Hindu oli ebook 20 5 by Finder 2000

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mT];jpNuypahtpy; 18-06-2016 md;W eilngw;w khkd;wj;jpd; itu tpoh kyu; ntspaPl;L epfo;tpd; gjpTfs;

khkd;wj; jiytupd; ciu

jpU. F. ghu;j;jPgd; mtu;fspd; itj;jpafyhepjp kdNkhfd; ciu mtu;fspd; ciu

Mrpupau; g.uq;fehjd; mtu;fspd; ciu

fyhepjp j.fkyehjd; mtu;fs; rpwg;Gg; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;.

jpU. ike;jd; mtu;fs; rpwg;Gg; gpujpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;.

jkpofk; nghw;jhkiu ,af;fj;ijr; Nru;e;j jpU. Kj;Jf;fz;zd; mtu;fs; rpwg;Gg; gpujpia ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;.

khkd;w itutpoh kyu; ntspaPl;L epfo;tpy; fye;J rpwg;gpj;j mitNahu;.

eapdhjPT = ehfG+\zp mk;kd; Myaj;jpd; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtj;ijnahl;b ntspaplg;gl;l “,e;J xsp” rpwg;gpjo; ntspaPl;L epfo;T (16.06.2016)

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nrQ;nrhw;nry;th; fyhepjp MW. jpUKUfd; rpwg;gpjio ntspapl;Litj;J ciuahw;WtijAk;> mbahh;fSf;F rpwg;gpjo;fis toq;FtijAk; glq;fspy; fhzyhk;

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J®K» tUl« Mo¤ â§fŸ 02M« ehŸ (17.07.2016)

ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈÈ gs;spj;jyq;fspy; irtrka ghlNghjid gŠr òuhz§fŸ ghJfhf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. âU¢á‰w«gy«

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jpUNtnad; nry;tNk NjNd thNdhh; nrOQ;RlNu nrOQ;Rlh;ew; Nrhjp kpf;f cUNtvd; DwNtvd; CNd Cdpd; cs;sNk cs;sj;jp Ds;Ns epd;w fUNtnad; fw;gfNk fz;Nz fz;zpw; fUkzpNa kzpahL ghtha; fhtha; mUtha ty;tpidNeha; milah tz;zk; MtLjz; LiwAiwAk; mkuNuNw!

âUthrf«

guTthh; ,ikNahh;fs; ghLtd ehy;Ntjk; FuTthh; Foy;klths; $Wilah nshUghfk; tpuTthh; nka;ad;gpd; mbahh;fs; Nkd;NkYd; muTthh; foypizfs; fhz;ghNuh mhpahNd!

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jspnuhsp kzpg;g+k; gjQ;rpyk;G myk;gr; riltphpj;J miynawp fq;ifj; njspnuhsp kzpePh;j; jptiyKj;J mUk;gpj; jpUKfk; kyh;e;Jnrhl;L ml;lf; fpsnuhsp kzptz;L miwnghopw; godk; nfOTfk; giynra;fPo;f; Nfhl;^h; tsnuhsp kzpak; gyj;Js;epd; whLk; ike;jd;vd; kdq;fye; jhNd!

âU¥gšyh©L

ghYf;Fg; ghyfd; Ntz;b mOjplg; ghw;fly; <e;jgpuhd; khYf;Fr; rf;fuk; md;wUs; nra;jtd; kd;dpa jpy;iyjd;Ds; Mypf;Fk; me;jzh; tho;fpd;w rpw;wk; gyNk ,lkhfg; ghypj;J el;lk; gapyty; yhDf;Nf gy;yhz;L $WJNk!

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ntz;zp Nka tpilath; Nfhapiy ez;zp ehba fhjypd; ehs;kjpf; fz;zp ahh;jk; foy;,iz Nghw;wpNa gz;zpy; ePLk; gjpKfk; ghbdhh;! âU¢á‰w«gy« !

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Vida Mrphpah; f Sf; F Kd; D jhuzkhfTk; tpsq;fpdh;. Gjpa fy;tpj; jpl;lq;fSk;> Nghl;bg; ghP l ; i rfs; %yk; Gs; s p mbg; g ilapy; Mrphpah; f s; njhpTnra;ag;gLtJk; ghuk;ghpakhd rkaghlf; fy;tp kuig rPuopj;Jtpl;ld. ehL KOtJk; khzth;fsJ mikjp gw; w p kf; f s; rpe; j pf; f j; njhlq; f pAs; s dh; . ghlrhiyf; fy;tpapy; rkaghlj;jpw;Fhpa kfj;Jtj;ij kPsTk; fl;b tsh;f;fhJ tpl;lhy;> Gjpa Mgj;Jf;fis ,r;r%fk; vjphN ; ehf;fNtz;ba epiy Vw;gLk;. Fwpgg; hf irtrka ghlNghjidf;F cfe;j Mrphpah;fis> chpa Kiwapy; gapw;Wtpj;J rKjhaj;ij ey;topg;gLj;JtJ fhyj;jpd; fl;lhakhFk;.

jpUg;Gfo; cLf;fj; Jfpy;NtZ ePs;grp atpf;ff; fdghdk; NtZey; xspf;Fg; Gdyhil NtZnka; AWNehia xopf;fg; gupfhuk; NtZKs; ,Uf;fr; rpWehup NtZNkhu; gLf;fj; jdptPL NtZkpt; tifahTq; fpilj;Jf; f;U`thrp ahfpa kaf;ff; flyhb ePba fpisf;Fg; gupghy dhAap utNkNghk; f;Uigr;rpj; jKQhd NghjK kioj;Jj; juNtZ %o;gt fpupf;Fl; Roy;Ntid ahSt njhUehNs Flf;Fr; rpyJ}ju; NjLf tlf;Fr; rpyJ}ju; ehLf Fzf;Fr; rpyJ}ju; NjLf ntdNktpf; Fwpg;gpw; FwpfhZ khUjp apdpj;njw; nfhUJ}J NghtJ Fwpg;gpw; FwpNghd NghjpYk; tuyhNkh mbf;Fj; jpufhu uhfpa muf;fu;f; fpisahj jPuD kiyf;fg; GwNktp khJW tdNknrd; wUl;nghw; wpUthop Nkhjpu kspj;Jw; wtu;Nky; kNdhfu kspj;Jf; fjpu;fhk Nktpa ngUkhNs!

thDyFk; kz;ZyFk; thokiw thog; ghd;ikjU nra;ajkpo; ghh;kpir tpsq;f Qhdkj Ie;Jfu %d;Wtpop ehy;tha; MidKf idg;gutp aQ;ryp nra;fpw;ghk;!

ïªJ xË m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w ïªJ MuhŒ¢á Ãiya¤â‹ btËpL

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MáÇa® FG :

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ISSN : 2012 - 9645

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Mr. Kandiah Neelakandan Dr. Aru. Thirumurugan Mr. S. Thillainadarajah Dr. M. Balakailasanatha Sarma Sivasri K. Vaitheeswara Kurukkal Mr. D. Manoharan Mr. A. Kanagasooriar

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ÇÎ bjh©Lehj‹ 5

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jpUf;fapyha kuG> nka;fz;lhu; toptop Ng&uhjPdk; fapiyf;FUkzp

rPu;tsu;rPu; rhe;jypq;f ,uhkrhkp mbfshupd; mUshl;rp Vw;Gg; nghd;tpohitnahl;b mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpdhy; toq;fg;gLk;

tho;j;Jkly; irtKe; jkpOkpU fz;nzdf; fhj;jpl - ,t; itaj;Njhu; Nghw;wpl MjPdnkhd;iwg; - Ng&upy; mikj;jpl;lhu; fapiyf;FUkzp rhe;jypq;fu; - mfit IE}w;wpidj; jhz;bAk; toptop jpfo;e;jplNt! rhe;jypq;fu; jz;topg; gw;wp - ey;y Mz;lJ rfrpuk; xd;gJE}w; wpaWgj;Njopy; - jz;zUs; ,uhkrhkp mbfs; rpuNkw; nfhz;lhu; jiyikia ,k;khepyk; edprpwf;f topfhl;bdhu; xspA+l;bdhu;! rka rKjha fy;tp kUj;Jtk; kj - ey;ypzf;fk; rkj;Jtk; Ntshz;ik vdg;gy JiwfspYk; rw;NwDk; jsuhJ jd;dykpd;wpr; r%fj;ijf; fhj;J rPu;NkTk; Ik;gJ Mz;LNktp mUshSk; ey;yFU! ghu; fhf;f tha;j;j FU - rhe;jypq;fu; top ,uhkrhkp mtu;jk; mUl;gzp njhlu;e;jplTk; - ew;Ng&u;g; gjpaku;e;J mUshl;rp nra;jplTk; - guk;nghUshk; rptfhkpak;gh SlDiw = eluh[u; ghjk; gzpfpNwhk;.

fe;ijah ePyfz;ld;> jiyth;>

mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk;.

Ng&u; MjPdk; FUkfhre;epjhdk; rPu;tsu;rPu; rhe;jypq;f ,uhkrhkp mbfshupd; mUshl;rp Vw;Gg; nghd;tpoh mbfshu; jkpof murpd; ,e;J rka mwepiya Ml;rpj;Jiwapd; cau;kl;lf; FOtpd; cWg;gpduhfTk;> nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fof Ml;rpkd;w cWg;gpduhfTkpUe;J ew;gzpahw;wpapUf;fpwhu;. mbfshu; fiy mwptpay; jkpo; fy;Y}upnahd;iw Muk;gpj;J Mw;wptUk; fy;tpg;gzpAk; ngupJk; Nghw;Wtjw;FupaJ. rPu;tsu;rPu; rhe;jypq;f ,uhkrhkp mbfshu; fle;j tUlk; (2015) mf;Nlhgu; khjk; mfit njhd;D}W epiwit nfhz;lhbapUg;gJk; kfpo;r;rpf;Fupa nra;jpahFk;.

jpUf;fapyha kuG nka;fz;lhu; toptop Ng&u; MjPdk; FUkfh re;epjhdk; fapiyf; FUkzp rPu;tsu;rPu; rhe;jypq;f ,uhkrhkp mbfshu; MjPd FUkfhre;epjhdkhf nghWg;Ngw;W Ik;gJ tUlq;fs; epiwT ngw;Ws;sijapl;L mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; ,jag+u;tkhd ey;tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wJ. rPu;tsu;rPu; rhe;jypq;f ,uhkrhkp mbfshu; 1950Mk; Mz;by; Ng&u; MjPdj;jpd; ,isagl;lkhf ,ize;J nfhz;ltu;. 1967Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; MjPd FUkfhre;epjhdkhf nghWg;Ngw;Wf; nfhz;lhu;. irtKk;> jkpOk; jioj;Njhq;fTk;> rKjhak; ed;ndwpapidg; Ngzp rpwg;Gld; thoTk; jd;id mu;g;gzpj;Jg; gzpahw;wptUfpwhu;. ïªJ xË

mbfshu; ey;y NjfhNuhf;fpaj;Jld; tho;e;J rka > r%fey> fy;tpg; gzpfis NkYk; rpwg;ghfj; njhlUtjw;F ,iwaUs; Jizepw;f Ntz;Lk; vd ,yq;if tho; ,e;J kf;fs; rhu;ghf khkd;wk; mUs;kpF rptfhkp mk;ghs; rNkj = eluh[g; ngUkhidg; gpuhh;j;jpj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ.

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tuyh‰W¥ bgUik thŒªj

fâ®fhk« Fy. rghehj‹

Jâ¡f å‰¿Uªjh® v‹W« òuhz« TW»‹wJ. tŸË eha»ahiu¡ f©L fhjÈ¤J kz Ko¤j ïl« fâ®fhk« v‹gJ IÔf«. KUf¥bgUkh‹ KjÈš bjŒtahid m«ikahiu kz Ko¤J¥ ã‹ âU¤jÂkiy¡fU»YŸs tŸË kiyÆš tŸËeha»ahiu kz«òÇªJ mj‹ã‹d® ïUtiuí« neh¡»¤ jh« ÉU«ò« jy« fâ®fhk« vd¡ T¿ mt®fSl‹ fâ®fhk¡ »Çia milªJ áªjhkÂ Mya¤âš vªehS« m‹g®fŸ tÊg£LŒíkhW å‰¿U¡»wh® vd¤ jøz ifyhr òuhz« TW«. “ãŸisah® kiy, åuthFkiy, bjŒtahida«ik kiy, tŸËa«ik kiy M»a kiyfË‹ eLnt nrhk‹ NÇa‹ m¡»Åba‹D« K¢Rl®fË‹ nrhâbg‰W cyF¡ bfšyh« ngbuhËahš És§FtJ fâiukiy” v‹W«, “m«kiy¢áfueLÉš mnef nfho NÇa¥ ãufhr« bghUªâ És§F« áªjhkÂ Mya¤âš etu¤dkakhd á§fhrd¤âš tŸËeha» bjŒtahida«ik rnkjuhŒ¡ fâ®fhk »ßr® vGªjUËÆU¡»wh®” v‹W« ï¥òuhz« TW«. nkY«, fâ®fhk efu¢ áw¥ãidí« ï¥òuhz« Ñœ¡fhQkhW F¿¥ãL»‹wJ: “fâ®fhk efu« K¡nfhz totkhd åâiaíilaJ. mª efu¤â‹ eLÉny gts¤ ö©fŸ ÃW¤â¥ bgh‹dhš ïa‰¿ ïu¤âd§fŸ ïiH¤j â›Éakh»a nrhâk©lg« (RthÄ rªÃâ) x‹¿U¡ »‹wJ. m«k©lg¤â‹ eLÉš ïªâu ÚykÂÆdh‰ brŒJ ãufhrK« mHF« bghUªâa á§fhrd¤â‹ nkny bjŒtahida«ikah® tŸËikah® v‹D« ïU r¡âfnshL Phdr¡â toth»a nt‰gilia¤ jh§»¡ »Ugh rK¤âukh»a fâ®fhkehj® És§F»wh®. m¢ nrhâk©lg¤â‹ vâÇny všyh ïy¡fzK« thŒªj tŸËa«ik k©lg« ïU¡»‹wJ. mj‹ mU»ny nk‹ik bghUªâa rkhâ nahf k©lg« x‹¿U¡»‹wJ. ÉehafU¡F« gukátD¡F« cÇa ntW k©lg§fS« m§FŸsd. åuthF Kjyhd åuU¡FÇa k©lg§fS« ïU¡»‹wd... fâ®fhk efu¤jU»‰ ò©Âa eâah»a khÂ¡f f§if ghŒªJ bfh©oU¡F«.”

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tÊgh£L¡FÇa âU¥gâfSŸ _®¤â, jy«, Ô®¤j« vDK«ikahD« òfœbg‰W¤ âfœtJ <Heh£o‹, bj‹ghYŸs âU¡ fâ®fhk«. ï¤jy¤â‹ bga®¡fhuz thuhŒ¢á ï‹D« Koªjghošiy. fâufh« v‹DŠ brhš ‘fh®¤ânfa »uhk’ v‹gj‹ k%cbtdî«, ahidthœ »uhkbkd¥ bghUŸgL« f#ufk v‹gj‹ áijbtdî«, fâU (e¢R) ku« Ãiwªj »uhk« (fâUbfhl v‹gJnghy) vd¥ bghUŸgL« fâU»uhk v‹gj‹ áijbtdî§ bfhŸt® áy®. ï‹DŠ áy® ïjid¤ jÄœ¢ brhšbydnt bfh©L fâ®fhk« v‹gJ flîŸ j‹ikíila xËí« m‹ò« (fâ®-xË; fhk«-m‹ò) fyªJ És§FÄl« vdî«, MW fâ®¥ bgh¿fsh‰ ãwªj MWKf‹ tŸËeh¢áah®nk‰ fhjšbfh©L kz«òÇªj ïlkhjÈ‰ fâ®fhk« MÆ‰W vdî§ TWt®. ï‹DŠ áy® ‘fâu§ fU§fhÈ’ baD« ã§fy Ãf©L¢ N¤âu¤ij vL¤J¡ fh£o¡ fâuku« (fU§fhÈ ku«) Ãiwªj »uhkkhjyhš, ï¥bga® V‰g£l bj‹g®. fâufhk« v‹gJ á§fsbkhÊ¢ brhšÈ‹ kUcthŒ¤ jÄœ bkhÊÆ‹f© âir¢ brhšyhŒ¥ ã‰fhy¤âš tH¡»š tªjbj‹gnj vkJ bfhŸif. m¡ bfhŸif¡nf‰g fâU ku§fisíila C® vd¥ bga®¡fhuz« TWjny bghU¤jkhf¤ njh‰W»‹wJ. VkTl«, ónyhf fªjòÇ, fhÇfh¥ò, tuòÇ, gŠr_®¤âthr«, Éštfhdd«, rfy á¤âufu«, mf¤Ôa¥ãÇa«, ãuká¤â m›Éa®¤j_®¤j«, á¤jnf¤âu«, fâiu, n#hâZfhk« v‹gd fâ®fhk¤J¡F¥ gy üšfËY« tH§f¥g£LŸs bga®fŸ. fâ®fhkRthÄ, fâiuehaf‹, fâiunty‹, khÂ¡fRthÄ, fªj¡flîŸ, MWKf¥bgUkh‹, guŠnrhâ¥ bgUkh‹, ájhfhaehj‹ m›Éa®¤j _®¤â v‹w âUehk§fŸ fâ®fhk¡ flîS¡F tH§f¥gLtd.

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KUfntŸ Nug‹kid¢ r§fÇ¡F« neh¡nfhL vGªjUËabghGJ fâ®fhk¤ijailªJ khÂ¡f f§ifaU»‰ ghriw tF¤J å‰¿Uªjh® v‹W«, m›Él« VkTl« vd¥g£lJ v‹W« ã‹d® Nug‹kid bt‹W thifNo Û©lbghGJ fâ®fhk¡ »ÇÆš etf§fh Ô®¤j K©lh¡»¢ áªjhkÂ Mya¤âš njt®fŸ ïªJ xË

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fhz¥gL»‹wd. ahœ¥ghz itgt khiyÆD« kfht«r« v‹w á§fs rÇ¤âu¤âY« fâ®fhk¤ij¥ g‰¿a c©ik¡ F¿¥ò¡fŸ fhz¥ gL»‹wd. Ójhãuh£oahiu¤ njo ïy§if¡F tªj mEkh‹ fâ®fhk¥ bgUkhid tz§f¢ br‹whbd‹gJ áy rÇ¤âuháÇa® bfhŸif. ».K. 500M« M©lsÉš É#a‹ ïy§if¤ÔÉš fâiuah©ltU¡F xU nfhÆš mik¤jh‹ vd ahœ¥ghz itgtkhiy TW«. á§fstÇ‹ rÇ¤âu üyh»a kfht«r¤âš,  njthd«ãa Ôr‹ M£á¡fhy¤âš, mnrhf k‹ddJ mUªjt¥ òjšÉ r§fÄ¤ij btŸsuRl‹ mEujòÇiaailªjbghGJ, ïy§if murD¡F mL¤jgoahf¡ f#ufhk¤J¥ ãuò F¿¥ãl¥gL»‹wh®. ï›tuá‹ »isbah‹W ï¥ ãuòthš fâ®fhk¤J¡F¡ bfh©Ltu¥g£L Mya¤âš eh£l¥ g£ljhfî« mªüš TW«. ï¥bghGJ fâ®fhk¡ nfhÆš åâÆ‰ fhz¥gL« btŸsuR ïjdoÆ‰nwh‹¿abjd¡ fUJt®. ».K. 300M« M©lsÉš kfhehj‹ v‹D« murdh‰ f£l¥bg‰w »ÇÉfhiu v‹D« bgs¤j Éfhu« x‹W fâ®fhk¡ nfhÆY¡F¢ á¿J öu¤âÈU¡»‹wJ. ïjid¢ rhjhuz k¡fŸ Nu‹nfh£il v‹W tH§Ft®. J£lbfKD vD« á§fstur‹ všyhs‹ vD« òfœbg‰w jÄHurid btšYj‰FÇa M‰wiy¤ jk¡fË¡f nt©Lbkdî«, mË¥ã‰ fâiuah©lt® Mya¤ij¡ f£LÉ¥gjhfî« Éuj« ó©L m¡flîŸ mUŸ bg‰W¤ j‹ giftidbt‹wjhš jh‹ T¿agona ».K. 101M« M©lsÉš Mya¤ij¡ f£oajhfî« fªjcghj vDŠ á§fs üš TW»‹wbjd¢ nr®.bgh‹. mUzhry« Jiuat®fŸ F¿¥ã£oU¡»‹wh®fŸ. ïy§if nrhH® M£á¡F£g£lbghGJ á§fs murdh»a Iªjh« k»ªjD« mt‹ kidÉkhU« áiw¥gL¤j¥g£ld®. ï§‡d« áiw¥g£l murÅ‹ tÊ¤njh‹wyha khdt®k‹ vDŠáwªj fšÉahs‹ KUf¥bgUkhÅ‹ mUŸ bgw nt©o¥ gšyh©Lfshf¤ jtŠbrŒJ jdJ f©kyiuna m®¢á¤J <‰¿š mt‹ mUis¥ bg‰W¤ jdJ rhâÆdiu tU¤âa nrhHiu ï›ñÇÅ‹W« ïªj khdt®kÅ‹ rªjâah® Ju¤j Koªjbjd kfht«r« ÉÇthf¡ TW»‹wJ. ït‹ áwªj KUf g¡j‹ v‹gijí« ïªüš Twhk‰ T¿É£lJ. ï¥bghGJ fhz¥gL« fâ®fhk Mya« ».ã. 1581M« M©lsÉš muRòÇa¤ bjhl§»a Kjyh« ïuhrá§fdh‰ f£l¥bg‰wbj‹gJ âU. t. FkhuRthÄat®fŸ fU¤J. ït‹ bgs¤j rka¤ij my£áaŠ brŒJ, irtrka¤ij¡ fil¥ão¤bjhG» ‘igut M©o’ nfhÆiy¡ f£LÉ¤jh‹ vd kfht«r« TW»‹wJ. Mdhš ï¥bghGJ fhz¥gL« Mya« ».ã. 1634M« M©lsÉš murh©l ïu©lh« ïuhrá§fdh‰ f£l¥g£lbj‹gnj rÇ¤âu MáÇa® JÂî.

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nfhÆš âUÉHh¡fŸ fâ®fhk¡ nfhÆÈš tUlªnjhW« eh‹F âU ÉHh¡fŸ eilbgW«. Kj‰¿UÉHh á¤âiu tUl¥ãw¥ò¤ âd¤j‹W eilbgW«. ïu©lhtjhf MÅ mšyJ MoÆš gªj‰fhš eL« âUÉHh eilbgW«. m~jhtJ Mo mšyJ MtÂÆš eilbgwÉU¡F« âUÉHhî¡F xU khj¤J¡F K‹dnu fªjRthÄah® tŸËehŒ¢áahiu kzKo¤j‰F nt©oa gªjš mik¥gj‰F¡ f‹Å¡fhš eL« âUÉHh eilbgW«. _‹whtJ Mo mšyJ MtÂÆš 15 mšyJ 16 eh£fS¡F¤ âUÉHhî« Ô®¤njh‰rtK« eilbgW«. eh‹fhtjhf, fh®¤âif khj¤âš âU¡fh®¤âif És¡Ñ£L¤ âUÉHh eilbgW«.

fâiu ah¤âiu

K‰fhy¤âš irt®fŸ jh« Ãid¤jbghGbjšyh« fâ®fhk ah¤âiu brŒaÉšiy. fâiuah©lt‹ (fdÉ‰ nwh‹¿) tUkhW Éil bfhL¤jhy‹¿¥ g¡j®fŸ fâ®fhk ah¤âiu brŒa¤ JÂah®fŸ. m§‡d« c¤juÉ‹¿¢ br‹wh‰ gy ï‹dšfis mEgÉ¡f neÇL« v‹gJ mt®fSila e«ã¡if. m‹¿í« gH§fhy¤â‰ ãuahz trâfS« Äf¡ Fiwî. fâ®fhk ah¤âiu brŒtJ ï¡fhy¤âš m›tsî J‹gkhd bjh‹w‹W. fâ®fhk nõ¤âu« tiu nkh£lh® t©oÆ‰ bršy¡ Toajhf¥ ghij ï¥bghGJ âU¤j¥g£oU¡»wJ. m‹¿í« âU ÉHh¡ fhy§fËš m‹g®fŸ M§fh§F kl§fŸ mik¤J ah¤âiu brŒgt®f£F nt©oa trâfis mË¡»‹wh®fŸ. bfhG«ò kUjhidÆš xU klK«, fhÈÆ‰ át‹nfhÆY¡fU»š xU klK«, ah¤âÇfU¡F nt©oa trâaË¡»‹wd. bfhG«ãÈUªJ kh¤jiwtiu òifÆuj¤â‰ ãuahzŠ brŒayh«; ã‹d® kh¤jiw kl¤âš j§» m§»UªJ gÞt©o _y«, ârkAhuhktiu bršyyh«; ârkAhuhkÉÈUªJ fâ®fhk¤J¡F Vw¡Fiwa g¤J¥gâbdhU ikš öu« ïU¡F«. ïj‰F« gÞ t©oÆ‰ bršyyh«; Mdh‰ bgU«ghnyh® ârkAhuhÉÈUªJ fhšeilahfnt T£l§ T£lkhf¢ nr®ªJ Mo¥gho¡ bfh©L bršt®. všnyhU« flîË‹ FHªijfŸ v‹w v©znk jh©ltkhL»‹wJ. ãw® J‹g¤ij¤ j‹ J‹gkhf x›bthUtD« ghÉ¡f Mu«ã¤JÉL»wh‹. v§nf gh®¤jhY« mnuhAuh vD« r¤jnk thd¤ijí« ãsªJ bfh©L bršY«. vªj¥ bghUisí« mnuhAuh kakhf¥ ghÉ¥gh®fŸ, g¡j®fŸ. mnuhAuh vD« th®¤ijia¢ brhšÈa¿ahjt®fS«, elªJ bršy¢ bršy, ‘mnuhAuh’ vD« ehk¤ij mo¡fo c¢rÇ¡f¤ bjhl§», j« kd¤âš vG« m¢r§ fyªj g¡âia btË¡ fh£Lth®fŸ. fâ®fhknõ¤âu¤ij miltj‰F K‹d® khÂ¡f f§ifbaD« M‰iw¡ fl¤jš nt©L«. ah¤âiu brŒJ fis¤Jtªj moah®fŸ j§fŸ jhfªÔu ï¡f§ifÆš mŸË mŸË¡ Fo¡fyh«. khÂ¡f f§ifÆš _œ»¤ j«ik¢ R¤jŠbrŒj ã‹dnu fâ®fhknõ¤âu¤âDŸ ah¤âÇf® fhšit¡f nt©Lbk‹w KiwÆ‰nghY« ï¡ f§if mikªJŸsJ. khÂ¡f f§ifÆ‹ áw¥ò ahbjÅ‹, khR goªj cŸs¤ij¡ fGÉ khÂ¡fkakh¡» ïiwt‹ âUto 9

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

goj‰FÇa öŒikíilajh¡» ÉL»‹wJ. vdnt ïj‰F khÂ¡f f§ifbaD« bga® Äf¥ bghU¤jkhdnj. nkY« ï¡ f§ifÆid xU ãwÉ¡flyhfî« ntbwhUtifÆ‰ bfhŸsyh«. ïjid Ú¡»¢ br‹wh® ïiwt‹ âUtoia¢ nr®ªjhuhf¡ fUj¥gLt®. fâ®fhk¤âš khÂ¡f f§if ïšyhâU¡Fkhdhš m§nf bršY« gšyhÆu¡fz¡fhd g¡j®fË‹ Ãiyik v‹dhF« vd Ãid¡F«bghGJ, fâ®fhk¥ bgUkhÅ‹ âUtU£owid ÃidªJ ÃidªJ cUf neÇL«. ïªeâia¡ flªjhš, všyhU« xU jhŒ tÆ‰¿‰ ãwªj ãŸisfŸ v‹w v©zK« ‘c‰whiu ah‹ nt©nl‹; C® nt©nl‹; ng® nt©nl‹.’ v‹w PhdK« cjakh»‹wJ. flî£ bfhŸifÆš e«ã¡ifÆšyhj frlD¡F« ‘bjŒt bk‹gnjh® á¤jK©lh»’ mt‹ f©Ù® Él¤ bjhl§»ÉL»wh‹. j‹ida¿ahkny “KUfh KUfh” âUkhš kUfh” v‹W òy«g¤ bjhl§»ÉL»wh‹. khÂ¡f f§ifia¡ flªJ fâ®fhkehj‹ rªÃâailªj moah®fŸ rhâ, Fy«, gjÉ vD« jLkh‰w§ flªjt®fshŒ, ãw¥bgh¡F« všyhîÆ®¡F« v‹D« ngU©ikia¡ fil¥ ão¤jt®fshŒ xU§FÃ‹W fâ®fhk¡ flîis tÊgL»wh®fŸ. murD«, M©oí«; Úâgâí«, ntiy¡fhuD«; ca®ªj rhâÆ‰ ãwªjtD«, jhœªj rhâÆ‰ ãwªjtD«; v›Éj btW¥ngD«, ntWghnlD« fh£lhJ rnfhju kd¥gh‹ikíl‹ tÊgLtij ï‹W§ fhzyh«.

v‹W« fâ®nty‹ ÉU«ã íiwíÄl« fâiukiybad¡ F¿¥ã£LŸsh®. F‹WnjhW« ML« Fkuntis mt‹ ÉU«ã å‰¿U¡F« fâiu¡F‹¿‹nk‰ f©L k»œj‰F¢ bršY« moah®fŸ á¿J fZl¥g£nl kiynaw nt©L«. gHÅ, âU¤jÂ KjÈa ïl§fË‰nghy ï« kiyÆD¢áia ailtj‰F¥ gofŸ f£l¥glÉšiy. KjÈš ãŸisah®kiy tiu ghij m›tsî fZlkhf ïšiy. ãŸisah® kiy¡nf¿, mtiu tz§» Éilbg‰W¡ bfh©L fâiukiy¡nfw nt©L«. ãŸisah® kiyÆÈUªJ ghij á¿J br§F¤jhfnt ïU¡»‹wJ. Mifahš moah®fŸ KUf‹ ehk¤ij c¢rÇ¤J¡ bfh©L gag¡âíl‹ V¿dhš, fZl« bjÇahJ. kiyí¢á¡nf¿É£lhš ïa‰ifbaÊš _y« KUf‹ mHif¡ f©L k»Hyh«. ï›Ésik vÊÈid KUf‹ mUŸbfh©l¿ah® m¿íªjunkh? âUkiy¡nfWj‰F« KUfDila c¤juî nt©Lbkd¢ brhštJ©L. áytUl§fS¡F K‹òTl¢ áy® ï«kiy¡F¢ bršyKoahkš miyªJ âÇªJ kWgoí« khÂ¡f f§if¡fUnf tªJ nr®ªjij ahd¿nt‹. gâ‹_‹wh« ü‰wh©o‰ òfnHªâ¥ òyt® ahœ¥ghz murÅ‹ cjÉnahL ï¡ nfhÆiy¤ jÇá¤JŸsh®. ït® fâ®fhk¤J nty® K‹ gh«ig kÆšÉl¥ ghoajhf xU brŒíŸ jÄœ ehty® rÇijÆY©L :

‘MLtJ« ghLtJ« Mdªj khfÃ‹id¤ njLtJ« Ã‹doah® brŒif guhgunk’ vd¤ jhíkhd mofŸ cz®¤âa c©ikÆisd¤ âU¡fâ®fhk¤â‰ TL« moah®fËl¤J¡ fhzyh«. ïªâahÉš kfh¤kh fhªâaofË‹ Ka‰áahY« âUth§T® kfhuhrhÉ‹ f£lisahY« irt¡ nfhÆš fËDŸns Ô©lh¢rhâah® br‹W tÊgl ï¥bghGJjh‹ V‰ghL brŒa¥g£LtU»‹wJ. Mdhš, v›Éjkhd f£L¥ghL Ä‹¿ ïiwtid tÊglyh« vD« tH¡f« âU¡fâ®fhk¤âš beL§fhykhf ïUªJ tUtij neh¡F Äl¤J ï¤âU¡nfhÆÈ‹ áw¥ò¥ òydh»‹wjšyth?

14M« ü‰wh©o‹ k¤âÆny thœªjtbud¡ fUj¥gL« mUz»ÇehjU« ï¤jy¤ij¤ jÇá¤J ïUg¤ijªâ‰F nk‰g£l âU¥òfœ khiyfŸ rh‰¿íŸsh®. fâ®fhk« vDª jy¤â‰F¡ fâUfhk, fâ®fhk, fâufhk, fâiu vD« gy kUc¥bga®fŸ tH§»d v‹gJ mUz»Çehj® âUth¡fhš m¿a¡ »l¡»‹wJ. ï‹D« khÂ¡f f§if¡F ‘tlit MW’ vD« bga® c©bl‹gJ,

bršy¡ fâ®fhk«

“fyfthÇ nghšnkhâ tlitMW NœÓj fâufhk _öÇš ïisnahnd” vD« âU¥òfHoahš m¿ayh«. khÂ¡f f§ifbaD« f‹Åif ïsKUf‹ vÊiy¡ f©lJ« j‹ ifÆ‰ bfhz®ªj kÂiaí« K¤ijí« ïUkU§F« mŸËår¤ bjhl§»dhŸ v‹»‹wh® mUz»Çehj® :

Ffdoah®, âiukiwÉÈU¡F« fâ®fhk ehjid tÊg£l ã‹d®, m¤jy¤âÈUªJ _‹W ikš öu¤âÈU¡F« bršy¡ fâ®fhk¤â‰F¢ bršt®. ï›Él¤âY« khÂ¡f f§ifahdtŸ j‹ ïUfu§ fËdhY« kÂfisí« jus§fisí« åá¡bfh©nl brš»‹whŸ. bršy¡ fâ®fhk¤ij¥ giHa fâ®fhk« vd¡ TWthUKs®. khÂ¡f¡ f§ifÆš Ô®¤jkho, fiuÆš ïU¡F« khÂ¡f¥ãŸisahiu tz§» mtÇl« Éil bg‰w ã‹dnu, RthÄkiybad¥gL« âUkiyna¿ tÊghL brŒtj‰F moah®fŸ Mu«ã¥gh®fŸ. bršy¡fâ®fhk¤âYŸs khÂ¡f¥ãŸisahU¡F¥ ghgh¡fns óir brŒJ tU»wh®fŸ.

“kÂjus« åá mÂaUÉ NH kUîfâ® fhk¥ bgUkhŸfh©” nkY« fâ®fhk¤âš ciwgtdJ tot« fdfkhÂ¡f« v‹W mUz»Çehj® TW»‹wh® : “fdfkh Â¡f totnd Ä¡f fâufh k¤âš ciwnthnd”

mUz»Çehj® jh« ghoa âU¥òfÊš, ‘fâufhk bt‰ã Yiwnthnd fdfnkU bth¤j òaåuh’ ‘<H¤âÅ‰ fâ®fh k¡»Ç¥ bgUkhnd’ ïªJ xË

“jhauit K‹tU¤JŠ rª¤nuh jaªjd¡F‹ thauit É£LÉl kh£lhnah - Ôauit¢ ÓW kÆ‰bgUkh bl‹fâ®fh k¥bgUkhŸ VW kÆ‰bgU khns!”

mUz»Çehj® fâ®fhk jy¤ij¥ g‰¿¡ T¿ÆU¡F« rÇ¤âu c©ikfis neh¡»dhš mt® fâ®fhk¤ij¤ jÇá¤âU¤jš TL« v‹w bfhŸif tÈíWtij¡ fhzyh«. 10

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

f©L ka§Fj‰nfD«, m§FŸs fil tÇiria¡ f©L fË¤j‰nfD« nghtâšiy. m§‡dkhÆ‹ tUlªnjhW« gšyhÆu¡fz¡fhd g¡j®fŸ brštj‰FÇa fhuzªjh‹ v‹d? fÈíf tujdh»a fâ®fhk¥bgUkh‹ tŸË ehŒ¢áahUl‹ å‰¿UªJ f©f©l flîshf moah®f£F¤ âUtUŸ bghÊjÈdhš v‹f. v¤jidahÆu« M©LfŸ br‹wnghâY«, ï¤jy¤âYŸs âUtU£ r¡âahdJ fhªj r¡â ïU«ig ïG¥gij bah¥g, moah®fis¤ j‹df¤nj ïG¤J cU¡»ÉL»‹wJ. ï¤jy¤â‹ r¡â¥ ãuthf¤ij cz®jš TLk‹¿, brh‰fshš ÉÇ¤jš v«ngh‹wh®¡F vËj‹W. m‹g®fns! Ú§fŸ xUKiw nghŒ¥ ghU§fŸ. khÂ¡f¡ f§ifÆ‰ goªjhL§fŸ. g¡â btŸs¤â‰ gutrK‰W Mdªj¡ T¤jho ‘mnuh Auh’ vD« ehk¤ij¢ brhšÈ¥ ghU§fŸ. KUf‹ Fku‹ Ffbd‹ WbkhÊª JUF« brašjª Jz®bt‹ wUŸthŒ bghUò§ ftU« òÉí« guî« FUò§ ftv© FzgŠ rund.

nõ¤âu k»ik všyh¢ rka¤jt®¡F« bghJthd ïiwtid tÊgLtj‰F¥ gy rka§fS« gy gofshaikªâU¥gij¥ nghy, gy rka¤jt®fS« tÊgL« bjŒt¤j‹ik thŒªJ És§F« âU¤jy« âU¡fâ®fhkkhF«. ïy§ifÆY« ïªâahÉYÄUªJ bgs¤j®fS« ïªJ¡fS« KÞÈ«fS« ï¤ jy¤ij¤ jÇá¡»‹wd®. fâ®fhk¡ fªjid tÊgL« irt®fŸ fh£L« m‹ò« C¡fK« msÉl‰fÇad. ò¤j®gfth‹ nahf¤jk®ªj âU¤jy§fŸ gâdhwD£ fâ®fhkK« x‹whf¡ ».K. 309¡F K‹ng fUj¥g£L tªjJ. á§fsturU£ bgU« ghy® fâ®fhk¤ bjŒnahití« (fâ®fhk¡ flîŸ) g¤âÅ bjŒnahití« (f©z»a«k‹) tz§» tªjd® v‹gJ rÇ¤âu üšfshš e‹F bgw¥gL«. âU¡fâ®fhk¤âš KUf¥bgUkh‹ á¿abjhU nfhÆÈš âiukiwÉ‰wh‹ å‰¿U¡»‹wh®. âiukiwÉš å‰¿UªJ« âiraid¤J« MŸ»‹wh® vd¥ ngh‰w¤ bjhl§»dh® KUfjhr® xUt®. fâ®fhk¤â‰F¢ bršnth® nfhòu¤â‹ mHif¡ f©L fË¤j‰nfD«, åâÆ‹ mik¥ig¡ f©L Éa¤j‰nfD«, f®¥óu Ôg¤â‹ xËia¡

(e‹¿ : ïy§ifÆ‹ òuhjd irthya§fŸ - fjpu;fhkk;)

(Nkw;gb E}ypypUe;J rpy gFjpfs; ngwg;gl;ld)

jpUg;Gfo; jpUkf SyhT kpUGa Kuhup jpUkUf ehkg; ngUkhs;fhz; nrfjyKk; thD kpFjpngW ghly; njupjU Fkhug; ngUkhs;fhz; kUTkb ahu;fs; kdjpy;tpis ahL kufjk A+ug; ngUkhs;fhz; kzpjusk; tPrp azpaUtp R+o kUTfjpu; fhkg; ngUkhs;fhz; mUtiufs; ePW glmRuu; khs mku;nghUj tPug; ngUkhs;fhz; muTgpiw thup tpuTril Ntzp mkyu;FU ehjg; ngUkhs;fhz; ,Utpidap yhj jUtpidtp lhj ,ikatu;F Nyrg; ngUkhs;fhz; ,yFrpiy Ntlu; nfhbapdjp ghu ,Ujdtp Nehjg; ngUkhNs.!

myfpd; khW khwhj fyjp G+j Ntjhsp miltpy; Qhsp Nfhkhsp mwkPah mopT Nfhsp ehzhJ GOF G+rp tho;khju; mUsp yhj NjhNlha kUshfpg; gyf yhf uhNkU kiyf uhr yhtPR gUt Nkf NkjhU ntdahJk; gupT whj khghju; tupir ghb Nahahj guprpy; Njb khahj gbghuha; ,yF Ntiy ePs;thil naupnfhs; Ntiy khR+up nywpAk; Ntiy khwhj jpwy;tPuh ,ka khJ ghfPu jpejp ghy fhrhu ypiwtp fhd khy;Ntlu; Rijghfh fyf thup Nghy;Nkhjp tlit ahW R+o;rPj fjpu fhk %J}up ypisNahNd fdf ehL tPlha flTs; ahid tho;thd fUiz NkU NtNjtu; ngUkhNs.!

fjpiukiyf; FkuNts; Jjp mufuntd; wEjpdKe; njhONj epd;Nwd; MUaph;nrd; wize;JKfk; MW shizr; rpueLtp ypUgjKk; jpUe;j ehl;br; rpthacaph; Xq;fhuj; jPgk; Vw;wpg; guntspapy; xspkjpNah butp #og; gq;fag;g+q; fjpiukiy ahsd; vq;fs; FUguid mkuh; njhOq; Fku Ntisf; Fk;gpl;Nld; vd;gpwtp gpd;tpl; NlNd.

rPnul;Lf; nfl;lhj fiyf;Fs; shidr; rpw;guidr; rpw;guj;jpy; elQ;nra; thid Xnul;lha; epd;wfjph; fhkj; jhid xUKfid mWKfid xspf;Fs; shidg; Nghhpl;l #uidiak; Gyd;fs; jk;ikg; nghbgLj;jp epiyepWj;Jk; Gfop dhidf; $wpl;l fjpiukiyf; Fku Ntisf; Fk;gpl;Nld; vd;gpwtp gpd;tpl; NlNd.

-Vl;Lg;gpujp (nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofk;.)

(e‹¿ : ïy§ifÆ‹ òuhjd irthya§fŸ - fjpu;fhkk;;) ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

fUiz GhpAk; fjph;fhkf; fe;jd; ,e; j pahtpy; KUfg; n gUkhd; Nfhapy; nfhz; L vOe;jUspapUf;Fk; MWgil tPLfisg;Nghy ,yq; i fapYk; KUfg; n gUkhd; vOe; j UspapUf; F k; fe;jNfhl;lq;fSs; xd;whf fjph;fhkk; rpwg;G ngWfpwJ. KUfd; ,q;F fe;jg;ngUkhdhf tPww ; pUe;J mbahh;fSf;F mUs;ghypj;J tUfpwhh;. ,yq; i fapy; ghly; n gw; w jyq; f Ss; xd; w hf tpsq;Fk; fjphf; hkk; njhd;ikAk; tuyhw;Wg; ngUikAk; nfhz;lJ.mUzfphpehjh; jdJ jpUg;Gfopy; fjph;fhkj; jpUj; j yj; i j rpwg; g pj; J g; ghbapUf; f pwhh; . Myaj; j pd; gpd;dzpapy; gy tuyhw;Wr; rpwg;Gfs; ,ize;jpUg;gij rpwg;ghf Fwpg;gplyhk;. KUfg;ngUkhd; #ugj;kid rq;fhuk; nra;tjw;fhf vOe;jUspa NghJ fjph;fhkj;ij te;jile;J khzpf;f fq;iff;F mUNf ghriw tFj;J tPw;wpUe;jhh; vd;Wk; gpdd ; h; #ugj;kDld; NghhplL ; ntw;wpthif #b kPzl; NghJ ,q;F jhpj;Jr; nrd;wjhfTk; ,q;F jhd; KUfd; ts;sp ehafpahiu fhjypj;J kzk;Ghpe;jhh; vd;Wk; Guhz tuyhW nrhy;fpwJ. fe; j g; n gUkhDf; F k; nja; t ahid mk; k d; ts;sp mk;kd; Mfpa Njtpah;fSf;Fk; jdpj;jdpahd Nfhapy;fs; xNu ,lj;jpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; rpwg;igAk; fjph; f hkj; j py; jhd; fhzKbfpd; w J. ,yq; i fapy; ,UngUk; r%fj;jth;fshd jkpo; rpq;fs kf;fspd; topghl;Lf;Fhpa jpUj;jyk; vd;gjdhYk; fjphf; hkk; NkYk; rpwg;igAk; ngUikAk; ngWfpd;wJ. ,jd; fhuzkhf cw;rt fhyj;jpy; kl;Lky;y Vida ehl;fspy; fjph;fhkk; nrd;W topgLk; gf;jh;fspd; njhif kpf kpf mjpfkhfNt fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. fjph;fhkf; fe;jg; ngUkhdpd; NfhapYld; Nrh;e;jike;jpUf;Fk; khzpf;f fq;iff;F xU jdpj;Jtr; rpwg;Gk; Gdpjj; jd;ikAk; cz;L. ,q;F ePuhLtjhy; khRgl;bUe;j cs;sj;ijf; fOtp khzpf;f kakhf;fp fe;jdpd; jpUtb gbtjw;Fhpa J}a;ik Vw;gLfpd;wJ vd;gjpy; mbahh;fSf;F kpFe;j ek;gpf;if ,Uf;fpwJ. kzpjusk; tP r p mzpaUtp #o kUT fjph; f hkg; ngUkhNs ‘’ vd;W mUzfphpehjh; jdJ jpUg;Gfopy; rpwg;gpjJ ; f; Fwpgg; plb; Uf;Fk; mUtp khzpff; fq;if vd;Nw nrhy;yg;gLfpd;wJ. fjph;fhkj;jpYs;s ,d;ndhU mw;Gjkhd tplakhf tpG+jp kiyiaf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.,q;F ,aw;ifahfNt jpUePW tpisfpd;wJ.Rj;j ntz;ikahd ,j;jpUePW kfj; J tKs; s jhf tpsq; F fpd; w J. ,q; F mh; r ; r id nra;J nfhs;Sk; gf;jh;fSf;F ,e;jj;jpUePNw gpurhjkhf toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ïªJ xË

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<LghL fhl;bte;jhu;fs;. mjd; tpisthf ey;ytu;fshd vd;W Fwpg;gpl;ltu;fspd; xUtuhf ,Ue;j “nghuisg; ngupahu;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk; jpU. eh.fh. ehfypq;fk; mtu;fs; jiyikapy; kw;iwa ey;ytu;fspy; jpUthsu;fs; Nrh. rptghjRe;juk;> Kjypahu; Fy. rghehjd;> Nrh. eluhrh> Nrh. rutzgtd;> mUs;. jpahfuhrh> njd;GNyhypA+u; K. fzgjpgg; psi ; s MfpNahu; ,g;gzpapy; <LghL fhl;baJld; 1925Mk; Mz;lstpy; jpU. rp. NtYg;gpsi ; s jiyikapy; jpUthsu;fs; eh.fh. ehfypq;fk;> fh. fzgjpg;gps;is> M. rpd;dj;jk;gp MfpNahu; fjpu;fhk ahj;jpupfu; njhz;lu; rigapid mikj;J kUjhid Bd;]; tPjpapy; ,y. 108Mk; ,yf;fj;jpYs;s jpU. rp. NtYg;gpsi ; s mtu;fspd; ,y;yj;jpd; xU gFjpapy; nraw;gl;Lte;jhu;fs;. gpd;G ,y. 64/1> nghgu;]; tPjpapy; mike;j ,y;yj;jpy; jdpg;gl;l xU kLtj;jpid mikj;J ahj;jpupfu;fis Nghrpf;Fk; njhz;Lfs; njhlq;fg;gl;ld. gpd;G Nghgu;]; tPjpapy; ,y. 60,y; mike; j ,y; y j; i j thliff; F vLj; J rigf;fhd mYtyfkhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld. rigf;fhd xOq;F tpjpfSk; tFj;jikf;fg;gl;ld. ,r;rigapd; cj;jpNahfG+u;t jiytuhfr; Nru;. mUzhryk; kfhNjth njupT nra;ag;gl;lJld; jpUthsu;fs; rp. NtYg;gps;is> jh.fh. ehfypq; f k; > f.rp. re; j puNrfuk; g ps; i s> f. Qhdr; n ry; t k; > j. Rg; i gah> f. kapy; t hfdk; > Kj; J j; j k; g p> rp. nry; y g; g h> eh. mkpu; j ypq; f k; . it. nghd;Dr;rhkp> it. rpd;dj;Jiu>jh. ty;ypGuk;> fh. fzgjpg; g ps; i s> eh. NrhkRe; j uk; > rP > Jiuag; g h> %. Rg; i gah> eh. mUzhryk; > Nt. ,isajk; g p MfpNahu; mlq;fpa Ml;rpf;FOTk; epakdk; nra;ag;gl;lJ> 1952Mk; mz;L tiu ,e;jf;fl;blj;jpNyNa rigapd; mYtyfKk; ,aq; f p te; j Jld; ahj; j pupfu; f s; > mbahu;fSk; cgrupf;fg;gl;L te;jJld; nfhOk;gpy; irt rka md;gu;fs; xd;W$LkplkhfTk;> jq;FkplkhfTk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1939Mk; Mz; b y; rigapd; gjpd; % d; w htJ Mz;Ltpohf; $l;lj;jpNy rigapd; xOq;F tpjpKiwfspy; jpUj;jq;fs; nra;ag;gl;L eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. 1940Mk; mz;L fjpu;fhk ahj;jpupfu; njhz;lu; rig murhq;f fl;lisr; rl;lq;fSf;fika Xu; mq;ffP upff; g;gl;l rigahf gjpT nra; a g; g l; l J. 1952 xf; N jhgu; khjk; 18Mk; jpfjp eilngw; w rpwg; G g; Nguitf; $l; l j; j py; epiwNtw; w pa jP u ; k hdkhdJ rigf; F Xu; epue; j u cupik ghuhl;lf;$ba fl;blk; Njit vd;Wk; tpiutpy; Xu; fhzpia tpiyf;Fg; ngw;W mjpy; rigf; fl;blk; mika Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; jPu;khdk; rigapdupilNa Xu; GJNtfj; j pid Vw; g Lj; j paJ. ,j; j P u ; k hdj; i j Kd; n khope; j gpuk; k = ,. ,uhkehjf; F Uf; f s; fg;gpjhtj;ijapy; ,Ue;j jpU. khl;bd; mg;Grhkp mtu;fspd; fhzpapd; xU gFjpapid mf;fhy ,y. 1/102f; nfhz;l fhzpiaAk; fl;blj;ijAk; nfhs;tpiyf;F ngw;W rigf;F nfhLj; j hu; . ,J rigapdupilNa GJ Cf; f j; i jAk; Mu;tj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jp ahj;jpupfu;fspd; ftdpg;Gf;fis Nkk;gLj;jpaJld; irtj;ij tsu;gg; jpYk; NkYk; NkYk; ïªJ xË

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,q;F mtu;fspy; rpyupd; Nritfisf; Nfhbl;Lf; fhl;LtJ mtrpaKk; > NjitAkhFk; . Muk; g f; f hyj; j py; vkJ rigapd; jiytuhf ,Ue;J mUk;gzpahw;wpatu; mkuu; Nru;. mUzhryk; kfhNjth mtu;fs;> ,tuJ Nrit msg;gupaJ. ,tUila Cf;fKk; Nrit kdg;ghd;ikANk vkJ ,e; j gy jrhg; j rhjidfSf; F tpj; j pl; l J. khj;jiwapypUe;J mf;fhyfl;lj;jpy; NgUe;J Nritia Muk; g pj; J ahj; j pupfu; f Sf; F rpwe; j njhz; b idAk; mtu;fspd; czT> jupgg; plk; vd;gtw;iwf; ftdpgg; jpYk; fz;Zk; fUj;Jkhf cioj;jtu;. vkJ rigapd; kw;iwa jiytu;fshf mjpfhup. M. nry;yKj;J> Kd;idehs; fy;tp mikr;ru; khz;GkpF. f. fdfuj;jpdk; Iah> nfhil ts;sy; f. kjpahguzk;> gpw;fhyj;jpy; ePz;lfhykhf rigapd; jiytuhftpUe;j jpU. M. rpd;dj;jk;gp> lhf;lu;. rp. rutzKj;J> f. ehNfe;jpuh> Nfzy; rghehafk; MfpNahu; mlq;Ftu;. ,tu;fspd; Nrit mf;fhyj;jpy; vkJ rigf;F fpilj;jpUf;fhjpUe;jhy; ehk; ,e;j gy jrhg;j tuyhw;wpid Nkw; n fhs; s KbahjpUe; j pUf; F k; . mz; i kf; f hyk; tiu jiytu; jpU. M. rpd;dj;jk;gpapd; gq;fspg;Gk; Kf; f pakhdJ. vkJ klhyak; fg; g pj; j htj; i japy; epuk ; hzpgg; jpYk; njhz;lu; tpjj; pahyak; njhlq;Ftjw;Fk; kw; W k; gy tiffspy; ngUk; ghLgl; l ,tu; mfpy ,yq; if ,e; J khkd; w ]; j hgfu; f spy; xUtuhfTk; gpd; G mjd; jiytuhfTk; ,Ue; J gzpahw; w patu; . rigapd; nrayhsu;fshf fhyj;Jf;Ff;fhyk; mkuu;fshd jpUthsu;fs; f. Qhdnry;tk;> j. Rg;igah> tp. ey;yNrfuk;> rp. ,uhkehjd;> Nt. kapy;thfdk;> I. ,uhkehjd;> f. Vuk;g%u;j;jp> f. <Rgughjk;> M. tpkyr;re;jpuh> Nt. ty;ypGuk; mfpNahupd; Nrit ghuhl;lg;glNtz;baJ. jpU. Nt. ty;ypGuk; mtu;fs; rigapd; MAl;fhy cWg;gpduhf ,Ue; J ,r; r igapd; nghJr; nrayhsuhf 1982,y; nghWg;Ngw;W gy Nritfis 2001 tiu nra;J te;jhu;. mtupd; fhyfl;lj;jpy; rigf;F vjpuhf ePjpkd;wj;jpy; njhlug; g l; l tof; F fis vjpu; n fhz; L elhj; J tjpy; kpfTk; Mu;tj;Jld; nraw;gl;lhu;. jd;Dila NritAld; jdJ ghupahu; jpUkjp. v];. ty;ypGuk; mtu;fisAk; Kfhikg;Nguit cWg;gpduhf Nru;jJ ; rigf;F ed;ikfs; gy Njbj;je;jtu;. ,tu; jpUf;NfjP];tu klhyaj;jpYk; md;djhdj;jpYk; fhl;ba Cf;fg;ghL nkr;RjYf;FupaJ. ,tupd; kiwTf;Fg; gpd; jpUkjp. ty;ypGuk; mtu;fs; nfhOk; g py; ,Ue; j jdJ vy; y h nrhj; J f; f isAk; tpw;W me;j epjpapidf;nfhz;L jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; Xu; klk; mikj;J mwg;gzpahw;wptUfpd;whu;. ,tu; xU fy;tp mwpthsp. vj;jidNah lhf;lu;fSf;Fg; ghlk; Gfl; b a Mrpupia. vy; y h RfNghfq; f isAk; tpLj; J ,d;W jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; klkikj;J Nrit nra;tJ tpag;Gf;FupaJ. rigapd; cg. jiytu;fshf mkuu;fs; jpUthsu;fs; r. NtYg; g ps; i s> f.rp. re; j puNrfuk; > gpuk; k = rP . nry;iyahf;FUf;fs;> f. ,uhrehafk;> fh. ehfypq;fk;> t. tpRtypq;fk;> tp.V. fe;ijah (Kd;dhs; ghuhSkd;w cWg; g pdu; ) Nt.jh.rp. rptehjd; > v]; . NrhkRe; j uk; > lhf; l u; K.f. jpUtpsq; f k; > Nt.jp. Rg; i gahgps; i s>

Nritfs; gy nra;jJkpd;wp> 1938Mk; Mz;L Mf];l; khjk; 21Mk; jpfjp rig vLj;j tplhKaw;rpahy; miu Vf; f u; mur fhzpnahd; i wf; nfhs; t dT nra; J ,j; j z; z P u ; g ; ge; j ypid ,f; f hzpapNyNa elhj; j p tuTk; Kbe; j J. ahj; j pupfu; Nghf; F tuj; j py; gLk; ,d;dy;fisf; fisAKfkhf murhq;fj;Jf;F kPz;Lk;> kPz;Lk; mOj;jq;fisf; nfhLj;jjd; gadhf 1936Mk; Mz;lstpy; jpirkhuhfkTf;Fk; fjpuf; hkj;Jf;Fkpilapy; tP j p xd; W nrg; g dplg; g l; L Nkhl; l hu; thfdq; f s; nry;yf;$ba ghijahfTk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpw;fhyj;jpy; NkYk; GdUj; j huz nra; a g; g l; l fhuzj; j pdhy; ahj;jpupfu;fs; fhy; eilahfNth md;wp khl;Ltz;bfs; %ykhfNth Nghf;Ftuj;J nra;tJ mupjhfpa fhuzkhf ,j; j z; z P u ; g ; ge; j ypd; gad; g hL Fd; w p ehsiltpy; ,r; Nrit iftplg;gl;lJ. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp khj;jiw Gifapuj epiyaj;Jf;F mUfhikapy; Xu; klj;jpidg; guhkupj; J mbahu; f Sf; F md; d jhdKk; jpUtpoh ehl;fspy; toq;fg;gl;L te;jJ. ,d;Wk; ,f;nfhl;lif ,Uf;fpd;wJ. ,J ,t; t hwpUf; i fapy; rigf; F k; kd; d hu; jpUf;NfjP];tu Myaj;Jf;Fk; ePz;lehs; njhlu;Gfisf; fhzf; $ bajhf ,Ue; j J. Myaj; j py; tUlhtUlk; eilngWk; rptuhj;jpup tpohtpYk; mq;F tUifjUk; Mapuf; f zf; f pyhd gf; j u; f Sf; F k; md; d jhdk; toq;Fk; ngUk; gzpapy; vkJ rig gy jrhg;jq;fshf <Lgl;Lte;jJkpd;wp> 1980 Mk; Mz;lstpy; mbahu;fs; jq;Ftjw;fhfTk; md;djhdk; nra;tjw;Fk; trjpahf kz;lgj;Jld; $ba klhyak; xd;wpid epu;khzpj;J njhz;Lfs; gy nra;j tuyhw;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fpd;wJ. Aj;j #o;epiy kw;Wk; ,uhZt Mf;fpukpg;G fhuzkhf rP u ; n fl; l epiyapy; ,Ue; j ,t; MyaKk; mjd; tshfKk; ,g;nghOJ ,e;jpa murpd; cjtpAld; Myaj; jpUg;gzpfSk; Nfhtpypd; Rw;Wg;Gw tshfKk; Gduikg;G Ntiyfs; Jupjkhf eilngw;W tUfpdw ; ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; vkJ klhyak; jpUk; g Tk; epu; k hzpf; f Ntz; b a Njit vq;fSf;Fs;sJ. Nghu; #o;epiyapdhy; Kw;whf mopTfis re;jpj;j vkJ klhyaj;jpid rkhjhd #oy; Vw;gl;lTld; nfhOk;gpypUe;J epy msitahsu;fisAk; gzpahl; f isAk; nfhz; L nrd; W vkJ fhzpia cWjp nra; J ehYGwKk; Ntypfs; Nghl; L klhya Ntiyfisj; njhlq;f ,Ue;j Ntisapy;> ,g;nghOJ vkJ klhyaj;ij mikg;gjw;Fupa fhzpapid vkf;F toq; F tjpy; ,Ogwpepiy fhzg; g Lfpd; w J. ,J vkf;F Ntjidiaj; jUfpd;wJ. jpUf;NfjP];tuj;jpy; epWtg;gl;bUe;j rpthde;j FUFyj;jpNy elhj;jg;gl;Lte;j FUf;fs; gapw;rp tFg;Gf;fspy; gapd;w khztu;fSf;Fk; vkJ rig nryTfspd; xU gFjpapid ey;fpte;jJ. ,g;gb gy rka r%fg; gzpfs; vkJ rigapdhy; gy jrhg;jq;fshf Kd;ndLj;J tug;gLfpd;wd. Vwf;Fiwa 90 Mz;Lfshf elhj;jg;gLk; rka r%fg; gzpfis Muk;gf;fhyk; njhl;L gzpahw;wp tUk; rigapd; jiytu;fs;> nrayhsu;fs;> nghUshsu;fs;> Ml;rpf;FO kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fspd; Nrit nkr;rj;jf;fJ. mj;Jld; ïªJ xË

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lhf;lu;. rp. rutzKj;J> Nf.uP. rpw;wk;gyk;> ng. jk;gpKj;J> Nguhrpupau; M. rpdd ; j;jk;gp> ePjpauru; tp. rptRg;gpukzpak;> nt. rq; f uypq; f k; > “rpe; j idr; rpw; g r; nry; t u; ” r.j. rpd;dj;Jiu (jw;Nghja jiytupd; je;ijahu;) K. rpwPfhe;jh> it. nghd;Dr;rhkp MfpNahulq;Ftu;. jpU. r. NtYg; g ps; i s mtu; f Ns rigapd; KjyhtJ cg jiytuhf ,Ue;jtu;. lhf;lu;. jpUtpsq;fk; mtu;fs; gy fhykhf cg jiytuhf ,Ue;Jte;jhu;. nfhOk;gpNy $l;Lg;gpuhu;jj; id vd;W nrhd;dhy; jpUtpsq;fk; mtu;f; Ns fhzg;gLthu;. ,tu; ,yq;if mur jpiwNrupapy; cjtpf; fl;Lg;ghl;ljpfhupahf flik Gupej; tu;. yPyh Kjyhsp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; “rpej; idr; rpwg; r; nry;tu;” r.j. rpdd ; j;Jiu mtu;fs; vkJ ,d;iwa jiytu; jpU. r.j.rp. mUshde;jd; mtu; f spd; je; i jahthu; . ,tu; ,iykiwfhahf ,Ue;J njhz;lu; rigf;Fk;> = ghy nry;ttpehafu; Myaj;Jf;Fk;> kw;Wk; jkpo; irtg;gzpfSf;Fk; mauhJ cioj;J tUfpwhu;. jpUf;NfjP];tu Myag;gzpfspy; kpfTk; Mu;tkhf nraw;gl;L mq;F vkJ rig klhyaj;jpy; xU njhFjpapid fl;l md;gspg;Gk; nra;jtu;. rpyu;> ,e;J khkd;w Muk;g ehl;fspy; mjd; tsu;rr; pff; hf rpdd ; j;jk;gp IahTld; Nru; e ; J ghLgl; l tufs; . vkJ rigapd; fhg;ghsuhftpUe;j mkuu; jpU. rp. Re;juypq;fk; mtu;fSk; ,e; j rigapd; Kd; N dw; w j; J f; F ngUk; g hLgl; l tu; . mtupd; kiwTf;Fg;gpd;G jpU. rutzKj;J mtu;fs; ,Ue;Jte;jhu;. rigapd; mj;jpthuk; vdf; fUjg;gLk; nghUshsu; gjtpapy; gy ngupahu; f s; epu; t fpj; J rigiaf; fl; b vOg;Gtjpy; mUk;ghLgl;ltu;fshtu;. rigapd; Kjy; nghUshsuhf jpU. fh. ehfypq;fk; mtu;fs; 1926Kjy; 1930 tiuAk; gzpahw;wpatu;. kiwe;jtu;fspy; ,Wjpahf nghUshsu; gjtp 1963 njhlf;fk; 2003Mk; Mz;L tiu ehd;F rfhg;jq;fshf rigapd; epjp tsj;ij fl;bf;fhj;jtu; mkuu;. jp.j. eNl];tud; mtu;fs;. ,tUila gjtpf; fhyj;jpNyNa vkJ nfhOk;G klhyak; epuk ; hzk; ngw;wJ. ,tUila Neu;ikAk; flik czu;Tk; jdpjJ ; tkhdJ. njhopypy; Xu; rpwe;j fzf;fhsuhd ,tu; NkYk; gy rka njhz;L epWtdq;fspd; nghUshsuhfTk; ,Ue;J nghJr; Nrit gy nra;jhu;. ,tUila je;ijahu; ,tUila ngaupNyNa fy; t p epWtdnkhd; i w tlkhfhzk; fhq;Nfre;JiwapNy cz;lhf;fp mjw;F eNl];tuhf; fy;Y}up vd;W ngaupl;ltu;. ,jw;F ,d;W ,J tlf;fpy; gpugy;akhd fy;Y}upahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. ,t;tplj;jpy; = ghy nry; t tpehafu; Mya gpujkFUthfTk; vkJ rigapd; %j;j nfsut cWg;gpdUkhd mkuu; gpuk;k= rz;kfuj;jpd ru;kh mtu;fSila Nritiaf; Fwpg;gplNtz;Lk;. jw;Nghja #o;epiyapy; rigapd; Nritfs; gutyhf nrwpe; J eilngw; W tUfpd; w d. nfhOk; g py; jdJ Nritfis rpwg;Gld; nra;J tUfpdw ; J. ahj;jpupfu;fSf;F nra;Ak; njhz;Lfs; njhlu;e;J tUfpd;wd. me;j ehl;fs; njhlf;fk; md;djhd epfo;Tfs; rpwg;ghfj; njhlu;fpdw ; d. fjpu; f hkk; nja; t ahid mk; k d; klj; j py; epj; j pa md;djhdk; Fwpgg; hf jpUtpoh ehl;fspy; 24 kzp Nrit ïªJ xË

eilngw;W tUfpd;wJ. vkJ jiytu; jpU.mUshde;jd; mtu;fs; jiyikapy; nfhOk;gpYk; gpw khtl;lq;fspYk; md;djhdj;Jf;fhd czTg; nghUl;fs; Nrfupf;fg;gl;L> fjpuf; hkk; te;J mq;Fk; jiytu; mtu;fs; jpUtpoh KbAk; tiu klj;jpy; jq;fp md;djhd epfo;Tfis nrt;tNd nra;J tUfpd;whu;. je;ijapd; topapy; jdaDk; ,g; gzpfisr; nrt; t Nd nra; J tUtJld; rigapd; gzpfSf;nfy;yhk; Njitg;gLk;NghJ jdJ gzj;ij nryT nra;Jk;> ghupa epjpr; nryTfs;tUk;NghJ mtw;wpwF ; Kw;gzkhf epjpAjtpAk; nra;J tUfpd;whu;. nfhOk;G klhyaj;jpy; Kd;du; eilngw;Wte;j epfo;r;rpfs; ahTk;> ts;spjj; pUkzg;gldk; ghb gad; nrhy;tJ cl;gl vy;yhk; jpUtpohf;fhyq;fspYk; Vida ehl;fspy; Mb mkhthir> rpj; j puh ngsu; z kp Mfpa tpuj mDl; l hdq; f Sk; ntF tpkupirahf mDl;bf;fg;gLfpd;wd. NkYk; = ghy nry;ttpehafu; Myaj;jpy; eilngWk; rigapd; G+irfSk; rpwg; g hf nfsut nghJr; nrayhsupd; topfhl; l ypy; eilngw; W tUfpd; w d. jiyefu; nfhOk;Gf;F tUifjUk; gpw khtl;l jkpo; kf;fs;> tlf;F> fpof;F kiyafk; Mfpa gFjp njhz;lu; epWtdq;fs;> khzt> khztpfs; > Mrpupau; f s; ,uTg; nghOijf; fopg;gjw;F vkJ rig kz;lgk; ,lk; nfhLj;J cjtp tUfpdw ; J. ,NjNghy; ,e;J fyhrhuj; jpizf;fsk; kw;Wk; mikr;rpd; NjitfSf;fhfTk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;J Njitf;fhfTk; tUif jUk; kf;fSf;Fk; jq; F kpl cjtpfisr; nra; J nfhLj; J tUfpd; w J. Fwpg;ghf Aj;j #o;epiy epytpa fhyq;fspy; rigapduhy; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;l jq;Fkpl trjpfs; jkpo; kf;fSf;F ngUk; tug;gpurhjkhf mike;jJ vd;W vy;NyhuhYk; Nghw;wg;gl;lJ. Nghu; eilngw;w fhyj;jpy; kapye;jidapy; gLnfhiy nra;ag;gl;l 68 jkpo; kf;fs; njhlu;ghd tof;F tprhuiz nfhOk;G ePjpkd;wpy; eilngw;wNghJ ghJfhg;G nfLgpbfs; mjpfupj; j pUe; j Ntisapy; mt; t of; f pw; F rhl;rpakspf;f te;j 34 jkpo; kf;fs; jq;Ftjw;F mQ;rpa fhyj;jpy; mtu;fis vkJ rig kz;lgj;jpy; jq;fitj;J rhl;rpak; nrhy;y VJthf vkJ rig cjtpapUe;jJ ,q;F Fwpgg; plj;jf;fJ. njhz;lu; tpjj; pahyaj;jpwF ; k; njhlu;eJ ; k; vkJ Nritfs; fpilj; J tUfpd; w d. mz; i kapy; ghlrhiy tpisahl;L ikjhdk; mikg;gjw;fhf vkJ jiytupd; mDruizAld; mikr;ru; v.vr;.vk;. ngsrp %ykhf xU Vf;fu; mur epyj;ij ghlrhiyf;F mUfpy; ngw;Wf; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. ,f;ifq;fupaq;fis nrt;tNd eilngw vq; f Sf; F cWJizahf ,Uf; F k; vkJ mwq;fhtyu; jpU. rpd;dj;Jiu jdghyh> cg jiytu; jpU. r. gfPujd; cl;gl kw;wtu;fspd; gq;fspg;Gk; vkf;F tY Nru;f;fpd;wJ. ,e;j Neuj;jpy; vkJ rigapd; gpujhd epu;thfpfis ,q;Nf Fwpgg; pLtJ fhyj;jpd; Njit vdf; fUJfpdN ; wd;. rigapd; jiytuhf jpU. r.j.rp. mUshde; j d; > cg jiytu; f shf jpUthsu; f s; jpU. r. gfP u jd; > f.,. kjpaguzk;> ,uh. tprhfg;ngUkhs;> R. MWKfk;> ngh. jq;fkapy>; gh. muprr; e;jpuh mtu;fSk;> nghJr; nrayhsuhf jpU. rpd;dj;jk;gp rptQhdk;> nghUshsuhf jpU. jp. 16

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mtu;fs; khkd;wj;jpd; cg jiytuhfTk;> fl;blf;FOj; jiytuhfTk;> vkJ mwq;fhtyu; rig cWg;gpdu; jpU. rp. jdghyh mtu;fs; khkd;w cg jiytuhfTk;> r%feyd; FOj;jiytuhfTk; ,Uf;fpd;whu;fs;. vkJ rig nghJr; nrayhsu; jpU. rp. rptQhdk; khkd;wf; fl;blf; FOtpd; nrayhsuhf ,Uf;fpd;whu;. ePz;l tuyhw;wpidf;nfhz;l fjpu;fhk ahj;jpupfu; njhz;lu; rig jdJ rka> r%f njhz;Lfis NkYk; nrt;tNd Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F = ghynry;t tpehafu;> fjpu;fhkf; fe;jd; jpUtUis Ntz;bg; gpuhu;j;jpj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;Nwd;. - rp. rptQhdk;; nghJr; nrayhsu; fjpu;fhk ahj;jpupfu; njhz;lu; rig

Nyhfehjd; mtu;fSk;> mwq;fhtyu; rig cWg;gpdu;fshf jpUthsu;fs; j.,. rpjk;guehjd; > rpd;dj;Jiu jdghyh> j. khzpf;fthrfu;> j. tp[auj;jpdk;> f. etuj;jpdk; MfpNahUld; 19 epu;thf rig cWg;gpdu; mlq;fyhf rigapd; Kfhikg; Nguit tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. NkYk; mfpy ,yq; i f ,e; J khkd; w j; j pw; F k; fjpu; f hk ahj; j pupfu; njhz; l u; rigf; F k; neUq; f pa ePz;lfhy njhlu;Gk;> ,Ue;J tUfpd;wJ. vkJ rigapd; Kd; i dehs; jiytu; jpU. M. rpd; d j; j k; g p Iah khkd;wj;jpy; njhlf;f fhyq;fspy; jiytuhfTk;> vkJ rig cgjiytu; jpU. r.j. rpd; d j; J iu Muk; g fhy epu; t hf rigapYk; ,Ue; j pUf; f pd; w hu; f s; . ,g; n ghOJ ,Uf; F k; vkJ rigj; j iytu; jpU. mUshde; j k;

fjph;fhk Ntyth; gjpfk;

fjph;fhkRthkp Nghpy; khiy

Vh;g+j;j nka;ad;g Us;sr; rpyk;gpnyO kputpepf uhWKfKk; ,Utpidf; fhnlhpj; jUsKj kionkhopA kPuhW fkytpopAq; fhh;g+j;j ghrtpUs; fbAkps KWtYq; fdfFz; lyepiufSq; fjph;ntap nywpf;Fet uj;ekzp kFlKq; fydpyF kfykhh;Ge; jhh;g+j;j gd;dpUG ahryK kplh;ePf;F rj;jptb NtYkidkhh; rhUkpU ghfKk; ghjjh kiuAkha;r; rz;lg;u rz;lkapd;Nkw; rPh;g+j;j fUizAU tq;fhl;b tpopkhR jPh;j;njdf; fUs;nra;Ftha; njd;fjpiu kiyNty td;gh;kfp oD$y nre;jpak UikghyNd!

nka;ahd Nghje; jidawp ahky; tpOq;fpAzg; ngha;ahd Njfj;ij ahndd;W nfl;l Giyaw;FKj; ja;ah fkyj; jpUNr tbia aspj;jpLtha; ifah wpuz;Lil ahNd fjpuf lhryNd! rPh;nfhz;l nrq;f kyty;yp gq;fDQ; nrk;nghw;gzp thh;nfhz;l nfhq;if kiyty;yp gq;fDk; thdtUk; jhh;nfhz; lzpe;J njhOk;ghj NdeWe; jh usff; fhh;nfhz;l ts;spjd; gq;fh fjpuf lhryNd!

kd;Daphpd; ePitj;j nty;iyf; flq;fhj thd;fUiz ahWngUfp khzpf;f fq;ifaha; tpidku Khpj;Jntk; khiaKj ywthpj;J Kd;Daph;f spUz;kyq; fOtpf; fUf;Fopia %bf; fisg;gfw;wp Kj;jpf;f iuf;fNz tpLnkd;g ue;ejpapd; %o;fpapU tpoprpwf;f vd;Daph;f; FapNunj tpl;lhj tpd;gNk apd;gj;jp nya;JRfNk vd;nwd;W ghbAd; dUs;tbT fz;Ls kpdpf;fpd;w ehnse;jehs; rpd;kanrh &gNd Fd;WNjh whly;Ghp nja;tNk Aidek;gpNdd; njd;fjpiu kiyNty td;gh;kfp oD$y nre;jpak UikghyNd!

kl;lo fhd fUq;$e;j yhs;nfhz;l ikaYf;fha; nel;lo fhd njhil Nfl;f te;jpL Nehpionad; gl;lo fhd nkhopgf uhky; gijf;fr; nrhd;dha; fl;lo fhfjph; Ntyh fjpuf lhryNd! -jQ;rht+h; Ehy;epiyaj;jpYs;s Vl;Lg;gpujpapypUe;J.

-ethypa+h;, f.NrhkRe;jug;Gyth;.

(ed;wp: ,yq;ifapd; Guhjd irt Myaq;fs; - fjph;fhkk;) ïªJ xË

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Kataragama 'Pada Yatras' Then and Now by Patrick Harrigan A well-worn Sinhala saying cautions would-be pilgrims that: Dänagana giyot Kataragama Nodäna giyot ataramaga "If you know the way, you come to Kataragama. If you don't know the way, you get completely lost." Those who are well acquainted with Kataragama agree that it is a place of sacred power governed by an ever-youthful Spirit that defies human comprehension. Even today most Sri Lankans would agree that the baffling ‘unseen hand' of a Higher Power still prevails at the age-old jungle shrine, even behind an often crassly commercial facade. Astute politicians have also taken notice. Recognizing what they regard as the shrine's sociopolitical potential, some NGOs have jumped on the bandwagon by organizing a mass march from Okanda to Kataragama, which they have styled as a pada yatra or traditional foot pilgrimage. The ostensible purpose of the march, they say, is to honour traditions of Kataragama Pada Yatra and pass them on to younger generations.

Veteran foot pilgrims still know and practice the inherited traditions of Pada Yatra, but they are fewer and fewer, while parties of imitators multiply, confusing novice pilgrims and obscuring Kataragama's already threatened traditions. July 2009 photo by K. Vinayagamoorthy

The Pada Yatra's popularity in recent years has been mirrored by a steady decline—indeed, the virtual disappearance—of veteran swamis who had preserved Kataragama's vanishing songs, legends and age old wisdom traditions. As recently as the 1990's, there were still a few poets, minstrels, musicians, dancers, clowns, and ecstatics in pilgrim's garb, among the barefoot faithful, often separated from each other and appearing to walk alone across the awe-inspiring landscapes of eastern Sri Lanka. Now the old swamis have either passed away or no longer walk. Fewer and fewer pilgrims sing as they walk, fewer still go barefoot, and hardly any have any inherited wisdom to share. These swamis and swami ammas had been the very pilgrims over whom villages once vied with each other to fete with food and hospitality. Today, the swamis of yore have been replaced by whole families with children in tow who trudge in silence, clad in ‘bata' sandals and wearing outlandish garments readymade garments that they would not

Pada Yatra pilgrims en route to Kataragama 2007

ïªJ xË

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even consider wearing at home. Villagers along the route may offer dana to them but once, and then hasten them to continue on their way. Indeed, most do not even walk if they can avoid it, but ride the full distance by bus or tractor up to Okanda or even into the national park itself unless prevented from doing so by park officials.

an anti-tradition diametrically opposed to spirituality altogether. In terms of culture and religion, the process is deadly, as evidenced by the decline of Kandyan dance from a deep mystical tradition into the shallow entertainment of ‘dancing for dollars'. The same process now threatens to subvert and ultimately to destroy the entire island's cultural and religious identity. This larger disintegrative process is representative of an alien mentality that has taken root in the hearts and minds of people everywhere, starting from the Western-influenced urban centres and reaching down to the village level through alien institutions that regard local traditions (such as rajakariya) to be ‘obstacles to progress'. Alien values and institutions may have swamped Lankan society, but they have not succeeded in uprooting its citizens' sense of cultural and religious identity. Nor have modern mass-media succeeded in prompting more than a fraction of the population to reject their roots in traditional village culture. The experience of authentic pada yatra and submission to an ordering principle transcending our own personal likes and dislikes are priceless national treasures that deserve to be recognized and appreciated by more scholars and public servants as well as by rank-and-file devotees motivated enough to stand up and combat antitraditional imitations. Or, instead, will petty politicians and marketeers now become the new intermediaries and middlemen, mass-media priests and pilgrim contractors who will orchestrate Sri Lanka's religious and cultural life? Surely self-serving cynics abound who would seize every opportunity, wherever they find one. But what if there really is a higher power or divinity operating out of Kataragama as so many stories and legends maintain, one that makes sport of human vanity and reveals itself every so often in surprising new ways? That is also a terrifying prospect. For cynics, that is. In either case, Sri Lankans had better re-assess their ancestral traditions if they wish to recover their authentic self-identities, and fast.

Baila A yet more recent innovation has been Pada Yatra youth societies and NGOs with their tractors, luxury vehicles, tents, electrical generators, and all the signs of wealth that traditional pilgrims shun. Society members and employees march single-file dressed in uniform-like attire, except that each wears fashionable footgear or headwear of his or her fancy. Ostensibly fielded as ‘service volunteers' to assist elderly pilgrims, in practice the youths seldom serve anyone except themselves. During the day they rush ahead of older pilgrims, leaving them to shoulder heavy burdens. At night they prefer to hear not wisdom songs, but loud baila music sung to the tune of drums and radios. What many pilgrims, including this one, found most dismaying has been the unjust treatment accorded to foot pilgrims as they emerge from the jungle and encounter security check points. There the ragtag poor and elderly pilgrims are roughly ordered to halt and wait under the scorching sun, while uniformed members of well-heeled NGOs and other societies are courteously whisked through with only minimal delay. In July 2007, I sat with the poor pilgrims at Varahana bridge for hours witnessing this mockery of Pada Yatra traditions. The decline of the Pada Yatra did not occur overnight in a social vacuum, but in the context of a national decline affecting every village and town across the island, as reflected in the general pell-mell scramble to seize land, loot and power at the expense of one's neighbors and generations yet unborn. Great friends of Lanka's authentic traditions, such as Rene Guenon and Ananda Coomaraswamy, have warned that the forces of anti-tradition typically advance a counterfeit tradition as a substitute for the real thing in order to dislodge it before replacing it with

Source: http://padayatra.org/2009_pada.yatra.htm

fe;jFUkzpr; re;jtpUj;jk;

fjph;fhkj; jhz;lfk; fw;wth;jq; fUj;njOe;J fUiz g+f;Fq; fw;gfNk nrOq;fdpNa RitNa Nkhdk; ngw;wtUs; Szh;e;Jzh;e;Jk; Ngrh tpd;gg; ngUtho;Nt fUtho;Nt nghpnjd; Wd;dp ew;wtj;Njhh; ghyZfh eykp Nyd;wd; eitjPh;f;f tUtnjd;Nwh ehjh thjf; fw;wyKl; Nlhd;whj fjph;fh kj;jpd; flTsb afk;GwKq; fUjha; neQ;Nr. -rz;Kfhde;j Rthkpfs;. ïªJ xË

kz;zhs;thh; tho;Tkth; kfpo;r;rpnahL GfOk; kwpjpiuf;F epfnudNt kjpj;JKsq; fUNjd; tpz;zhs;th UyFlYk; RfNghf tho;Tk; NtjidAq; Nfl;ljid ntWj;njhopj;Nj de;Njh mz;zhepd; nghd;dUsh yq;Fkpq;F nkq;Fk; miltnjd;wh ybNaDf; fhuUshk; nghUisf; fz;zhYq; filf;fzpj;jh Ya;e;jpLNt nde;jha; fjph;fhkg; gjptpsq;Fq; fe;jFU kzpNa. - rz;Kfhde;j Rthkpfs;. 19

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

l;r.u foúhkaf.a uysuh wdpd¾H fou< mKaä;a uvq¿.sßfha úfÊr;ak' zzyskaÿ T<s i`.rdjZZ iEu fouilg jrlau iuia: ,xld yskaÿ fldka.%ih u.ska m%ldYhg m;a flf¾' fujr úfYaI l,dmh m<jkafka l;r.u foajd,fha W;aijh ksidh' fï ksid fuu W;aijh ksñ;s lrf.k fuu úfYaI ,smsh isxy, niska ielfiazZ l;r.u foúhka je| mqod .kafka fou< yskaÿ ckhd mukla fkdj isxy, ckhdo tu foúhkag mqo mqcd mj;ajkq ,n;s' fuu foúhka ms<sn`o mqrdjD; fndfyda .Kkla zzlkao mqrdKfhaZZ ±lafõ' lkao mqrdKfha tfia ±lafj;;a fuu foúhkaf.a W;am;a;sh ms<sn`o l;dj jkafka yskaÿkaf.a m%Odk foúhd jk Ysjg iy Tyqf.a Nd¾hdj jk md¾j;S foúhkg Wmka foaj l=urefjl= njh' ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ ;sremam§ fldú, uqre.ka fldaú, kñka yÿkajkq ,nk w;r l;r.u foúhkag mqo mQcd meje;aùug ,xldfj;a ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ;a fjk fjku fldaú,a we;' fuu foúhka bm§ we;af;a nqÿkajykafia f.a W;am;a;h s " nqÿùu" ms ß Ks j k is ÿ jq fjila fmdfydah Èkfha§h' tu ksid ffjYdl ux.,H fn!oOhkag fukau yskÿ a kag jeo.;ah' ysxÿkag fjila Èkfha§ Wmjdi lrkq ,nka f ka l;r.u foúhka Wfoidh' fï ksidu l;r.u foúhka fkdfyd;a uqre.ka foúhdg l;r.u lsß fjfyr yd ineÈhdjla mj;s' uqre.ka foúhdg Nd¾hdjka fofofkls' tla Nd¾hdjla jkafka f;hs j dfka h ' wfkla Nd¾hdj l;r.u m%foaYfhah' fmdf<dkakre hq . fha § fid,S k a l;r.u ola j d n,h w,a , d f.k is á ks i d tu m%foaYfha isáh" reje;s ldka;djla uqre.ka fkdfyd;a l;r.u foúhka irK mjd .;anj mqrdK .%ka:j, ±lafõ' l;r.u m%foaYhg ol=Kq bkaÈhdfõ isg meñfKk l;r.u foúhkag' fou< niska zz;sfkhsZZ lshk OdkH j¾.hl f.dhï me, jk i;=kf a .ka wdrCId lrñka isá zzj,a,Zs Z j uqK .eiS we;' fuys§ uqre.ka foúhka fkdfyd;a l;r.u foúhka fuu ïªJ xË

j,a,s hk ldka;djg wdorh md irK mdjd .;a nj;a irKmdjd.;a ia:dkh l;r.u hkqfjka yÿkajk nj;a ioykah' j,a,s foajd,h msysgqjkafka fï wkqjhs' ;jo fuu ia:dkfha uqre.ka foúhka kñkao wo mj;sk l;r.u foajd,h th hehs úYajdi flf¾' tu foajd,fha je÷ï msÿï lsÍug fou< yskaÿ ckhd mqreÿ jq nj fou< yskaÿ ckhd lshkq ,efí' idudkHfhka yskaÿ ckhdf.a m%Odk foaj mjq, .ek fuys§ iòyka lsÍu jgfkah' yskÿ a kaf.a m%Odk foúhd jkafka zzYsjhZZ' Tyqf.a ìßo zzmd¾j;sZZ foúhka fkdfyd;a zzWuhka.kdjhsZZ' fï fofokdg odj >k foúfhda ^mq,a,hdr foúhka& iy l;r.u foúhka bm§ we;' ñka jeäu,d >k foúfhdah' kqjKg wêm;s foúhka >k foúfhda hhs' isxy, fou< ckj¾. folu i,l;s' fuisß,l jeõ neo rdcHfhka by< fldgfia mq,a,hdr msÈ,a,' mq,a,hdr je`È,a, isxy, fukau fou< ckhd nyq,j lrkq ,nk jeÈ,a,ls' fuyS§ wiajekak fk,d m%:ufhka mqokq ,nkafka mq , a , hdr foúhka g h' fuh isxy, fukau fou< ckhdo isÿ lrkq ,n;s' fuisß,l W;=f¾ jeishka mq,a,hd¾ foúhkag jkaokd lrkjd fia ol= f Ka jeis h ka l;r.u foúhkag jkaokd udk lrkq ,efí' fuh Ñrd;a ld,hl isg isxy, fou< jeishka ±ä úYa j dihls k a hq ; = j l;r.u foúhka mqokq ,nk msÈ,a,ls' jrla n,ka f .dv wdkkao ffu;sh % kdhl yduqÿrejka jykafia l;r.u foúhka ;uka jykafiag olskakg ,enqKq nj Wkajykafiaf.a zzwmg fkdfmfkk f,dalhZz lD;sfhys iòyka lr we;' fuhs k a fmkS h ka f ka Wkajykafia mjd l;r.u foúhka úYdji l< njh' isxy, fn!oaOhkag foaj ixl,amh neyer l, fkdyel' th nqÿrcdKka jykafia mjd ;u nqÿ foaYkdj,§ foajf,dal yhla ^6& la .ek iòyka lr we;' fuh ú.%y lrkafka pd;=¾uyd rdðlh" 20

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

;dj;sxih" hduh" ;=is;h" ks¾udKr;sh" mßks¾ñ; jij¾;sh hkqfjks' fuh i%;%msglfha úudk j;aÓ ldkavfha fndfydaúg ú.%y jkafkls' tu ksid l;r.u foúhka .ek ielhla we;s fkdlr tu foúhkag mqo mqcd meje;aùu isxy, fn!oaOhdf.a isß;hs'

ol=fKa jeishka fndfydauhla l;r.u foúhkag mqo mqcd mj;ajkq ,nkafka Tjqkaf.a jHdmr" /ls rCId wOHdmkh iy ;u ðú;hg biqr ,nd .ekSu iòydh' fuu úYajdifhka isÿ lsÍu Tjqkaf.a isß;hs' W;=f¾ jeishka >k foúhkag fmd,a .eiSu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka u;= lshjq m%d¾:kdjka isÿ lrñkah' tfukau ol=fKa jeishkao rgueo jeishlao îsxy,& l;r.u foúhkag mQcd mj;ajkq ,nkafka by; iòyka woyiska hq;=jh' fñ ksid Tjqkag biqr" i;=g" iïm;" iuDoaêh" ,efnk nj tu jeishkaf.a úYajdihhs' fkdfhla foaj ixl,am j, t,nf.k isák isxy, fn!oaOhska" yskaÿkaf.a m%Odk foúfhl= jk l;r.u foúhka jkaokd udk lsÍu ;=<ska fmkShkafka isxy, fn!oaOhkag flf;rï msysgla uysuhla l;r.u foúhkaf.ka ,efnk jdo hkakhs'

fou< ys k a ÿ ka l;r.u foúhka g fjkuu fldú,a ;kd mqo mQcd" mqfcdamydr mj;ajkq ,n;s' ±ä yskaÿ Nla;slhka zzuqre.d" uqre.dZZ jYfhka lshkq ,nkafka l;r.u foúhkaf.a uysuh ksidh' W;=f¾ hdmkfha jeishka l;r.u foúhkag je§ug" ms§ug hdmkfha isg l;r.ug mdo hd;%d lr;s' fuh isÿ lrkq ,nkafka hdmkfha zf;dKavukakdreZ zfi,aj ikaksÈZ uqre.ka fldaúf,a isg l;r.ugh' fuu mdo hd;%dj m%:ufhka uvl,mqjg mdo hd;%d fldg bka wk;=rej fjr< nv ;Srh Tiafia jkÿ¾.' .sßÿ¾. miqfldg bka wk;=rej l;r.ug ,.dfõ'

fï ksid fuu fmdah Èkh;a tkï wei, udifha tk fmdah Èkh;a isxy, fn!oaOhdg iy meúoaokag jeo.;a jkafka jiaidk iuh wrfUk ksidh' t fukau yskÿ a kag jeo.;a jkafka l;r.u jdrh werfUk ksidh' fou< yskaÿka iy isxy, fn!oaOhkaf.a tluq;=j fï ;=<ska idla id;a lr.; yelsnj fmfka'

fuu mdo hd;%dj wdrïNlrkafka cq,s udifha zwudjlZ Èkfha§h' fuh tu udifha mif,diajl fmdfydh Èkhg m%:u wjika l< hq;=h'

fjph;fhk Ntytd; fp.th.[fe;ehjd; rhkpnad;Wk; g+jnkd;Wk; rhw;wpj; jLkhwpg; g+kpnaq;Fk; Rw;wpg; GOq;fpkdk; thlhky; ehkfw;wp Ml;nfhz;L ehLk; mbahh;f;Ff; fhkpaq;fs; <Ak; fjph;fhk NtytNd. $l;bd; eLNt FikAq; fpspNghy;Cd; tPl;bd; eLNtahh; Ntjidia ePf;Fgpuhd; ghl;bd; eLNt guTk;gz; Nghd;wpdpg;ghd; fhl;bdL Nthq;Fk; fjph;fhk NtytNd. jQ;rk; GFkbahh; jhufkh vQ;Qhd;Wk; mQ;ry; vdtUSk; Iad; KUNfrd; nfhQ;Rk; Fuy;ts;sp Nfhkhd; kiwNghJk; fQ;rd; gzpAk; fjph;fhk NtytNd. ghy;fhl;br; Nrapd; grpNghf;Fk; jha;Nghy Ehy;fhl;b Qhdk; EtYk; FUNghy Nty;fhl;b kQ;iQ tpaDhh;jp Aq;fhl;bf; fhy;fhl;b ahs;thd; fjph;fhk NtytNd. ePykapy; NkyptUk; epj;jd; ,Us;Nghf XykpLq; Nfhop cah;j;j nfhbf;Fkud; Nryida fz;ts;sp Njdspf;f cz;lgpuhd; fhygak; Nghf;Fk; fjph;fhk NtytNd.

(1)

XnkOj;Nj kQ;iQnad Ch;e;jUSk; nrQ;Nrhjp rhktj;ij ,y;yhkw; whsile;jh iuf;fhg;ghd; Nekepl;il apd;NwDk; epj;jk; Jjpj;JUfpd; fhkKw;wg; Nghf;Fk; fjph;fhk NtytNd. (6)

(2)

vl;bg; gpbf;fhpahd; Vzpitj;Jk; vl;lhpahd; njl;b kaf;Fk; jpwk;ty;yhd; Ntjkpd;Dk; nfhl;b Kof;fpbDk; $whpnjd; Nwhq;FFfd; fl;bg;nghd; dd;dhd; fjph;fhk NtytNd.

(7)

(3)

gs;sk;tU g+k;Gdy;Nghw; ghj kyh; mize;Nj cs;sk;tU nts;snkd Xq;Fkd;G g+z;ltiu vs;ssTk; ghzpah Njw;Wj; jpUtUs;nra; fs;skpyhd; vq;fs; fjph;fhk NtytNd.

(8)

(4)

GynkDkf; FQ;ruj;jpd; Nghf;fpdpNy Nghfhky; eyKila Qhdj;jhy; ehl;lnkhd;Wk; Ngud;gh; cyfkpir Nate; Joy;gpwtp khf;flw;Ff; fykida jhshd; fjph;fhk NtytNd. (9)

(5)

tpz;zhfp aidj;ijAe;jd; tPWkU spw;whq;fp kz;zhfp vt;Taph;f;Fk; tho;tUsp md;gh;fSf; nfz;zhfp vz;zj; njOQ;Nrhjp ahfpath; fz;zhfp epw;ghd; fjph;fhk NtytNd. (10)

(ed;wp : fjpu;fhk ahj;jpiu) ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

tpGyhde;j mbfspd; tho;f;if tuyhW mUs; nry;tehafk; kapyt ; hfddhh; jkJ gjpdhwhtJ tajpy; ‘Nfk;gphpl;r;’ gy;fiyf;fofj;jpduhy; elj;jg;gl;l Njh;tpNy Kjd;ikahfj; Njwpdhh;. Mjypdhy; gbj;j fy;YhhpapNyNa Mrphpauhf epakdk; ngw;whh;. gpwF fy;Kid fj;Njhypf;f kp\d; ghlrhiyapy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpdhh;. Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpf; nfhz;L te;j kapyt ; hfddhh;> gapwr; p ngw;w Xh; Mrphpauhf tu tpUk;gpdhh;. MfNt> Mq;fpy Mrphpah; fyhrhiy cl; G F Njh; t pDf; f hfg; gbj; J ntw; w pAk; ngw; w hh; . mjd; gadhf ,uz; l hz; L fs; Mrphpah; gapw;rp ngWk; nghUl;Lf; nfhOk;G khefuk; te;jile;jhh;. kapy; t hfddhh; > gapw; r pf; fy; Y hhpapy; gapd;wJld; epw;fhJ nfhOk;gpy; tho;e;J te;J jkpo; mwpQh;fsplk; jkpOk; fw;Wtuyhdhh;. me; j tifapNy> gz; b jh; fe; i jah> tpj;Jthd; rp.jhNkhjuk;gps;is> tpj;Jthd; ifyhagps; i s Mfpath; f splk; rq; f ,yf;fpaq;fis Kiwahfg; gapd;whh;. 1912Mk; Mz; L Mrphpah; gapw; r papid Kbj; J f; n fhz; L ntspNawpa kapy; t hfddhiu> mh;r; kpf;Nfy; fy;Yhhp mjpgh;> Mrphpauhf mkh;j;jpdhh;. ,uz;L Mz;Lfs; mh;r; kpf;Nfy; fy;Yhhpapy; Mrphpauhfg; gzpahw;wpa ,th; 1915Mk; Mz;L nghwpapaw; fy;Yhhpapy; Nrh;eJ ; Nkw;fy;tp fw;fyhdhh;. kapyt ; hfddhh; nghwpapay; fy; t papy; Kjd; i kahfj; Njwp ‘bg; N shkh’ vd; D k; gl;lj;ijAk; ngw;whh;. mj;Jld; 1916-Mk; Mz;L kJiuj; jkpo;;r; rq;fj;jhh; elj;jpa gz;bjh; Njh;tpYk; Njwpdhh;. <oehl;bNy Kjd; Kjyhfg; gz;bjh; Njh;tpy; Njwpa ngUik kapy;thfddhiuNa rhUk;. ,th; 1916Mk; Mz;L murpdh; nghwpapay; fy;Yhhpapy; cjtp ,urhad Mrphpauhfg; gjtp Vw;whh;. jkf;nfd thohJ gpwUf;fhfNt ciof;Fk; gue;j kdg;ghd;ik nfhz;l kapy;thfddhh; rpwe;j Nghjdh Kiwfisf; ifahz;L Ma;Tf; $lj;jpy; ghpNrhjidfs; elj;jpg; Nghjpjj; ikahy; khzth;fsJ ey;ygpkhdj;ijg; ngw;whh;. Mjypdhy; kapyt ; hfddhuJ Gfo; <o ehnlq;Fk; gutyhapw;W. mjd; gadhf 1917Mk; Mz; L aho; g ; g hzj; J mh; r ; rk; g j; j phP r pahh; fy; Y hhpapd; jiyth; Ntz; b f; nfhz; l ikf; F ,zq; f mf; f y; Y hhpapd; tpQ; Q hd gPlj;ij moF nra;jhh;. ,t;Ntisapy; = ,uhkfpU\;z klhyaj;ijr; Nrh;e;j rh;thee;jh; ,yq;iff;F te;jhh;. md;dhUld;

kl; l f; f sg; g pypUe; J njd; j pf; f pNy ,Ugj;Jehd;Ffy; njhiytpDf;F mg;ghy; fy; K id vd; w rpWefuk; ,Uf; f pwJ. ,q;fpUe;J njw;Fj; jpf;FNehf;fp %d;Wfy; njhiytpy; fhiujPT vd;Dk; Ch; ,Uf;fpwJ. ,q;Fs;s goq;Fb Ntshs kugpy; te;j rhkpj;jk;gpahh;f;Fk; fz;zfp topghl;by; rpwe;J tpsq;fpa fz;z k;ikahh;f ;Fk; Rgehnshd;wpy; jpUkzk; eilngw;wJ. fu Mz;L gq;Fdpj; jpq;fs; 16Mk; ehs; (27-03-1892) itfiwg; nghOjpy; fz;zk;ikahh; Mz; Foe;ij xd;iwg; ngw;nwLj;jhh;. Foe;ijiaj; J}f;fp cr;rp Nkhe; j rhkpj; j k; g pahh; > kapy; t hfdd; vd;Dk; mofpa ngaiu mjw;F toq;fp kfpo;e;jhh;. ghyd; kapy; t hfddhh; tsh; e ; J gs; s pg; g Utj; i jaile; j hh; . MfNt je;ijahh; ey;yuj;jpdk; mth;fsplk; $l;br; nrd;W tpj;jpahuk;g k; nra; J itj; j hh; . mj;Jld; FQ;rpjj; k;gp Mrphpah; mth;fsplKk; fy;tp fw;fr; nra;jhh;. kapy;thfddhh; FQ;rpj;jk;gp Mrphpahplk; fy;tpfw;wJld; epwf; hJ> je;ijahhplKk; tre;juhrg;gpsi ; s mth;fsplKk; ghlq; Nfl;Lg; gbj;J te;jhh;. fhiujPT irtg; ghlrhiyapd; jiyik MrphpauhfTk;> tpehafh; Nfhapy; mh;r;rfuhfTk; gzpahw;wpte;j itj;jpaypq;f Njrpfh; mth; f splk; ed; D hy; > #lhkzp> epfz; L KjypaitfisAk; tlnkhopiaAk; ,dpJ fw;whh;. kapy;thfddhh; gj;JtaJ tiuAk; jkpo; g ; ghlrhiyapy; jkpo; fw; w Jld; > tP l ; b Ny Mq;fpynkhopiaAk; fw;Wtuyhdhh;. gpwF je;ijahh; kapy; t hfddhiu fy; K id nknjhb]; j kp\d; ghlrhiyapy; Mq;fpyk; fw;Fk;nghUl;L 1903Mk; Mz;bw; Nrh;j;jhh;. kapy;thfddhh; ehd;fhz;Lfs; tiu fy;Kidapy; fy;tp fw;whh;. Nkw;nfhz;L njhlh;e;J fy;tpfw;f mq;F tFg; G fs; ,y; y hikapdhy; kl; l f; f sg; g pYs; s mh; r ; kpf;Nfy; fy;Yhhpapy; Nrh;e;J fw;fyhdhh;. kapy;thfddhhpd; fy;tpj; jpwikiaf; fz;Zw;w Mrphpah; f s; . mtiug; ghuhl; b dhh; f s; . Mjypdhy; mth; Mrphpah;fsJ jdp md;Gf;F chpatuhdhh;. mjd; ngWNgwhf Xa;thd Ntisfspy; Mrphpah;fsplk; nrd;W njhpahjtw;iwf; Nfl;Lj; njhpe;Jnfhs;thh;. ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

mbfshh; Jwtpahfj; jk;ik Maj;jk; nra;Jnfhz;bUe;jNghJ gy Ehy;fisnay;yhk; ed;whff; fw;fj; jUzk; fpilj;jJ. rpj;jhe;j Ehy;fSld;> fhtpaq;fisAk; gbj;jhh;. Mq;fpyf; ftpijfisAk; gbj;J ,d;Gw;whh;. ,e;Efh;r;rpapidj; jhNk itj;Jf;nfhs;shky; jkpof md;gh;fSf;Fk; toq;f Kd;te;jhh;. mjd; gadhfj;jhd; ‘Mq;fpy thzp’>‘g+Q;Nrhiyf; fhtyd;’ vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa ,d;g Xtpaq;fs; ntspte;jd. Mq;fpyg; ngUk;Gytuhd nrfg;gphpahpd; ehlfq;fis mbfshh; tpUk;gpg; gbj;jhh;. mj;jifa Xh; #o;epiyiaj; jkpo; nkhopapYk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F vz;zq; nfhz;lhh;. 1924Mk; Mz;L kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; Mz;L epiwT tpohtpw; fye;Jnfhs;sTk; ehlfj; jkpo; vd;Dk; nghUs; gw;wpr; nrhw;nghopthw;wTk; mbfshh;f;F tha;g;Gf; fpilj;jJ. kJiuj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;jpd; nrayhsuhd jpU.b.rp. rPdpthr Iaq;fhh; mth;fs; mbfshhpd; tphpTiuapid Xh; rpwe;j Ehyhf;fpj; jUk;gb Nfhhpdhh;. mjw;fpiae;j mbfshh; nrfg;gphpahpd; ehlfq;fisAk; jdQ;rahpd; jr&gj;ijAk; %yf; fUthff; nfhz;L rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpYs;s ehlf Ehd; KbTfis XusTf;F tpsf;fpf; fhl;Ltjw;F Vw;wjhf kjq;f#shkzp vd;Dk; Ehypid vOjpdhh;. gz; b jh; kapy; t hfddhuhfj; jkpofk; nrd; w th; 1925Mk; Mz;L Rthkp tpGyhee;juhf <ok; jpUk;gpdhh;. Mjypdhy; <oj; J kf; f s; vj; j idNah ,lq; f spy; tuNtw;G toq;fpg; ngUikg;gLj;jpdhh;fs;. ,e;j ehl;fspy; aho;g;ghzj;jpy; eilngw;w kfhehl;bDf;F mbfshh; jiyik jhq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;. <oehL kP z ; l mbfshUf; F = ,uhkfpU\; z klhyaj;jhh; fpof;F ,yq;ifapYs;s jk; ghlrhiyfisg; guhkhpf;Fk; Kfhikahsh; gjtpapidf; nfhLj;jhh;fs;. mbfshh; Kfhikahsh; gjtpapidf; ifNaw;Wg; gy ghlrhiyfis epWtpaJld;> irtnewp jioj;Njhq;fTk; top nra;jhh;. mbfshh; jkJ gpwg;gplkhd fhiujPtpy; ngz;fSf;nfd xU ghlrhiyia epWtp>‘rhujh tpj;jpahyak;’ vdg; ngah; nfhLj; j hh; . kl; l f; f sg; g pDf; F mzpj; j hAs; s fy; y b cg;Nghil vd;Dk; Chpy; Xh; Mq;fpyf; fy;Yhhpapid epWtpr; rpthee;j tpj;jpahyak; vdg; ngah; nfhLj;jhh;. jk; FUehjiu vd;nwd;Wk; epidTj; jpiuapy; itj;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;Nl md;dtuJ ngahpid tpj;jpahyaj;jpDf;F toq;fpdhh;. rpthee;j tpj;jpahyaj;ijr; rpwe;j Kiwapy; tsh;f;Fk;nghUl;Lj; jiyik Mrphpah; gjtpapidAk; jhNk Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. mbfshh; jpUNfhzkiyapy; jpfo; e ; j irtg; ghlrhiyiag; ngUfr; nra; j Jld; > fy; Y hhpahfTk; khw;wp mikj;jhh;. jpUNfhzkiy ,e;Jf; fy;Yhhpapid tsh; f ; F k; n ghUl; L mjpgh; gjtpapidAk; jhNk iff;nfhz;lhh;. 1925Mk; Mz; L kJiuj; jkpo; r ; rq; f j; j hh; kfh kNfhghj; j paha rhkpehijah; mth; f Sf; F g; nghw;fpop mspf;Fk; nghUl;L Xh; tpohtpid elj;jpdhh;.

fye;J ciuahLk; tha;gG; kapyt ; hfddhUf;F fpilj;jJ. mjd; gadhfj; Jwtwj;ijg; gw;wp vz;zyhdhh;. jk; vz;zj;jpid epiwT nra;t ; jw;fhfj; jk;ikNa Maj;jk; nra;ayhdhh;. fy;Yhhpapy; khzth;fSf;Fg; GJg; GJg; ghlq; f isg; Nghjpg; g Jld; Gjpa Gjpa Ehy; f isAk; jhk; fw;fyhdhh;.,uz;L Mz;Lfshf khzth;fis tsh;j;jJld; jk;ikAk; Gjpa Njh;tpDs; GFj;Jtjw;Fj; jahh; nra;Jnfhz;lhh;. gpwh;Jizapd;wpj; jhkhfNt gbj;J ,yz;ld; gy;fiyf;f ofk; elj;jpa gp.v];.]p Njh;tpy; Njwpdhh;. kapy;thfddhhpd; ,Unkhopg; Gyikia mwpe;j khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhhpapd; eph;thfj;jpdh; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhhpapd; jiyik Mrphpah; gjtpapid Vw;Fk;gb Ntz;bdhh;fs;. mjw;fpiae;j kapy;thfddhh; 1920Mk; Mz; L ,e; J f; fy; Y hhpapd; jiyikg; gjtpapidf; ifNaw; w hh; . ,q; F kapy; t hfddhh; Ma; T f; $ lk; xd;wpid epWtp tpQ;Qhdf; fy;tpapidg; Nghjpj;jhh;. ,yq;ifapy; jkpo; nkhopia tsh;f;fNth> jkpo; nkhopiag; Nghw; w pg; GfoNth rpwe; j rhjdq; f s; ,y; y hikiaf; fz; l kapy; t hfddhh; nkhopia tsh; f ; F k; n ghUl; L xU fofk; epWt Kad; w hh; . gy mwpQh; f spd; Jiznfhz; L jkJ jdpKaw; r papd; gadhf>‘aho;gg; hzk; Mhpa jpuhtpl gh\hgptpUj;jpr; rq;fj;’ ijf; fl;b vOg;gpdhh;. kapy;thfddhh; Mhpa jpuhtpl gh\hgptpUj;jpr; rq;f thapyhf> gpuNtr gz;bjh;> ghy gz;bjh;> gz;bjh; vd;w Kj;juq; nfhz;l %d;W Njh;Tfis Vw;gLj;jpdhh;. Nkw;gb Njh;Tfs; ,dpJ eilngWtjw;fhf kapyt ; hfddhh; Njh;T Kjy;tuhfTk; Kjd;ikahd cWg;gpduhfTk; tpsq;fpdhh;. md;W kapy;thfddhh; njhlq;fpitj;j rq; f k; ,d; W tiu vj; j idNah gz; b jkzpfis <oehl;bDf;F mspjJ ; tpll; J. ,dpAk; mspjJ ; f; nfhz;Nl tUk;. ehl;L kf;fSf;fhfTk; jkpo; nkhopf;fhfTk; gzp nra;a kapy;thfddhh; tpUk;gpdhh;. MfNt 1922Mk; Mz;L Jwtpauhfpj; J}a;ikahd tho;itf; filg;gpbj;Jg; gzp nra;Ak; nghUl;Lr; nrd;id = ,uhkfpU\;z klhyaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;whh;. mtUf;F klhyaj;jhh; gpuNghj irj;jd;ah; vd;Dk; gpukrhpag; ngaiu toq;fpdh;. ,t;Ntisapy; klhya thapyhf ntsptUk; jpq;fs; ,jo;fshd = ,uhkfpU\;z tp[ak; vd;Dk; jkpo;r; rQ;rpiff;Fk; Ntjhe;j Nfrhp vd;Dk; Mq;fpy rQ;rpiff;Fk; Mrphpauhfg; gzpGhpayhdhh;. 1924Mk; Mz; L rpj; j piuj; jpq; f s; g+uz KOkjpad; W Rthkp rpthee; j h mth; f s; gpuNghj irj;jd;aUf;F Qhd cgNjrk; nra;J Jwtwg; ngauhd Rthkp tpGyhee;jh vd;gij toq;fpdhh;. Rthkp tpGyhee;jhthf mbfshh; ntspAyif Nehf;fpaNghJ jpUg;ghjphpgG; ypa+hpd; Qhdpahh; klhyaj;jhh; Mz;L epiwT tpohtpd; jiyikapidj; jhq;Fk;gb Ntz;bdhh;fs;. mbfshUk; mjw;fpiae;J kfhehl;bDf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;. ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

fy;Yhhpapy; eilngw;w fiyr;nrhy;yhf;f kfhehl;bDf;F mbfshh; jiyik jhq; f paJld; > fiyr; n rhw; f is Mf; F tjpYk; <Lgl; l hh; . 1937Mk; Mz; L mbfshh; ifyhak; tiu nrd;wJld; jpngj; ehl;bDf;Fk; tp[ak; nra;jhh;. 1939Mk; Mz;L mbfshh; fy;Kidapy; eilngw;w Mrphpah; tpLKiwf; fofj;jpDf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpaJld;> ,yf;fpar; rhh;ghd ePz;lNjhh; mwpTiuAk; epfo;j;jpdhh;. nrd;id gy;fiyf;fofj;jpd; jkpo;j; Njh;thsuhf mbfshh; jpfo;ej ; Jld; gw;gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W rkaj; njhz;LfSk; nra;J te;jhh;. ,kakiyr; rhuypYs;s khahtjp Mr;rpukj;jpypUe;J ntspte;j ‘gpuGj;j ghujh’ vd;Dk; Mq;fpyj; jpq;fs; ,jopDf;F Mrphpauhfj; Njh;en; jLf;fg;gl;ljdhy; 1939Mk; Mz;L ,khyaj;jpDf;Fr; nrd;whh;. ,khyaj;jpy; mbfshh; tho;e;j Ntisapy;jhd; aho; rk;ge;jkhd Muha;r;rpapy; g+uzkhf <Lgl;lhh;. ,t;thuha;r;rpapd; gadhf mbfshh; gy; N tW ,lq; f Sf; F k; nry; y Ntz; b a epiyik Vw;gl;lJ. MfNt mth; ,jo; Mrphpah; gzpapidj; Jwe;J jkpofk; kPzl; hh;. jkpofj;jpd; gy ,lq;fSf;Fk; mbfshh; nrd;W aho; rk;ge;jkhd jfty;fisr; Nrfhpj;jhh;. mbfshh; jkpofk; kP z ; l ijf; fz; l <oj; J md; g h; f s; > ,yq; i fg; gy; f iyf; f ofj; j pd; jkpo; g ; Nguhrphpah; gjtpapid Vw; F k; g b Ntz; b dhh; f s; . gpwe;jehl;bd; eyj;jpd; nghUl;L mbfshh; Nguhrphpah; gjtpapid Nkw; n fhz; l hh; . Nguhrphpah; gjtpAld; fy;tpg; gFjpg; ghlEhw;rig> Njh;Tr; rig> fy;tp Muha;r;rp rig Mfpatw; w pd; ngUikf; F hpa cWg; g pduhfTk; jpfo;e;jhh;. ,yq;if murhq;fk; ,yq;ifg; ghlrhiyfSf;fhd Xh; jpll; j;ij tFj;jNghJ> mbfshh; rq;fjP ghlj;jpDf;fhd jpl;lj;ij xt;nthU tFg;gpDf;Fk; tbj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;. ghlrhiyfspy; irt rkaKk; gbg; g pf; f g; g l Ntz;Lnkd;w epajp Vw;gl;lNghJ rkaj;jpDf;fhd Xh; ghlj;jpll; j;ijAk; mbfshh; tFj;Jf; nfhLj;jhh;. ,yq;if Ml;rpahshpd; Njh;Tfspy; mbfshh; Xh; Njh;thsuhf ,Ue;J gzpahw;wpdhh;. mbfshh; gj;jhz;Lfshf Muha;e;J fz;Lzh;e;j ,ir Ehyhd aho; Ehypidf; fue;ijj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;J Mjutpy; jpUf;nfhs;sk;g+J}h;j; jpUf;Nfhapypy; 1947 [_d; khjj;jpy; muq;Nfw;wpdhh;. aho; Ehy; muq; N fw; W tpohtpy; fye; J nfhs; s g; Gwg;gLk; Kd;dNu> mbfshhpd; cly; Nrhh;Tw;wpUe;jJ. mjidg; nghUl;gLj;jhJ gazk; nra;J kPzl; mbfshiu Neha; gw;wpf; nfhz;lJ. MfNt mth; nfhOk;G kUj;Jt tpLjpnahd;wpy; rpfpr;ir ngwyhdhh;. mbfshiug; ghpNrhjpj;j itj;jpah; g+uz Xa;Tk; mikjpahd #o; e piyAk; Ntz; L nkdf; $wpdhh; . MfNt = ,uhkfpU\;z klhyaj;jhh; itj;jpah; $wpa #o;epiyia Vw;gLj;jpAk; gad; juhky; 1947Mk; Mz;L Mbj; jpq;fs; 19Mk; ehs; (19.7.1947) rdpf;fpoik ,uT mbfshh; ,iwtDld; ,uz;lwf; fye;jhh;. (ed;wp:-tpGyhde;j nry;tk;)

,t;tpohtpy; <oehl;L tpj;J thd;f spd; gpujpepjpahf mbfshh; fye;Jnfhz;L ciu epfo;j;jpdhh;. 1926Mk; Mz; L NtYhhpNy eilngw; w = ,uhkfpU\; z klhya kfhehl;by; ,yq;ifg; gpujpepjpahf mbfshh; fye;Jnfhz;L nrhw;nghopthw;wpdhh;. ,yq;if murhq;fk; fpof;F ,yq;ifapd; fy;tp epiyapid Muha;eJ ; mwpfi ; f jahhpf; F k; g b Xh; FOtpid epWtpdh; . ,f; F Otpd; jiyikg; gjtp mbfshUf;Ff; nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. 1927Mk; Mz;L rpjk;guj;jpNy xU gy;fiyf;fofk; epWTk;nghUl;L ,uhkehjGuj;J murh; jiyikapy; Xh; tprhuizf; FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,f;FOtpd; Kd;dh; gy; f iyf; f ofk; mtrpak; epWtg; g lNtz; L nkd; W rhd;WgfUk;gb mbfshiur; nrd;idg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jhh; Ntz;bdh;. mjw;fpiae;j mbfshh;>‘rpjk;guj;jpNy Xh; gy;fiyf;fofk; epWtg;glNtz;Lk;’ vd;W tprhuizf; FOtpy; Kjd; Kjyhfr; rhd;W gfd;wdh;. 1927Mk; Mz;L mbfshh; fz;br; irt kfhrigapd; Mz;L tpohtpDf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;. ,f;fhiyapy; kfhj;kh fhe;jpabfs; ,yq;iff;F vOe;jUs> khzth; kfhehl;Lj; jiyth; vd;w tifapy; mbfshh; kfhj;kh fhe;jpia tuNtw;whh;. rpjk; g uj; j pNy gy; f iyf; f ofk; mtrpakhf Ntz;Lnkd;W tprhuizf; FO rpghh;R nra;jikapdhy;> c l d b a h f g ; g y ; fiyf;fofKk; epWtg;gl;lJ. gy; f iyf; f ofj; j pd; jkpo; g ; Nguhrphpah; gjtpapid Vw;Fk;nghUl;L mbfshiu> mz;zhkiy nrl;bahh; Ntz;bdhh;. MfNt mbfshUk; Nguhrphpah; gjtpapid Vw;Wf;nfhz;lhh;. gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; gzpahw;wpa mbfshh; Xa;thd Ntisfspy; goe; j kpoh; f s; ifahz; l aho; f isg; gw; w p Muhayhdhh; . kiwe; n jhope; j aho; f isj; jpUk; g Tk; kP l ; L f; n fhLf; f Ntz; L nkd; W cWjp g+z; l hh; . ,g; g zpapidg; g+uzkhf; f cj; j pNahfk; ,ila+whf ,Ue;jJ. MfNt mbfshh; aho; Muha;r;rpapy; ,wq;Ftjw;fhf 1933Mk; Mz;L Nguhrphpah; gjtpapidj; Jwe;jhh;. mbfshh; Kj;jkpopy; jpwikaile;J Mq;fpy nkhopapy; gl; l k; n gw; W tlnkhopapy; ghz; b j; j pakile; j Jld; epy;yhJ> ,yj;jPd;> atdk;> tq;fk;> rpq;fsk;> ghyp> muG Mfpa nkhopfspYk; jpwik ngw; w pUe; j hh; . Mjypdhy; nkhopngah;j;jy; vd;gJ mbfshUf;F xU nghOJNghf;fhfNt ,Ue;jJ. tpNtfhde;j QhdjPgk;> fh;kNahfk; QhdNahfk; ek;kth; ehl;L Qhdtho;f;if> tpNtfhde;j rk;gh\ izfs; Mfpa Ehy;fisr; nrd;id =,uhkfpU\;z klhya thapyhf mbfshh; nkhopngah;j;Js;shh;. 1933Mk; Mz;L mbfshh; fue;ijj; jkpor; ; rq;fj;jpd; Ntz;LNfhspDf;F ,zq;fpf; fue;ijj; jkpo;r; rq;fj;J Mz;L tpohtpDf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpr; rpwg;gpj;jhh;. 1935Mk; Mz;L mbfshh; irtrpjj; he;j kfh rkhrj;jhhpd; Ntz; L NfhSf; F ,zq; f p jpUtz; z hkiyapy; eilngw;w kfhrkhrj;jpd; kfhehl;bDf;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpr; rpwg;gpjj; hh;. 1936Mk; Mz;L nrd;id gr;irag;gd; ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

mwpQh;fs; ghh;itapy;

Rthkp tpGyhde;jh;

jkf;fhftd;wpg; gpwh; nghUl; L typa Kaw; r pfis Nkw;nfhz;lth; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh;. mtuJ rpe;jidfSk; nray;fSk; gpwh;eyk; ehbaitahf mike;jd. cz;ikAk; moFk; nrk;ikAk; kdpj tho;tpNy Jyq;fNtz;Lnkd;W mth; jpUk;gj; jpUk;g typAWj;jpdhh;. cyfj;Njhnlhl;L xOFk; ,ay;G> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> cw;rhfk;> gue;j ghh;it> Nritkdg;ghd;ik> vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf kWf;f Ntz;batw;iw kWj;Jg; ghuhl;l Ntz;batw;iw ghuhl;bg; gzpa Ntz;batw;iwg; gzpAk; mrhjhuz jd;dk;gpf;if Mfpait Rthkp tpGyhee;jhplk; Jyhk;gukhff; fhzg;gl;ld. me;j tho;T rKjha Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nghUe;jpajhf mike;jjhy; md;dhh; epiditg; Nghw;WfpNwhk;. -Nguhrpupau; rp.jpy;iyehjd; Rthkp tpGyhee;jhpd; Kj;jkpo;g; gzpfs;> rkag; gzpfs;> fy;tpg; gzpfs; ahTNk kdpj Nkk;ghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;bUg;gij ,yFthf mwpe;J nfhs;syhk;. 1952Mk; Mz;by; fPhpkiyapy; eilngw;w khzth; fhq;fpu];> khehl;by; Njrpa tpLjiy> nghUshjhu tpLjiy> rhjpNgj xopg;G> jha;nkhop %yf;fy;tp> ntF[df; fy;tp Kjyhd tplaq;fs; Fwpj;J mth; Ngrpdhh;. md;iwa fhyfl;lj;jpy; mit vj;jifa cd;djkhd ,yl;rpaq;fshf ,Ue;jpUf;fyhnkd;gij vz;zpg; ghh;f;Fkplj;Jr; Rthkp tpGyhee;jUila MSik> ngWkhdq;fs; Mfpatw;wpd; rpwg;G tpsq;Fk;. mth; Njrpa tpLjiyapy; Mh;tk; nfhz;lth; vd;gJk;> ghujpapd; Gfiog; gug;gpath; vd;gJk; 1933Mk; Mz;L mz;zhkiyapy; eilngw;w gl;lkspg;G tpohTf;F Nkd;ik jq;fpa fth;dh; Nrh; N[hh;[; gpnulhpf; ];lhd;yp te;j Ntisapy; ,e;jpa Njrpaf;nfhbapidj; jd; tPl;bNy gwf;ftpl;l xNu Nguhrphpah; mth; vd;gJk; tpje;J Fwpg;gplg;glNtz;ba tplaq;fshFk;. mtw;iw Nehf;Fkplj;J> cWjpAk; JzpTk; mQ;rhikAk; khdp;lg;ghpTk; mthplk; fhzg;gl;lik tpsq;Fk;. kfhftp ghujpapd; thh;j;ijfspw; $Wtjhdhy;>‘mr;rKk; NgbikAk; mbikr; rpWkjpAk;’ mtuhy; ntWf;fg;gl;ld: ‘Cf;fKk; cs;typAk; cz;ikapw; gw;Wk;’ mtuhw; Nghw;wg;gl;ld. -Nguhrpupau; rp.jpy;iyehjd;

Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; jkpNohL tlnkhop> Mq;fpyk;> ,yj;jPd; Kjyhd nkhopfisAk; fw;wth;. fPoj; j; pirr; nry;tj;NjhL Nkw;wpirr; nry;tj;ijAk; <l;bath;. ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; Mfpa Kj;JiwfspYk; %o;fpath;. goikNahL GJikiaAk; Nghw; w path; . rkaj; N jhL tpQ; Q hdj; j pYk; jpisj; j th; . rpwe; j fy;tpkhdhfTk; Muha;r;rpg; NguhrphpauhfTk; kl; L kd; w pg; gj; j phpfhrphpauhfTk; rkaj; njhz; l uhfTk; ftpQuhfTk; kpsph;e;jth;. me;jtifapNy gue;jho;e;j epjhd Nehf;Fk;> gzpTk; fUj;Jf;fisj; njspthf kf;fSf;F vLj;Jiuf;Fk; ghq;Fk;> Foe;ijAs;sKk; mth;ghw; nghUe;jp tpsq;fpd.

Rthkp tpGyhee; j h; rkfhyj; j py; <oehl; b Ny tho;e;j jkpowpQh;fspNy> gy topfspYk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f fy; t pj; j ifikAk; Ma; T g; gapw; r pAk; ngw; w pUe; j hh; . jkpo;> Mq;fpyk;> tlnkhop Kjypa gd;nkhopj; Njh;r;rp ngw;wpUe;jhh;. ,th; xU tpQ;Qhdg;gl;ljhhp. gpugy fy;Y} hpfs;> gy;fiyf;fofq;fs;> uhkfpU\;z ];jhgdq;fs; rpytw;wpNy kpfg;nghWg;G tha;e;j gjtpfSk; gapw;rpfSk; ngw; w pUe; j hh; . rkfhy ,yq; i fapYk; ,e; j pahtpYk; ntspte; j gpugy jkpo; > Mq; f pyr; rQ; r piffspYk; > NtW rpy gpuRuq;fspYk; gy;NtW tiffshd Ma;Tf; fl;Liufs; vOjpte;jhh;. aho; E}y; Nghd;w jdpg;gl;l nghpa Ma;TfSk; vOjpdhh;. rkfhy> jkf;F Kw;gl;lfhy <oj;jwpQh; vtUk; ngw;wpuhj tifapy; njd;dpe;jpaj; jkpowpQh; kj; j papy; mbfshhpd; ngUkpg; G epytpaJ. jkpo;nkhop> ,yf;fzk; jkpoh; ehfhpfk; Mfpatw;wpNy kpf;f <LghLs;stuhapyq;fpdhh;. cyfg; gw;ww;w Jwtpahfj; jpfo;e;jhYk; ,sq;Nfh mbfs;Nghyj; jkpo;g;gw;W mtiu tpl;L ePq;ftpy;iy. jkpo;g; NguhrphpauhfNt caph; ePj;jhh;.

-Nguhrpupau; rp.jpy;iyehjd; ïªJ xË

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J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

<oj;jkpo;g; nghpahh;fSs; ehk; ngUikAlDk; ed;wpAzh;TlDk; epidT$u Ntz;bath; Kj;jkpo; tpj; j fh; tpGyhee; j h; mbfshh; Mthh; . tpQ; Q hd nghwpapaw; gl; l jhhpahfj; jd; fy; t p tho; i tj; njhlq; f pa mbfshh; mf; f y; t p mbg; g ilapNyNa Ma;TfisAk; Nkw;nfhz;lhh;. goe;jkpo; ,irapid mbg;gil mwptpaw; Nfhl;ghLfSf;fika Muha;e;jhh;. ,j;jifa Ma;tpd; tpisNt mbfshUila aho; E}y; MFk; . jkpo; nkhopapidAk; ,t; t wptpay; mbg;gilapNyNa Nehf;fpdhh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpak; fiyfs; Mfpadtw;iw mwptpay; mbg;gilapYk;> mofpay; mbg;gilapYk;> Md;kPf mbg;gilapYk; mbfshh; mZfpAs;sikia mtUila Mf;fq;fspypUe;J

czuyhk;. goe;jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fspd; Ritapidj; jd; khzth;f;F Cl;bdhh;. mNjNtis GJikf; ftpQd; ghujpapDila ghly; f s; ghuhl; l g; g lhj fhyj;jpNy> mit rpwe;j ftpijfnsd ,dq;fz;L ghuhl;b mtw;iw mk;khzth;f;Fk; mwpKfQ; nra;J itj;jhh;. jkpo; ,yf;fpaq;fis kl;Lk; mwpKfQ; nra;ahJ> Nkiyj;Nja ,yf;fpaq;fSl; rpwe;jdtw;iw jkpo; kf; f Sf; F nkhop ngah; g ; G fs; %ykhfTk; mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhh;. mtNu Mf;f ,yf;fpafhuuhfTk; jpfo;ej; hh;. rpwe;j ftpijfs;> ehlfq;fs; vOjpAs;shh;. mbfshUila gzpfs; gd;Kfg;gl;ld. -Nguhrpupau; m.rz;Kfjh];

kDf;Fy cah;tpw;fhfg; ghLgl;l cyfpd; mUe;jtg; Gjy;th;fSs; xUtuhfTk;>MrphpauhfTk;> NguhrphpauhfTk; fy;tp epWtdq;fspd; KfhikahsuhfTk;> rpwe;j nkhop ngah;gg; hsuhfTk;> nka;QQ ; hdpahfTk;> tpQ;QhdpahfTk;> Kj;jkpo; KdptdhfTk;> gj;jphpifahsuhfTk;> kf;fs; njhz;ldhfTk;> Kw;Nghf;fhsdhfTk; tpsq;fpa Rthkp tpGyhee;jhpd; rpe;jidfs; rkak;> r%fk;> fiy> ,yf;fpak;> tho;tpay;> fy;tpapay; vdg; g y JiwfisAk; CLUtpAs; s ij mtuJ Mf; f q; f Sk; nrhw;nghopTfSk; epiwNtw;wpAs;s gzpfSk; cWjpg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. jdf;nfd thohg; gpwh;fF ; hpahsdhf tho;eJ ; ngUQ; rhjidfis epfo;j;jp ,we;Jk; ,wthJ tho;fpd;w cyfg; nghpNahh;fSs; xUtuhfj; jpfo;gth; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh;. mtuJ JwT tho;f;ifiaAk; ngUQ; rhjidfisAk; gy;Jiwg; gzpfisAk; gue;J tphpe;jkdg; ghq;ifAk; rkag; nghJ Nehf;ifAk; vz;Zk; Nghnjy;yhk; vkJ kdf; fz;zpy; mfj;jpah;> njhy;fhg;gpah;> ts;Sth;> ,sq;Nfh KjypNahh; Kjy; Rthkp Qhdg;gpufhrh;>Nghg;> ehtyh;> fhy;fLnty;> Afg;ngUq; ftpQh;fshd jh$h;> ,f;ghy;> ghujp> jpU. tp. f. =,uhkfpU\;z gukfk;rh;> Rthkp tpNtfhde;jh;> fgPh; jhrh;> kfhj;kh fhe;jp> jdpehaf mbfs; KjypNahh; tiu Njhd;wp kiwfpd;wdh;. tpGyhee;jh; ngaustpNy Jwtpahf tpsq;fpa NghJk; nraystpy; kf;fistpl;L tpyfp ,uhkfpU\;z klNk jQ;rk; vdf; fple;jtuy;yh;: ntWkNd ‘khah thjk;; Ngrpr; rkag; gpurhuk; nra;J nfhz;bUe;jtUk; ky;yh;: khwhfj; JwT G+z;gjw;F Kd;Gk; JwT g+z;ljd; gpd;Gk; khDlNeak; kpf;f mth; kf;fNshL kf;fshf tho;e;J mth;fsJ ,d;gJd;gq;fspw; gq;Nfw;W mth;fsJ ey;tho;tpd; nghUl;L ,Wjptiu mauhJ cioj; j hh; : Nghjidfisf; Fiwj; J r; rhjidfisg; Ghpe;jhh;. tpGyhee;jh; Mf;fq;fisAk; mtuJ gd;Kfg;gl;l gzpfisAk; rpe;jidfisAk; $h;e;J Nehf;Fifapy; vkJ trjpf;fhfr; rkag; gzpfs; vd;Wk; rkar; rpe;jidfs; vd;Wk; tFj;J Nehf;fpd;NwhNk jtpu> cz; i kapy; mtuJ rkag; gzpfs; ntWkNd rkag; gzpfshftd;wp mit r%fg; gzpfshf> kf;fSf;fhd gzpfshf miktijAk;. mNjNghd;W mtuJ rkar; rpe;jidfSk; ntWkNd rkaq;fisg; gw;wpa rpe;jidfshftd;wp ,t;Tyfpy; kf;fisg; gw;wpa rpe;jidfshftd;wp ,t;Tyfpy; kf;fis kdpjh;fshf tho;thq;F tho itf;Fk; rpe;jidfshf miktijAk; mtjhdpf;fyhk;. -Nguhrpupau; f. mUzhryk;

ïªJ xË

ngUq; f y; t pkhdhfj; jpfo; e ;j tpGyhee; j h; rkaj; i j mbg; g ilahff; nfhz;l etPdfy;tp tpUj;jpapw; Nguhh; t k; nfhz; b Ue; j hh; . jkJ Ra Kaw; r papdhNyNa cah; t pQ; Q hdf; fy;tpapidAk; ,yf;fpak;> ,yf;fzk;> jj;Jtk; Kjypatw;iwAk; fw;W Njwpath;. mj;jifa fy;tp tpUj;jp jk;NkhL kl;Lk; epd;Wtplhky; vy;NyhUk; fw;W Kd;Ndw Ntz; L k; : mjpYk; Fwpg; g hf Vior; rpwhh;fs; fw;W Kd;Ndw Ntz;Lk; vd;w ngUNehf;Fld; ,yq;ifapNy gy fy;tp epiyaq;fis epWtpAk; fy;tp epiyaq;fs; gytw; W f; F g; nghWg; g hsuhftpUe; J k; jkJ cly;> nghUs;> Mtp mj;jidAk; mh; g ; g zpj; J mUk; g zpahw; w pdhh; . gy; N tW cah; g jtpfis tfpj; j NghJ ngw;w Ntjdj;jpy; kpfg;ngUk; gFjpia jhk; epWtpa fy; t p epiyaq; f spd; mgptpUj;jpf;Nf nrytpl;lhh;. tpGyhee; j hpd; rkag; g zpfSs; xg;gw;wJ mth; Nkw;nfhz;l rkaj;ij mbg; g ilahff; nfhz; l etP d fy; t p tpUj;jpf;fhd gzpfNs vdyhk;. md;d rj;jpuk; Mapuk; itj;jy; Myak; gjpdh apuk; ehl;ly; md;d ahtpDs; Gz;zpak; Nfhb Mq;Nfhh; Viof;F vOj;jwp tpj;jy;. vd Afg;ngUq; ftpQd; ghujp mwpTiu Gfd;whh;. mtuJ Ntz;LNfhisr; rpuNkw; nfhz; l JNghy; tpGyhee; j hpd; fy; t pg; gzpfs; mike;Js;sd. -Nguhrpupau; f. mUzhryk;

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

irtg; ghuk; g hpak; kpf; f FLk; g j; j pNy gpwe; J irtg;gw;W kpf;ftuhf tsh;ej; Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; jkJ ,Ugj;jp %d;whk; tajpNyNa (1915,y;) irtrkar; rhh;ghd ghly;fis ,aw;wp ntspapl;lhh;. ,sikg; gUtj; j pNyNa irtrka rh]; j pu E}y; f isAk; > Njthuk; jpUthrfj;ijAk; ed;F fw;W Mo;e;j Gyik ngw;wpUe;jhh;. irtrkaj;jpYk; irt rpj;jhe;jj;jpYk; mth; ngw;wpUe;j Gyik fhuzkhfNt 1924 Mk; Mz;L jpUg;ghjpUg;GypA+h; Qhdpahh; kl Mz;L tpoh> 1935Mk; Mz;L jpUtz;zhkiyapy; eilngw;w irt rpj;jhe;j kfh rkh[j;jpd; khehL Kjypatw;Wf;Fj; jiyik jhq;f miof;fg;gl;lhh;. JwT G+z;gjw;F Kd;dh;> kl;lf;fsg;G khtl;lj;jpd; fpuhkq;fs; NjhWk; irtg; gpurq;fq;fis epfo;j;jpdhh;. Jwtpahd gpd;Gk;> ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fg; ghlrhiyfspd; Kfhikahsuhfg; gzpahw;wpa NghJ jkJ eph; t hfj; j pypUe; j ghlrhiyfspYk; fy; Y } hpfspYk; irtrkaf; fy;tpf;Nf Kf;fpaj;Jtkspj;jhh;. Njthu jpUthrfk; Kjypatw;wpy; jPtpu Mh;tk;fhl;bdhh;: rpthde;j tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l Jwtpfs; klj; J f; F k; ‘rptGhp’ vdNt ngahpl; l hh; . mdhijr; rpWth; f isr; rpthde; j FUFyj; j pw; Nrh; j ; J > czTk; cilAk; jq;FkplKk; mspj;J fy;tp Gfl;b mr;rpWth;fSf;Fk; ‘rptdbahh;’ vdr; rpwg;Gg; ngahpl;L kfpo; e ; j hh; . mth; vOjpa ‘eluh[tbtk; ’ >’jpy; i yj; jpUeldk; Kjypa E}y;fSk; ‘ahDk; vd; jiytDk;’ Kjypa fl; L iufSk; > ftpijg; gFjpfs; rpyTk; rptd; kPJ mth; nfhz;bUe;j vy;iyaw;w gf;jpiag; Gyg;gLj;Jtjhf mike;Js;sd. ,it> mbg;gilapy; gpwg;G Kjy; ,Wjptiu irtuhf tpGyhee;jh; tho;e;J te;jikiag; Gyg;gLj;Jk;.

rhjpkj Ngjq;fisAk; Nghypj;jdq;fisAk; ntWj; njhJf;fpa tpGyhee;jh; jkJ nrhe;j tho;tpYk; rPhpa newp Kiwfisf; filg; gpbj;J xOfpdhh;. ,iltplhJ gzpfs; gy nra;jhh;. irtrkaj;ijAk;> gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;bw; irtrkaj; J f; F g; Gj; J ap&l; b a ehtyiuAk; mtuJ mUk; gzpfisAk; Nghw;wp tho;e;jth; tpGyhee;jh;. JwT G+z;gjw;F Kd;Ng aho;g;ghzk; nrd;w; gw;wpf; fy;Y}hpapy; Mrphpauhff; flikahw;wpaNghJ rhjp Vw;wj;jho;Tfisf; fz;bj;j mth;> FUefh; Kjypa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W r%f hPjpahfTk; nghUshjhu hPjpahfTk; gpd;js;sg;gl;bUe;j jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;wpdhh;: mth;fsJ Fiw epiwfisf; Nfl;lwpe;jhh;. jho;j;jg;gl;l kf;fshy; ‘nghpaNfhapy; thj;jpahh;;’ vdg; GfoTk;gl;lhh;. jkpofj;jpy; ePz;lfhyk; jq;fpg; gzpahw;wpaNghJ Viofs; tho;e;j NrhpfSf;Fr; nrd;W> jk;khy; ,ad;w cjtpfisr; nra;jhh;. mz;zhkiyg; gy;fiyf;fofj;jpy; Kjy; jkpo;g; Nguhrphpauhff; flikahw;wpa NghJk;$l> Xa;T Neuq;fspy; jpUNtl;fsk; Kjypa ,lq;fSf;Fr; nrd;W jho;j;jg;gl;l Viofspd; Nrhpg;Gwq;fspy; jhk; kl;Lky;yhJ gy;fiyf;fofj;jpw; gapd;W nfhz;bUe;j jkJ khzth;fisAk; mioj;Jr; nrd;W> cjtpfs; Ghpaj; jaq;fpajpy;iy. -Nguhrpupau; f. mUzhryk; rhjpaKk;> Vio- gzf;fhuh; vd;w Vw;wj;jho;TfSk; cah; fy;tpf;Fj; jilf;fw;fshf ,Ue;jikia Rthkp tpGyhee;jh; ed;Fzh;ej; hh;. mj;jifa #oypy;> vy;NyhUk; tpUk;Gk; nghJf; Nfhl;ghLilaJk;> rka rkurk; NgRtJk;> rkag;nghiw nfhz;lJkhd ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;jpd; nfhs;iffNs jdJ vjph;fhyr; nraw;ghLfSf;F kpfg; nghUj;jkhdJ vd;w KbGf;F te;J> mk;klj;jpy; Nrh;eJ ; > Jwtpahfp> jkpo;j;Njrpa eyd;fUjpa fy;tpg; gzpapy; <Lglyhdhh;. ,yq; i fapd; tlf; f pYk; fpof; f pYk; kiyafg; gFjpfspYk; ghlrhiyfs; epWTk; gzpapy; Kd;dpd;W ghLgl;lhh;. jhd; epWtpa ghlrhiyfspy; Njrpaf; fy;tpf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; mspj;jhh;. jha;nkhopf; fy;tp kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahjJ vd;gij czh;e;j Rthkpfs; mjidj; jhk; epWtpa ghlrhiyfspy; Kjd;ikg;gLj;jpdhh;. jha; nkhopf; fy;tpapD}lhf khzth;fsplk; Njrpa czh;T tsu toptFj;jhh;. Njrpa xUikg; g hl; b idr; nray; t btk; ngwr; nra;tjw;Fr; rpthde;jh tpj;jpahyak; RthkpfSf;Fg; ghpNrhjidf; fskhf mike;jJ. 1930 ,y; rpthde;jh tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; midj;J khzth;fSf;Fk; jkpo;> rpq; f sk; > ,]; y hk; > ngsj; j k; Kjyhd ghlq; f s; Gfl;lg;gl;ld. ,d> kj> Ngjkw;w rka rkur Nehf;Fila vjph;fhy r%fNk Njrpa xw;Wikf;Fk;> ,d Nkk;ghl;bw;Fk; topahf mikAk; vdr; Rthkpfs; rpe;jpj;Jr; nraw;ghl;lhh;. ,r;nraw;ghlhdJ> ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;jpd; rh;t rka rkurf; Nfhl;ghl;Lf;F Vw;GilaJ kl;Lkd;wpj;>Njrpa ,d xw;Wikf;Fk; mbj;jskhfTk; mike;jJ.

-Nguhrpupau; f. mUzhryk;

jkpopay; Ma;T tuyhw;wpy; Rthkp tpGyhee;jUf;F epiyahd Xh; ,lKz;L. mt;,lk; mth; Mw;wpa ,UngUk; Gyikg; gzpfs; fhuzkhf mtUf;Fhpj;jhfpd;wJ. ,irj; jkpo; gw;wpa Nguhuha;r;rp E}yhd ‘aho;E}iy’ vOjpaik (1947)> jw;fhy cyf mwpthd mwptpaiyj; (tpQ;Qhdj;ij) jkpopNy vLj; J f; $Wtjw; F k; > gapy; t jw; F k; mbj;jskhf mikAk; fiyr;nrhy;yhf;fj;Jiw gw;wp mwptpay; G+h;tkhd Gyik Kaw;rpfis 1930 fspNy Nkw; n fhz; l ik.mtUila GyikahSifapd; xU Kf;fpa mk;rkhf tpsq;fpaJ mtuJ ftpj;jpwdhFk;. MapDk; tpGyhee;jhpd; ngah; jkpopyf;fpa tuyhw;wpd; jtph; f ; f Kbahg; ngah; f Ss; xd; w hf ,Ug; g jw; F f; fhuzk; Nkw;$wpa ,U rhjidfSNkahFk;.,e;j ,U rhjidfSk; Njhd;Wtjw;Fj; jskhf mike;j mtuJ GyikiaAk;> MSikiaAk; cd;dpg;ghf Nehf;Fk; nghOJ> mth; > rkfhyj; j py; tho; e ; j ngUk; g hyhd jkpowpQh;fspypUe;Jk; NtWgl;lth; vd;gJ njhpatUk;. Rthkp tpGyhee; j hpd; kjepiyg; g hL jkpopyf; f pag; ghuk; g hpaj; j py; kpf mrhjhuzkhdjhFk; . ,th; ,uhkfpU\;z klj;Jr; Rthkpahf tpsq;fpdhh;. ngUe; jkpowpQuhf tpsq;fpa ,uhkfpU\;z klj;Jj; Jwtp ,Jfhytiu ,th; xUtnud;W $wyhk;.

-Nguhrpupau; ,. ghyRe;juk; ïªJ xË

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mjw;Ff; fy;tprr; hiyfs; fUtpahfTk; epiyf;fskhfTk; ,Uf; f pd; w d. Mjyhy; ekJ rpWtiu ekJ rka newpapw; gapw; W tjw; F ekf; n fd; W fy; t pr; r hiyfs; Ntz; L nkd; g ij Kjd; Kjy; vLj; J f; $wpatUk; mjw; f hf Ntz; L tdtw; i wr; nra; j tUk; fhtyUk; ghtyUk; GfOk; ngUe; j ifikAk; tha; e ; j =y= MWKfehtyNuahthh;. mth; fhl;ba ed;Kd;khjphpiaf; filg;gpbg;gNj ekJ ehl;bw; irtj;jkpo; tpjj; pahyaq;fSk; Mq;fpy tpj;jpahyaq;fSk; vOe;jd. rkaf; fy;tpf;Fj; jkpof; f; y;tp ,d;wpaikahjJ. MjyhNy jkpio tsh;gg; th; irtj;ij tsh;jj; tuhthh;. ,k;Kaw;rp xUtuhyhtjd;W. MapDk; xt; n thUtUk; jk; k hy; mtkjpg; i gAk; ,opgG; iuiaAk; nghUl;gLj;jyhfhJ. cyF Gfo;eN ; jj;Jk; ehtyh; mth;fSf;Nf mtuJ fhyj;jpypUe;J irtrkapfs; nra;j ,ila+Wf;F msTz;Nlh? ehtyh;> ghh;rptYf;Fk; jkpo;g; gz;bjuhf ,Ue;J nfhz; N l 1846,y; ,Ue; J khztUf; F ,utpYk; fhiyapYk; ,ytrkhff; fy;tp fw;gpj;J te;jhh;. mjd; gpd; 1848,y; tz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia Muk;gpj;jhh;. ,UgJ Mz;L fhyj;jpw;F Nkyhf murhq;fg; gzcjtp fpilf;fhkNy ghlrhiyia elj;jp te;jhh;. njhlh;eJ ; nfhOk;Gj;Jiw> Nfhg;gha;> gUj;jpjJ ; iw> Vohiy Kjypa ,lq;fspy; tpj;jpahrhiyfs; epWtg;gl;ld. ehtyhpd; topapNyNa tpGyhee;j mbfs; fpof; f pyq; i fapw; gy ghlrhiyfis epWtpdhh; . jpUNfhzkiy ,e;Jf; fy;YhhpAk; fy;yb cg;Nghil rpthde; j tpj; j pahyaKk; ,tuJ Kaw; r pahw; rpwe; j fy;tp epiyaq;fshfj; jpfo;e;jd. fhiujPT> fy;Kid> Miuak;gjp> nfhf;fl;br;Nrhiy Kjypa ,lq;fspYk; ghlrhiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld. ,q;F ftdpf;f Ntz;baJ ahnjdpy; MWKfehtyhpd; mbr; R tl; b y; tpGyhee; j mbfs; fy;tpg; gzp Mw;wpa NghJk;> mtuJ fy;tpg; gzpf;Fk; ,uhkfpU\; z kprdpd; gz cjtpAk; epWtdg; gyKk; ,Ue;jd. mth; gzp ,uhkfpU\;z rq;fj;jpd; ClhfNt nraw;gl;lJ. murhq;fj;jpd; cjtpAk; fpilj;jJ. Mdhy; MWKfehtyhpd; gzp jdpg; g l; l xUthpd; gzpahFk;. mtuJ ghlrhiyapw; fw;gpj;j Mrphpah;fs; ,ytrkhfNt fy; t p Gfl; b dh; . ,ytrf; fy; t papd; je;ijahfpa MWKfehtyh; ,UgJ Mz;Lfs; murhq;f mq;fPfhuk; ,d;wpNa ve;j epWtdj;jpdJk; cjtpapd;wpj; jdpj;Jr; nrayhw;wpdhh;. mjdhNyNa mtuJ fy;tpg; gzp aho;g;ghzj;JlDk; rpjk;guj;JlDk; epd;Wtpl;lJ. tpGyhee;j mbfs; Jwtpahf Kd; khdpg;gha; ,e;Jf; fy;Yhhpapd; jiyikahrphpauhf 1920Mk; Mz;bypUe;J flikNaw; W tlgFjp kf; f spd; rkaf; fy; t pf; f hfg; nghpJk; cioj;jhh;. mj;Jld; aho;g;ghz Mhpa jpuhtplg; gh\hgptpUj;jpr; rq;fj;ij rPuhd Kiwapy; mikj;jhh;. mjd; gpdd ; h; jpUNfhzkiyapw; fy;tpg; gzpahw;wpa gpd; kj;jpa khfhzj;jpy; xU irt kfhrigia epWtp mq;Fk;

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irtrkaf; fy;tpiag; gug;gpa ngUik mbfshUf;FhpaJ. ,r;rigapd; KjyhtJ Mz;Ltpoh 1927Mk; Mz;L nfhz; l hlg; g l; l NghJ mbfshNu mt; t pohtpw; F j; jiyik jhq;fpdhh;. 1943Mk; Mz; b y; ,yq; i fg; gy; f iyf; f ofj; jkpo; j ; J iwf; F Kjd; K jyhfg; Nguhrphpah; gjtpia mikj; j NghJ mjid Vw; F k; g b tpLtpf; f g; g l; l miog;gpid Vw;Wf; nfhOk;gpypUe;J mbfshh; jkpog; g; zp nra;J te;jhh;. ,t;thW tpGyhee;j mbfshhpd; fy;tpgg; zp aho; g ; g hzk; > jpUNfhzkiy> fz; b > nfhOk; G > kl;lf;fsg;G Mfpa gpuNjrq;fspw; nrwpeJ ; <ok; KOtjpYk; gue;jpUe;jJ. MWKfehtyh; jkJ fhyj;Jr; #oYf;F Vw;gj; jkJ khzth; rpyUf; F f; fy; t p Gfl; b aho; g ; g hzj; j pYk; rpjk;guj;jpYk; fy;tpgg; zp Ghpej; hh;. tpGyhee;j ehtyUf;Fg; gue;j mbg;gilapNy gy JiwfspNy njhz;lhw;w mth; ngw; w gyjpwg; g l; l fy; t pAk; ,uhkfpU\; z kprdpd; tha;gg; +fKk; JizahapUe;jd. gapww ; g;gl;l MrphpauhfTk;> kJiuj; jkpo;g; gz;bjuhfTk;> gp.v];.]p gl;ljhhpahfTk; ,th; ngw;w fy;tp mwpTk;> kapyhg;g+hpy; ‘,uhkfpU\;z tp[ak;’ vd;Dk; jkpo;r; rQ;rpiff;Fk; ‘Ntjhe;j Nfrhp’ f; F k; Mrphpauha; ,Ue; j ikAk; > 1939Mk; Mz; b y; ,kakiyr; rhuypw; ‘gpuGj;j ghujk;’ vd;Dk; rQ;rpiff;fhd Mrphpauhf epakpf;fg;ngw;wikAk;> mz;zhkiyapYk; ,yq;ifapYKs;s gy;fiyf;fofq;fspy; Kjy; jkpo;g;

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,U njhFjpfshf> 1200 w;Fk; mjpfkhd gf;fq;fSld; ntspte;Js;s ,e;j rpwg;G kyupd; tpiy &gh 3000{- (fljhrpj; Njhw; ngl;lfj;Jld;);> &gh 2500{- (fljhrpj; Njhw; ngl;lfk; ,y;yhJ) njhlu;GfSf;F: mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;w jiyikafk; - nfhOk;G > njhiyNgrp - 011 2434990 khkd;w aho;. gzpkid> njhiyNgrp - 021 222 1075

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<ok; je;j MWKfehtyh; Nguhrphpah; ngh.g+Nyhfrpq;fk; =y= MWKfehtyh; Ie;jhk; Futh; vd;W Jjpf;fg;ngw;wth;. gurkapfs; nra;Ak; rptJ}\zKk;> gurka NghjidAk; jiyg;glf;fz;L> irtrkaj;J cz;ikia gpurq;fq;fshYk;> gj;jphpiffshYk;> Gj;jfq;fshYk;> ntspg;gLj;jpaUspatiu Ie;jhk; Futh; vdj; Jjpg;gij kf;fs; nra; ed;wpf; fldhff; nfhz;ldh;. aho;g;ghz kf;fs; 1870 Mk; Mz;L ngg;uthp khjk; 24Mk; jpfjp tz;zhh;gz;iz irtg;gpufhr tpj; j pahrhiyapy; mspj; j tuNtw; g pd; N ghJ jk; i kr; rka Futh; f l; F xg; g pl; l ik rpwpJk; nghUe; j hJ vd; W k; > mth; f Sf; F s; s kfj;Jtj;jpy; Mapuj;jpnyhd;W jhDk; jkf;F ,y;iy vd;Wk; ehtyh; mth;fs; $wpAs;sij ‘,yq;fhgpkhdp’ gj;jphpif njhptpj;Js;sJ. (ehtyh; epidTkyh; -1938. njhFg;G:-f.ngh.,uj;jpdk;)

<oj;Jj; jkpo; ,dk; jd; ghuk;ghpaj;ij gz; g hl; i l NgzNtz; b aJk; Nguhgj; J r; #o;ej; Jkhd fhyfl;lj;jpy; Njhd;wpath;jhd; ey;Yhh; =y= MWKfehtyh; . mth; jkpoh; f sJ rka tho;fi ; fapNy GFe;Jtpll; fisfis ePff; Kad;Wk; Gwr;rka nts;sj;jpypUe;J mizfl;bf; fhty; nra;a Kad;Wk; ngUe;njhz;lhw;wpdhh;. ehtyh; mth;fspd; gq;fspgG; <oj;jpid kl;Lk; jdpjJ ; cs;slf;fpajhf ,Uf;ftpy;iy. jkpo;ehl;bidAk; cs;slf;fpajhfNt ,Ue;jJ. MapDk; jkpofk; md;W mjid czh;e;jjhf njhpatpy;iy.

ey;Yhh; it.jpUQhdrk;ge;j gps; i s (jh; f ; f FlhujhYjhhp) Ie; j hQ; irtrka Futh; vd jk;ikg; Nghw;wpg; ghbg; gjpg;gpj;jijf; Nfs; tpAw; w ehtyh; mjid NtW gpufhuk; khw;wpg; gjpgg; pfF ; k;gb nra;jdh;. (MWKfehtyh; gpuge;jj; jpul;L -2Mk; ghfk; (1955)njhFg;G:- j.ifyhrgps;is) ,J epfo;ej; J 1876f;F Kd;ghFk;. gpdG; 1878Mk; Mz;L tlNfhit rghgjpehtyUf;F ehtyUf;F vjpuhf ey; Y hh; it.jpUQhdrk; g e; j gps; i s vOjpa ‘gj;jpuhj;jpug; gpuNahf VftrdjPgpif’ apYk; ehtyiu Ie;jhk; Futh; vd;W Nghw;wpapUe;jhh;. mr; r kak; ehtyh; jpUQhdrk; g e; j gps; i s mth; f is miog; g pj; J fz; b j; J k; jz; b j; J k; vQ;rpapUe;j gj;jphpiffs; vy;yhtw;iwAk; thq;fpr; RLtpj;Jk; tpl;lhh;.(aho;g;ghzj;J ey;Yhh; =y= MWKfehtyh; rhpjj; puk;-(1934.) K.uh.mUzhryf; ftpuhah;) FU rp\; a f; fy; t p Kiwapd; mbj; j skhf mike;jpUe;j FU kjpg;gpd; rpwg;gpid czh;e;j ehtyh; mth;fs; Mrphpah;fspd; r%f me;j];jpid cah;j;j Kd;dpd;whh;. “cghj;jpahaUf;F mike;J el”. (ghyghlk; - Kjw; Gj;jfk;) ïªJ xË

“mopT cs;sJk; Jf;fkaKkhfpa cd; rhPuj;ijj; jk; gad; fUjpg; ngw;W tsh; j ; j cd; je; i jahpDk; > mopT ,y;yJk; ,d;gkaKkhfpa cd; mwpit cd; gad;fUjpg; ngw;W tsh;jj; cd; MrhhpaNu Nkyhdth;” (ghyghlk;- ,uz;lhk; Gj;jfk;) “(fy;tp fw;ww;F) kpfr; rpwe;j fUtp MrphpaUila cs;sj;jpNy mUSz;lhFk;gb elj;jy;. MjypdhNy fy;tp fw;Fk; khzhf;fh; Mrphpaiu tpjpg;gb rpuj;ijNahL topgl;Nl fw;wy; Ntz;Lk;. topghlhtJ ,d; n rhw; nrhy; y y; tzq; F jy; cw;wtplj;JjTjy; Kjyhapd” (ghyghlk;- ehd;fhk; Gj;jfk;.) ghyghlk; Gj;jfj;jpy; khzhf;fUf;F ehtyh; mth;fs; $wpa Nkw;gb gFjpfs; mf;fhyg;gpdd ; zpapy; itj;J Nehf;fg;glNtz;bait. mNj Neuj;jpy; ehtyh; mth;fs; “jhq; fw;w fy;tpia ed;khzhf;fh;fSf;F fUizNahL fw;gpahjth; fhl;bNy er;R khkukhth;”(ghyghlk;ehd;fhk; Gj;jfk;)vd;W $WtJk; ftdpf;fg;glNtz;bajhFk;. (ed;wp:- <ok; je;j ehtyh;- 1993) 31

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nahf® RthÄfŸ g¡f«

gd;Kfg; ghh;itapy; rptNahf Rthkpfs; rpj;juhfTk; gf;juhfTk; Nghw;wg;gLgth; Nahfu; RthkpfsJ ew;rpej; idfis mbg;gilahf itj;Jf; nfhz;L mtiu gf;juhf ,dq;fhz;gjh> md;wpr; rpj;juhf ,dq;fhz;gjh vd;w tpdh vk;Ks; vOfpwJ. Vnddpy>; ,e;j ,U epiyfisAk; mtUila rpe;jidfspy; fhzyhk;;. Kjypy; mtiur; rpj;juhfNt ngUk;ghyhdtu;fs; mwpfpwhu;fs;. <oj;Jr; rpj;ju; guk;giuapy; mtnuhU Kf;fpa Gs;spahf epiyepWj;jg;gLfpwhu;. ey;Y}u; Njubapy; nry;yg;gh Rthkpfspd; rPldhfp> mtUldhd njhlu; g hy; gy; N tW rpj; J f; f isAk; mUl;fhl;rpfisAk; epfo;j;jpatu; mtu;. nry;yg;gh Rthkpfs; nrhd;d kfhthf;fpaq;fshd 'xU nghy;yhg;Gk; ,y;iy". 'vg;gNth Kbe;j fhupak;">'ehkwpNahk;"'KOJk; cz;ik" vd;w kfhthf;fpaq;fSf;Fg; GJg;gupkhzk; nfhLj; j tu; > mtu; . jd; i dawpjy; > jd; D s; N s ,iwtidf; fhzy; > mjdhy; Mde; j f; fspg; G f; nfhs;sy;> Rk;kh ,Uj;jy;> xd;Wk; mw epw;wy;>NgrhJ mlq;fpapUj;jy; vd;gtw;iw kfhthf;fpaq;fshf;fp mjD}lhd Mj; k Qhd czu; t pid tsu; j ; j tu; mtu; . NkYk; > rpj; j u; f splk; fhzg; g Lfpd; w r%f eyehl;lk;> rhjpfSf;nfjpuhd Nghu;f;Fuy;>rfyiuAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;> rfyiuAk; flTshf kjpj;jy; vd;w Nfhl;ghLfspd; top epw;wy; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; mtiu rpj;juhff; fl;likf;f KbAk;. Mapd; > mtu; gf; j u; f ; F upa Nfhyq; f Sk; nfhz;bUe;jhu; vd;gjid mtUila rpe;jidfs; ClhfTk; nraw;ghLfs; ClhfTk; mwpa KbfpwJ. Kjypy; mtu; khzpff; thrfiu vkf;F epidT+l;Lfpwhu;. khzpf;fthrfu; jdJ QhdFUit vt;thW Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J ghLfpwhNuh mt;thNw ,tUk; jdJ Qhd FUitAk; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;e;J Mde;jf; fspg;gilfpwhu;. mg;gUila ghly;fspy; fhzg;gLfpdw ; rupia newpia ,tu; ftdkhfg; NgZfpd; w hu; . jpUf; F wisAk; xsitapDila jpUnkhopfisAk; gpdg; w;wp> mtw;wpd;

Clhd ey;ywq;fisg; Nghjpf;fpd;whu;. Nkyhf ey;Y} iuAk;> ey;Y}u;j; NjubiaAk;> ey;Y}u; KUfidAk; mtu; Nghw;wpg; Gfo;fpdw ; hu;. ,J rpjj; u;fsplk; fhzg;glhj gz;G. rpjj; u;fs; epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l Myaq;fisAk; mtw;wpd; tpohf;fisAk; rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kpFe;j fz;ldq;fSf;Fs;shf;Ffpd;whu;fs;. 'el;l fy;iy nja;tnkd;W ehY G\;gk; rhj;jpNa Rj;jp te;J KZKZnkd;W nrhy;Yk; ke;jpuk; Vjlh el;l fy;Y NgRNkh ehjDs; ,Uf;ifapy; Rl;l rl;b rl;Ltk; fwpr;Rit mwpANkh" vd;W epWtdkag;gLj;jg;gl;l rka eltbf;iffisf; fz;ldk; nra;fpwhu;fs;> rpj;ju;fs;. Mdhy;> Nahfu; Rthkpfs;> 'ey;y kynuLj;J ey;Y}iu ehbg;Ngha; ey;y kdj;NjhL ehk; gzpe;jhy; - ey;y kapy; Vwpte;J fhl;rp nfhLg;ghd; vopy; KUfd; NjwptpLk; rpe;ij njsp" vd;W ghLfpwhu;. ,J rpj;ju;fsplk; fhzKbahj xU ,zf;fg;ghL. jd;Ds;Ns ,iwtidf; fhzTk; KbAk;> jdf;F ntspNaAk; fhzKbAk; vd;fpd;w Nfhl;ghl;il mtu; ,q;F tw;GWj;Jfpd;whu;. ,J mtu; fz;l rkurk;. ,jdhy;jhd; Nahfu; Rthkpfs; aho;gg; hz r%fj;jpy; rfyuhYk; Ntz;lg;gLfpw -gf;juhfTk; rpj;juhfTk; epiyngWtjw;fhd mbg;gilahFk;. MfNt> Nahfu; Rthkpfs; rpj;J epiyAk; gf;jp epiyAk; ,ize;j xU $l;Lf; fyitahf ek; fz; Kd;dhy; fhl;rp jUfpd;whu;. cyif ntWj;J jdpaplk; Njb xJq;fp tho;jy; vd;w rpjj; u; Nfhl;ghl;il kWjypjJ ; > kf;fNshL kf;fshf tho;ej; rpjj; uhdhu;. G+kpapy; md;Gk; mwDk; jisf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w Ntzththy; r%f eltbf;iffis xOq;FgLj;Jfpdw ; NghjidahsUk; Mdhu;. -Nguhrphpah; t. kNf];tud;

Md;kPf Nghjidahsu;

<oj;J kiwQhd kugpNy NahfRthkpfspd; Md;kPf Nghjidfs; jdpj;Jtk; kpf;fdthf tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

epiwnkhop khe;jh; Mizapw; fpse;j kiwnkhopahd ke;jpuq;fs; Nghd;W NahfRthkpfspd; NghjidfSk;; mthpd; FUehjuhf tpsq;fpa nry;yg;gh Rthkpfspd; kfhthf;fpaq;fSk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd. NahfRthkpfspd; Md; k P f NghjidfisAk; nry; y g; g h Rthkpfspd; kfhthf; f paq; f isAk; Nehf; F k; N ghJ mth; f s; ,UtiuAk; Guhjd ,e;J kfup~pfspd; Md;kPf kugpy; mtjhpj;j kiwQhdpfshfTk; mEg+jpkhd;fshfTk; nfhs; s Kbfpd; w J. NahfRthkpfs; E}y; f s; vJTk; ,aw; w tpy; i y. vdpDk; mthpd; jpUtha; n khopfs; > “ew; r pe; j id”> “vq; f s; Mrhd; mUs; nkhopfs; ” Mfpa Md; k P f E}y; f spy; jpfo; f pd; w d. mth; $Wk; Md;kPf NghjidfSk;> kfhthf;fpaq;fSk; nja;tPf xsljq;fshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. -Nguhrphpah; kh. Ntjehjd; ïªJ xË

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rpwg;Gkpf;f rptnjhz;ld;

rptdbf;fd;Ng rptNahfkhff; fz;ltu;

rpj;ju; kugpy; te;j rptNahf Rthkpfs; ,yq;ifapy; kl;Lky;y mnkupf;fh Nghd;w gy ehLfspYk; Ngrg;gLk; ngUk; rpj;juhthh;. `tha; MjPd rj;FU rptha Rg;gpuKdpa Rthkpfspd; fhyj;jpy; 1998,y; ,UgJ ,yl;rj;jpw;F Nkw;gl;l ,yq;if tho; kf;fspd; kdjpy; kWkyu;r;rpia Vw;gLj;jpa xU Md;kPf QhdpahfTk; jpfo;e;jtu;.

jdJ gzpfisr; nrt;tNd nra;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; aho;g;ghzj;jpYk;> kl;lf;fsg;gpYk; rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fis epWtpdhu;. 'Rk;kh ,Ue;J nfhz;L nray; nra;jy;" ,tuJ Nfhl;ghL. ifapy; xU rjf; fhRk; itj;jpUf;f khl;lhu;. Mdhy; ngUQ; nrytpy; rptnjhz;ld; epiyaq;fs; cUthfpd. ahTk; mtu; kfpikahNy ele;Njwpd. jpUj;njhz;L nra;Nthu;fSf;F ngUk; rd;khdkspj;Jr; rpwg;Gr; nra;jy; Ntz;LnkdTk; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;. ,t;thwhf mtu; jdJ epiyaj;jpy; gy gzpfis Nkw;nfhz;lik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

rptNahf Rthkpfs; rptdbf;fd;G vd;w tplaj;ij kpfTk; Mzpj;jukhfTk; mEgt%ykhfTk;> jhk; ngw;w rpj;jhe;j Ez;zwptpdhYk; jdJ tho;tpYk; ew;rpe;jidapYk; tpsf;fkhff; $wpapUf;fpd;whu;. md;G> gf;jp> ghrk;> ghrePf;fk;> rptNahfk;> rptju;rdk;> Mj;kju;rdk;> rr;rpjhde;jk;> rhjdhnewpKiwfs; vDk; gy;NtW epiyfspNy rptdbfd;Ng rptNahfk; vDk; cau;e;j cz;ikg; nghUs; nfhz;l fUj;ij jdJ ew;rpe;jidfspNy typAWj;jpf; $wpaNjhL jk; tho;f;ifapYk; eilKiwg;gLj;jp vLj;Jr;nrhy;yp tho;e;Jfhl;ba jtKdptuhfNt rptNahf Rthkpfspd; rpe;jidfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. rptdbf;fd;G nra;tu; midtiuAk; rptkhfNt fhz;gu; vd;gJ cz;ikNa. 'gf;jp nra; Nahf Rthkp" vdj; jk;ikj;jhNk ngaupl;L miof;Fk; rptNahf Rthkpfs;> md;Ng flTs; vdf; Fwpg; gpLfpd;whu;.'md;Ng flTs;> md;Ng cyfk;> md;Ng capu;fs;> md;Ng midj;Jk;> md;Ng MtJk; moptJk; Nghyhk; md;gpd; mjprak; MwwpthNu" vd md;gpd; epiyfis vLj;Jf;fhl;Lfpd;whu;. rptNahf Rthkpfs; Mj;kPf tpLjiyapd; nghUl;L rj;jpa newpapy; ,k;kpasTk; jtwhJ epd;Nw ,iwgzp Mw;wpdhu;. mtu; rfy rPtuhrpfsplKk; md;gpd; nghUl;Nl md;G nrYj;jpdhu;. mNefkhd Jwtpfisg;Nghy mtu; md;gpy; thzpgk; nra;jjpy;iy. vy;Nyhuplj;jpYk; rkkhfNt gofpdhu;. cau;T> jho;T> Vw;wk;> ,wf;fk; ghuhJ xNu KfkhfNt midtiuAk; Nehf;fpdhu;.

-jpUkjp v];. Nfrtd;

- fyhepjp k. ghyifyhrehjru;kh

20Mk; E}w;whz;by; vk;ktNuhL tho;e;J rptnjhz;L Gupe;jth; rptNahf Rthkpfs;. kdk;> thf;F> fhak; vd;w %d;wpdhYk; rptnjhz;Lfis Mw;wp te;j RthkpfNs rptnjhz;ld; vd;gjw;F tiutpyf;fzk; nrhy;fpwhh;. 'rptnjhz;ld; vd;why; rptDf;F mbatd;. rptnjhz;ld; nra;Ak; njhopnyy;yhk; rptDf;Fg; G+irahFk;. rptk; nra;Ak; njhopYf;F cjtpahf ,Ue;J njhopy; Gupgtd; rptnjhz;ld;" vd;fpwhu; Rthkpfs;.

jtj;jpU rptNahf Rthkpfspd; Ik;gjhtJ FU G+ir Mz;il Kd;dpl;L fle;j tUlk; (2015) khkd;wk; elj;jpa rpe;jidf;fsk; epfo;tpd;NghJ Kd;itf;fg;gl;l fUj;Jfs; rpytw;wpd; njhFg;G.

m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w¤â‹ btËpL

<H¤J Mya§fŸ

(ahœ kht£l âU¤jy§fŸ ghf« - 1 ) bjhF¥gháÇa® : it. nrhknrfu‹

ahœ kht£l¤âYŸs Éehaf® Mya§fŸ, át‹ Mya§fŸ, m«k‹ Mya§fŸ, KUf‹ Mya§fŸ, itut® Mya§fŸ k‰W« Vida Mya§fŸ vd 350¡F« mâfkhd Mya§fË‹ tuyhW ml§»íŸsJ. üÈ‹ Éiy : %gh 1250/= bfhG«ãYŸs khk‹w¤ jiyikaf¤âY«, ahœ ãuhªâa gÂkidÆY« bg‰W¡ bfhŸsyh«. bjhl®òfS¡F 011 243 4990 (khk‹w¤ jiyikaf«), 021 222 1075 (ahœ ãuhªâa gÂkid) ïªJ xË

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2016.07.14 Mk; jpfjp FUG+ir jpdk;

epidtiyfspy; nja;tj;jpUkfs; jÄœ TW« ešYyf« ‹ gh‰W« át¤jÄœ¢bršÉ fyhÃâ j§f«kh m¥gh¡F£o mt®fsJ v£lhtJ FUóir¤ âd« ï«khj« (#&iy) 14M« âfâahF«. tUlªnjhW« MÅ khj¤âš Érhf e£r¤âu ehËš m«ikahÇ‹ FUóir¤ âd« mD£o¡f¥g£LtU»wJ. ït® m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w¤Jl‹ beU§»a bjhl®igí«, cwití« bfh©oUªjt®. vGgJfËš khk‹w¤â‹ Jiz¢ brayhsuhfî«, ã‹d® Jiz¤ jiytuhfî«, bjhl®ªJ khk‹w mw§fhty® rigÆY« ïizªâUªJ khk‹w¤â‹ áw¥ghd bra‰ghLfS¡F« ts®¢á¡F« bgÇJ« Jiz Ã‹wt®. khk‹w« 1974M« M©L #dtÇ khj¤âš

m«ikahU¡F bfhG«ãš el¤âa ghuh£L ÉHhÉš “átPhd É¤jf®” v‹w g£l¤ijí«, bgh‹ ÉHhitbah£o 2005M« M©L ahœ¥ghz¤âš el¤âa ïªJ kheh£o‹ nghJ “bjŒt¤âUkfŸ” v‹w g£l¤ijí« tH§»¡ bfsuÉ¤âUªjJ. m«ikah® 2008M« M©L #]‹ khj« 15M« âfâa‹W átgjkilªjnghJ khk‹w¤â‹ k‰WbkhU bfsutkhf khk‹w M‹Ûf ïjHhd “ïªJ xË” bjŒt¤âUkfŸ Ãidî¢ áw¥ãjHhf btËah»ÆUªjJ. 2009M« M©L #]iy 3M« âfâ m«ikahÇ‹ KjyhtJ FUóir itgt¤ijbah£o khk‹w« “bjŒt¤ âUkfË‹ thœî« gÂfS«” v‹w üiy btËÆ£oUªjijí« áw¥ghf¡ F¿¥ãl nt©L«.

nja;tj; jpUkfs; fyhepjp jq;fk;kh mg;ghf;Fl;b mth;fs; khkd;wg; nghd;tpoh kyUf;F toq;fpa tho;j;Jr; nra;jp “......vq;Fk; vjpYk; ey;yijf; fz;L> ey;yijr; nra;J> ey;y fhhpaq;fSf;F tuNtw;G mspj;J tUgth;fs; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpdh; vdyhk;. ,k; kd;wj;jpd; nghd;tpoh aho;g;ghzj;jpy; eilngw;wNghJ mjpy; fye;J ciuahw;wf;fpilj;j ghf;fpaj;ij ehd; ngUikahff; fUJfpdN ; wd;. md;W aho;g;ghzk; fy;tpapaw; fy;Y}hp mwpQh;fshYk;> Mh;tyh;fshYk; nghq;fp tope;J fhl;rp mspj;jJ. ,e;J kf;fshy; nghpJk; kjpf;fg;gLfpd;w mwpQh;fs; gyh; Nkilia myq;fhpj;jdh;.....” “.....mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;ij tho;jj; p nghd;tpoh epfo;Tfisf; fz;nzdg; Nghw;wp NkYk; NkYk; itutpoh> Kj;J tpoh> E}w;whz;L tpoh vd;gtw;iwAk; fz;L Xq;fp cauNtz;Lk; vd;W Jh;f;fhNjtpiag; gpuhh;j;jpj;J mikfpd;Nwd;....”

nja;tj;jpUkfspd; jpUthf;F Mb mkhthiriaj; njhlh;e;J tUk; MwhtJ ehsd;W ey;iyf;fe;jdpd; tUlhe;j kNfhw;rtk; Muk;gkhtJ tof;fk;. ,e;j tifapy>; ,t;tUl kNfhw;rtk; vjpht ; Uk; Mf];l; khjk; 08Mk; jpfjpad;W nfhbNaw;wj;Jld; Muk;gkhfpwJ. Mf];l; 31Mk; jpfjpad;W ,uNjhw;rtKk; nrg;lk;gh; Kjyhk; jpfjpad;W jPh;j;Njhw;rtKk; eilngwtpUf;fpwJ. ey;iyf; fe;jd; kNfhw;rtk; gw;wp nja;tj;jpUkfs; ,t;thW nrhy;fpwhh;: M©LnjhW« Mokhj« ãwªJÉ£lhš ešiy¡ fªjDila knfh‰rt Ãid¥ò irt k¡fS¡F tªJÉL«. cybf§F« guªJ thG« ahœ¥ghz irt k¡fŸ fu§FÉ¤J tu«nt©o Ã‰F« bjŒt« ešÿ® fªj¥bgUkh‹. K¤j®fS« á¤j®fS« PhÅfS« xnu Kfkhf Mo¥gho Ã‰gJ ï›thya¤â‹ kf¤JtkhF«. “Ú Mya¤J¡FŸns nghf KoahÉ£lhš ftiy¥glhnj; btËåâÆny gu¥ã ïU¡F« kzÈny cU©L É£L th; cd¡F všyh« »il¡F«’ v‹W âUthŒ ky®ªjt® bfhG«ò¤Jiw nahf® RthÄfŸ Mt®. RthÄfË‹ mãkhd nõ¤âu« ešÿ® v‹whš mâš Äifbah‹WÄšiy. - (mUŸ xË - Mo 2006) ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

Mbkhjj;jpd; mjprpwg;Gfs; Mbg;gpwg;G G+Tyfpd; Xuhz;L fhyk; Njth;fSf;F xUehshFk;. mjhtJ ij khjk; Kjy; Mdp khjk; tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjp gfw;nghOjhfTk;> Mb khjk; Kjy; khh;fop khjk; tiuapyhd fhyg; g Fjp ,uTg; nghOjhfTk; mikfpd; w J. Njth; f Sf; F gfw; n ghOJ vd; g J #hpagfthd; tlf;F Nehf;fpa gazj;ij Muk;gpf;Fk; fhykhFk;. ,jid cj;juhazfhyk; vd;W nrhy;tJ tof;fk;. ,e;j cj;juhaz fhyk; Muk;gkhFk; ehs;jhd; ijkhjg; gpwg;ghfTk;> ijg;nghq;fy; itgtkhfTk; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. Njth;fSf;F ,uTg;nghOJ vd;gJ #hpagfthd; njw; F Nehf; f pa gazj; i j Muk; g pf; F k; fhykhFk; . ,jid jl;\pzhad fhyk; vd;W nrhy;tJ tof;fk;. ,e; j jl; \ pzhad fhyk; Muk; g khFk; ehs; j hd; Mbg;gpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. G+kpapy; fhh;fhyj;jpd; Muk;gkhfTk; Mbkhjk; mikfpdw ; J. mjhtJ gaphf; sJ tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd kiof;fhyk; Mbkhjj;jpNyNa Muk;gpf;fpd;wJ. ,Jtiuapy; gfy;nghOJ ntg;gkhf ,Ue;jepiy khwp ,uTg;nghOJ ePz;ljhfTk; ntg;gk; Fiwe;J fhzg;gLk; tifapyhd Fsph;fhy epiyAk; Njhd; W tjhy; j hd; Mbkhjj; j py; vspa czthd $o; mUe; J tJ clk; G f; F ey; y J vd; W jhd; ekJ Kd; N dhh; f s; $o; fha; r ; r p Mbg; g pwg; i g tuNtw; F k; gof;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpdhh;fs; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLfpwJ. Mbkhjg;gpwg;G ehsd;W ,e;J kf;fs; $o; fha;r;rp nfhOf; f l; i l mtpj; J itj; J jq; f s; tP L fspNy ,iwtopghL nra;J tUtJ ePzl; fhykhf ,lk;ngw;WtUk; xU fpuhkpag; ghuk; g hpa tof; f khf mike; J s; s J. ,jidNa ethypa+h; NrhkRe;jug; Gyth;> “Mbg;gpwg;Gf;F ehis tpLjiy Mde;jk; Mde;jk; Njhoh;fNs $bg;gdq;fl;b $Ok; Fbf;fyhk; nfhOf;fl;il jpd;dyhk; Njhoh;fNs” vd;Dk;ghly; %yk; Mbg;gpwg;gpd; rpwg;igg;gw;wp nrhy;ypapUg;gijAk; ,q;F Nehf;FtJ nghUj;jkhdJ. Mbg;gpwg;Gf;F Kjy;ehsd;W ghlrhiy tFg;G Kbe;J tPL nry;Yk; khzth;fs;> kWehs; Mbg;gpwg;Gf;fhf ghlrhiy tpLKiw vd;gijapl;L kfpo;r;rpAld; nrhy;ypr;nry;tjhf ,g;ghly; mike;Js;sJ.

Mbg;G+uk; Mbg;g+u tpoh Mb khjj;jpNy g+u el;rj;jpuk; cr;rj;jpy; ,Uf; F k; NghJ nfhz; l hlg; g LtJ. ,J Njtpf; F hpa ïªJ xË

jpUehshFk; . ,e; j ehspy; jhd; ckhNjtpahUk; ; Njhd;wpajhf $wg;gLtJz;L. cyf kf;fisf; fhf;f rf;jpahf mk;ghs; cUntLj;jhs;. rpj;jh;fSk;>NahfpfSk; ,e; j ehspy; jtj; i j Jtf; F tjhf Guhzq; f s; $Wfpd;wd. midj;J cyfj;ijAk; gilj;Jk; fhj;Jk; fue;Jk; tpisahLk; mfpyhz; l Nfhb md; i df; F kQ; r s; fhg;G> re;jdf; fhg;G> Fq;Fkf; fhg;G elj;Jthh;fs;. me;j mfpyhz;l Nfhb gpuk;khz;l ehafpfF ; tisfhg;G elf;Fk; ehs;jhd; Mbg;g+uk;. md;id csk; kfpo;e;J khe;jh;fs; midtUf;Fk; jd; mUis toq;Fk; ehs;. gy;NtW tpjq;fspy; md;idiaf; nfhz;lhLk; ehs; Mbg;g+uk;. gy; N tW Myaq; f spy; Mbg; g +uk; mk; k Df; F hpa gpuk; N khw; r tkhf gj; J ehs; jpUtpohthf rpwg; g hf eilngWfpd;wJ. Nky; kUtj;J}hpy; Mjpguhrf;jpf;F Mbg;g+uk; kpfg;nghpa gz;bifahf mk;kDf;F fQ;rp thh;f;Fk; itgtkhf rpwg;ghff; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. Mbg; g +uj; j d; W mk; g piff; F rpwg; G topghL elf; f hj NfhtpNy ,y;iy vdyhk;. itztj; jpUf; N fhtpy; f spYk; Mbg;g+uk; gj;J ehs; jpUtpohthff; nfhz;lhlg; gLfpdw ; J. Vndd;why; Mz;lhs; mtjhpj;j el;rj;jpuk; g+uk;. Mbkhjj;jpy; Jsrp Njhl;lj;jpy; Mz;lhs; ,e;j el;rj;jpuj;jpy; mtjhpj;jhs;. muq;fDf;Fr; R+l;lNtz;ba Muj;jpid jhNd R+bf; nfhz;L Mbapy; moF ghh;j;jhs; Mz;lhs;. jhd; R+bf; fise;j khiyiag; ngUkhSf;F mspjJ ; te;jjhy; R+bf; nfhLj;j Rlh;f;nfhb vd;w jpUehkk; ngw;whs;. mg;NghJ me;j fz;zhbapy; muq;fdhfNt njhpe;jhs; mts;. jhNd mtdhf ghtpj;J kfpo;e;j Mz;lhspd; mtjhu jpdk;jhd; Mbg;g+uk;.

Mbg;ngUf;F Mbg;ngUf;F vd;gJ Mb khjk; 18Mk; ehs; jkpof MWfs; ngUf; n fLj; J XLtijf; Fwpf; F k; . ,jid gjpndl;lhk; ngUf;F vd;Wk; $Wthu;fs;. njd;Nkw;F gUtj;jpy; Mw;wpd; ePu;gpb ,lq;fspy; nga;j kioapdhy; MWfspy; GJg; G dy; nghq; f ptUk; . ,jidNa Mw; W g; n gUf; F vdf; $Wtu; . ,jdhy; cotu; f s; ,e;ehspy; ek;gpf;ifAld; gl;lk; ghu;j;J tpij tpijg;gu;. ,g; n ghOJ ney; > fUk; G Kjypatw; i w tpijj; j hy; jhd; mtu;fs; ij khjj;jpy; mWtil nra;a KbAk;. mjw;F tw;wh ejpfis jq;fs; flTshf Nghw;wp kfpo;e;J> G+irfs; nra;J gpd; coT Ntiyia njhlq;Fthu;fs;. ,jidnahl;bNa Mbg;gl;lk; Njbtpij vd;w gonkhopAk; tpise;jJ. 35

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

Mbr;nrt;tha;

kf;fs; Mw;wq;fiufspy; $b Mw;Wg; ngUf;iff; fz;L fspg;gu;. ,e;J rkaj;jtu; Nfhapy;fspy; nrd;W topglTk; nra;tu;. md;iwa ehs; ngz;fs; Mw;wpy; Fspj;J Mw;wq;fiuapy; xt;nthUtUk; G+i[ nra;a xU ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhs;fpd;wdu;. me;j ,lj;ij Rj;jk; nra;J> gR rhzj;jhy; nkOfp mjd; Nky; thio ,iyia tpupj;J> gps;isahu; rpiy itj;J mjd; Kd; mfy;tpsf;F Vw;wp itf;fpd;wdu;. topghl;by; ntw;wpiy> ghf;F> gok; gilj;J> gj;jp> fw;G+uk; fhl;b> jlq;fy; ,y;yhj tpisr;rYf;F tpehafiu topgLfpd;wdu;. Mw;wpid topgl;L thio kl;ilapy; tpsf;Ffs; Vw;wp> mij Mw;wpy; tpLthu;fs;. ,g;gb nra;jhy;> ePu; tsk; ngUfpaJ Nghy;> mtu;fs; tho;f;ifapYk; kfpo;r;rpAk; nry;tKk; ngUFk; vd;w Mo;e;j ek;gpf;ifapy; ,r;rlq;Ffis nra;thu;fs;.

mk;kDf;Ffe;j tpujq;fspy; Mbr;nrt;tha; Kjyplk; ngWfpd;wJ. aho;gg; hzj;jpYs;s mk;kd; Myaq;fs; midj;jpYk; Mbr;nrt;tha; tpujk; kpfTk; gf;jp G+u;tkhf mDl;bf;fg;gl;L tUfpwJ. jpUkzk; Mfhj ngz;fs; Mb khjj;jpy; tUk; nrt;tha; fpoikfspy; jq;fSf;F ey;y tud; mika Ntz;b NfhtpYf;F nrd;W topgl;L tUfpd;wdu;. “Mbr; nrt;tha; Njbf;Fsp miur;r kQ;ris G+rpf;Fsp” vd;gJ gonkhop. Mb khj nrt;tha;f;fpoikfspy; vz;nza; Nja;j;J miur;r kQ;ris G+rp Fspg;gjhy; Rkq;fyp ngz;fspd; khq;fy;ak; gyk; ngWk; vd;gJ ek;gpf;if. ÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖÖ

kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjr $j;Jf; fiyapy; ,e;J kjr; nry;thf;F vk;.gp.utpr;re;jpuh kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpohpd; fiy gz;ghl;L mbj;jsj;jpid epiyepWj;jpAs;s xU Njrpa fiy tbtkhff; fUjg;gLk; jkpo; $j; J f; fiyahdJ Muk; g fhyj; j py; rlq; F epiyg;gl;ljhf ,Ue;jJ. gpd;dh; ehlf tbtkhd $j;Jf; fiyahf ,J ghpzhkk; ngw;wJ. ,iw ek;gpf;ifia mbehjkhff; nfhz;L cUthf;fk; ngw;w ,r;rlq;Ffs; rKjha khw;wg; Nghf;FfSf;F ,ire;J fiytbtkhf cUg;ngWtij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

Guhzf; fijfspy; fe;jGuhzf; fij> nghpaGuhzf; fij> tpehaf Guhzk;> ghftj Guhzk;> khh;ff; z;Nla Guhzk;> fUl Guhzk; Nghd;w fijfSk;> fw;gidf; fijfSk;> ,uhkhazf; fijfSk; mtw;wpd; fpisf;fijfSk;> jkpo; ,yf;fpaf; fijfSk; ,f;$j;Jf;fspd; fUg;nghUshf tpsq;Ffpd;wd. rptd;> jpUkhy;> KUfd;> tpehafh;> mk; k d; Nghd; w nja; t q; f s; KOKjw; nghUshfr; rpj;jhpf;fg;gLfpd;wd vdyhk;.

kl;lf;fsg;G gpuNjr tlNkhb> njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fspy; tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; ,e;J rkaj; jj;Jtq;fisg; Nghjpff; > njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; cs;s+h; tPurhfrf; fijfisf; $Wtdthf mike; j d vdyhk; . ,e; j tifapy; kl;lf;fsg;gpy; Mlg;gl;l njd;Nkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; Kg;gj;jp ehd;F vd;Wk;> tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fs; vOgj;jpapuz;L vd;Wk; fyhepjp rp.nksdFU mth;fs; jkJ ‘kl;lf;fsg;G kuGtop ehlfq;fs;’ vDk; Ma;T E}ypy; tiuaWj;Jf; fhl;bAs;shh;. ,e;j Mw;Wif tbtq;fspy; njhz;ZhW tPjkhdit ,e;Jkj jj;Jtq;fis typAWj;Jgitahf mike;jpUg;gijf; fhzyhk;.

,e;jg; gpd;Gyj;jpy; epd;W kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpoh;fspd; gz; g hl; L mbj; j sj; i j Nehf; F ifapy; mth; f spd; fiyj; j sj; j py; ,e; J kjg; gz; g hl; L epiy Mokhf NtNuhbapUg;gij nrt;tNd mtjhdpf;fyhk;. $j; J f; f spd; Muk; g j; j pYk; ,WjpapYk; fhg; G ghLk; Kiw> tzf; f k; nrYj; J k; Kiw vd; g d ,iwtopghl;il mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ve;jnthU epfo;itAk; Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJk;> epiwT nra;Ak; NghJk; mit gpd; g w; w g; g l Ntz; L k; vd; w rpe; j idiaj; Njhw; W tpj; J s; s J vdyhk; . ,jw; F mj; j pthukpl; l J ,e; j kl; l f; f sg; G j; jkpo; $ j; J f; fiy vd; N w nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.

kl; l f; f sg; G jkpofj; j py; Mlg; g l; l tlNkhbf; $j;Jf;fspy; ,e;J jj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

(ed;wp:- kl;lf;fsg;Gj; jkpofj;jpy; ,e;Jg; gz;ghL - 2003)

nts;isepw ky;ypifNah Ntnwe;j khkyNuh ts;syb apizf;F tha;j;j kynuJNth nts;isepwg; G+Tky;y Ntnwe;j kyUky;y cs;sf; fkykb cj;jkdhu; Ntz;LtJ! ïªJ xË

fhg;gtpo;e;j jhkiuNah fOePu; kyu;j;njhilNah khg;gps;isaha; te;jtu;f;F tha;j;j kynuJNth fhg;gtpo;e;j kyUky;y fOePu;j; njhilAky;y $g;gpaiff; fhe;jsb Nfhkfdhu; Ntz;LtJ! - Rthkp tpGyhde;jh; 36

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

Mb mkhthirapd; rpwg;G njhFg;G : K.gpuztd; rpwe; j J. ,g; g pugQ; r j; j pd; njw; F g; gf; f k; gpjpu; f spd; ,lkhff; fUjg;gLtjhy; njd;Gyj;jhu; vd;W gpjpu;fs; miof;fg;gLfpd;wdu;. ehk; ekJ ngw;Nwhu;fis capu; thOk; nghOJ kpFe;j mf;fiwAld; Ngzpf; fhj;jJ Nghy; ,we;j gpd;Dk; rpuhj;jk; ju;g;gzk; nra;J mtu;fs; ew;fjp ngwr; nra;tJ vkJ Kf;fpa flikahFk;. vdNt Mb mkhthir tpujjpdj;jpy; Myaq;fSf;Fr; nrd; W topghL nra; t NjhL vk; i k thoitj; j nja; t q; f isAk; topgl Ntz; L k; . gpjpuu; f Sf; F Kiwahf topghL nra;J te;jhy; mtu;fSila re;jjp ey;y GfNohLk; nry;tj;NjhLk; epiwe;j MANshLk; tpsq;Fk; vd Mfk E}y;fs; ciuf;fpd;wd. NkYk; gpjpu; f ; f ld; Mw; w htpl; l hy; gpj; U rhgj; j pw; F Mshfp tk;rtpUj;jp tpsq;fhkw; NghFk; vd;Wk; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. ju;gg; zk; vd;why; jpUg;jpgg; Lj;Jjy; vdg; nghUs;gLk;. rpuhj; j k; vd; w hy; rpuj; i jAld; nra; a g; g LtJ vdf; nfhz; L gpj; U ju; g ; g zj; i j kpFe; j rpuj; i jAlDk; gagf;jpAlDk; nra;jy; Ntz;Lk;. je;ijia ,oe;jtu;fs; Mb mkhthir jpdj;jpy; ePuhb ek; Kd;Ndhiu kdjpy; ,Uj;jp mtu;fs; ew;fjpaila Ntz;Lnkd;W jpahdpj;J vs; S k; eP U k; nfhz; L gpjpu; j ; ju; g ; g zk; Mw; W jy; Ntz; L k; . vs; S k; ju; g ; i gg; Gy; Y k; tp\; Z tpd; clk;gpypUe;J Njhd;wpajhff; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Ju;j;NjtijfSf;F tp\;Z guk itupahjyhy; vs;isg; gad;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Ju;j;Njtijfshy; cz;lhFk; jPqF ; fs; ePqF ; fpdw ; d. md;W mKJ gilj;jYk; ,ad;wsT jhd ju;kq;fs; nra;tJk; ed;ik gaf;Fk;. clk;gpYs;s thAit mfw;Wk; fhahfpa fhj;Njhl;bf;fha; md;iwa gilaypy; rpwg;G mk;rkhFk;. khtpl;lGuk; fe;jRthkp Mya jPu;j;Njhw;rtk; Mb mkhthirad;W fPupkiy jPuj; j; j;jpy; eilngWk;. aho; Flhehl;by; fPupkiy> tpyY ; }d;wp Nghd;wtw;wpYk; NfjP]t ; uj;jpy; ghyhtpapYk;> NfhNz]; t uj; j py; ghgehrj; j pYk; > nghd; d hiyapy; jpUtbepiyapYk;>kl;lf;fsg;G mkpuj; fopapy; Kfj;Jthuk; flypYk; jPu;j;jkhLtij ,e;Jf;fs; Nghw;wpf; filg;gpbj;J tUfpd;wdu;. ,e;jpahtpy; fd;dpahFkupapYk; ,uhNk];tuj;jpYk; fq; i f aKid fhNtup ru]; t jp eu; k jh Nfhjhtup Jq;fgj;uh jhkpuguzp jpupNtzp rq;fkk; Nghd;w ,lq;fs; Gz;zpa jPuj; j; q;fshf tpsq;Ffpdw ; d” je;ij nrhy;kpff; ke; j pukpy; i y jhapw; rpwe; j njhU NfhapYkpy; i y” vdg; Nghw; w g; g Lfpd; w ngw; N whNu vkJ fz; f z; l nja; t khifahy; rpj; j puhG+uiz tpujk; jha; f ; F k; > Mb mkhthir tpujk; je;ijf;Fk; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wd. rka Futu;fs; ,iwtidj; je;ijahfTk; jhahfTk; ghbg; gutpAs;shu;fs;.

Mb mkhthir ,e;J rkaj;ijr; rhu;ej; midtuhYk; gf;jprpuj;ijAld; mDl;bf;fg;gLk; xU tpuj jpdkhFk;. ,j;jpdj;jpy; ,e;Jf;fs; rKj;jpuj;jpy; my;yJ Gz;zpa ejpfspy; jPuj; j; khb jk; %jhijau;fis Kf;fpakhf ngw;w je;ijia epidT $u;eJ ; tpujkpUe;J gpjpuf; f; ld; nra;Ak; ehshFk;. vk;ik tpl;Lg;gpupe;j vk; %jhijau;fis epidT $u;e;J mtu;fs; ew;fjp ngw Ntz;Lnkd;W gpuhu;j;jpj;J tpujkpUe;J mjd; %yk; ehKk; ek; gpw;re;jjpapdUk; ew;gaidg; ngw;W tho toptFf;Fk; xU Gdpj ehshf Mb mkhthir tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. #upaidj; je;ijf;F cupatdhfTk; re;jpuidj; jha;f;F cupatdhfTk; nfhs; t J xU nghJ kughFk; . #upaDk; re; j puDk; xd;Wgl;Lg; G+kpf;F xNu jpirapy; Neu;gLk; ehl;fs; je;ij top Kd;Ndhu;fis epide;J topgl Vw;w ehl;fshf mkhthir ehs; jpfo;fpd;wJ. Mb khjj;jpy; #upad; flfuhrpapy; rQ;rupf;fpwhd;. flfuhrp re;jpudpd; Ml;rpngw;w tPL. rf;jp mk;rkhd re;jpuDk; rpt mk;rkhd #upaDk; xd;W Nru;eJ ; tpsq;Fk; ehs;. mJTk; Mb khjj;J mkhthir kpfTk; rpwg;G tha;e;jJ. Vnddpy; ek; Kd;Ndhu;fsJ Njitfisf; ftdpg; g jhff; fUjg; g Lk; gpjpu; j ; N jtijfs; vd; W $wg;gLk; njd;Gyj;jhUf;F cupa jpir njw;F MFk;. Mbkhjg; gpwg;gpypUe;J #upad; njl;rzhafdhf njw;F Nehf;fpr; rQ;rupf;fj; njhlq;Ffpwhd;. Mdgbahy; Mb mkhthir gpjpu;f;fld; Mw;Wtjw;Fr; rpwe;j ehshff; nfhs; s g; g l; L tUfpd; w J. ey; t pidg; gadhf jDfuz-Gtd-Nghf clk; i g cUthf; f pg; guhkupj; J mwpT+l; b thoitj; j je; i jahUf; F g; gps; i sfs; filg; g pbf; F k; tpujNk Mb mkhthir tpujkhFk; . khje;NjhWk; tUfpd;w mkhthir ehl;fSf;F tpujk; ,Uf;f ,ayhjtu;fs; Mb mkhthir tpujk; ,Uj;jy; fl;lhakhFk;. ,iw topghl;NlhL Nru;e;J gpjpu; topghLk; jhdKk; ew;gyidf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,we;JNghd vk; %jhijau;fSld; ehk; njhlu;G nfhs;s KbahJ. vdNt ek; Kd;Ndhu;fspd; eyd;fisf; ftdpj;J tUk; gpjpu;fisj; ju;g;gzk; nra;J G+ir jhdk; nfhLj;J jpUg;jpg;gLj;jpdhy; mjd; %yk; ek; %jhijau;fSf;F ed;ik fpilf;Fk; vd ,e;Jf;fs; vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; Mrpfisg; ngw;why; vf;fhupaKk; ntw;wp ngWk;. “njd; Gyj;jhu; nja;tk; tpUe;J xf;fy; jhd; vd;whq;F Ik;Gyj;jhu; Xk;gy; jiy” vd ,y;ywj;jhdpd; flikfshf ts;Stu; $wpapUg;gijAk; vz;zpg;ghu;f;f Ntz;Lk;. gpjpu; Njtu; tpUe;jpdu; Rw;wj;jhu; jhd; vd;Dk; Ie;J tifapdUf;Fk; nra;Ak; mwnewpiaj; jtwhky; nra;J tUjy; ,y;ywj;jhDf;F rpwg;G kpf;f mwkhFk; vd gupNkyofu; nghUs; $wpapUg;gijAk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;tJ ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

khkd;wj; jiyikaff; fl;blj;jpd; ,Ugjhz;L epiwTk; mkuh; ghyhtpd; ,Ugj;Jehd;F Mz;L epidTk; mWgJ Mz;Lfshf ngUk;gzpahw;wp itutpoh fz; L s; s mfpy ,yq; i f ,e; J khkd;wj;jpd; jiyikafk; ,aq;Fk; Gjpa fl;blk; mikf;fg;gl;L ,Ugjhz;Lfs; epiwTngw;Wtpll; d. khkd;wj;jpw;fhd fl;blk; mikf;fg;gl;L mjd;Ntiyfs; g+h;jj ; pahf;fg;gl;l epiyapy>; Ie;jhk; khbapYs;s khkd;wg; gpuhh;j;jid kz;lgj;jpy; gpujp\;il nra;ag;;gl;l mUs;kpF rptfhkp mk;ghs; rNkj =eluh[g; ngUkhDf;F 1996Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; 3Mk; jpfjpad; W kfh Fk; g hgpN\ fk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. ,jidj; njhlh;e;J khkd;wj; jiyikafk; ,e; j g; Gjpa fl; b lj; j py; ,aq; f j; njhlq;fpaJ. Ie;J khbfisf; nfhz;l khkd;wf; fl;blj;ijg; ghh;f;Fk;NghJ> mJ ntWkNd khkd;wg; gzpfis ehlshtpa hP j papy; vLj; J r; nry; t J kl; L ky; y > jiyikaff; fl;blk; miktjw;F NgUjtpahfTk; JizahfTkpUe;J xU rpy ts;sy; ngUkf;fisAk; vd; n wd; W k; ,e; J kf; f spd; epidtiyfspy; kP l ; b f; nfhz; N lapUf; f pwJ vd; g ij rpwg; g hfr; nrhy;yNtz;Lk;. ,th;fSs; xUtuhff; Fwpg; g plf; $ bath; mkuh; Nt.ghyRg; g pukzpak; mth;fs;. nfhOk; G khefhpy; mike; J s; s cah; e ; j fl;blq;fSs; xd;whf ngUik ngWk; mfpy ,yq;if khkd;w jiyikafk; fk;gPukhf vOe;J epw;gjw;F cioj;jth;fSs; Kjy;tuhfg; Nghw;wg;gLk; mkuh; Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpak; mth;fs; 1986Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; 26Mk; jpfjpapypUe;J kiwAk; tiu ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; jiytuhfg; gjtptfpj;jjd; %yk;> khkd;w tuyhw;wpy; Kf;fpakhdnjhU ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;shh;. ghyh vd;W midtuhYk; nry;ykhf miof;fg;gl;L te;j mkuh; Nt. ghyRg;gpukzpak; mth;fs; aho;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpYs;s ney;ypab fpuhkj; j py; gpwe; j th; . funtl; b tpf; N d]; t uh fy;Y}hpapy; jdJ fy;tpia Muk;gpj;J nfhOk;G Mde;jh fy;Y}hpapYk;> gpd;dh; aho; ,e;Jf; fy;Y} hpapYk;>tl;Lf;Nfhl;il aho;g;ghzf; fy;YhhpapYk; gapd;W ghlrhiyg; gbg;ig epiwT nra;jhh;.

ïªJ xË

,jd; gpd; jdpahh; epWtdq;fspy; ,ize;J epjp njhlh;ghd gjtpfis tfpjJ ; te;jhh;. gpdd ; hspy; ,th; th;j;jf epWtdq;fis Njhw;Wtpj;J>mjid eph; t fpj; J te; j jd; %yk; gpugy njhopyjpguhf tpsq;fpdhh;. ,jd; Clhf ciog;ghy; cah;e;j ngUkfdhff; fhzg;gl;l ,th;> rka r%fey kw;Wk; fy;tpg;gzpfSf;fhf thhp toq;fpa ts;sd;ik gyuhYk; Nghw;wg;gl;L te;jJ. ,tuJ gue;j rka r%fg; gzpapd; kFlkhfNt mfpy ,yq; i f ,e; J khkd; w j; jiyikaff; fl;blj;ijf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;J khkd;wj;jpw;fhd fhzp fpilj; j pUe; J k; > mjd; fl; b lNtiyfs; Muk;gpf;fg;glhjpUe;j NtisapNyNa khkd;wj; jiytuhf ,th; gjtp Vw; w pUe; j hh; . khkd; w j; jiyikafj;jpwf; hd fl;blk; mikf;fg;glNtz;Lk; vd;gjpy; ,th; fhl;ba Mh;tKk;> ,tuJ Jzprr; yhd Kaw; r pfSk; > nraw; g hLfSk; KO mstpy; ntw;wpngw;wd. xU njhifg; gzj;ij jdJ md;gspgg; hf toq;fp ,th; njhlf;fp itj;j fUkk; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj; jiyikafkhf tbtk; ngw;W> ,tuJ epidit vd;nwd;Wk; kPl;bf; nfhz;bUg;gJld;> md; d hhpd; gNuhgfhug; gz; i gAk; vLj; J r; nrhy;fpwJ. jpU Nt.ghyRg;gpukzpak; 1992Mk; Mz;L [_iy khjk; 15Mk; jpfjpad; W fhykhdhh; . ,k;khjk; 15Mk; jpfjp ,tuJ 24MtJ epidT jpdkhFk;. ,tuJ Nritia epidj;Jg; Nghw;Wk; tifapy; khkd;wk; tUle;NjhWk; epidT epfo;it Vw;ghL nra; J elj; j ptUtJ tof; f khFk; . ,k; K iw epidT epfo; t hf nrQ; n rhw; n ry; t h; fyhepjp MW.jpUKUfd; mth;fs; epfo;jJ ; k; “Mb mkhthir” vDk; nghUspyhd epidTg;NgUiu ,k;khjk; ([_iy) 23Mk; jpfjp fhiy gk;gyg;gpl;b ru];tjp kz; l gj; j py; khkd; w j; jiyth; jpU.fe; i jah ePyfz;ld; jiyikapy; eilngwtpUf;fpwJ. - fjputd;

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

khk‹w¢ brŒâfŸ khkd;wj;jpd; fz;ld mwpf;if ,yq;ifapd; tlf;Ff; fpof;F gpuNjrq;fspy; jkpou;fs; nrwpe;J thOk; ,lq;fspy; Gj;jtpfhiufs; mikf;fg;gl;LtUtijAk; ,J jkpo; ,e;Jf;fspilNa kpfTk; tprdj; i jj; Njhw; W tpg; g jhfTk; Vw; f dNt murpay; jiyikfSf;Fg;’ gy jlitfs; mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; Rl;bf;fhl;bAs;sJ.

ftiyAld; Rl;bf;fhl;l tpUk;Gfpd;Nwhk;. typtlf;fpy; ,d;dKk; ,uhZtj; Njitf;nfd ghupasT epyg;gug;G gilapdu; trk; cs;sJ. ,jpy; mike;jpUe;j vj;jid Myaq; f Sf; F ,t; t hwhd epiy Njhd; w pAs; s Njh njupatpy;iy. xt;nthU kdpjDf;Fk; jdJ rkaj;ijr; Rje;jpukhff; filgpbf;Fk; cupik ,yq;ifapy; murikg;G uPjpahf cWjpgg; Lj;jg;gl;Ls;sNjhL xU rkaj;ij tsu;ff; pdN ; whk; vd;gjw;fhf ,d;ndhU rkar; rpd;dq;fis mopj;njhopg;gij vt;tifapYk; epahag;gLj;jTkpy;iy.

mz;ikapy; $l tlkhfhzj;jpy; gy;NtW ,lq;fspypYk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s Gj;jtpfhiufspd; Gifg;glq;fs; cl;gl rfy tpguq; f isAk; nfsut gpujk ke; j pup> nfsut kPs;FbNaw;w mikr;ru;> nfsut vjpu;fl;rpj; jiytu; MfpNahUf; F gpujpfSld; mjpNkjF [dhjpgjpf; F Kiwapl; b Ue; N jhk; vdpDk; vt; t pj rhjfkhd eltbf; i fAk; ,Jtiu vLf; f g; g l; l jhfj; jfty; f s; ,y;iy vd;gJ kpfTk; kdNtjidf;FupajhFk;.

Gj; j gpuhd; mfpk; i riag; Nghjpj; J ngsj; j kjj; i j Vw; g tu; f s; ahtUk; mfpk; i rtopapNy nray; g l Ntz; L nkdTk; $wpAs; s hu; . ngsj; j kjj; i jg; gpd; g w; W gtu; f nsdf; $wpf; n fhs; S k; ,yq; i f ,uhZtj;jpdu; ,t;thwhd kdpjhgpkhdkw;w nray;fspy; <LgLtij Vw;Wf;nfhs;s KbahjJld; ,e;Jf;fshy; [Puzpf;f KbahjJkhFk;.

,e; e piyapy; ,U jpdq; f Sf; F Kd; d u; ntF[d Clfq;fs; %ykhf Nfs;tpAw;w nra;jpahy; ,e;J kf;fspd; cr;r epWtdkhd mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wk; kpfTk; ftiyf;Fs;shfpaJ.

,t;thwhd nray;fis ey;yhl;rp murhq;fk; cldbahfj; jLj;J epWj;JtJld;> njhlu;eJ ; k; jkpo; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s ,e; J Myaq; f Sf; F ghJfhg; i g toq; f Ntz; L k; vdf; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;. Kf;fpakhf ,uhZtg; gpuNjrq;fspYs;s ,e;J Myaq;fs; ghJfhf;fg;gLtJld; me; e pyg; g ug; i g kf; f splk; kP s f; i faspf; F k; N ghJ Nrjkile;j kj tzf;f];jyq;fis Gduikg;Gr; nra;J ifaspf; f Ntz; L nkdTk; khkd; w k; cWjpahff; Nfl;Lf;nfhs;fpd;wJ. (06.07.2016)

mjhtJ fle;j fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;G tyaq;fshf ,Ue;J jw;NghJ tpLtpff; g;gl;l typtlf;F gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;jpUe;j tP k d; f hkk; gps; i sahu; Myak; cilf; f g; g l; L mopf;fg;gl;lJld; mt;tplj;jpy; ngsj;jtpfhiunahd;W mikf; f g; g l; L s; s J. ,J ,e; J f; f spd; kdepiyia mtu;fsJ ,iw ek;gpf;ifia vt;tsT J}uk; ghjpf;Fk; vd; g ij ,uhZtj; j pdu; czutpy; i yahapDk; ey;yhl;rp muR vdf; $wpf;nfhs;Sk; muR $l ,jidj; jLg;gjw;F vt;tpj mf;fiwAk; nfhs;stpy;iy vd;gijf;

khkd;wj;jpd; mDruizAld; md;djhd epfo;T

eapdhjPtpy; ,e;J xsp ntspaPL khkd;wj;jpd; Md;kfP ,johd ‘,e;J xsp’apd; eapdhjPT = ehfg+\zp mk;kd; kNfhw;rt rpwg;gpjo; ntspaPL fle;j khjk; ([_d; ) 16Mk; jpfjpad; W =ehfg+\zp mk; k d; Myaj;jpy; eilngw;wJ.

fjpu; f hk cw; r tj; i jnahl; b ehl; b d; tlf; F kw;Wk; fpof;F khfhzq;fspypUe;J ghjahj;jpiuahf fjpu; f hkj; j pw; F r; nry; Y k; gf; j u; f spd; ed; i k fUjp khkd; w mq; f j; J t rq; f khd MiyabNtk; G ,e; J khkd; w j; j pduhy; md; d jhdk; toq; f g; g Lk; epfo; T tUle;NjhWk; eilngw;WtUfpd;wJ.

Mya mwq;fhtyh; rigj; jiyth; jpU.fh.M.jpahfuh[h jiyikapy; ,lk;ngw;w ,e;j epfo;tpd;NghJ khkd;w cg jiytUk; khkd;w ,e;J Muha;r;rp epiya nfsut ,af;FeUkhd nrQ;nrhw;nry;th; fyhepjp MW.jpUKUfd; rpwg;gpjio ntspapl;L itj;jhh;.

mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; mDruizAld; elhj;jg;gLk; ,e;j md;djhd epfo;Tf;fhf toikNghy; ,k;KiwAk; khkd;wj;jpd; ed;nfhilahf &. 100>000/= MiyabNtk; G ,e; J khkd; w j; j pw; F toq; f g; g l; l J. md;djhd epfo;T kpfTk; ey;y Kiwapy; elj;jg;gl;ljhf MiyabNtk;G ,e;J khkd;wj;jpdh; njhptpj;Js;shh;fs;.

,e;j epfo;tpdN ; ghJ Mya mwq;fhtyh; rigj; jiyth; jpU.fh.M.jpahfuh[h> nrayhsh; jpU.v];. gukypq;fk;> nrQ; n rhw; n ry; t h; fyhepjp MW.jpUKUfd; MfpNahh; ciuahw;wpdhh;fs;. ïªJ xË

J®K» tUl« MÅ - Mo

itj;jpafyhepjp jpUkjp ,e;jpuh rptNahfk; mtu;fspd; Kj;Jtpohtpw;F khkd;wj;jpd; tho;j;Jr; nra;jp If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; ,aq;fptUk; irt Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fj;jpd; fhg;ghsUk;> Kd;idehs; jiytUk;> nfhOk;Gj; jha;r; rq;fj;jpd; Kd;idehs; jiytUkhfpa “r%frPyu;”> “rptQhdr; n ry; t p”> itj; j pafyhepjp jpUkjp ,e; j puh rptNahfk; mtu;fspd; mfit vz;gJ epiwitnahl;b eilngwTs;s Kj;J tpohtpw;F ,e;j tho;j;Jr; nra;jpia toq;Ftjpy; kl;lw;w kfpo;r;rpailfpNwd;. ,tu; nfhOk; G kw; W k; If; f pa ,uhr; r paj; j py; ,aq;fptUk; irt Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fq;fspd; jiytuhfr; nraw;gl;lJld;> jw;NghJ mr;rq;fj;jpd; fhg;ghsuhfTk; ,aq; F tJ ghuhl; L f; F upaJ. NkYk; ,tu; jkJ gjtpfspD}lhf irtj; j pw; F k; jkpOf; F k; msg; g upa njhz;lhw;wpAs;shu;. jpUkjp ,e;jpuh rptNahfk; mtu;fspd; je;ijahu; ePjpauru; nghd;. =];fe;juh[h mfpy ,yq;if ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; jiyikg; nghWg;ig 1965 njhlf;fk; 1969 tiu tfpj;jJ %yk; vk;ik topelhj;jpa ngUe;jifahthu;. je;ijahu; fhl;ba topepd;W nfhOk;G irtKd;Ndw;wr; rq;fj;jpd; jiytuhf jpUkjp rptNahfk; mtu;fs; ,Ue;j fhyj;jpy; ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; mq;fj;Jt rq;fq;fspy; xd;whd mr;rq;fj;jpD}lhf khkd;wj;jpd; Nguhsuhf njupT nra;ag;gl;lNjhL ,e;J khkd;wj;jpYk; Kf;fpa gjtpfis tfpj;J vkf;Fg; gy topfspYk; jdJ xj;Jiog;igAk; MjuitAk; toq;fp te;jtu;. ,e;J khkd;wj;jpd; FwpfN ; fhs;fspy; xd;whd khztu;fspilNa mwnewpfisg; gug;Gk; Nehf;NfhL “mwnewpg; ghlrhiyfis epWTjYk; mtw;iwr; nraw;glitg;gJk;” vd;gjw;fpzq;f ,d;Wk; nfhOk;G irt Kd;Ndw;wr; rq;fk; mwnewpg; ghlrhiyfis epWtp khzt r%fj;jpw;F mwnewpfisAk; Md;kfP tsu;r;rpfisAk; Kd;dpd;W elhj;jp tUfpd;wJ. ,jw;F tpj;jpl;l ngUe;jiffspy; xUtu; itj;jpafyhepjp ,e;jpuh rptNahfk; vd;why; mJ kpifahfhJ. mfit vz;gJ G+u;j;jp fhZk; jpUkjp ,e;jpuh rptNahfk; mtu;fs; eyKw tho;e;J> vjpu;fhyj;jpYk;; irtj;jpw;Fk; jkpOf;Fk; mUk; njhz;lhw;w mUs;kpF = rptfhkp mk;ghs; rNkj = eluh[g; ngUkhd; ghjhutpe;jq;fisg; gzpe;J gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwhk;.

- fe;ijah ePyfz;ld;> (jiytu;)

m»y ïy§if ïªJ khk‹w¤â‹ ituÉHh btËpL

A Compendium For Hindus

khk‹w¤â‹ btËplhd 'ïªJ k¡fS¡F xU ifnaL' üÈš ml§»íŸs bgU«ghyhd Éõa§fSl‹, nkyâfkhd gy jftšfisí« jh§»ajhf "A Compendium For Hindus" v‹w M§»y üš btËtªJŸsJ.

üÈ‹ Éiy %gh. 1000/=

bfhG«ãYŸs khk‹w¤ jiyikaf¤âY«, ahœ ãuhªâa gÂkidÆY« bg‰W¡ bfhŸsyh«. bjhl®òfS¡F (njhiyNgrp ,y): 011 2434990 (khk‹w¤ jiyikaf«), 021 222 1075 (ahœ ãuhªâa gÂkid)

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,e;J kjk; nrhy;Yk;

Md; k <Nlw; w topKiwfs; fyhg+\zk; jpUkjp Qhdk; QhdNrfu Iah; mirahj ek;gpf;if nfhz;lJ ,e;J kjk;.

,e;J rkak; Md;khf;fisg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk;nghOJ Md; k hf; f s; vz; z pwe; j it. Md; k <Nlw; w k; ngw; w caph; f spd; njhifiaAk; > Md; k <Nlw; w k; ngwTs; s caph;fisAk; fzf;fpLtjdhy;> mJ cyfk; njhlq;fpa fhye; n jhl; L ,Jtiu caph; f s; gpwe; j ehl; f spd; njhifiaAk;. ,dpg; gpwf;Fk; ehl;fspd; njhifiaAk; vz;zpf; fzf;fpLtJ NghyhFk;. mjhtJ vz;zpyy ; hjit vd;gjhFk;.

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,e;j Md;khf;fs; Kk;kyq;fshd Mztk;, fd;kk;. khia Mfpa ghrq;fspdhy; fl;Lz;L ,Uf;fpd;wd. ,jpy; Kk;kyq;fspd; gpbapYs;Nshiu rfyh; vd;Wk;. khiaia tpl;L ,Ukyj;ijAk; cilNahiu gpusahfynud;Wk;. Mztky KilNahiu tpQ;QhdfynudTk; tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdh;.

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khia vd; w jpiuapdhy; ftug; g l; L nray; f isg; GhpAkplj; J fh; t k; , kkij ahTk; cz; l hFk; . ,t; ,ay;gpidAila rfyh; jhk; ghrtiyapDs; ,Uf;fpd;Nwhnkd czukhl;lhh;. Mzt kyk; ,Uistplf; nfhbaJ. ,Us; jdJ cUtj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. Mztk; jdJ nraw;ghl;ilj;jhd; fhl; L k; . mJ ehd; . vdJ vd; w kkij mfq; f huj; i j Vw;gLj;jp nray;fisr; nra;aj; J}z;LfpwJ.

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caph;fspd; ,ay;g+f;fq;fspy; MirAk; xd;W. Mir msTfle; j hy; my; y Yz; l hFk; . vdNtjhd; ‘Mir mWkpd;> Mir mWkpd;. <rNdhlhapDk; Mir mWkpd;’ vd; g h; nghpNahh; . Miria mlf; F tNjh. mWg; g Njh vy; N yhuhYk; ,ayhj xd; w hFk; . mjdhy; NfLfs; gy cz; l hfpd; w d. Miria eP f ; f pNah. Fiwj; N jh NfLfs; Fw;wq;fs; cz;lhfhkw; nra;tjw;F ,e;Jkjk; typAWj;JfpwJ. mJ gw;ww;w tho;fi ; fiaNa Nghjpff; pdw ; J. gw;ww;w tho;f;ifahtJ ‘cs;sJ NghJk;, tUtJ tul;Lk;. NghtJ Nghfl;Lk;. kpQ;RtJ kpQ;rl;Lk; vd;gjpy; mikjp fhz;gjhFk;.

kdpj caph; f spy; rpyh; Vd; FUluhf. nrtpluhf. Cdf;FiwghLfSld; ,Uf;fpdw ; dh;? nry;td;. gzf;fhud;. Vio vdTk; Vd; ,Uf;fpd;wdh;. rpyh; jkJ tho;f;ifapy; chpa flikfs; . jh; k newpfs; xd; i wAk; jtwhJ filg;gpbj;jNghJk; mth;fs; ,d;gj;ij mDgtpf;ftplhky;. mth; f isj; Jd; g k; epoiyg; N ghy; Xl Xl tpul; b f; nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. mth;fs; fhl;by; jpir njhpahjth; Nghd;W tho;eJ ; nfhz;bUg;gjw;fhd fhuzk; ahJ? ,itahTk; Vd; eilngWfpd;wd. vd vk;kpilNa rpe;jid vOtJz;L. ,jw;F ,e;Jrkak; $Wk; tpsf;fk;. mtdtd; Mw;Wk; ey;tpid jPtpidfSf;nfhg;g mtdtd; mjw;fhd gyid mDgtpf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gNj. ,e;jf; fd;kf; Nfhl;ghl;by; kpf mOj; j k; nfhLg; g J ,e; J rkaNk. vtDk; jhNd jdf;F ez;gDk. jhNd jdf;Fg; giftDk; Mthd; vd;w ïªJ xË

cs;sJ NghfhJ> ,y;yhjJ thuhJ vd;gJ xU nghpa cz;ik. MfNtjhd; vy;yhk; vg;NghNjh Kbe;j fhhpak; vdg; nghpNahh; $wpdh;. (ed;wp: ,e;J kjk; vd;d nrhy;fpwJ?- (ghfk; 03)

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Md;kPfr;Rlhpd; mUs;kly;

khkd;wj;jpd; tho;j;Jr;nra;jp (Ng&u; MjPd FUkfhre;epjhdk; )

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fjph;fhk Ntyth; gjpfk; / fjph;fhkRthkp Nghpy; khiy ñ

Kataragama 'Pada Yatras' Then and Now

fjph;fhkj; jhz;lfk; /fe;jFUkzpr; re;jtpUj;jk; 17

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Kj;jkpo; tpj;jfh; Rthkp tpGyhde;j mbfshhpd; ey;thf;F ve;j msTf;F kdq;fyq;fhky; ,Uf;fpwhNah me;j msTf;Fr; rf;jp cz;lhFk;. Mz;ikaw;wtNd Jaug;gLthd;> rpdk; nfhs;thd;. rpdKk; JauKk; nfhs;gtd; f\;lj;ij jhq;fp epw;fkhl;lhd;> Njhy;tpailthd;. ïªJ xË

nfl;l vz;zq;fisg; Nghf;Ftjw;F ey;y vz;zq;fis vz;ZtJ top> giftdJ gifikia kwg;gjw;Fj; NjhodJ md;ig epidg;gJ top> ,Uis ePf;f tpsf;iff; nfhz;L tUtJjhNd top. 42

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,uj;kyhid rf;jp ,y;y khzt khztpaupd; gpwe;jehs; tpoh (11-06-2016)

rf;jp ,y;y khztu;fspd; ,iwtzf;fk;;

khkd;wj; jiytu; jpU. fe;ijah ePyfz;ld; tpohtpid Muk;gpj;J ciuahw;Wfpwhu;

jpUkjp m.fapyhrgps;is mtu;fs; =kjp <\h =tj;]th mtu;fs; gpwe;jehisf; nfhz;lhLk; rf;jp ,y;y gpwe;jehisf; nfhz;lhLk; rf;jp ,y;y khzt> khztpaUld; khzt> khztpaUld;

khkd;wg; nghJr; nrayhsh; jpU. rp. jpy;iyeluh[h mth;fshy; topelhj;jg;gl;l khztu;fspd; MSiktpUj;jp epfo;tpy; ,y;y khztpfs;

ïªJ xË

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gpwe;jehisf; nfhz;lhLk; rf;jp ,y;y khzt> khztpaUf;fhd guprpy;fis =kjp <\h =tj;]th mtu;fs; toq;Ffpwhu;.

nfhOk;G ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up - ,uj;kyhid mjpgu; jpU. v];.n[af;Fkhu;> khkd;w itutpoh rpwg;G kyiu khkd;wg; nghUshsh; jpU. Nt. fe;jrhkp mth;fsplkpUe;J ngw;Wf; nfhs;fpwhu;. mUfpy; khkd;wj; jiytu;

rf;jp ,y;y khzt> khztpaupd; fiy epfo;Tfs;

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