKiw> mu;j;jehuP];tuu; jj;Jtk; Nghd;w tplaq;fis kpf Jy;ypakhfTk; gf;jp eakhfTk; Fwpg;gpl;L fhl;bAs;shh;. ,jidj; njhlu;e;J ehtyu; gf;fj;jpy; “irtnewp fhj;j ehtyu;” vDk; jiyg;gpd; Clhf ,yf;fpa fyhepjp f. rptuhkypq;fk;gps;is mtu;fs; ehtyu; ngUkhd; irtj;Jld; ,ize;j jkpiof; fhg;gjw;fhf gw;gy E}y;fis cUthf;fpa njhz;bid vLj;Jf;fhl;bapUe;jhh;. NkYk; rptNahf Rthkpfs; ey;Y}u; KUfd; kPJ ghba ghkhiy gpuRukhfp mike;Js;sJld;> Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; gf;fj;jpy; “tpGyhde;j mbfshUk; fq;ifapy; vOjpapl;l XiyAk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; kz;^iur; Nru;e;j f.Fkhurhkp mtu;fspd; fl;Liu fhzg;gLfpwJ. tpGyhde;j mbfshuhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l fq;ifapy; vOjpl;l Xiy vDk; ghlypy; jj;Jt cz;ikfisAk;> kdpjg;;gpwtpapd; khz;G> fdTfspd; jd;ik> ey;tpid jPtpid> el;G> fy;tpapd; jd;ik Nghd;w gy nra;jpfis ghly; tupfNshLk; mw;Gjkhf $wpapUg;gjid fhzyhk;. mLj;j gf;fj;jpy; e.tPukzp Iaupd; “fw;gfty;yp epd; nghw;gjq;fs; gpbj;Njd;” vDk; ghly; kdjpy; gf;jpapid J}z;LtjhAk; mike;Js;sJ. ,jidaLj;J ,e;J xsp rQ;rpifia NkYk; myq;fupf;Fk; Kfkhf mWgj;J%d;W ehad;khu;fspy; xUtuhd Vdhjpehj ehadhhpd; FUG+ir jpdj;ij nahl;ba rpwg;Gf; fl;Liuahf “jpUePw;W Nkd;ikia czu;j;jpa cj;jku;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; te;jhW%iyiar; Nru;e;j irttpj;jfu; ntw;wpNty; rrpfud; mtu;fspd; fl;Liu gpuRukhfpapUe;jJ. mjd; cl;fpilahf rptgzpapid cau;gzpahf epidj;J <rdpd; tbkhf tpsq;Fk; jpUePw;wpw;fhf jdJ ,d;DapupidAk; kha;f;f Jzpe;j Vdhjpehj ehadhh; ,iwtd; mUs; ngw;W Kf;jp va;jpa tuyhw;wpid $wpapUg;gJ rpwg;ghf mikag; ngw;Ws;sJ. ,e;J xspapid NkYk; myq;fupf;f “,irAk; ,iwapd;gKk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; fyhG+\zk; gps;is ehafk; jpUehTf;fuR mtu;fs; ,irapdhy; ,iwtid milayhk;> ,ir kdpjid topg;gLj;JfpwJ> rq;fPjk; capiuAk; fhf;Fk;> Nghd;w fUj;Jfs; cz;ikr; rk;gtq;fspd; Clhf mikag; ngw;wpUf;fpd;wJ. NkYk; jytpUl;rj;jpd; jdpj;Jtk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; Kidtu; e. ,uh. nrd;dpag;gdhu; mtu;fSila fl;Liu fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,jpy; kuq;fs; nja;t topghl;Lld; fhzg;gl;bUe;j njhlu;gpidAk;> kuq;fis nja;tkhf topgl;ljhfTk;> gy Cu;fs; kuq;fspd; ngaupdhy; miof;fg;gLk; kugpid $WtjhfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; jpUKUf fpUghde;jthupahupd; ,uz;L cyfq;fs; jiyg;gpy; ntspte;j fl;Liuapy; xsp cyfk;> ,d;g ïªJ xË

cyfk;> ,Us; cyfk; gw;wpa Fwpg;Gf;fSk; fhzg; gl;bUe;jd. kdpju;fs; gQ;rkhghjfq;fis tpyf;fpa xsp cyfk; nry;y Ntz;Lk; vDk; tifapy; ,f; fl;Liu mike;Js;sJ. ,jw;F mLj;j gbahf mUl;rpj;ju; gpuk;k= ifyhrrhkp ntspapl;l ekJ topghl;bd; jj;Jtq;fs; vDk; E}ypypUe;J “rpj;jk; njspNthk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; ,r; nra;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ. vk;Ks; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwtid vt;thW mwpayhk;> ,iwtDf;Fk; capUf;Fk; cs;s njhlu;G> gpwUf;F ,t; cWg;Gfshy; ,ilA+W nra;ahjpUg;gNj cah;e;j njhz;L vDk; rPupa rpe;jidfspid jhq;fpajhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. mLj;jjhf khkd;wr; nra;jpfs; gf;fj;jpy; aho;. m. fdf#upauhy; aho; efupy; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidTjpd itgtk; vDk; jiyg;gpy; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wKk; kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;l ,e;J ,isQu; NguitAk; ,ize;J Vw;ghL nra;jpUe;j Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpd itgtk; gw;wpAk; mq;F ciuahw;wpa rhd;Nwhh;fspd; ciuapid RUf;fkhfTk; Neu;j;jpahfTk; vOj;J tbtpy; Fwpg;gpl;L gpuRukhfpapUe;jJ. NkYk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;w jiytu; jpU. fe;ijah ePyfz;ld;> nghJr; nrayhsu; jpU. K.fjpu;fhkehjd; MfpNahu; ,ize;J mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; tpLj;Js;s fz;ld mwpf;if mikag; ngw;wpUe;jJ. mjpy; 27.08.2014 md;W gpuRukhfpapUe;j ehspjo;fspy; ntspahd nra;jpapy; “,e;Jf;fs; kjk; khw;wg;gLtij jLf;f nghJgyNrdhTld; ,ize;J nraw;gLNthk;” vDk; nra;jpf;F fz;ldk; njhptpf;Fk; KfkhfTk; ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;> Nrit Nghd;wtw;wpid njspthf vLj;Jf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,Wjpahf khkd;w nra;jpfs; gf;fj;jpy; ,e;J xspapd;; (Mb mkhthir { Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT rpwg;gpjo;) ntspaPl;L itgtk; gw;wpa nra;jpAk;> khkd;wk; elhj;jpa ePj;jhu; jpd epfo;T gw;wpa nra;jpAk;> gpuRukhfpapUe;jJ. mjidaLj;J aho; efupy; Rthkp tpGyhde;ju; epidT jpdk; (27.07.2014) md;W nrQ;nrhw;nry;tu; fyhepjp MW. jpUKUfd; mtu;fspd; jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w epfo;Tfspd; Ntisapy; md;iwa jpdk; tUif je;jtu;fs; kw;Wk; rpwg;Giuahw;Wgth;fspd; glq;;fSld; ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; rpwg;G epfo;Tfspy; vLf;fg;gl;l Gifg;glq;fSk; ,e;J xspapd; ml;ilg;glq;fis myq;fhpj;Js;sd. Nkw;$wg;gl;l midj;J mk;rq;fSk; kpfTk; njspthfTk; Gjpa nra;jpfis mwpaf; $bajhfTk; ,e;J kjj;jpy; njupahj gy mupa jfty;fis ntspg;gLj;jf; $bajhfTk; fl;Liu tbtpYk;> nra;jpfshfTk; mike;J fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. NkYk; fhyhz;L ,johf Kd;G ntspe;j te;j ,e;J xsp rQ;rpifahdJ jw;NghJ ,U khjq;fSf;F xU Kiw ntsptUtJ khztu;fs;> ngupNahu;fs; kj;jpapy; cw;rhfj;ij Vw;gLj;jp cs;sJ. ,r; rka rQ;rpifahdJ nkd;NkYk; gy Gjpa tplaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s ,t; mwpTrhh; mwg;gzpapid Mw;Wfpd;w ,e;J khkd;wj;jpw;Fk;> ,e;J xsp gjpg;Gf; FOtpdUf;Fk; tho;j;Jf;fis njhptpj;J ,r; rQ;rpifahdJ vd;Wk; epiyngw;W tsk; ngw vy;yhk; ty;y ,iwtidg; gpuh h;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;. 36

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Temple Worship in Saivism R. Subbarayalu Senior Deputy Registrar (Retired), Tamil University, Thanjavur. Atharva Veda. The word Skamba and Stamba are understood as synonymous. The word Stamba (column of fire) is depicted as the Lingodbhava in almost all the Saivite temples. That which is apara is symbolized both by water and tree. After completing his invocatory chapter, St. Tiruvalluvar immediately projects the importance of water, but for which life will become extinct. It is the temple which sustains the society. And this temple is sustained by water.

“rpwg;nghL G+rid nry;yhJ thdk; twf;FNky; thNdhh;f;Fk; <<<<z;L.” “Should rains cease, festivals and pujas To gods will also cease.” Temple-tree represents the entire flora without which no fauna can exist; the tree indeed is the tree of life. Near the tree of life is a pool, whose water is purificatory. The icon is installed under the tree of life and close to the purificatory pool. An ancient shrine comprised these three only. Later on walls, towers, sub-shrines etc., were added. The temple also became a part of the polis. Selection of a temple-site is guided by the rules laid down by the Aagamas. Sacred sites abound on riverbanks, forests, seashores etc. St. Tirunaavukkarasar lists out some of the temples which are present on the banks of rivers and pools.

very religion insists on worship and provides the place for worship. It goes by many names such as Koyil, Alayam, Mantram (Mandir), Gurudwara, Vihara, Church, Mosque etc. We hereunder discuss the temples of Hinduism, in particular Saivite shrines. “It is well known that it is the Aagamas which inculate the art of housing THAT which is the Home-of-All, sentient as well as insentient. The very idea of providing for the Provider is at once sublime and lofty. What is more, it is daring. Whence did man learn to dare, and his daring, we daresay, is but an inspired form of humility” – Sekkizhar – Adi-p-Podi Dr. T.N. Ramachandran (St. Sekkizhar’s Periya Puranam – Part I). Faiths like Saivism and Vaishnavism are rooted in the Vedas and the Aagamas. The Vedas do not deal with temples as we know them. Louis Renou is right when he says, “it must be remembered that there were no temples at the Vedic period: ‘the sacrifice takes place within the officiants themselves’ says one of the Brahmanas. The term ayatana, which later came to mean ‘sanctuary’ merely designates the ordinary domestic hearth in Vedic times. The temple cult of the classical period must have grown out of the domestic cult. Sacrifice took place on a specially prepared piece of ground, but the same spot was not necessarily used again for subsequent ceremonies. There was no building other than temporary huts” (The Destiny of the Veda in India). The Light which is para (supernal) is symbolized by an icon made by stone, wood, metal, etc. Even a stump of wood was sufficient in this connection. It is called Nadutari (eLjwp). The pointed reference to this by St. Tirunaavukkarasar in his Kanraappur Decad brings to fore the symbol of Skamba of the ïªJ xË

“es;shWk; gioahWq; Nfhl;lhw; NwhL eye;jpfOk; ehyhWe; jpUit ahWe; njs;shWk; tisFsKe; jspf;FsK ey; ypilf;FsKe; jpUf;Fsj;Njh lQ;irf;fsk; tps;shj neLq;fsk;Ntl; fsk; ney;ypf;fh Nfhyf;fh Midf;fh tpad;Nfhbfh Fs;she;j nfhd;iwahd; epd;w MWq; Fsk;fsq;fh vd midj;Jq; $WNthNk.” “We will hail every Aaru, Kulam, Kalam and Kaa where The Lord adorned with melliferous Konrai, Abides; Such as Nallaaru, Pazhaiyaaru, Kottaaru, Naalaaru Of goodly weal, Tiruvaiyaaru, Tellaaru, Valaikulam Talikkulam, goodly Idaikkulam, Tirukkulam, Anjaikkalam Nedungkulam, Vetkalam, Nellikkaa Kolakkaa Aanaikkaa and extensive Kodikaa” -Tirumurai the Sixth: 720 [Tr; Dr. T.N.R.] 37

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Saivism is both a religion and a way of life. The worship of Siva and service to Saivite devotees are the basic duties of the Saivities. The capstone of the Sivagnanabotha sutras is as follows: “nrk;kyh; Nehd;jhs; Nruy; xl;lh mk;kyk; foP, md;gnuhL kuP, khy;mw Neak; kype;jth; NtlKk; Myae; jhDk; mud;vdj; njhONk”

Gyh;tjd; Kd; myfpl;L> nkOf;Fk; ,l;L G+khiy Gide;J Vj;jp Gfo;e;J ghb jiyMuf; Fk;gpl;L> $j;Jk; Mb rq;fuh> ra Nghw;wp Nghw;wp vd;Wk; miyGdy; Nrh; nrQ;ril vk;MjP vd;Wk; M&uh vd;W vd;Nw mywhepy;Ny!” “O heart, come here! If you seek life eternal do these: Wake up before day break every day; enter the Premises Of Our Lord’s shrine; sweep the precincts (with a broom); Coat them with cow-dung; weave garlands adoringly; Sing His glory; bow with your head and enact a dance; Cry aloud in fervour thus: “Hail Sankara! All Hail Sankara! O Aadi in whose matted hair flows The river of billowy water! O Lord of Aarur!” Tirumurai the Sixty; 312 [tr: Dr. T.N.R.]

“Cleansed of the impurity of Aanava, Karma and Maya which prevent soul from attaining the Lord’s sustaining feet which are like unto ruddy lotus-flowers, and blessed with the company of holy servitors, soul now standing freed from delusion, adores as Siva Himself the very habit (Vetnam) of Siva’s devotees and His shrines” –Sivagnanabotham: 12 [Tr; Dr. T.N.R.] Auvaiyaar emphasizes the importance of the worship at temple in her didactic work named Konraiventhan. ‘To worship in a temple is pre-eminently good,’ she asserts (Myak; njhOtJ rhyTk; ed;W)

One’s attendance during the stipulated hours in a temple is a must. This is possible only for the people who have renounced the world totally. A householder is burdened with so many duties. However, if he so wills, he can visit the temple during a stated service. Though God is omnipresent, His presence is more felt in sanctified areas, in particular the temples. Even though water is available everywhere beneath the earth, we can get it extracted only from the wells. Similarly the grade of God can be gained from the temples. Truly speaking, what is a temple? It is the very body of a perfected soul. Tirumular says:

The Hindu religion prescribes fourth paths to the realization of God, they being Carya, Kriya, Yoga and Gnaana. These are the paths which eventually lead the practitioner to God Himself. These exhort the Saivite to dedicate totally his life and limb to God. St. Tirunaavukkarasar’s Tiru Angka Maali is a Saiva Aagama in a nutshell. All worship must be in tune with the Saiva Aagamas. This is insisted by all the Saivite Tirumurais. This insistence is born of the sacred dictum of Lord Siva addressed to Uma Herself. Hearing this, Uma desired to demonstrate to the world the Siva pooja par excellence.

“cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak; ts;sw; gpuhdhh;f;F tha; NfhGu thry; njs;sj; njspe;jhh;f;Fr; rPtd; rptypq;fk; fs;sg; Gyide;Jk; fhsh kzp tpsf;Nf”.

“vz;zpy; Mfkk; ,ak;gpa ,with; jhk;tpUk;Gk; cz;ikahtJ G+rid vd ciuj;jUs mz;zyhh;jik mh;r;ridGupa Mjupj;jhs; ngz;zpd; ey;yts; Mapd ngUe;jtf; nfhOe;J.”

“For the Bounteous Lord This heart is the sanctum holy, The fleshy body is temple vast The mouth is the tower gate; To them that discern, Jiva is Sivalingam; The deceptive senses but he lights that illume.” Tirumantiram: Tantra Seven: 11:1 [Tr: Dr. B. Natarajan]

“When the Lord graced Her with the truth that it is puja Hailed by the innumerable Aagamas, which is endearing to Him, She, the greatest of women, The shoot, as it were, of great askesis, Desired to perform puja for the Lord-God.” Periya Puranam: 1128 [Tr: Dr.T.N.R.]

Saint Tirunavukkarasar affirms this: “fhaNk Nfhapyhff; fbkd kbikahf tha;iukNa J}a;ikahf kdkzp apypq;fkhf NeaNk nea;Ak; ghyh epiwaePuika thl;bg; G+rid aPrdhh;f;Fg; Nghw;wtpf; fhl;bNdhNk”.

Temple worship is the living proof of the Aagamic rites, rituals etc. the Vaakeesa Aasgama highlights this. “epiy ngWkhW vd;DjpNay;> neQ;Nr ePth epj;jYk; vk;gpuhDila Nfhapy; Gf;F> ïªJ xË

“This body is indeed the temple; the flawless manam Is sevitorship, truth is the sanctum sanctorum, 38

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Tirukkollili, (6) Tiruvaamur and (7) Tirumaraikkaadu. Siva was pleased to make His heroic exploits in many places. Eight of them are regarded as exceptionally great. They are known as Ashta Veeratta Sthala, they being (1) Tirukkantiyur, (2) Tirunallaaru, (3) Tiruatikai, (4) Tiruppariyalur, (5) Tiruvirkudi, (6) Vazhuvur, (7) Tirukkurukkai and (8) Tirukkadaiyur. The five elements are sacred. Five are pancha-bootha kshethras, they being Chidamabaram (space), Kalahasthai (Air), Tiruvannamalai (Fire), Tiruaanaikka (Water) and Tiruvarur (Earth). Kanchipuram is known as the Sakthi-Prithvi Kshethra and Triuvaarur as the Siva-Prithvi Kshethra. St. Nandi was born in Tiruvaiyaaru. Siva Himself led his wedding procession, which covered seven places viz., (1) Tiruvaiyaaru, (2) Tiruppazhanam, (3) Tirucchotrutthurai, (4) Tiruvedikudfi, (5) Tirukkantiyur, (6) Tiruppunthurutthi and (7) Tiruneitthaanam. Five are the Sabhas (Forums where Siva enacted His dance). They are: (1) Ratnasabhai (Ruby) - Aalankaadu (2) Kanakasabhai (Gold) - Chidambaram (3) Rajathasabhai (Silver) - Madurai (4) Taamirasabhai (Copper) - Tirunelveli and (5) Chitrasabhai (Half of pictures) Tirukkutraalam

And Manonmani (Sakti) is Sivalinga: My loving devotion serves as milk, ghee And abundant water for His ablutions Thus is performed His puja in which The offered havis (neivedyam) is obeisance.” - Tirumurai the Fourth: 739 [Tr: Dr.T.N.R.] This is also the message of the Puranam relating to St. Pusalaar. The human body comprises five Kosas viz., Annamayakosa, Praanamayakosa, Manonmayakosa, Vignaanamayakosa and Anandamayakosa. As the human body is replica of the temple, we are taught to identify the Kosas in the temple also. The human body has six aadharas viz., Moolaadhaaram, Swaathittaanam, Manipurakam, Anaakatham, Visutthi and Aasjani. The temple also consists of six aadhaaras in the form of mantaps, they being Garbhagriha, Ardhamantap, Mahamantap, Abhishekamantap, Alankaaramantap and Sabhamantap. The human body has the vertebral column (backbone) comprising 32 joints. This is represented by the flag post in the temple. It is made up of 32 nodes. The temple represents the human body and the worship in the temple is symbolic of the progress of the soul by degrees. We come across different types of temples of Lord Siva as revealed by St. Tirunavukkarasar in his Tirutthaandakam.

Twelve are the Jyothirlingams which are situate in (1) Ketaaram, (2) Somanaatham, (3) Mahakaalam (Ujjain), (4) Viswanaatham (Kasil), (5) Vaidhyanatham, (6) Beemanatham, (7) Nageswaram, (8) Onkareswaram, (9) Thrayambakam, (10) Kusumesam, (11) Mallikaarjunam (Sri Sailam) and (12) Ramanathan (Rameswaram). Since cleanliness is next to Godliness, a devotee can enter a temple only after a purification bath. He cannot go empty handed to the temple. He must take with him offerings such as fresh flowers, fruits and the like. The gopuram of the temple is constructed in the form of a tower, so that any person at a distance can have its darshan. Whenever a gopuram is sighted, the devotee is expected to fall on the ground and adore it. At least he should fold his palms in obeisance. Such place is called the boundary (Tiru ellai). He should also adore the street (Tiru veedi) and the entrance of the temple (gopuram). The gopuram represents the sthoola lingam and worshipping the gopuram implies worship to Sivalingam. When a devotee reaches the flag post, he has to pay obeisance before it, facing north. The whole body should touch the ground. This is called ashtaangka namskaaram, the eight angkas being two feet, two hands, two ears, forehead and the chest. Women have to do panchaangka namaskaram. The two knees, two palms and the head have to touch the ground. Next to the flag post, the Tirupeetam is situate. This is the place where the ahankaaram and mamkaaram (I-ness and My-ness) are sacrificed at the altar. This worship purifies the inner sensorium.

“ngUf;F MW rilf;F mzpe;j ngUkhd; NrUk; ngUq;Nfhapy; vOgjpndhL vl;Lk;> kw;Wk; fuf;Nfhapy;> fbnghopy;R+o; Qhow;Nfhapy; fUg;gwpay; nghUg;gida nfhFbf; Nfhapy;> ,Uf;FXjp kiwath;fs; topgl;L Vj;Jk; ,sq;Nfhapy;> kzpf;Nfhapy;> Myf;Nfhapy;jpUf;Nfhapy;-rptd; ciwAk; Nfhapy; R+o;e;J jho;e;J ,iwQ;r jPtpidfs; jPUk; md;Nw.” “If the seventyeight great temples of the Lord Whose matted crest is adorned with the great flood, Karakkoyil, Gnaazharkoyil girt with well-protected Groves, the hill-like Kokudikkoyil of Karuppariyal, Illangkoyil where the chanting the Rig Veda The Brahmins hail and adore the Lord, Manikkoyil, Aalakkoyil and every Tirukkoyil where Siva abides, Are circumambulated and hailed in humble Adoration, evil Karma will get annulled.” -Tirumurai the Sixty:715 [Tr: Dr. T.N.R.) Temples in the past were constructed by Asurars, Devas, Rishis, Kings and men. Idols in most cases were sculpted. A few are known as swayampu (self-born). They were Siva’s own making. The word Vitangkam means unsculpted. Vitangka kshetrams are seven in number, they being (1) Tiruvarur, (2) Tirunallaaru, (3) Tirunaakaikkaaronam, (4) Tirukkaaraayil, (5) ïªJ xË

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When the devotee reaches the ‘tiruvaayil’ or the main entrance he is greeted by Dwarapaalakas one on the right and the other at the left. When Lord Siva burnt the three citadels of the asurars, which floated on the sky and caused havoc, only three asuras were spared by Siva. Two of them became Dwarapaalakas and the third one was blessed to play Kudamuzha when the Lord-Dancer enacted his dance. The idols of Vinaayaka and Muruka are found installed in the sides of the entrance. These represent the filial aspect of Godhead. Nandi is the Chamberlain of Siva. He is known as Adhikaara Nandi. He has a bovine face and a human form. If a temple lacks this idol, the sacred bull known as Rishabadevi does office for Nandi. He is also known as Nandi. A devotee should seek Rishabhadeva’s leave and then proceed towards the sanctum sanctorum. The garbhagriha, where the main idol is installed is the holy of holies. Only the Archaka, who is Sivaachaarya is entitled to step into it. Others must stand outside to have darshan of the Lord. The sub-shrines situate in the temple campus demand our adoration. The tower raised over the sanctum sanctorum is known as Vimaana. On its sides are installed Dakshinamurthy,

Lingodhbhava and Durga. A separate shrine is allotted to Chandeswara, who is the last to be worshipped. The devotee should implore him to confer on him the fruit of his adoration of Siva. This Chandeeswara is dear to Siva and he actually runs the temple. He is entitled to half a circumambulation. It is the duty of the Saivite devotee to read, remember and practice the rules prescribed in the manual indited by Sri-la-/ Sri Arumukha Naavalar. This manual is known as ‘Sivaalaya Darisana Vidi’. Temple worship enables the devotee to worship Siva enshrined in the temples and eventually enables him to become a shrine of Siva.

Quoted from:

SAIVA DARSHANAM A VADE MECUM OF SAIVA SIDDHANTA Compiled and Edited by Seekkizhaar Adi-p-Podi

DR. T. N. RAMACHANDRAN, D. Litt., (Jaffna) (Director, International Institute of Saiva Siddhanta Research, Dharmapuram)

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02.11.2014 nfhOk;gpy; eilngw;w “ePq;fhj epidTfs;” jpU. I.jp. rk;ge;jd; mth;fspd; E}y; ntspaPl;L itgtk;

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khk‹w¢ brŒâ

ÔghtË âUehisbah£o khk‹w« ÉL¤âUªj áw¥ò¢ brŒâ jP

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vkJ Md;kPf rQ;rpifia thrpf;fyhk;) %yk; gzpahw;wp tUfpd;wJ. ,g;gzpapy; ,izAkhW vk;Kld; rfy Myaq;fisAk; ,e;J epWtdq;fisAk; ,g;Gdpj ehspy; kPz;Lk; miof;f tpUk;GfpNwhk;. “,iwtNuh njhz;lu; jk; cs;sj; njhLf;fk;> njhz;lu; jk; ngUik nrhy;yTk; ngupNj” vd;whu; xsitg;gpuhl;b. mg;gbahd ngUikkpf;f rpt njhz;lu;fs; ,e;ehl;by; ngUfNtz;Lk;. ,d;Wk; vkJ kf;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j ehl;bYk; mfjpfshf mtyg;gLfpd;w epiyikiaAk; vLj;Jf;fhl;LtJ vkJ flikahFk;. cjhuzj;jpw;F aho; khtl;lj;jpy; 38 eyd;Gup epiyaq;fs; vd;w ngaupy;> mfjpKfhk;fshff; fhl;rp jUk; me;j Kfhk;fspy; jq;fs; nrhe;j ,lq;fspy; FbNawj; jLf;fg;gl;L ,Uf;fpd;w kf;fs; thotopapd;wpj; jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wdu;. tlkhfhz rig %yk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wKk; kdpjNea epjpaKk; me;j Kfhk;fspy; ,Uf;Fk; tNahjpgu;fSf;Fk; Nehahsp fSf;Fk; gps;isfSf;Fk; XusT cjtpiar; nra;JtUfpd;Nwhk;. mJ NghjhJ. mtu;fSf;F clNd cyu; czT kPz;Lk; toq;fg;glNtz;Lk; vdTk;> jhkjpahJ mtu;fisr; nrhe;j ,lq;fspy; FbNaw;w xOq;F nra;AkhWk; murhq;fj;ijf; Nfl;bUe;Njhk;. ,Jtiu Mf;fG+u;tkhd eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy. “ju;kk; jiyfhf;Fk;” vd;gJ vq;fSila jhuf ke;jpuk;. “mwk; nratpUk;G” vd;w xsitg;ghl;bapd; mwpTiuiaAk; ehq;fs; kwf;ff;$lhJ. khkd;wk; nra;JtUk; r%fg; gzpfspy; jtwhJ vy;NyhiuAk; mwk; nra;a tpUk;GkhWk; ,g;Gdpj ed;dhspy; Ntz;Lfpd;Nwhk;. “,d;gNk #o;f> vy;NyhUk; tho;f” vd gpuhu;j;jpj;J ,e;J kf;fs; ehq;fs; vd;gijAk; vd;Wk; epidT$u Ntz;Lk;. vkJ kf;fSf;F tpNkhrdk; fpilf;f = rptfhkp mk;ghs; rNkj = eluh[g; ngUkhid gpuhu;j;jpj;J epw;fpd;Nwhk;. fe;ijah ePyfz;ld; jiytu; 42

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mkuh; tp. rptrhkp aho;g;ghzg; gy;fiyf;fof tho;ehs; NguhrpupaUk;> aho;g;ghzf; fy;Y}up kw;Wk; Nguhjidg; gy;fiyf;fof Kd;dhs; rk];fpUj tpupTiuahsUkhfpa jpU. tpehaf%u;j;jp rptrhkp mtu;fs; 08.11.2014 md;W ,iwgjk; va;jpaij mwpe;J mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; jdJ Mo;e;j mDjhgq;fisAk; ftiyiaAk; njuptpf;fpd;wJ. mkuu; tpehaf%u;j;jp rptrhkp mtu;fs; gy;fiyf;fof fy;tprhu; eltbf;iffSld; jdJ Nritia kl;Lg;gLj;jhJ rka kw;Wk; r%f Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; tsu;r;rpf;Fk; ngUk;gq;fhw;wpa ngUkfdhthu;. rk];fpUjk;> tuyhW> jkpo;> ,e;Jg; gz;ghL Ez;fiyfs; vdg; gy Jiwfspy; MSik ngw;wpUe;jhu;. ,it njhlu;ghf gy mupa E}y;fis Mf;fpAs;sNjhL mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;Jld; neUq;fpa njhlu;igf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. vkJ rkaf; fUj;juq;FfspYk; khehLfspYk; fye;J nfhz;lJld; rka rk;ge;jkhd eltbf;iffSf;F ve;NeuKk; xj;Jiog;ig toq;fpatuhthu;. ,e;J khkd;wj;Jld; neUq;fpa cwitg; Ngzp te;j mkuu; rptrhkp vkf;F Vw;gLk; Iaq;fisAk;> gpur;rpidfisAk; jPu;j;jpUg;gNjhL mt;tg;NghJ Ntz;ba MNyhridfisAk; toq;fp te;jhu;. md;dhiu ,oe;J jtpf;Fk; FLk;gj;jhupd; Jaupy; gq;Fnfhz;L mtu; Mj;kh rhe;jpaila mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; rhh;ghf vy;yhk; ty;y rptfhkp mk;ghs; rNkj = eluh[g; ngUkhid Ntz;b epw;fpd;Nwhk;.

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ehtyh; Nghuhl;lj;ijf; ifNrhutpltpy;iy. mth; njhlh;e;J fpsh;r;rp nra;jhh;. kf;fisj; jpul;b ,af;fk; elj;jpdhh;. ,jd; gadhf xU tprhuizf; fkp\d; te;jJ. mg;NghJ ''kf;fNs tpopj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,J rkak;. tprhuiz mjpfhhp te;j nghOJ Jitde;Jiu je;jpu Ntiy nra;J jd;fo P g; g; l;l cj;jpNahfj;jh;fisf; nfhz;L ehlfk; elj;jp jkJ Fw;wq;fis kiwj;Jtpl;lhh;. jk;kPJ te;j tof;Ffisnay;yhk; je;jpukhf tpyfr; nra;J mepahauhr;rpak; elj;Jfpwhh;''vd;W ehtyh; nts;isf;fhu Ml;rpahshpd; mf;fpukj;ij vjph;f;f kf;fisj; jh;khNtrj;Jld; jl;b vOg;gpdhh;. aho;g;ghzj;jpNy mjpfhu th;f;fk; elj;jpa ml;lfhrq;fis> kf;fs; kPJ ,iof;fg;gl;l mePjpfis Nrh; Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp %yk; rl;l ep&gz rigapy; ehtyh; mk;gyg;gLj;Jtpj;jhh;. rl;l ep&gz rigapy; elj;Jtpj;j Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Fg; gf;fgykhf ntspNa kf;fisj; jpul;b ehtyh; ntF[d ,af;fk; elj;jpdhh;. ehtyh; kf; f Sf; f hf mth; f spd; eyd; f Sf; f hfg; Nghuhba NghJ kj> ,d NtWghLfisAk; jhz;b midj; J kjq; f isAk; ,dq; f isAk; Nrh; e ; j kf; f isg; nghJg; Nghuhl; l j; j py; xd; W jpul; b dhh; . ,th; f s; midthpdJk; eyd; f Sf; f pilapy; xUikg;ghl;ilf; fz;lhh;. 43

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

khk‹w¢ brŒâ

ïªj¢ RlÇš... ñ

gŠr òuhz§fŸ

Md;kPfr;Rlupd; mUs;kly;

ehtyÇ‹ thœ¡if tuyh‰W¢ RU¡f«

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ehty® bgUkh‹ ntjáthfk¡»Çia be¿fS¡F M‰¿a g§fË¥ò

ehty® bgUkhÅ‹ rka e‰gÂfŸ

MWKf ehtyuhy; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l gpurq;f kuG 15

ï«khj« (et«g®) 10M« 11M« âfâfËš eilbg‰w ahœ gšfiy¡fHf¤â‹ tUlhªj g£lkË¥ò ÃfœÉ‹ tunt‰ò C®ty¤âš m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w¤â‹ ahœ. átbjh©l® mÂÆdU« fyªJ bfh©L áw¥ã¤âUªjd®.

ehtyhpd; tho;tpaYhlhf Vw;gl;l rka> r%f> fy;tp khw;wq;fs;.

ahœ k©Â‹ jÄœ¥ ghu«gÇa fyhrhu ÉGÄa§fnshL mikªj tifÆyhd Fil, bfho, Myt£l« jh§»ajhf khk‹w¤â‹ átbjh©l® mÂÆd® gšfiy¡fHf g£lkË¥ò ÃfœÉ‹ tunt‰ò C®ty¤âš g§Fbfh©L jÄœ¡ fyhrhu áw¥ig btË¥gL¤âÆUªjh®fŸ.

<oj;J ehtyUk; ,e;jpa MjPdq;fSk;

MWKfehty® g‰¿ r¤âaÉ¤jf® Úâaur® f. É. É¡ndÞtu‹

khk‹w ahœ gÂkidÆ‹ átbjh©l® mÂia¢ nr®ªj r. $fa‹, gh. rhU#‹, k. ondh#‹, ». brªöu‹, r. Rkz‹, f. fÍªj‹, É. nkhfhD#‹, R. Ff¥ãÇa‹, J. mÑg‹, á. kjd%g‹, k. ÉJ#‹ M»nah® ïªj ÃfœÉš g§Fg‰¿ÆUªjd®.

ehtyÇ‹ e‰gÂfŸ eh« kwnth«

Sri La Sri Arumuga Navalar

The Champion Reformer of the Hindus (1822- 1879) 25

ey;Yhh; MWKfehtydhh;

âU¡fh®¤âif Ôg¤âUehŸ

cUt tÊghL

ghku kf;fSf;Fk; Qhdxsp gug;gpa vq;fs; FUehjd;

kâ¥ÕL - ïªJ xË -etuh¤âÇ áw¥ãjœ

Temple Worship in Saivism

khk‹w¢ brŒâ - ÔghtË âUehisbah£o khk‹w« ÉL¤âUªj áw¥ò¢ brŒâ

fšÉ PhÅ ešiyts® ntËdU bsh‹Wâu©nl - g©il PhdÃiy nrh®tiljš Ó®bgwe‹nw ešiyef uhWKf ehtybu‹nw - bga® eš»tU fšÉkÈ PhÅabu‹ngh«.

- KJjÄœ¥ òyt® K. ešyj«ã

ehtyh; ngUkhdhy; cah;epiy ngw;w Guhz gld Kiw

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khk‹w¤â‹ mDjhg¢ brŒâ

ïªJ xË

43 44

#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif

nghydWit rkd;gpl;b fwg;gis md;id = rhujhNjtp mwnewpg; ghlrhiy rptnjhz;lh; mzp

ïªJ xË

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Mya rpukjhdg; gzpfspy; rptnjhz;lh; mzpapdh;

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G+khiy fl;Lk; gapw;rpapy; #a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif rptnjhz;lh; mzpapdh;

khkd;wj;jpy; ru];tjp g+i[ itgtk; (2014)

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AIA fhg;GWjp epWtdj;jpy; flikahw;Wgth;fs; ru];tjp G+ir itgtj;jpy; gq;Nfw;G. rfyfyhty;yp khiy gbf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

,e;J tpj;jpahtpUj;jpr; rq;fj;jpy; eilngw;w ru];tjp G+ir itgtk;

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#a tUl« I¥gá - fh®¤âif