იბერია-კოლხეთი | IBERIA-COLCHIS

arqeologiuri kvlevis centri (sma-s) Centre for Archaeological Studies of the GAS

kolxologiuri narkvevebi Colchological Articles II gela gamyreliZe GELA GAMKRELIDZE

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*kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos gavlenis Sesaxeb --------------------------------------------------------*qalaq fasisis (foTis) topoarqeologiisaTvis --------------*navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi -------------*kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda ---------*kolxi medeas ikonografiisaTvis ---------------------------------*dionises tipis RvTaebis qandakeba vanis naqalaqaridan ----*erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis goris nagebobidan --------------------------------------------------------*prokopi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli “muxirisis” Sesaxeb -----------------------------------------------------*sazRvao naosnoba da vaWroba kolxeTSi -------------------------*vercxlis ritoni sof. gomidan ------------------------------------*jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi --------------------------------*berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq foTi-fasisidan -----------------------------------------------------------*kolxur-mosuinikuri saomari istoriis zogirTi sakiTxi -*kolxeTSi romanizaciis globalisturi procesis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb. (Summary in English) --------------------------------Papers in English *THE LAND OF COLCHIS AND THE CITY OF PHASIS ------*ON THE EVOLUTION THE COLCHIAN AMPHORAE (the 4th cent. BC to the 3rd cent. AD) ------------------------------------*About the author ------------------------------------------------------------

©

Gela Gamkrelidze. 2001 (II gamocema, 2010).

ISBN 99928.0.137.9.(II).

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kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesze biogeogaremos gavlenis Sesaxeb Zveli saqarTvelos istoriuli ganviTarebis jaWvSi erT-erTi metad sayuradRebo rgolia dasavleT saqarTvelo (geografiuli cneba “kolxeTi�). saqarTvelos am nawilma friad rTuli istoriuli gza ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. qarTveluri modgma dasabamidan saxlobs dRevandeli saqarTvelos miwawyalze. am miwaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda maTi istoriul-kulturuli ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da Taviseburi procesi. geopolitikurad aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi ori didi politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis (erTi mxriv iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis) zegavlenas ganicdida. sayuradReboa kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla saberZneTTan, pontosTan da romTan. am qveynebma ZiriTadi roli iTamaSes kolxeTis ganviTarebis kulturul-istoriul procesSi. sayuradReboa agreTve qarTlisa(iberiis) da kolxeTis urTierTobebis Seswavla, radgan maT adgilsa da safuZvelze Semdgom ganviTarda erTiani saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo. istoriuli kvlevisas biogeogaremos (resp. geografiuli garemos) Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia romelime qveynis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesis Seswavla. biogeogaremos ganmsazRvrel rolze sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi Tavdapirvelad yuradReba antikuri epoqis mecnierma da moazrovnem hipokratem gaamaxvila. misi TvalTaxedviT, biogeogaremos komponentebidan mTavari aqcenti klimatze iyo gadatanili. SemdgomSi geografiuli determinizmis ideas bevri momxre gamouCnda, romlebmac is ganaviTares da ufro daxvewes. geografiuli determinizmis momxreTa azriT, geografiuli garemo gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze. isini ZiriTadad gamoyofen _ klimats, landSafts, madneuls, faunas, floras, mdinares, zRvas, qveynis mdebareoba-ganlagebas. es faqtorebi moqmedeben adamianis, 3

sazogadoebis zne-xasiaTze, Sesaxedaobaze, materialur dagrovebaze, sulier wyobaze, qveynis mmarTvelobis formaze da sxva. istoriuli ganviTarebis procesis axsnisasQWeSmariteba ori ZiriTadi faqtoris, kerZod, biogeogaremos da sociogaremos urTierTzemoqmedebis axsnaSi unda veZeboT, romlebzedac, Tavis mxriv, moqmedeben biogeoqimiuri, genetikuri, qronologiuri da sakranoosis procesebi (ix. gamyreliZe 1993, gv.22). biogeogaremos da sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis urTierTzemoqmedebis problema msoflio civilizaciebis warmoqmnaganviTarebis saerTo ZiriTadi problemaa, magram realurad arsebobs konkretuli biogeogaremo, konkretuli regioni, konkretuli sazogadoeba. Cven vecadeT es urTierTobebi gangvexila Zveli kolxeTis magaliTze. kolxeTi, rogorc istoriul-geografiuli mxare, mTel dasavleT saqarTvelos moicavs. misi fizikur-geografiuli sazRvrebia: CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis maRali mTebi; samxreTiT “mcire kavkasioni�, aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi; aRmosavleTiT suramis anu lixis qedi, xolo dasavleTiT Savi zRva. dasavleT saqarTvelos, kolxeTis mTianeTis borcvgorakebi, xeobebi, serebi, tafobebi da dablobi TavianTi bunebrivi garemoTi mosaxerxebel dasasaxlebel adgilebs qmnian. aq didi raodenobiT moipoveba saSeni masala _ xe, sxvadasxva jiSis qva, Tixa da a.S. aris marmarilo, kirqva, TabaSiri, keramikuli Tixa, sxvadasxva fiqlebi. kolxeTSi Tixis WurWlis moWiqvisaTvis da minis WurWlis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneboda kvarcis qviSa, romelic mravlad moipoveba. dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia iseTi mineralebic, romlebic ZvelTaganve gamoiyeneba samkaulebis dasamzadeblad, mag., giSeri, mTis broli, aqati, qalcedoni, sardioni, obsidiani, surinji da a.S. kolxeTSi metalurgiuli (spilenZi, rkina, tyvia, TuTia, kala, vercxli) nedleulis mopovebis ZiriTadi adgilebia _ raWa-leCxumi, svaneTi, afxazeTi, aWara. mdinareebis enguris, cxeniswylis, texuris da rionis qviSa garkveuli raodenobiT oqros Seicavs. amas adasturebs jer kidev Is. avtori straboni, romlis nawerebic sakmao safuZvlianobiT 4

gamoirCeva: “wylis nakadebs oqro Camoaqvs, xolo adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi mas agroveben daCvretili varclebiT da bewviani tyavebiT” (straboni, XI, II, 19). II saukunis avtori apianec aRniSnavs: “kavkasionidan Camomdinare nakadulebs oqros qviSa Camoaqvs. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi mdinareebSi xSirbewvian cxvris tyavebs ageben da agroveben qviSas, romelic maTze ileqeba” (apiane, miTridates omebi, 103) oqros mopovebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems I saukunis avtori gaius plinius sekundusic (ufrosi): “kolxeTSi mefobda aietis memkvidre savlaki, romelic Tavis sameufeoSi didZal oqros da vercxls ipovebda svaneTis miwasa da saerTod saxelmwifoSi...”(NH, XXXIII). sayovelTaod cnobilia kolxeTis mosaxleobis roli metalurgiuli warmoebis saqmeSi (mag: xalibebi, mosuinikebi, mosxebi). kolxeTis regioni liTonebis warmoeba-damuSavebis erT-erT msoflio centrs warmoadgenda. aq mosaxleobis mier madneulis nayofierma damuSaveba-gamoyenebam kolxuri sazogadoeba ukve Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi axali ganviTarebis safexurze aiyvana. antikur xanaSi kolxuri metalis eqsporti mezobel qveynebSic xdeboda. amdenad, kolxeTSi sasargeblo madneulis arseboba iwvevda pozitiur Zvrebs warmoebis ganviTarebaSi, rac Tavis mxriv, aqauri sazogadoebis ganviTarebis process aCqarebda. amgvarad, Zveli kolxeTi madneuliT mdidari qveyana Cans, rac SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedo mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli xelosnoba-warmoebis mTeli rigi dargebis ganviTarebas. am dargebis produqcia ki xSirad sxvadasxva qveynebSi gahqondaT. iqidan ki SemohqondaT iseTi nawarmi, romelic adgilobrivad ar moipoveboda. kolxeTis reliefi, teqtonikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebis gamo, or ZiriTad gansxvavebul nawilad iyofa: mTa-mTiswineTad da bardablobad. lixis, didi da mcire kavkasionis mTianeTSi gadioda bilikgzebi, romliTac kolxeTis mosaxleoba ukavSirdeboda danarCen kulturul samyaros. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi am gadasasvlelebs exlac iyeneben. esenia: rikoTis, zekaris, mefiswyaros, goderZis, 5

mamisonis, nakris, qluxoris da sxva. es gadasasvlelebi xels uwyobdnen ekonomikuri kontaqtebis gaRrmavebas. mTebiT SemosazRvruli kolxeTi Tavisi reliefiT (qedebi, xeobebi, serebi, tafobebi, borcv-gorakebi) mosaxerxebel TavdacviT da samxedrostrategiul garemos qmnida. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa Zv.w. Is-is romaeli mxedarTmTavris lukulusis miTridate evpatorTan omis dros kavkasionis mTianeTis da misi mimdebare teritoriis samxedro moqmedebis adgilis Sefaseba: “me aq im mizniT vayovneb, rom Cemma mowinaaRmdegem (miTridate evpatori – g.g.) kvlav moikribos Zala da did mxedrobas mouyaros Tavi, raTa adgilzeve darCes da Cveni miaxloebisTanave ar gaiqces. gana Tqven ver xedavT, rom mis zurgSi gadaSlilia uzarmazari da usazRvro udabno? (igulisxmeba bosfor-yubanis stepebi – g.g.). iqve axlos aris kavkasioni mravali maRali mTiT, romelTac sul advilad SeuZliaT Seifaron da daicvan brZolis amridebeli aTobiT mefe” (plutarqe, lukulusi, 14). aRsaniSnavia, rom samxedro moqmedebis dros didi mniSvneloba aqvs adgilobrivi relief-landSaftis gaTvaliswinebas.

Casaketad advili viwro xeobebis, Znelad gadasalaxi maRali mTebis, gasamagreblad mosaxerxebeli gorebis, xSiri gauvali tyeebis, Znelad dasaZlevi mdinareebis moxerxebuli samxedro-strategiuli gamoyeneba saomari moqmedebis warmatebuli dagvirgvinebis garantia iyo. aranaklebi mniSvneloba samxedro moqmedebisas eniWeba klimats da weliwadis droebis cvlas. magaliTad, miTridate evpatori pompeusTan omis dros “mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqca” (straboni, XII, III, 28). mas Zalebis mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda da zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara. am SemTxvevaSi miTridatem zamTari da mTebi (reliefi da hava) Tavisi samxedro-strategiuli gegmis gansaxorcieleblad gamoiyena. zemoxsenebuli mTaTa myinvarebidan gamoedineba didi Tu patara mdinareebi, romlebic Savi zRvis auzs miekuTvnebian. isini raodenobrivad 16000-ze metia. maT Soris wyaluxvobiT uwinaresi adgili uWiravs _ rions, yvirilas, cxeniswyals, texurs, xobs, engurs, kodors, bzifs, RaliZgas, xaniswyals, fiCors, sufsas, natanebs, Woroxs. aqedan xobs, 6

texurs, fiCors, sufsas, da gansakuTrebiT rion-yvirilas satransporto gadasaadgilebel gzebad iyenebdnen. maTze savaWro-satransporto navebiT dacuravdnen. swored es savaWro-samdinaro gzebi (vidre saxmeleTo) gacilebiT rentabelurs xdida vaWrobas, romelic adgilobrivi mosaxleobis ganviTarebisTvis erT-erT mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgenda. rioni(fasisi) kolxeTis mTavari mdinarea. mdinare rioni kavkasionis samxreT kalTebidan, fasis mTis myinvaridan gamoedineba. qalaq quTaisamde is mTis mCqefare mdinarea, Cqari dineba gaaCnia da umeteswilad viwro xeobaSi moedineba; quTaisis qvemoT kolxeTis dablobze Camodis da baris mdinaris mdore dineba uCndeba. is itoteba da mTebidan Camotanili Slamis daleqviT warmoqmnis kunZulebs. rioni, rogorc Cans, xSirad icvlida kalapots, amitom kolxeTis dablobze kargad SeimCneva narionalebi, Zveli kalapotebi. sayuradReboa, rionis IIs-Si mnaxvelis flavius arianes TxzulebaSi _ “mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo” _ daculi cnoba: “fasisis wyals tyviis Tu kalis feri dakravs, magram rom gaaCereb, Zalian wminda xdeba” (flavius ariane, 1951, gv.37). werilobiT wyaroebSi fasisi pirvelad ixsenieba hesiodes “TeogoniaSi” (Zv.w.VIIs.). rion-yvirila(fasisi) Tavisi fizikur-geografiuli mdebareobiT moxerxebuli savaWro-satranzito gza iyo. cnobebi misi satranzito gzad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad Semonaxulia strabonis da pliniusis nawerebSi. straboni aRwers md. rion-yvirilas magistrals: “fasisze aRma curva SeiZleba Sorapnamde. am simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba; Sorapnidan fexiT, saurme gziT oTx dReSi miisvleba md. mtkvramde” (XI,II,17). am gzis gagrZelebas straboni ase agviwers: “…induri saqoneli SemoaqvT hirkanis zRvaSi, xolo aqedan albaneTSi gadaaqvT da Semdeg mtkvarze da mis momdevno adgilebiT evqsinis zRvaSi CaaqvT” (straboni, XI, VII,3). amrigad, naTelia, rom Is.is avtori straboni aRwers savaWro gzas, romelic moemarTeboda aRmosavleTidan md. mtkvarze da md. fasisze (rion-yvirila) gavliT Savi 7

zRvisken. amave gzas aRwers Is-is avtori pliniusi:“pompeusis laSqrobis dros, misi brZanebiT Seswavlil iqna, rom indoeTidan SeiZleba Svid dReSi Casvla baqtriaSi, md. baqtrTan, romelic erTvis oqss. aqedan induri savaWro saqoneli gadaaqvT kaspiis zRvis iqiT md. mtkvarze da xmeleTiT ara umetes xuTi dRisa maT SeuZliaT miaRwion fasiss, romelic Sav zRvas uerTdeba” (plinius sekundusi, NH,VI,52). sayuradReboa, rom swored am gzis gayolebaze mdebareobs antikuri xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlarebi, romelTa arqeologiuri kvlevis drosac aRmoCnda Semotanili ucxouri nawarmi (keramika, samkaulebi, monetebi, liTonis da minis WurWeli). aseTi namosaxlarebi md. rion-yvirilas gayolebaze aRmoCenilia SorapanSi, patrikeTSi, vanSi, sayanCiaSi, cixesulorSi, SuamTaSi, farcxanayanevSi, sof. mTisZirSi, dablagomSi, dafnarSi, sajavaxoSi, patara foTSi, WaladidSi, foTSi (paliastomis tbaze) da sxva. rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-samdinaro gzis bolo punqti iyo tba paliastomze mdebare qalaqi, romlis Semdegac savaWro karWapebi Sav zRvaSi gadiodnen kabotaJuri curvisaTvis. geomorfologebis azriT, paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zvelad aq mdinare rionis limani iyo. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaq-navsayudeli mdebareobda, xomaldebi Semosuliyvnen. xomaldebidan Semdeg tvirTi brtyelZira samdinaro karWapebSi gadaitvirTeboda da paliastomis gavliT mdinare rionze anda fiCorze aRma agrZelebda svlas. agaTia paliastomis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: “iq xom erTi tba aris, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic evqsinis pontos uerTdeba”. Semdeg “didi satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis napiras da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad” (agaTia, “georgika”, 1936, gv.102). mdinare rionze Camocurebuli satransporto navebidan tvirTi paliastomis tbaze mdebare navsayudelSi ukve sazRvao karWap-xomaldebSi gadahqondaT da Savi zRvis gavliT mihqondaT Soreul qveynebSi. 8

zRvam didi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis socialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT zRvis sanapiroze mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebia mikvleuli: afsarosi (goniosTan), baTumis cixe, cixisZiri, qobuleTfiWvnari, ureki, fasisi (foTTan), anaklia, fiCori, gienosi (oCamCiresTan), dioskuriasebastopoli (soxumTan), eSera, pitiunti(biWvinTasTan) da a.S. CamoTvlili dasaxlebebi, bunebrivia, cxovrebis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. isini garkveul rols asrulebdnen ucxoeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturulpolitikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel rigSi, swored zRvispira qalaqebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda kontaqtebi Savi zRvis da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan da qalaqebTan: mileTTan, qiosTan, rodosTan, aTenTan, mendesTan, sinopesTan, romTan (ostia).

SemdgomSi bizantiasTan (konstantinepolTan), genuasTan, veneciasTan da sxva. zRvispira qalaqebSi, vaWrobis garda, xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargebi (meTuneoba, mWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba, da a.S.) iyo ganviTarebuli. magram aq gansakuTrebuli adgili mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas, zRvaosnobas, meTevzeobas, zRvis marilis mopovebas da, rac mTavaria, vaWrobas eWira. cnobilia, rom zRvam msoflio arenaze civilizebuli qveynebi gamoiyvana. antikur epoqaSi kolxebmac gamoiyenes sazRvao komunikaciebi vaWrobisaTvis. antikur xanaSi kolxeTis sanapiroze garkveuli sakontaqto regioni Seiqmna antikur samyarosa da kolxeTs Soris. bizantieli istorikosi agaTia kolxeTis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: “Zlierni da mamacni arian lazebi”. isini “…amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT…”; gamoirCevian “…Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, aseve qveSevrdomTa simravliT, miwawylis siWarbiT da mosavlianobiT…” “…exlandeli mcxovreblebi dacuraven kidec, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, da vaWrobaSic naxuloben did sargebels” (agaTia, III,5; yauxCiSvili, 1936, gv.50).

Savi zRva xmeleTSida zRvaa. is bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT gadis xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi. bosforis srutis uviwroesi adgili siganeSi mxolod 700 metria, amitom misi gadaketva-kontroli advilia.

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srute geopolitikurstrategiulad friad mosaxerxebelia. istoriulad vis xelSiac bosforis srute iyo, is akontrolebda xmelTaSua da Sav zRvebs Soris mimosvlas. aman uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis istoriul-ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. antikuri xanis kolxeTis geografiulma adgilmdebareobam ganapiroba sazRvao (sanapiro qalaqebi _ fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria da sxva.) da samdinaro (rionyvirilas satranzito gza) komunikaciebis ganviTareba, rac didad moqmedebda maSindeli qveynis Siga da gare warmatebuli vaWrobis warmoebaze. kolxeTis sanapiroze zRvis wyali ar iyineba. kolxeTis farglebSi sanapiroze Zlieri grigaluri, damangreveli qari ar icis. zRva udides rols TamaSobs kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, did gavlenas axdens aqaur agroklimatur situaciaze da adgilobrivi mcxovreblebis sameurneo yofaze. zRva kolxeTSi Tbili da notio klimatis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. kolxeTis istoriaSi erTerTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi roli zRvis napiris biogeogaremos Secvlam iTamaSa. geomorfologebis varaudiT, axalSavzRviurma transgresiam Secvala fanagoriuli regresia (daaxloebiT Zv.w. I aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvis mijnaze isev iwyeba transgresia, zRvis donis aweva. amis gamo sanapiroze ganlagebuli qalaq-dasaxlebebi wylis qveS moxvda da Sewyvita arseboba. saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, werilobiTi wyaroebis (skilaqs kariandeli, flavius ariane, pomponius mela, straboni, klavdios ptolemaiosi, prokopi kesarieli, agaTia, vaxuSti bagrationi da sxv.) mixedviT, mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi aris moxseniebuli: foTTan – fasisi, oCamCiresTan – gienosi(?), soxumTan – dioskuria-sebastopolisi, biWvinTasTan – pitiunti da a.S. xsenebuli naqalaqarebis an maTi mimdebare teritoriis wyalSi daZirvam da cxovrebis Sewyvetam zRvispireTSi ekonomikuri donis daqveiTeba gamoiwvia.

Sesabamisad, gvianantikuri xanis da adreuli Suasaukuneebis kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaze es geomorfologiuri procesi uaryofiTad imoqmedebda. sayuradReboa strabonis “geografiaSi” cnoba, sadac, Savi zRvis is monakveTi, 10

romelic mdebareobda kolxeTis sanapirosTan, iwodeboda “kolxeTis zRvad”(XI, I,6). kavkasioni, antikavkasioni, lixis qedi da Savi zRva qmnian bunebrivad SemozRudul teritorias, romlis SuaSic kolxeTis bardablobi da mTiswineTi eqceva. es teritoria kolxeTis mTavari agrarul-sameurneo regioni iyo. kolxeTis bar-dablobi xasiTdeba Waobiani da eweri, xolo mTiswineTi wiTeli da yviTelmiwa niadagebiT. kolxeTis dablobi sxvadasxva sibrtyeebzea ganlagebuli. amitom dasavleT, zRvispira monakveTSi aRiniSneba gansakuTrebuli Waobianoba, xolo aRmosavleTiT ufro eweri niadagebia. WaobebSi ZiriTadad torfiani niadagebi Warbobs. aris agreTve Waobis qviSalamiani da Tixnariani monakveTebic. agrarulsameurneo saqmianobaSi yvelaze metad gamoyenebulia kolxeTis dablobis SemaRlebuli monakveTi. sameurneo saqmianobaSi iyo Cabmuli agreTve kolxeTis mTiswineTis borcv-gorakiani nawilic. strabonis “geografiaSi” daculi cnobis mixedviT, kolxeTi bunebrivi resursebiT sakmaod mdidar qveynad warmogvidgeba: “…qveyanaSi kargi nayofi icis; …moipoveba gemTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba aq mravali tye da mdinareebiT CamoaqvT; amuSaveben bevr sels, kanafs, cvilsa da fiss. xolo selis warmoeba ganTqmulia da gareTac ki gaaqvT” (straboni, XI, II,17). eqsportzea saubari markus maniliusis (Is.) cnobaSic, sadac is gadmogvcems, rom romaelebs kvebavs numidielTa sanapiro da fasisis Walebio. sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb VIs-is bizantieli mwerlis prokopi kesarielis werilobiTi cnoba: “moxirisi erTi dRis savalzea arqeopolisidan da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels. kolxeTis miwa-wyalze is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens; Rvinoc kargi modis da nayofic iq kargad xarobs” (prokopi kesarieli BG, VIII,14). kolxeTSi mdebare moxirisis mxare, rogorc Cans, ekonomikurad Zlieri regionia. md. rionis Suaweli emTxveva kolxeTis am regionis SedarebiT gviandel saxelwodebas _ “samoqalaqo”, romelic agreTve mZlavr ekonomikur mxared aris cnobili. kolxeTis dablobi rom 11

dawinaurebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri mxare iyo, kargad Cans am regionSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalidanac. kolxeTis klimatis formirebaSi did rols asrulebs mzis radiacia, haeris cirkulacia, zRvasTan siaxlove. aq baris da mTis havaSi didi sxvaobaa. kolxeTis qaris mimarTuleba-siCqareze ZiriTadad xeobebis, qedebis da zegnebis ganlageba moqmedebs. xalxur dakvirvebaSi SemorCenilia ori qaris saxeli _ “zena qari” da “qvena qari” (dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis qari), romelTa mixedviTac meurne cdilobda amindis prognozirebas da Tavis sameurneo saqmianobis Sesabamisad dagegmvas. kolxeTi mravalferovania Tavisi mcenareuli safariT. aq dResac SexvdebiT reliqtur saxeobebs; aris endemuri jiSebi. alpuri sartyelis qvemoT mTa-mTiswineTi da nawilobriv baric, ZiriTadad tyiTaa Semosili. bar-dablobSi tyeebi ZiriTadad mdinareebis WalebSia. kolxeTis bar-mTiswineTSi gabatonebulia foTlovani xeebi _ muxa, rcxila, wabli, wifeli, cacxvi, nekerCxali. SemorCenilia agreTve mesameuli periodis xeebi _ lafani, Zelqva. aris maradmwvane buCqnarebi _ bza, wyavi, Sqeri. dablobebSi tye CaxlarTulia xviarebiT (suro, Rvedkeci). winaT kolxeTis dablobze SemaRlebul adgilebSi izrdeboda muxa, rcxila, wifeli, rac exla aq TiTqmis iSviTobas warmoadgens. am xeebis samSeneblo masalad gamoyeneba arqeologiuri monacemebiT xSirad dasturdeba. kolxeTis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze Zv.w. IIIsaukunemde, xe SeiZleba ZiriTad samSeneblo masalad CaiTvalos. gaTlili xisagan da morisagan igeboda sacxovrebeli saxlebi, Sendeboda TavdacviTi nagebobebi da zogjer Waobian adgilebSi gza-trotuarebis gasamarTavadac gamoiyeneboda. strabonis cnobiT, "qveyanaSi (kolxeTSi _ g.g.) ...moipoveba gemTsaSeni ...masala, radgan aq izrdeba mravali tye...;" (ix. straboni, XI, II,17). tyeebis siuxvesve adasturebs Zv.w. Is. romaeli arqiteqtori vitruviusic: "kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo 12

awyoben miwaze marjvniv da marcxniv mTlian xeebs... da ageben..." (vitruviusi, aTi wigni arqiteqturis Sesaxeb, II w. I,4). kolxeTis qvemo nawili torfian Waobebs uWiravs. Waobis da misi mimdebare adgilebisaTvis ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia lelianebi, islianebi, Calianebi, gvimrianebi; seli, kanafi da sxv. Zveli kolxeTis sameurneo yofisaTvis didi mniSvneloba eqneboda iseTi mcenareebis gavrcelebas, rogoric iyo, magaliTad, xorblis da qeris marcvali, vazi, fetvi, Wvavi, wabli, Romi, kakali, Txili, leRvi, zRmartli, xaxvi da sxv. kolxeTis bar-dablobSi ukeTesi mdgomareoba iyo dasasaxleblad da sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis. bunebrivia, aq xdeboda kulturul-sameurneo mcenareebis axali jiSebis Semotana-gavrceleba. zog SemTxvevaSi axali produqtiuli jiSebis SemotaniT Zveli tradiciuli jiSebi TiTqmis qreboda. magaliTad, XVIIs-Si simindis Semotanam kolxeTSi TandaTan TiTqmis mospo iseTi Zveli kulturuli mcenare, rogoric Romia. cxovelTa samyarodan kolxeTSi, endemuris garda, mravladaa gavrcelebuli evropuli da mcireaziuri saxeobebi. marto kolxeTis dablobze mecnier-mkvlevarebis mier aRnusxulia 380-mde xerxemliani cxoveli. cxovelTa samyaros simravleze da mis mravalferovnebaze iyo garkveulwilad damyarebuli mocemul teritoriaze mosaxleobis gamokveba. amitom aq Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba erT-erTi sameurneo saqmianoba unda yofiliyo. kolxeTSi nadirobdnen iseT gareul cxovelebze, rogoricaa _ arCvi, jixvi, Rori, kurdReli, iremi, Sveli, mura daTvi da sxv.; mglis, daTvis, turis, melas, focxveris tyavs samosisTvis iyenebdnen. kolxeTis mdinareebSi bevria kalmaxi, loqo, oraguli, wvera. sakvebad gamosayenebel frinvelTagan gavrcelebulia xoxobi, gareuli ixvi, bati, gnoli, mwyeri. amaTgan ara marto Sida, aramed sagareo bazarze TiTqmis mTel maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi saxeli moixveWa kolxurfasisurma xoxobma _ Phasianus Colchicus, romelic or kilogramamde iwonis. fasisur xoxobs sakvebad gansakuTrebiT SeZlebuli gurmanebi 13

etanebodnen da amitom es delikatesi Zvirad fasobda, Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli, rom xoxbebs dekoratiuli (farSevangisnairi) daniSnulebac hqondaT. xoxobi mkveTradaa nairferad Seferili, xolo bumbulze vercxlisferi bzinvareba dahkravs. XIIs-is avtori evstaTi Tesalonikeli Zvel gadmocemebze dayrdnobiT naSromSi "homerosis iliadas ganmartebebi" aRniSnavs: "...amboben mefe ptolemeosi gamotyda, rom mas ar egemna fasisuri xoxobi, radgan winaprebi mas (xoxobs _ g.g.) aSenebdnen silamazisaTvis..."(XXII,69). antikuri werilobiTi wyaroebidan naTelia, rom xoxobis saxeli maSindel civilizebul samyaroSi fasisidan aris gavrcelebuli. Sesabamisad, xoxobis saxeli berZnul-laTinuridan Sevida sxva evropul enebSi. Zvel saqarTveloSi xoxobi, albaT, imdenad mniSvnelovani sakvebi frinveli iyo, rom qarTul gastronomiul folklorSi dResac ixmareba misgan damzadebuli kerZi _ Caxoxbili, romelsac exla qaTmisagan amzadeben. dasavleT saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad mopovebul masalaSi xSiria osteologiuri naSTebi, rac garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Zveli kolxeTis mosaxleobis mecxoveleoba-monadireobis Sesaxeb. antikur xanasa da Sua saukuneebSi aq monadireobas ukve aRar eqneboda iseTi sasicocxlo mniSvneloba, rogorc wina epoqebSi hqonda. rac Seexeba mecxoveleobas, arqeologiur masalaSi msxvili da wvrili rqosani saqonlis (xar-Zroxa, Txa, cxvari) Zvlebi mravlad aris dadasturebuli. gvxvdeba agreTve Roris, ZaRlis, cxenis Zvlebic. es osteologiuri monacemebi dRevandeli dasavleT saqarTvelosTvis damaxasiaTebel Sinaur cxovelTa saxeobebs Camogavs. sagulisxmoa, rom aristotele (Zv.w. IVs.) naSromSi "cxovelTa istoria" kolxeTis tanmorCil Zroxebs aRwers: "mewveli cxoveli met Tu nakleb rZes moiwvelis, damokidebulia tanis sididezedac da sazrdos nairferovnebazec. magaliTad, fasisTan arian momcro Zroxebi, romelTagan TiToeuli bevr rZes iwvelis..."(III,21). gamwev satransporto pirutyvidan ZiriTadad arqeologiur masalaSi dadasturebulia xarisa da cxenis Zvlebi.

14

kolxeTSi xaris sameurneo saqmianobaSi gamoyenebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs apolonios rodoseli (Zv.w. IIIs.) "argonavtikaSi": "velze sabalaxod gaSvebuli myavs ori spilenZisCliqebiani xari, romlebic cecxls afrqveven. me maT uRelSi vabam da xodabunisaken miverekebi. am adgils swrafad vxnav guTniT..." "...xarebs uRelSi diliT adre vabam, xolo saRamo xans mkas vaTaveb" (argonavtika, III,405-415). saerTod, kolxeTSi da gansakuTrebiT mis dablob nawilSi wvimebis siuxve, Tbili zamTari da xangrZlivi zafxuli xelsayrel pirobebs qmnis sameurneo-agraruli saqmianobisaTvis, kerZod, memarcvleobis, mebostneobis da mevenaxeoba-mexileobis ganviTarebisaTvis, rac kolxeTs, adridanve, Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo qveynebis rigSi ayenebda. xsenebuli samiwaTmoqmedo-sameurneo dargebis ganviTareba mocemuli regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebel kvebis racions ayalibebda. aseTi racionis gastrokaloriuli produqtebi ki, Tavis mxriv, iwvevdnen garkveuli fizionomur-fsiqikuri, kolxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli adamianis tipis ganviTareba-Camoyalibebas. erTi mxriv, zemoT xsenebul garemoebas, da meore mxriv, sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebas da Warbi produqciis warmoebas kolxeTSi demografiuli zrda unda gamoewvia. kolxeTis dablobi garSemortymulia mTebis naoWa sistemiT. mis dabal nawilSi gavrcelebulia torfian-Waobiani niadagebi. mdinareTa auzebSi gvxvdeba aluviuri miwebi. kolxeTis aRmosavleT nawilSi ZiriTadad aluviurTan erTad neSompala-karbonatuli niadagebia. hava aq gardamavalia notiodan mSralisaken da zafxuli Tbili icis. kolxeTis dablobTan SedarebiT wvimebi aq naklebia. dasavleT kolxeTis klimatur-geografiuli garemos Sesaxeb Zv.w.

IVs-is ganTqmuli berZeni mecnieri hipokrate gadmogvcems: "es qveyana Waobiania, Tbili, wyliani da tyiani. wlis yovel dros aq xSiri wvimebi icis. adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi aqvT, maT xisa da lerwmis saxlebi wyalze aqvT." "fasisi mdinareTa Soris yvelaze dinjia da mdored moedineba"; "aq bevri samxreTis qari qris, garda erTi adgilobrivi qarisa; xolo es xandaxan Zlierad uberavs da cxelia. am 15

qars ewodeba qenxronis. CrdiloeTis qari aqamde TiTqmis ver aRwevs, xolo roca uberavs, is sustia da wynari." "...fasiselebs sxva adamianebTan SedarebiT Zalian gansxvavebuli garegnoba aqvT" (hipokrate, haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb, ยง15). kolxeTis dablobis klimatur pirobebs aseve axasiaTebs XVIIs. italieli mogzaur-misioneri arqanjelo lamberti: "kolxeTs adgilmdebareobis gamo iseTi notio hava aqvs, romlis nairi arsad ar moipoveba. mizezi amisa is aris, rom dasavleTiT, Savi zRvidan hqris namiani haeri da aRmosavleTiT ki akravs kavkasioni, saidanac mravali mdinare Camoedineba. amas emateba xSiri tyeebi, romlis gamoc haeri cudad moZraobs. zRvis qari Zalian xSiria da mas xSiradve mosdevs wvima" (arqanjelo lamberti, 1938, gv.19-20). havisa da tyiani safaris Sesaxeb, kolxeTSi, sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis XVIIIs. qarTveli mecnieri vaxuSti bagrationi naSromSi "aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa": "da ars qveyana ese friad tyiani, rameTu iSviaT ars velni, Tu ar adgil-adgils mcireni, Tvinier saxvnelTagan. aramed tyeni adgil-adgil xilian-venaxiani. haviTa keTilmSueni. garna tyis gamo zafxuls imyofis sicxe, vinaiTgan Zniad iZvris qarni, da ara gauZlisi sicxe, Tvinier adgilTa romelTam. zamTari Tbili, rameTu ver odes ganhyinavs mdinareTa, verca gubesa, romelsa zeda Sedges utyvi anu metyueli. aramed Tovli didi, romlisa simaRle odesme mxari da umetesica. TualTa queSe Sueniereba egoden ara mzenarobs tyis gamo, Tvinier adgil-adgilTa, rameTu, ukeTu daxedo maRlis mTidam, ixilav sruliads..." (vaxuSti, 1973, gv.743). zemoT moyvanili monacemebidan Cans, rom kolxeTis fizikurgeografiuli da agroklimaturi, aqedan gamomdinare sawarmoo-sameurneo pirobebi ukanaskneli ocdasami saukunis ganmavlobaSi didad ar Secvlila. saerTod, holocenSi kolxeTis biogeogaremo, da upirvelesad klimati, dRemde arsebiTad ar Secvlila (ix. janeliZe, 1991,gv.68-69). amasTanave gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom XIXsaukunidan moyolebuli, teqnikis ganviTarebam, adamianis gacxovelebulma sameurneo saqmianobam, 16

tyeebis didi raodenobiT gaCexvam, Waobebis amoSrobam da a.S., bunebrivia, kolxeTis geoklimatur pirobebze uaryofiTad imoqmeda. kolxeTis istoriul ganviTarebaSi angariSgasawevia biogeogaremos zogierTi faqtor-komponentis uaryofiTi mxare. kerZod, kolxeTSi agroklimaturi pirobebi kargia, magram dasamuSavebeli farTobebi cotaa, rac miwaTmoqmedebis intensiuri ganviTarebisaTvis araxelsayreli iqneboda da, Sesabamisad, demografiul situaciazec imoqmedebda. dasavleT kolxeTis Waobianoba iwvevda sxvada-sxva daavadebas, rac agreTve uaryofiTad imoqmedebda mosaxleobis gamravlebaze. kolxeTis mTagoriani da Waobiani landSafti saxmeleTo komunikaciebis gasamarTavad mouxerxebeli iyo, rac gamoiwvevda vaWrobis Seferxebas. kolxeTis sasargeblo madneuli safuZvlad daedo gadamamuSavebel sameurneo-sawarmoo saqmianobas, magram es ukanasknelic, garkveuli teqnologiuri mizezebis gamo, etyoba srulad ar iyo gamoyenebuli. uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa agreTve zRvis transgresiam, ramac sanapiroze mdebare savaWro-sameurneo saqmianobis stagnacia gamoiwvia. kolxeTis zRvis sanapiroze bunebrivi yureebi cotaa, rac navTsayudlebis mowyobis simcires iwvevda da agreTve uaryofiTad zemoqmedebda zRvaosnobis intensiur ganviTarebaze. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, md. rionis, md. Woroxis da md. enguris auzebSi daaxloebiT Zv.w. II aTaswleulis meore naxevarSi da Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi erTgvarovani kulturuli areali yalibdeba, romelic kolxuri brinjaos kulturadaa saxeldebuli. am kulturis maxasiaTebelia xis Zeluri arqiteqtura, brinjaos da keramikis Taviseburi formiTa da gaformebiT gamorCeuli nawarmi. kolxuri brinjaos nimuSebis metalografiulma Seswavlam cxadyo _ dariSxanisa da kalis minarevebiani brinjaos nivTebis gavrceleba. agreTve maTi specialur qvis an Tixis yalibSi Camosxma, kverva-Wedva, SeduReba da tvifrva. amgvari rTuli teqnologiuri codnis gamoyenebam uzrunvelyo sxvadasxvagvari da mravalricxovani nivTebis Seqmna. esenia: brinjaos sameurneo iaraRi _ Toxi, culi, waldi, saxnisis daboloeba 17

da sxv. saomari iaraRi _ Subi, culi, isrispiri, satevari da sxv. tanisamosis mosarTavebi, samkaulebi da sxv. es nivTebi mravladaa warmodgenili am epoqis namosaxlarebze, liTonis da keramikis warmoebis adgilebze, samarovnebze da sxv. brinjaos warmoebis srulyofam dadebiTi roli Seasruli kolxeTis ekonomikur aRmavlobaSi. miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTarebaze migvaniSnebs arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili marcvleulis adgilobrivi jiSebi _ xorblis, fetvis, qeris naSTebi. agreTve napovnia yurZnis wipwebi. es yvelaferi inaxeboda namosaxlarebze aRmoCenil dergebSi, qoTnebSi, jamebSi. aqve dadasturebulia qvis xelsafqvavebi, namglispirebi, puris gamosacxobi kecebi da brtyeli qvebi. miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad mesaqonleobis ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs namosaxlarebze aRmoCenili msxvilfexa rqosani saqonlis, cxvris, Txis da Roris mravalricxovani Zvlebi. arqeologiuri monacemebi mowmobs, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasawyisisaTvis dasavleT saqarTvelo sakmaod kargad iyo gansaxlebuli. sacxovreblad da sameurneo saqmianobisaTvis aTvisebuli iyo kolxeTis dablobi da mTiswina borcv-gorakebi. aq sadReisoT, jerjerobiT, 200mde namosaxlaria cnobili. samosaxlo borcvebis gansakuTrebuli simravle rion-enguris ormdinareTSi SeiniSneba. aq samosaxloebi ZiriTadad xelovnurad mozvinul borcvebzeaa ganlagebuli. samosaxlos amgvari saxis gavrceleba kolxeTis dablobis Waobianma da Warbtenianma garemom ganapiroba. borcvebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dasturdeba xelovnurad mozvinur gorakze agebuli xis Zelebiani e.w. jargvaluri tipis nagebobebi, romlebic SemozRuduli iyo ZelebiTve naSeni damcavi kedlebiT. namosaxlarebis garSemo gaTxrili iyo sadrenaJe da TavdacviTi arxebi. samosaxlo borcvebi umetesad jgufurad aris ganlagebuli. am jgufebSi gamoirCeva ufro didi zomis samosaxlo borcvebi, romlebic ufro farTe ormagi TxrilebiTaa gamagrebuli. aSkaraa, rom es samosaxlo gamagrebuli borcvi sxvebzea gabatonebuli da maT iqvemdebarebs. mTavari borcvebis diametri 80m-dan _ 200m-mde meryeobs; xolo daqvemdebarebuli mcire borcvebis 18

diametri daaxloebiT 30m-dan _ 80m-mdea; simaRle _ 3m-dan _ 7m-mdea. es samosaxloebi SesaZloa naTesaur kavSirze damyarebuli sasoflo Temebis sacxovrisebi iyo. bunebrivia, rom aseTi sididis xelovnuri miwazvinulebis Seqmna, aseTi sadrenaJe, TavdacviTi da sakomunikacio arxebis gaWra Sesabamisi Sromis iaraRebisa da mravalricxovan adamianTa kargad organizebuli Sromis gareSe warmoudgeneli iqneboda. agreTve bunebrivia, rom am samuSaoebs xelmZRvanelobdnen codna-gamocdilebis mqone gamorCeuli pirovnebebi. swored es liderebi anxorcielebdnen am borcvze ganlagebuli gamagrebuli sasoflo dasaxlebebis dacvas. amrigad, TavdacviTi da sacxovrebeli problemebis erToblivi ZalisxmeviT gadawyvetis pirobebSi xdeboda garkveuli politikuri konsolidacia, rac Semdeg erTgvarovani kulturis gavrcelebaSi aisaxeboda. samuSaoebis masStabebis da TavdacviTi mzadyofnis zrdasTan erTad izrdeba liderebis roli sazogadoebaSi. amavdroulad Cndeba erTiani winamZRoli, romelsac danarCeni liderebi emorCilebian. amgvar sazogadoebrivpolitikur struqturas, romelic winasaxelmwifoebrividan saxelmwifoze gardamaval etaps warmoadgens, protosaxelmwifoebriv sazogadoebriv wyobas eZaxian. zemoT naxsenebma garemoebebma da Zv.w. VIIIsaukunidan brinjaos ufro mtkice liToniT, rkiniT, Canacvlebis dawyebam Zv.w. VI_IVss-Si xeli Seuwyo Zlieri politikuri erTeulis kolxeTis samefos warmoqmnas, romelic berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi “oqromravali kolxeTis” saxeliTaa cnobili. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis Zlieri samefo ganviTarda. kolxeTi imdenad dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo, rom berZnul samyaroSi masze “oqros sawmisis” miTi Seiqmna. didi berZeni istorikosi herodote Zv.w. VIs-is kavkasia-axlo aRmosavleTis istoriis werisas kolxeTs, iranis da midiis Zlieri da didi saxelmwifoebis Tanabrad moixseniebs. kolxeTis samefos keTildReobis epoqa TvalnaTlivaa asaxuli rogorc werilobiT wyaroebSi, agreTve 19

mravalricxovan da mravalferovan arqeologiur monacemebSi. mocemuli epoqis kolxeTis samefos guli mdinare fasisis anu rionis Sua welze iyo ganlagebuli. Zveli berZeni avtorebi mis mTavar qalaqs quTaias uwodebdnen, romelic dRevandeli quTaisis sanaxebSi igulisxmeba. kolxeTSi mravaldargovani xelosnuri warmoeba iyo ganviTarebuli. aq liTonis dasamuSavebeli, keramikis gasakeTebeli, xis da tyavis dasamuSavebeli, sxvadasxvagvari samkaulebis dasamzadebeli da sxv. saxelosnoebi arsebobda. kolxeTis samefos ekonomikuri winsvlis sayrdens rkinis kargad ganviTarebuli warmoeba warmoadgenda, romelic miwaTmoqmedeba-sameurneo saqmianobas mravalricxovani sawarmoo iaraRiT amaragebda. amis udavo mowmobaa dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturebuli rkinis saxnisebi, Toxebi, culebi da sxv. miwaTmoqmedebis maRali donis maCvenebelia sxvadasxva jiSis marcvleulis aRmoCenac. mbrunav sameTuneo Carxzea damzadebuli mravalferovani kolxuri WurWeli, romelic samefos mTel teritoriaze formebis da gaformebis mixedviT garkveulad standartul-erTsaxovania. kolxeTis samefoSi ZiriTad saamSeneblo masalad xe da Tixa gamoiyeneboda, rac geneturad ukavSirdeba winamorbedi epoqis samosaxloebs. Zv.w. VI–IVss.-Si kolxeTis samefos teritoriaze iWreboda Taviseburi monetebi, romelTac mecnierebi kolxuri TeTris saxeliT moixsenieben. arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT kolxeTis samefos uaRresad TavisTavadi mxatvruli kultura warmoCinda. mis erT-erT brwyinvale dargs oqromWedloba warmoadgens. mag.: vanSi da sairxeSi mikvleulia kolxuri oqromWedlobis brwyinvale nimuSebi diademebi, sayureebi, yelsabamebi, samajurebi, romlebic Semkulia cxovelTa moxdenili gamosaxulebebiT. es nivTebi friad originaluria da mxolod kolxeTisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. oqromWedloba kolxeTis swored is saxea, romliTac saxelganTqmuli iyo mTel imdroindel civilizebul samyaroSi. kolxi xelosnebi rTuli teqnikuri xerxebiT _ WedviT, tvifrviT, rCilviT, filigraniT, cvaraTi _ maRalmxatvrul oqromWedlur nimuSebs qmnidnen.

20

Zveli berZeni avtorebi werdnen kolxeTis mdinareebis qviSidan cxvris tyaviT oqros mopovebis Sesaxeb. sayuradReboa, rom svaneTSi da raWaSi oqros mopovebis es tradicia dResac arsebobs. etyoba amitomacaa, rom berZnebi kolxeTs “oqromravals” uwodebdnen da Txzavdnen legendebs “oqros sawmisis” Sesaxeb.

Zveli kolxeTis biogeogaremos, werilobiTi da arqeologiuri mimoxilvidan naTlad Cans, rom biogeogaremom wamyvani roli iTamaSa kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. kolxeTi mTebiTa da zRviT kargad SemosazRvruli istoriul-geografiuli regioni iyo, rac geopolitikurad garkveul bunebriv damcav ares qmnida. noyieri niadagi, mravalferovani reliefi, zomieri klimati, hidroresursebis simravle, madneuli, florisa da faunis mravalsaxeoba sazogadoebis progresisaTvis karg safuZvels iZleoda. upiratesad ki amaze aris damokidebuli sazogadoebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri, demografiuli, fiziologiur-fsiqikuri, inteleqtualurteqnikuri, savaWrokomunikaciuri, geopolitikurstrategiuli, sulier-kulturuli ganviTarebis maRali done. aqedan gamomdinare, kolxeTSi, centriT mdinare rionze, Camoyalibda friad Taviseburi istoriuli, lokaluri are da Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi aq ganviTarda saxelmwifoebrioba. am arealSi droTa ganmavlobaSi adamianis da biogeogaremos urTierTzemoqmedebis Sedegad mimdinareobda evoluciuri procesi. aq istoriuli ganviTarebis done, ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. antikuri xanis kolxeTs geopolitikurad sakvanZo teritoria ekava. aq xdeboda aRmosavluri da dasavluri civilizaciebis garkveuli Tanxvedra. aseTi iyo Zveli kolxeTis istoriuli evoluciis procesSi biogeogaremos roli. istoriuli ganviTarebis ganxilvisas Cven ierarqiulad pirvel adgilze biogeogaremos vayenebT. mxolod am garemosTan urTierTzemoqmedebaSi adamiani qmnis sociogaremos, razedac damokidebulia ama Tu im qveynis istoriuli winsvlis Semdgomi bedi. Zveli kolxeTis saerTo mimoxilvidan gamoCnda, rom biogeogaremom ZiriTadi roli Seasrula 21

misi istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi da antikur xanaSi maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis CamoyalibebaSi. iseT geopolitikur garemoSi myofi qveynisaTvis, rogoric kolxeTi iyo, sagareo faqtors biogeogaremosTan erTad didi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. amis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia kolxeTis istoriis rigi sakiTxebis asaxsnelad. sagareo faqtori ama Tu im qveynis geopolitikuri sinamdvilis nawilia. mezobeli qveynebi erTmaneTze zogjer sasikeTo, xolo zogjer ukeTur gavlenas axdenen. sagareo faqtori qveynis istoriaSi xan konstruqciul, xan ki destruqciul rols TamaSobs. konstruqciulia, mag., sagareo-savaWro, sameurneo, kulturuli inovaciebi; destruqciulia _ saomari Tavdasxmis Sedegad qveynis dapyroba, sazogadoebrivi wyobis tradiciuli struqturebis Secvla, sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sedegad soflebis da qalaqebis dangreva, materialur faseulobaTa Zarcva-ganadgureba, qveynis ekonomikuri safuZvlis moSla da a.S. aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi ori didi politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis asparezi iyo. aseT garemocvaSi myofi kolxeTi Zlieri mezobeli qveynebisagan xSir agresias ganicdida. samecniero literaturaSi protosaxelmwifos Casaxvis erT-erT ZiriTad faqtorad omisaTvis mzadebas (Tavdacvas an Tavdasxmas) miiCneven. omisaTvis mzadeba, saomar mdgomareobaSi yofna, gamorCeul winamZRol-pirovnebaTa aRzevebas, sazogadoebis Sekvra-mobilizebas da met organizebulobas iwvevda, rac, Tavis mxriv, sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ufro maRal safexurze ayvanaSi da saxelmwifoebriobis warmoqmnaSi gamoixateboda (ix. Claessen, Skalnik, 1978, gv.619-636).

Camoyalibebuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebaSic "saomar faqtors," sagareo da geopolitikuri faqtoris Semadgenel nawils, agreTve didi mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. Camoyalibebul, ganviTarebul saxelmwifoSi es faqtori dadebiT (qveynis konsolidacia-darazmuloba, sazogadoebrivi 22

wesrigis amaRleba, safortifikacio-komunikaciuri mSenebloba da sxv.) an uaryofiT (saxelmwifoebriobis dakargva, tradiciuli cxovrebis wesis moSla, ekonomikuri zarali da sxv.) Sedegs iwvevda.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi urartuelebis da e.w. skviTebis (nomaduri) agresiulma mezoblobam kolxeTis geografiulad kargad SemosazRvrul regionSi momxdurTan dasapirispireblad sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TavdacviTi organizeba da Sekvrakonsolidacia gamoiwvia. mocemul sagareo faqtors SemdgomSi, Zv.w. V saukunisaTvis, kolxeTis samefos ganviTarebis procesSi sagrZnobi roli unda Seesrulebina. kolxeTis samefos ganmtkicebaSi gamorCeuli, konstruqciuli adgili eWira kulturul inovaciebs. sagareo faqtorad unda CaiTvalos e.w. "berZnuli kolonizaciis" mimdinareoba kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, kerZod, sainteresoa is, Tu ra gavlena moaxdina man kolxuri sazogadoebis politikur-ekonomikur da kulturul cxovrebaze. uaxlesi samecniero literaturis mixedviT, saberZneTidan gasuli mosaxleobis axalSenebs Soris gaimijna savaWro da agraruli kolonia-apoikiebi. am or formas aqvs Tavisi moqmedebagavrcelebis meqanizmi: pirvels _ komerciuli, meores _ teritoriuli (Vallet, 1973, gv.53-72). pirveli, konstruqciuli sagareo faqtori unda yofiliyo. aseTi koloniebi daarsebulia, rogorc emporionebi. meore _ destruqciuli sagareo faqtoria adgilobrivi mosaxleobisaTvis, radgan mas Tan axlavs iseTi movlenebi, rogoricaa teritoriis dakargva da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis gandevna. aseTi koloniebi Tavidanve daarsebulia, rogorc polisebi sasoflo-sameurneo SemogareniT (xoriT). xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis sanapiroebis berZnuli koloniebis mecnierulma Seswavlam cxadi gaxada, rom axalSenebi arsdeboda, viTardeboda da sxvadasxva qronologiur etapze transformacias ganicdida. metropoliidan Sors daarsebuli axalSenebi droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebis Sedegad simbiozs da cvalebadobas ganicdidnen. es cvlilebebi didad iyo damokidebuli 23

adgilobriv biogeogaremoze da sociogaremoze. pirvel rigSi swored maTzea damokidebuli droTa ganmavlobaSi koloniebSi metropoliisagan gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri wyobis ganviTareba. amitom principuli mniSvneloba hqonda imas, Tu romel geografiul regionSi arsdeboda esa Tu is axalSeni. werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebi fasisi, gienosi, dioskuria berZnebis mier daarsdnen, rogorc emporionebi. maTi daarsebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo, pirvel rigSi, adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana da sanacvlod kolxeTSi sxvadasxva fufunebis sagnebis (keramikis, samkaulebis, liTonis WurWlis, nelsacxeblebis da a.S.) Semotana, rac werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebiT dasturdeba. adgilobriv samosaxloebTan daarsebuli am emporionebis saSualebiT xorcieldeboda ZiriTadad kolxeTis Cabma ucxoeTis mowinave qveynebis urTierTobebis orbitaSi. amdenad, zRvis sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna TviT kolxebis interesebSi Sedioda. aseTi mdgomareoba, Cveni azriT, gagrZelda Zv.w. IVs-is bolomde. kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere ki sanapiroze mdebare emporionebi TandaTan antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferuli, Sereuli, polisuri tipis qalaqebad transformirda. amrigad, berZnul "kolonizacias," rogorc sagareo faqtors, kolxeTisaTvis unda mohyoloda ZiriTadad konstruqciuli, dadebiTi Zvrebi, kerZod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Cabma; adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaecno im xanad mowinave berZnul sameurneo, sazogadoebriv da kulturul miRwevebs, ramac mniSvnelovani stimuli misca kolxur sazogadoebaSi saqalaqo cxovrebis dawinaurebas. kolxeTma, qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT egrisma, rTuli istoriuli gza ganvlo. misi ekonomika da politikuri mdgomareoba sxvadasxva periodSi sxvadasxvanairi iyo. kolxeTis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi wamyvani roli Seasrula biogeogaremom. umetesad amaze iyo damokidebuli mosaxleobis sameurneo-ekonomikuri, demografiuli da sulier-kulturuli mdgomareoba. egrisis saxeliT 24

qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi zogjer mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo aRiniSneba - "xolo egross misca queyana zRvis yurisa, da uCina sazRvari: aRmosavliT mTa mcire, romelsa aw hqvian lixi; dasavliT zRua; CrdiloT mdinare mcirisa xazareTisa, sada warswuTebis wueri kavkasisa"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955,gv.5). maSasadame, "qarTlis cxovrebis" mixedviT, egriss garkveul periodSi aRmosavleTiT sazRvravs suramis anu lixis qedi; dasvleTiT _ zRva, CrdiloeTiT _ kavkasionis mTebi; xolo samxreTiT aWara-lazeTis mTianeTi. egrisi qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi ixsenieba, rogorc saerisTavo "da merve, quji, iyo erisTavi egrisisa" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). garkveuli droidan toponimi egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos krebiTi saxelia (iseTive, rogorc berZnul-laTinuri wyaroebis "kolxida"). is xan didi teritoriis momcvelia (mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo), xan ki mcire regionul saxelad gvevlineba; mag., f. buzandis (1953, gv.15) egersvanebi, an "qarTlis cxovrebis" "Sida egrisi" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.185), anda kidev, klavdios ptolemaiosis _ ekretika (lomouri, 1955, gv.45), romelsac eger-egrisis damaxinjebul formad miiCneven (javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.404; janaSia, 1959, gv.6). "somxur geografiaSi," romelic adrindeli berZnuli geografiebis gavleniTaa dawerili, egrisis teritoriaze aRiniSneba oTxi mxare _ "kolxida, romelic aris egeri, mdebareobs pontos zRvis aRmosavleTiT, sarmatiis axlos da sazRvravs iberias da did armenias. egeri iyofa oTx mxared: manrili, egrisi-egrevika, lazeTi, Wanivi romelic aris qaldea. aq aris bevri mTa, mdinare, qalaqi, cixe, soflebi da savaWro adgilebi" (somxur geografiaSi, 1877, gv.38-39). qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac azos da SemdgomSi farnavazis dros (Zv.w. IVs. bolo _ IIIs. dasawyisi) kolxeTis nawili iberiis samefos farglebSia moqceuli, sandod gamoiyureba. am droisaTvis kolxeTis samefo dasustebulia da veRar uZlebs nomaduri tomebis Semosevebs. is TandaTan sustdeba da kargavs teritoriebs. jer aRmosavleT, xolo Semdeg Sida kolxeTzec 25

vrceldeba iberiis gavlena. safiqrebelia, rom swored es teritoria iwodeboda maSin Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi wyaroebis egrisad. droTa ganmavlobaSi saxeli egrisi dasavleT saqarTvelos dasavleT nawilzec gavrcelda (meliqiSvili, 1965, gv.90). zemoxsenebuls mxars ubams dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri monacemebi. Zv.w. IVs-is bolos kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi, romelic adre erTgvarovani iyo, SeiniSneba cvlilebebi. Zv.w. IIIs-Si es cvlilebebi kidev ufro gaRrmavda.

Semdgom, mkveTri gansxvaveba SeimCneva Sida da zRvispira kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). pirvelad es aisaxa dakrZalvis axali wesis gaCenaSi (qvevrsamarxebi). amgvari samarxebi ZiriTadad Sida kolxeTSia aRmoCenili, xolo zRvispireTSi isini ar gvxvdeba _ nigorzRva, dafnari, dablagomi, mTisZiri, farcxanayanevi, quTaisi, wyaltubo, maRlaki, banoja, qvitiri, godogani, odilauri, ajameTi, Cxari, banZa, Zevri, cixesulori, didvani, bzvani, muxiani, Wognari, mesxeTi, ukaneTi, bukiscixe, zenobani, gogoreTi, zemofarcxma, TeklaTi, isula, zanaTi, noqalaqevi, batnaoxuro, lanCxuTi, Zirula, sajavaxo, bori da sxv. (ix. Tolordava,1980,tab.1).

Sida kolxeTis qvevrsamarxebSi dakrZalvis ramdenime variantia dadasturebuli: pirveli _ qvevri vertikaluradaa, miwaSi Tavdayira Cadgmuli. meore _ qvevri agreTve vertikaluradaa, mxolod ZiriT qveviT. mesame _ qvevri horizontaluradaa Cadgmuli. samarxebad gamoyenebulia Cveulebrivi sameurneo daniSnulebis qvevrebi (ruxad gamomwvari, moSavo zedapiriani; qvevris piri sakmaod farTo da profilirebulia; muceli TiTqmis sferulia; qvevrebi xSirad ornamentirebulia reliefuri sartylebiT da vertikaluri qedebiT). qvevris piris gvirgvini SedarebiT sadaa. masze ar SeimCneva wina epoqis kolxuri qvevris pirebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ornamenti. qvevrsamarxebi aRmoCenilia kavkasiis mTel rig regionebSi. arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT qvevrsamarxebis gavrcelebas saqarTvelos teritoriaze Zv.w. IaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi varaudoben. kolxeTSi qvevrSi dakrZalvis wesis gaCena, uaxlesi 26

arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT Zv.w.IVs. miwurulidan aris savaraudo. qvevrsamarxebis raodenobis mixedviT md. rionis Suaweli ZiriTadi regionia kolxeTSi. amgvari samarxebidan momdinare arqeologiuri masala ramdenadme gansxvavdeba mis wina periodSi arsebulisagan da migviTiTebs cvlilebebze Sida kolxeTis teritoriaze (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.40). samarxebidan momdinare masala ZiriTadad keramikas da samkaulebs (mZivebi, liTonis samajurebi, sakisre da sayure rgolebi) Seicavs. qvevrsamarxebSi aRmoCenili WurWeli sxvadasxvanairia. maTSi SeimCneva adgilobrivi da Semotanili forma-gaformebis Serwyma. aq aris adgilobrivTan dakavSirebuli WurWeli da e.w. msxliseburi moyvanilobis wiTlad moxatuli doqebi, romlebic kolxeTis zRvispira zolSi araa mikvleuli. qvevrsamarxebSi napovni nivTebi umetes SemTxvevaSi cotaa da Raribuli. sabrZolo iaraRi maTSi ar gvxvdeba. uiaraRo qvevrsamarxebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa "qarTlis cxovrebis" erTi cnoba, romlis mixedviTac azos brZanebiT unda dasjiloyo yvela, visac iaraRi hqonda: "azo iyo kaci Zneli da mesisxle, da ese daawesa da amcno spaTa misTa, viTarmed: yovelman qarTvelTaganman romelman povos saWurveli, mokalT igi. da hyofdes hromni igi esreT qarTvelTa zeda, da vincavin gamoCndis qarTvelTagani qmnul-keTili da asakovani, moklian igi"(qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.20).

Sida kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi cvlileba pirvelad sairxis lominaurSi (ix. nadiraZe, 1975, gv.99), iTxvisSi da vanSi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.20) wiTlad moxatuli iberiuli keramikis gaCeniT aRiniSna. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa brtyelZira, pirgadaSlili da wiTeli saRebaviT gaformebuli doqebis aRmoCena. wiTlad moxatuli amgvari WurWeli ucxoa Zv.w. III s-mde kolxeTisaTvis, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini bevria dadasturebuli _ cixiagoras "daWrilebis" samarovani (nakaiZe, 1980, gv.28-41), TeTriwyaro (boxoCaZe, 1963, gv.27), Tbilisi (qoriZe, 1958, gv.47). mag.: moyviTalod angobirebuli da 27

wiTlad moxatuli WurWeli inaxeba q. xaSuris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi, sadac sof. tkocidan aris motanili, inv. #036, da a.S. cvlileba SeimCneva kolxuri xelosnobis iseT mkveTrad gamoxatul dargSi, rogoric oqros da vercxlis mxatvruli damuSavebaa. Zv.w. VIIVss. oqros da vercxlis nivTebis damzadebaSi SeimCneva geometriuli formebis (samkuTxedi, rombi, wre) da gaformebis teqnikis (cvara, dakeWvna, grexva) mdgradoba. gavrcelebulia rombiani diademebi, e.w. sxivana sayureebi, WvirulburTulebiani sayureebi, yelsabamebi, sasafeTqleebi _ vani, iTxvisi, mTisZiri, qobuleT-fiWvnari, brili, sairxe, soxumi da a.S. (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1971, gv.51-63; Wyonia, 1981, gv.6-53). kolxuri oqromWedloba Zv.w. IVs. meore naxevridan garkveul stagnacias ganicdis. es SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos samxedro moqmedebebis Sedegad qveynis ekonomikis dacemiT. Zv.w. IIIsaukunidan icvleba formebi da gaformebis xerxebi, Semodis poliqromiuloba, sWarbobs ucxouri saiuveliro nawarmi. dasavleT saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi, kerZod, Sida kolxeTis arqitequturul masalaze, iberiis gavlena aisaxa, magaliTad _ sairxeSi (nadiraZe, 1975), sazanoSi (jafariZe, 1984, gv.8), mTisZirSi (gamyreliZe, 1982). msgavseba SeimCneva iberiis _ armazcixe, wiwamuri, RarTis kari, cixiagora, samadlo (gagoSiZe, 1979, gv.62), ufliscixe (xaxutaiSvili, 1970, gv.22) da kolxeTis: vani, sairxe, samSeneblo wesebSi (alizis aguris da qvaTlilebis gamoyeneba; qvaTlilebis mSrali wyoba da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebis wesi). formis mxriv garkveuli siaxlove aRiniSneba samadlos da vanis kramits Soris; vanis, mTisZiris, cixiagoras, samadlos da mcxeTis kramitebis niSnebSic msgavseba aRiniSneba. saintereso faqtia, msgavseba samadlos, sarkines da vanis naqalaqarebis terasuli principiT dagegmarebaSi. samadlos zogierTi samSeneblo qvis petrografiuli Seswavlis Sedegad gairkva, rom aseTi jiSis qva (eklaris kirqva) moipoveba mxolod dasavleT saqarTveloSi q. quTaisis maxloblad. aq exlac amuSaveben eklaris qvis sabadoebs. am karierze ufro axlo samadlosTan amgvari jiSis qva ar moipoveba.

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kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi gardatexis mimaniSnebelia isic, rom Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolodan aRar iWreba kolxuri TeTri, romelic aqamde, TiTqmis sami saukunis ganmavlobaSi, mTavar monetad Cans kolxeTis samoneto mimoqcevaSi. iberiasa da Sida kolxeTSi Zv.w. III saukunidan ZiriTadad Semodis aleqsandre makedonelis da lisimaqes saxelze moWrili monetebi. saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni 381 monetidan mxolod samiodea mikvleuli zRvis sanapiroze (fiWvnari da gulrifSis r-ni) (dundua, 1982, gv.15). SemdgomSi aleqsandres da lisimaqes staterebis minabaZebi sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba dasavleT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi. Sida kolxeTSi arameulis erT-erTi saxeobis, mcxeTis teritoriaze dadasturebuli "armazuli" (wereTeli, 1943, gv.2-87) damwerlobis msgavsi nimuSebi aRmoCenelia sof. borSi (xaragaulis r-ni) napovn vercxlis TefSze da vanis naqalaqarze gaTxril Zv.w. II-Iss-is nagebobis nangrevebSi, sadac warwera amokawrulia oqros firfitaze, qalis reliefuri gamosaxulebis garSemo (Wyonia, 1981, gv.84,125). arameuli enis specialisti, akad. k. wereTeli Tavis naSromSi "arameuli ena saqarTveloSi" aRniSnavs: "arameuli damwerlobis xmarebas CvenSi karga xnis tradicia unda hqonoda. vfiqrobT, marTali unda iyos germaneli mecnieri elsneri, romelic armazuli damwerlobis Camoyalibebas Zv.w.

II-Iss-Si varaudobs. amasTanave, misi TqmiT, armazuli damwerloba arameulis Crdilo-mesopotamiuri tipis Semdgom ganviTarebas warmoadgens. Tu es asea, maSin arameuli enis xmarebas aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi istoria aqvs da savsebiT bunebrivi Cans, rom am istoriis dasawyisi aqemenianTa xanaSi unda veZeboT. swored maSin unda dawyebuliyo saqarTveloSi (aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, g.g.) arameuli enis xmareba rogorc administraciis enisa" (wereTeli, 1976, gv.151; wereTeli, 1982, gv.19). SesaZlebelia, rom arameuli damwerloba kolxeTSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan gavrcelebuliyo.

Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulis saomari moqmedebebis Sedegadaa etyoba dangreuli, magaliTad, varcixis "giorgobianebis goris," vanisa da 29

mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" nagebobebi. samwuxarod, Sida kolxeTSi am periodis sxva nagebobebi jerjerobiT cotaa mikvleuli da gaTxrili. vfiqrobT, rom Seuswavlel namosaxlarebzec igive situacia aRiniSneba. sof. varcixis "giorgobianebis goraze" aRmoCenili nageboba dangreulgadamwvaria Zv.w. IVs-is miwuruls (jafariZe, 1977, gv.43-50). amave periodSia gadamwvari vanis naqalaqaris centraluri terasis TeTri qviT nagebi Senoba da zeda terasaze (nakveTi 211 da 193) gaTxrili ZelurbaTqaSiani nageboba. Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulisaTvisaa dangreuli sof. mTisZiris "adeiSvilebis goris" Zelur-baTqaSiani TavdacviTi nageboba (Senobis dangrevis dro radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis daSlis meTodiTaa gansazRvruli)(ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.56-63, 93). kolxeTis Zv.w. IVs-is miwurulis da Zv.w. IIIs-is pirveli naxevris materialur kulturaSi zemoT aRniSnuli cvlilebebi SeiZleba, erTi mxriv, azos (azon) da, meore mxriv, farnavaz-qujis mier ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveuli saomari moqmedebebis SedegebiT aixsnas. rogorc cnobilia, qarTlis (iberiis) samefos Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi swored Zv.w. IV-IIIsaukuneebis mijnaze mimdinareobs (mamulia, 1979, gv.93-113). am droisaTvis Sida kolxeTic politikurad qarTlis samefos farglebSi erTiandeba. axali samecniero literaturis mixedviT, qarTuli saistorio gadmocema ("moqcevai qarTlisai" da "cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa") qarTlis samefos warmoSobis da azo-farnavazis urTierTobis Sesaxeb ZiriTadad sandoa. arian-qarTlidan (mdinare mtkvris, Woroxis saTaveebis da vanis tbis axlomaxlo teritoria. herodote, III, 94) mosulma aleqsandre makedonelis mier aRzevebulma azom jer qarTlis geografiul-strategiuli (md. mtkvrisa da md. aragvis Sesayari) centri "mcxeTa" daimorCila, xolo SemdgomSi qarTveluri modgmis xalxiT dasaxlebuli sxva mxareebic daiqvemdebara (maT Soris egrisic). "da mas miuboZa mcxeTa sajdomad da sazRvari daudva mas hereTi da egris wyali da somxiTi da mTai crolisai" (Zv. qarTuli agiograf..., 1963, gv.81).

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zRvispireTSi (md. rionsa da egriswyals Sua mdebare monakveTis garda), azo-farnavazis epoqaSi, kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg, safiqrebelia, antikur qveynebsa da iberias Soris buferuli polisuri tipis qalaqebi warmoiSva. maT gaCenaSi garkveuli roli iTamaSa kolxur dasaxlebebTan "berZnuli kolonizaciis" Sedegad warmoqmnilma emporionebma, romlebic kolxeTis samefos daSlis Semdeg transformirdnen polisuri tipis dasaxlebebad. amis Taobaze sainteresoa qalaq fasisis Sesaxeb heraklides cnoba fasisis polisuri wyobilebis (politiis) Sesaxeb. heraklideze mecnierebaSi gansxvavebuli mosazrebebia gamoTqmuli. zogi mas Zv.w. IVs., xolo zogi Zv.w. IIs. avtorad miiCnevs. specialist wyaroTmcodneebs miaCniaT, rom "politiebis" damuSavebis TariRi Zv.w. IVsaukunis Semdgom periods unda asaxavdes (dawvr. ix. yauxCiSvili,1969, gv.189-190): Sesabamisad im dros, roca kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere zRvis sanapiroze emporionebi gardaiqmnen polisurisnair qalaqebad. SesaZloa, rom swored amgvari "qalaqis" "basilevsi" iyo aki. akis saxeliani moneta sul oria jerjerobiT napovni; aqedan erTi q. trapizonTan zRvis sanapiroze (dRevandel TurqeTSi), xolo meore sof. kinCxaSi (martvilis r-ni). maTi TariRia Zv.w. IIs. zRvidan mTamde da rionidan egriswylamde teritoria egrisis saerisTavos ekuTvnoda. farnavaz mefis siZem, egris-svaneTis erisTavma aq strategiulad moxerxebuli md. texuris Sua welze aago cixe-goji (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). werilobiTi da uaxlesi arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT cixe-goji damajerebladaa gaigivebuli md. texuris marcxena napirze mdebare noqalaqevTan. sof. noqalaqevis naqalaqarTan mikvleulia farnavazis droindeli kramitebi, piramidiseburi sawafebi, adgilobrivi amforebi da sxv. (ix. grigolia, fxakaZe, 1973, gv.17-38). galavnis gadaRma gaTxrilia amave periodis qvevrsamarxebi da ormosamarxebi. cixe-goji, erTi mxriv, samdinaro gziT ukavSirdeboda md. rions (ZiriTad satransporto magistrals), xolo meore mxriv, qedis iqiT svaneTsac ukavSirdeboda (md. cxeniswylis ayolebiT).

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cixe-gojis garda, dasavleT saqarTveloSi leonti mrovels naxsenebi aqvs Sorapnis da dimnis cixeebi: "erTi gagzavna margvis erisTavad, da misca mciriT mTiTgan, romel ars lixi, vidre zRu/r/admde egrisisa, rions zemoT. da amanve farnavaz aRaSenna orni cixeni, Sorapani da dimna" (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). Sorapani Tanamedrove dabaa Sorapnis cixesTan, xolo dimni sof. zeda dimis nacixarTan aris gaigivebuli (cqitiSvili,1964,gv.71-106; jafariZe, 1990; bragvaZe, 1990, gv.137-150). amrigad, azo-farnavazis periodis kolxeTi, zogierTi zRvispira monakveTis garda, qarTlis samefoSi egris-svaneTis saerisTavos saxiT iyo gaerTianebuli (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). rogorc Cans, kolxeTSi imxanad imZlavra calkeuli mxare-erTeulebis gaTiSulobadapirispirebam, xolo qarTlSi, piriqiT, meti sazogadoebrivpolitikuri konsolidacia moxda da Zlieri, centralizebul xelisuflebiani samefo ganviTarda. qarTlis samefom CamoyalibebagaZlierebis procesSi kolxeTis nawilis inkorporacia ganaxorciela (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985,gv.87-89). aseTi mdgomareoba gagrZelda daaxloebiT Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnamde, vidre kolxeTis garkveuli nawili miTridate VI evpatoris samefos gavlenis qveS ar moeqca. antikur qveynebsa da iberiis samefos Soris kolxeTis zRvispireTSi Zv.w. IVsaukunis miwurulidan ganviTarda buferuli, polisuri tipis qalaqebi _ dioskuria, gienosi, fasisi, qobuleT-fiWvnari, xolo Sida kolxeTi iberiis samefos politikur gavlenas daeqvemdebara (dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.86-97). iberiis politikuri gavlenis qveS myofi Sida kolxeTis straboniseuli skeptuxiebi (straboni, XI, II, 18) _ "sairxe" (ix. nadiraZe, 1990), "quTaisi" (ix. lanCava, 1975; jiqia, 1977, gv. 26-30), "noqalaqevi" (ix. zaqaraia, 1981; lomouri, 1981, gv.18-46), "vani" (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani," 1972, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1982, 1983) da sxvebi garkveuli damoukideblobiT sargeblobdnen. amgvari teritoriuli danawileba ganviTarda, pirvel rigSi, fizikur-geografiuli da ekonomikur32

komunikaciuri mdgomareobis safuZvelze. rogorc Cans, zogierTi Temi ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad. kolxeTis sazogadoebriv-politikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb friad cota saistorio werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemi mogvepoveba. am kuTxiT sayuradReboa kolxeTis Sesaxeb strabonis "geografiaSi" Semonaxuli cnoba: "Tu rogor iyo saxelganTqmuli Zvelad es qveyana, cxadyofen amas miTebi, romlebic mogviTxroben iasonis laSqrobaze, romelic movida midiamde da amaze adre ki friqses laSqrobaze. amis Semdeg memkvidre mefeebma skeptuxiebad dahyves qveyana da hqondaT zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). rogorc strabonis "geografiis" am nawyvetidan Cans da arqeologiuri monacemebic amas mowmoben, daaxloebiT Zv.w. VsaukunisaTvis kolxeTSi ukve gaformebulia fizikur-geografiul da ekonomikur-komunikaciur safuZvelze warmoqmnili teritoriuli erTeulebi, romelTa saTaveSi adgilobrivi dawinaurebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi idgnen. am teritoriebidan zogierTi ufro dawinaurda da Camoyalibda garkveul saqalaqo centrad Tavisi mimdebare teritoriiT. aseTebia, magaliTad, vani, quTaisi, sairxe da sxv. Semdgom swored es teritoriebi daedo safuZvlad saerisTaoebad dayofas. strabonis "geografiis" nawyvetidan naTlad Cans, rom kolxeTi skeptuxiebad daanawiles, raSic unda igulisxmebodes qveynis dayofa garkveul teritoriul-sammarTvelo erTeulebad. es danawileba, albaT, xelisuflebam Caatara, raTa, erTi mxriv, gaadvildeboda administraciulad qveynis marTva, xolo meore mxriv, kidev meti politikuri centralizaciisaTvis mieRwia (ix. inaZe, 1961, gv.783-790; lorTqifaniZe, 1977, gv.15). safiqrebelia, rom maTi warmoqmnis pirvel etapze isini ufro tomobriv-teritoriuli erTeulebia, xolo TandaTan erT-erTi am erTeulis aristokratiuli gvari winaurdeba da axerxebs danarCenebis daqvemdebarebas. swored es aristokratiuli gvari Semdeg samefos ukeT samarTavad da xelisuflebis gansamtkiceblad administraciul reformebs atarebs. aq, albaT, iseTive reformebi tardeba, rogoric 33

qarTlSi gaatara mefe farnavazma (ix. qarT. cxovreba, 1955, gv.24). droTa ganmavlobaSi kolxeTSi sagamgeblo erTeulebs Soris moxda garkveuli diferenciacia, radgan aqauri regionuli fizikurgeografiuli da agroklimaturi pirobebi araTanabaria (mag., rionis dablobis skeptuxiebi ufro mdidari da SeZlebuli unda yofiliyo, vidre mTiani guriis). aman SemdgomSi, daaxloebiT Zv.w. IVsaukunis meore naxevarSi, sagamgebloebs Soris urTierTdapirispireba gamoiwvia, rac saboloo jamSi kolxeTis samefos dasustebiT da iberiasTan misi inkorporaciiT dasrulda. qarTuli saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, iberiis mefe farnavazma egrisis saerisTavo daumtkica qujis, romelic, rogorc Cans, adrec flobda kolxeTis nawils. axla farnavazma mas teritoriebi gaufarTova, samefo xelisuflebis administraciuli uflebebic uboZa (da gaayola colad) da amiT samefo didmoxeled aqcia. sayuradReboa, rom rva erisTavidan saistorio wyaroSi mxolod qujia moxsenebuli (qarT.cxovreba, 1955,gv.24). quji warmomavlobiT Zveli aristokratiuli gvaridan iyo da qarTlis mefis kolxeTSi xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi wvlili miuZRoda. safiqrebelia, rom analogiuri situacia Seiqmna Zv.w. Vs. kolxeTSi, sadac regionebis saTaveSi mefis xelisuflebisadmi loialurad ganwyobili adgilobrivi warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebi iyvnen, romelTac mefem saxelmwifo moxelis funqciac mianiWa. amdagvari unda yofiliyo kolxeTSi is ierarqiuli kibe, romlis TavSic Zlieri gamaerTianebeli xelisufali _ mefe idga, xolo mas dawinaurebuli aristokratebi mosdevdnen. es, etyoba, maSin xdeba, rodesac aristokratia arcTu ise Zlieria da maTi socialuri statusic jerjerobiT mkveTrad ar aris gamoxatuli. strabonis TqmiT qveyanaSi maT "hqondaT zomieri Zalaufleba" (straboni, XI, II,18). SemdgomSi, roca isini momZlavrdnen, calkeuli skeptuxiebis damoukideblobisaken swrafva daiwyo, rac Zv.w. IVsaukunis bolos kolxeTis samefos dasusteba-daSliT damTavrda da isini centralur xelisuflebaze 34

formalurad damokidebul erTeulebad gardaiqmnen. etyoba, swored amis mere kolxeTSi jer azom, xolo Semdeg qujis (adgilobrivi erT-erTi skeptuxiis aristokratiuli gvaris warmomadgenlis) saSualebiT qarTlis mefe farnavazma imZlavra.

Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnidan kolxeTis politikur horizontze pontos mefe miTridate VI evpatori gamoCnda. miTridates drois ponto-kolxeTis urTierTobis sakiTxebs mravali mkvlevari Seexo, magram specialur samecniero literaturaSi maT Sesaxeb dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa (istoriografia ix. Reinach, 1890; sanikiZe, 1956; gozaliSvili, 1965; dundua,1974, gv.146-159 da maTSi miTiTebuli literatura). kolxeTSi, pirvel rigSi zRvispira kolxeTSi, pontos samefos Tavisi politikuri da strategiuli interesebi hqonda. swored aq iyo ganlagebuli dioskuriis, gienosis, fasisis, qobuleT-fiWvnaris qalaqebi. am qalaqebis SemoerTebaSi aisaxa miTridate evpatoris ZiriTadi miznis _ mTeli SavizRvispireTis gaerTianebis grandiozuli ideis Tanamimdevruli ganxorcieleba. zRvispira kolxeTis qalaqebi miTridatem pontos samefos Zv.w. II-Iss. mijnaze SeuerTa. xsenebuli qalaqebi, erTi mxriv, sazRvao vaWrobis _ maTi ekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi sayrdenis arastabilurobiT, xolo meore mxriv _ kavkasionis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi meomari tomebis TavdasxmebiT iyvnen Sewuxebuli (straboni,XVII,III,24; pliniusi,VI,15). iseTi Zlieri xelisufalis mmarTvelobaSi Sesvla, rogoric miTridate iyo, vaWroba-ekonomikasa da TavdacvaSi stabilurobis ganmtkicebas moaswavebda. aq, SesaZloa, warmoiSva daaxloebiT iseTive mdgomareoba, rogoric iyo diofantes laSqrobis Sedegad pontos samefosTan bosforis samefosa da xersonesis SemoerTebis dros. sayuradReboa cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom miTridates kolxeTi memkvidreobiT ergoo (iunianus iustinusi, XXXVIII,7,10). gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqtic, rom im sanapiro naqalaqarebze, romlebic dResdReobiT metnaklebadaa arqeologiurad Seswavlili _ eSera, soxumi-dioskuria, oCamCire-gienosi _ ar aris dadasturebuli Zv.w. II-Iss-is mijnis gadamwvari fenebi an raime sabrZolo moqmedebis 35

kvali. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom am qalaqebSi, iseve rogorc bosforsa da xersonesSi, miTridate garkveul winaaRmdegobas ar waawyda. magaliTad, memnoni (30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem omiT daimorCila fasisis midamoebi (md. fasisis qvemo weli _ g.g.). am midamoebis mimdebare teritoriaze, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi naqalaqari darbeulia Zv.w. IIs. bolosaTvis.

Sida kolxeTi miTridates ar SeuerTebia pontos samefosaTvis. amasTanave ar aris gamoricxuli, rom igi iq SeiWra maSin, roca pompeuss gamoeqca da zamTari dioskuriaSi gaatara. niSandoblivia isic, rom arcerT werilobiT wyaroSi ar aisaxa miTridates mier Sida kolxeTis dapyroba-SemoerTeba. miTridatul istoriografiaSi (ix. sanikiZe, 1956, gv.26; gozaliSvili, 1965, gv.299) arsebobs mosazreba, rom iberia mudam pontos mokavSire iyo. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom politika cvalebadi ram aris (mag. miTridate da tigrani jer mokavSireebi iyvnen, xolo Semdeg mosisxle mtrebi; anda, miTridates mama jer romis "mokavSire da megobari" iyo, xolo Semdeg mteri, an kidev _ maxarem uRalata mamas da romaelebis mxareze gadavida da sxv.), iberiis samefos politikac pontos mimarT cvalebadi unda yofiliyo. Tu gadavxedavT qarTul werilobiT wyaroebs da axal arqeologiur monacemebs, iberiis samefos usaTuod unda hqonoda garkveuli politikuri interesi kolxeTSi (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985, gv.97). memnoni(30), apiane(15), iustinusi (XXXVIII, 7,10), straboni (XI,II,18; XII,III,28) gvamcnoben, rom miTridatem SeierTa kolxeTi, magram saxeldobr kolxeTis ra nawili, ar aris aRniSnuli. Tu strabonisave cnobas davujerebT, kolxeTi metwilad zRvasTan mdebareobs (ix.

XI,II,17); Semdeg igi gadmogvcems: "mTeli es sanapiro epyra evpators, kolxeTidan herakleamde,..." (XII, III,2). Sesabamisad, strabonis mixedviT miTridates ZiriTadad sanapiro zoli unda daekavebina. strabonis cnobebidanve Cans, rom miTridate ZiriTadad dainteresebuli iyo kolxeTis sanapiroTi, saidanac mas misdioda meti wili sanaosno saSualebebis gasamarTavad, xe-tye, seli, kanafi, cvili, 36

fisi _ gemebis asagebad (XI,II,17,18). kolxeTis sanapiro is strategiulkomunikaciuri mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda pontos samefos Tavisi CrdiloSavizRvispira teritoriebis zedamxedvelobisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia, rom miTridatem, daikava ra kolxeTi (dasavleTi kolxeTi), mis administraciul centrad aqcia qalaqi dioskuria, romelsac misca monetis moWris ufleba. swored aq dasva miTridatem mis mier gamogzavnili mmarTveli (ix. straboni, XI,II,18). aq, Tavis kolxur rezidenciaSi gamoizamTra pompeusisgan devnilma miTridatem (apiane, 101). dasavleT kolxeTis dakavebis dros pontos samefo samxedroekonomikurad Zlieri iyo. swored es iyo, albaT, ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom iberiis samefo molaparakebis Semdeg (ix. memnoni,30) gaCumda da miTridatem kolxeTis sanapiroze mdebare qalaqebi SeierTa. iberiis samefos gavlenis qveS ki Sida kolxeTi darCa (ix. gamyreliZe, 1985,gv.86-97). angariSgasawevia agreTve plutarqes cnoba: "iberTa tomi pontomde aRwevso" da iberebi albanebTan erTad "yvelaze ufro udidesni" ariano (pompeusi,34). memnoni(30) aRniSnavs, rom miTridatem mokavSireebad Seiamxanaga parTebi, midielebi, tigrane armenieli, frigieli mefeebi da iberi mefe, saidanac Cans, rom miTridates da iberTa mefes Soris adgili hqonda raRac molaparakeba-SeTanxmebas. miTridates jarSi myofi iberi meomrebi, etyoba, daqiravebuli iyvnen da iberiis mefis samxedro Zalas ar warmoadgendnen. isini omobdnen "saCuqarTa miRebis surviliT" (plutarqe, "lukulusi," 26,31). mkveTrad Seicvala situacia kolxeTSi ponto-romis pirveli omis dasasrulisaTvis, roca miTridatem marcxi ganicada saberZneTSi. kolxeTSi ifeTqa ajanyebam. ajanyebulebma moiTxoves, rom miTridates aq mefed Svili daeniSna. miTridate iZulebuli gaxda Seesrulebina ajanyebulebis moTxovna da kolxeTis mefed gaamwesa Svili _ miTridate filopatori filadelfi. dasavleT kolxeTis am ajanyeba-areulobaSi, savaraudoa, rom iberiis xelisufalTa xelic eria; isargebles ra miTridates warumateblobiT, isini Seecadnen dasavleT kolxeTSi misi 37

gavlena daesustebinaT da amiT TavisTvis momgebiani mdgomareoba SeeqmnaT. dardanosis zavis (Zv.w. 85w.)

Semdeg miTridatem moicala kolxeTisaTvis: urCi Svili, romelic mamis sawinaaRmdego intrigebSi Caeba, sikvdiliT dasaja da dasavleT kolxeTSi uwindeli mdgomareoba aRadgina (apiane, "miTridat..."64). bunebrivia, romTan omebis dros miTridate ecdeboda saimedo zurgi hqonda (memnoni,30). amitom is moerideboda iberiis samefosTan urTierTobis gamwvavebas. iberTa xelisufalic, albaT, kargad iyenebda miTridates amgvar ganwyobas. xan samokavSireo xelSekrulebas udebda (memnoni,30), xan dasavleT kolxeTSi xalxs ujanyebda (apiane,64), xanac pompeusisagan devnil miTridates ebrZoda (apiane,101). gaumarTleblad gveCveneba azri, rom iberebs eSinodaT _ miTridates damarcxebis Semdeg romi Cven mogvdgebao, da mxolod amitom miemxrnen miTridates. pontoromis pirveli omis dros iberia romis politikuri interesebis arealSi ar imyofeboda. iberiis da miTridates urTierToba plutarqes ("pompeusi,"34) friad miamiturad aqvs gadmocemuli _ iberebs "Zalian undodaT miTridatesTvis eamebinaT da pompeusi ukueqciaT." miT umetes, rom plutarqe iqve dasZens: "iberni arc midielebis morCilebaSi yofilan, arc sparselebs eqvemdebarebodnen da, Tavis droze, makedonelTa mbrZaneblobac aicdines Tavidan..." (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117). maS, rad undodaT aseT daumorCileblebs damarcxebuli miTridatesTvis eamebinaT? "pompeusis" cxovrebis es adgili aradamajereblad gamoiyureba, miT umetes, rom sxva werilobiTi wyaroebi amave ambis Txrobisas iberebis mier miTridates maameblobis cdas ar aRniSnaven (ix. apiane,103; dion kasiusi,"romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2; straboni, XI,I,6). iberebis damarcxebis Semdeg pompeusi Seuferxeblad gadavida kolxeTSi (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). rogorc Cans, iberiisagan gansxvavebiT, kolxeTSi organizebuli winaaRmdegoba ar gauweviaT. SesaZloa imitomac, rom skeptuxiebad danawilebuli Sida kolxeTi politikurad iberiis gavlenis qveS iyo da maT mefe artagis msgavsi (qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.30) jari ar hyavdaT (artokes jaris 38

Sesaxeb ix. apiane,103; dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,1,2; plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). "amis Semdeg, rodesac pompeusma gaigo, rom fasisi ar aris Sors, gadawyvita mis gayolebiT kolxeTSi Casuliyo" (dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). am nawyvetidan ise Cans, rom kolxeTi md. fasisis qvemo welze, zRvasTan igulisxmeboda. pompeusi "daiZra ganzraxuli mimarTulebiT da gaiara kolxebisa da maTi mezoblebis miwaze, Tan moqmedebda xan darwmunebiT, xan daSinebiT" (dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3). ponto-romis mesame omis dasasruls pompeusisagan devnili miTridate sami aTasi meomriT midis qalaq sinoriaSi (sinorega), raTa suli moiTqvas da mxedrobas aRWurviloba Seuvsos (apiane,101). aqedan miTridate jariTurT Tavisi siZis tigranisken gaemarTa, "magram tigranma igi ar miiRo da Tanac asi talanti jildod Sehpirda mas, vinc mis Tavs miutanda. amitom miTridatem evfratis saTaves gza auqcia da kolxeTSi gadavida" (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"32). amasve adasturebs dion kasius kokeianosi _ "Tavis imedebSi motyuebuli miTridate gaemarTa kolxeTisaken..." (romis istoria,XXXVI,50). miTridate gadavida mdinare afsarosze (Worox-olTu) da iqidan md. mtkvris xeobaSi. igi zRvis sanapiro gziT ar wasula, radgan icoda, rom aq pompeusis brZanebiT Casafrebuli iyo serviliusi samxedro-sazRvao flotiT (plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). serviliuss, etyoba, mTasa da zRvas Soris viwro sanapiro (afsarosis viwro gasasvlelis Sesaxeb ix. latiSevi,1904, gv.447) hqonda blokirebuli da miTridates razmebs elodeboda. miTridate SeiWra xoteneSi, brZoliT gaikafa gza (apiane,101) da Semdeg dauyva md. mtkvris xeobas, aqedan focxovi-qvabliani-Wubraulis xeobebSi gadainacvla, radgan mtkvarTan iberebTan Setakeba mouxda (apiane,101). etyoba, maTTanac, rogorc tigranTan, saqme garTulebuli hqonda, da gaemarTa "mefiswyaros" gadasasvlelisaken (SesaZloa, rom miTridate gadavida zekaris gadasasvlelze da Semdeg xaniswyal-rionis gziT miadga "vans"). es gza Semdeg md. suloris wyalgamyof qedamde 39

aRwevs da xeobaSi eSveba. is arcTu Znelad savalia da sirTuliT daaxloebiT lixis qedis gadasasvlelebis msgavsia. adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi mas axlac iyeneben (am gzaze sof. suloris zemoT "sakakile" Zv.w. III-I ss., md. yumuris xeobaSi sof. gailourTan "msxalTa" Zv.w. III-Iss-is arqeologiuri masalebia dadasturebuli; ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.32). am adgilebze miuTiTebs albaT straboni, roca gadmogvcems, rom miTridate "mTebis gadaRma kolxeTSi gaiqcao" (straboni,XII,III,28).

Zalebis mokreba da aRWurvilobis Sevseba esaWiroeboda devnil miTridates. mas xom isev romTan brZolis didi gegmebi utrialebda TavSi (apiane, 102), rac uzarmazar Tanxebs moiTxovda. miTridates gzaze ki md. suloris xeobaSi mdidari qalaqi "vani" mdebareobda (vani-suris Sesaxeb ix. xoStaria, 1960, gv.47; yauxCiSvili, 1987, gv.131). vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenilia sazogadoebrivi, sataZro-sakulto da safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. qalaqs hqonda mZlavri samSeneblo potenciali: kramitis, alizis aguris damamzadebeli da rustirebuli qvis saTlelebi; samSeneblo-sainJinro codna; mSeneblobis adgilas masalis mimtani saSualebebi da a.S. rac mTavaria, yvelaferi amis amoqmedeba moiTxovda garkveul organizaciul gamocdilebas. vanis naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi didZali adgilobrivi warmoebis (qvevrebi, amforebi, qoTnebi, doqebi, jamebi da sxv.) da Semotanili ucxouri (sinopes, rodosis, qiosis, knidis, kosis keramikuli tara; mcireaziuri, Savi da wiTellakiani keramika da sxv.) keramikaa nanaxi, rac savaWro saqmianobaze miuTiTebs. napovnia agreTve terakotebis gasakeTebeli yalibebi. gvxvdeba didi raodenobis vertikaluri saqsovi dazgebis sawafebi; adgilobrivad damzadebuli da ucxoeTidan Semotanili oqromWedlobis nimuSebi. vanis naqalaqi, Tanamedrove qalaq vanis dasavleTiT, md. rionis marcxena Senakadis, md. suloris marcxena mxares mdebareobs. is CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken daferdebul samkuTxa borcvze, qveda, centralur da zeda terasebzea ganlagebuli, romelic 7 ha-s moicavs. qalaqis sasimagro kedlebSi koSkebia gamarTuli. CrdiloeTiT mdebare 40

mTavari karibWe Sedgeba urTierTgamijnuli ori karisagan, naxevarwriuli koSkisagan da saguSago nagebobebisagan. aqvea sakurTxeveli da qalaqis mfarveli RvTaebis qandakebis kvarcxlbeki, romelic midgmulia kldeze. qalaqis aRmosavleT mxares meore Sesasvleli iyo. iqve, didi zomis wylis rezervuaria kldeSi amokveTili, romelic wylis maragis Sesavsebad iyo gankuTvnili. qalaq vanis sasimagro kedlebis wyobaSi qvis Tlili kvadrebi erTmaneTTan mWidrod aris morgebuli. vanis naqalaqarze arqeologiurad aRmoCenilia elinisturi epoqis kramitiT gadaxuruli sazogadoebrivi, sataZro-sakulto da safortifikacio nagebobebis naSTebi. vanis naqalaqaris Sesaxeb Seqmnilia mravali samecniero naSromi. swored am naSromebze dayrdnobiT gTavazobT vanis naqalaqaris iersaxis savaraudo restavracia-aRdgenis cdas (arqeologiuri masala ix. kreb. "vani," 1972, 1976, 1977, 1979, 1981, 1983 a.S.). qalaqi "vani" ekonomikurad Zlieri iyo; xelosnoba da vaWroba kargad iyo ganviTarebuli. mas hqonda sasoflo-sameurneo miwebi _ dablagomi, mTisZiri, SuamTa, gailouri, keWinara, gora, bagineTi, inaSauri, suloris "sakakile," Zuluxi, buRnari, bzvani da maT urbanistul centrs warmoadgenda (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.36,55). qalaqs mZlavri TavdacviTi sistema hqonda da, bunebrivia, damcveli razmebic eyoleboda. es razmebive axorcielebdnen albaT sameurneo miwebis zedamxedvelobas. “vani�, safiqrebelia, rom geografiul safuZvelze ganviTarebuli Teokratiuli urbanistuli (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972, gv.9-42) erTeuli iyo, romelic garkveuli TviTmmarTvelobiT sargeblobda. daaxloebiT Zv.w. IIIs-is dasawyisidan is iberiis samefos gavlenis qveS moeqca. amdagvari msxvili sakulto kerebi iyo mcire aziaSi _ pontos komana, anisa, tiana, zela. samwuxarod, es qalaqebi arqeologiurad TiTqmis ar aris Seswavlili. gadalaxa ra mTebi (mefiswyaros an zekaris gadasasvleli) sami aTas erTgul meomarTan erTad, miTridatem (apiane,101; straboni, XII, III,28) daarbia da gaZarcva "vanis" mdidari qalaqi.

41

42

arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben, rom qalaqi Zv.w. Is-is Sua xanebSi (60-iani wlebi) xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi dangreulia orjer. safiqrebelia, rom pirvelad is daangria da gaZarcva miTridatem, xolo meored pompeusma, romelmac daamarcxa iberiis mefe artoke da SeiWra kolxeTSi. pompeusma "vanis" mimarT "imoqmeda daSinebiT" (dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVII,3) da brZoliT. is "kolxeTSi SeiWra" (ix. plutarqe, "pompeusi,"34). pompeusma "kolxebTan, albanelebTan, iberebTan... da sxva aRmosavlel xalxebTan warmatebuli brZolebiT ganavrco romaelTa Zalaufleba..." (apiane, "miTridates omebi,"114). meore ngrevis kvali yvelaze kargad Cans vanis naqalaqaris Sua terasis aRmosavleT ferdobze, sadac TavdacviTi kedlebi saswrafod, saxeldaxelod, saZirkvlis yovelgvari momzadebis gareSea agebuli Tixnar fenaze. es fena ki pirveli ngrevisagan aris warmoSobili (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1968, gv.141). pirveli ngrevis fenaSi ZiriTadad gvxvdeba arqiteqturuli detalebis natexebi, keramikuli masala, monetebi. pontos monetebi, etyoba, miTridates meomrebisaa, anda aq SavizRvispira urbanistuli centrebidanaa moxvedrili. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi monetebia aRmoCenili eSeris naqalaqarze. naqalaqarze sxva monetebTan erTad aRmoCnda parTuli fulic, romelic aq iberiis gziT Semodioda (ix. dundua, lorTqifaniZe g., 1977, gv.119; dundua, 1974, gv.146-159). qalaqis gaZarcvis Semdeg miTridate Tavisi meomrebiT gadavida md. fasisze(rioni) da gaemarTa qalaq dioskuriisaken. man aq romis winaaRmdeg axali gegmebis SemuSavebaSi gaatara zamTari (apiane,101), xolo Semdeg "xmeleTis gziT" wavida bosforSi (dion kasiusi, "romis istoria," XXXVI,50), radgan sazRvao gza romaelebs hqondaT blokirebuli. "daamarcxa Tu ara iberebi, pompeusi kolxeTSi SeiWra. mdinare fasisis sanapiroze mas Seegeba serviliusi Tavisi flotiT, romliTac igi pontos icavda" (plutarqe, 1957, gv.117). pompeusma kolxeTSi daamarcxa da tyved igdo skeptuxi olTake_>Olj„khc (apiane, 117). sainteresoa, rom amdagvarive saxelis (Otaces) iberTa razmis 43

winamZRols ixseniebs valerius flakusic (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv.210).

SesaZloa aq erTidaigive pirovnebaze iyos saubari. miTridates mier qalaqis gaZarcvis da dioskuriisaken wasvlis Semdeg, qalaqis mesveurebma albaT daiwyes misi TavdacviTi sistemis saxeldaxelo aRdgena-gamagreba. isini Cqarobdnen, radgan icodnen, rom roca pompeusi iberebs da albanelebs daamarcxebda, kolxeTSi gadmovidoda saomrad. pompeuss, etyoba, ar gasWirvebia miTridates mier gaZarculi qalaqis xelmeored aReba. meore ngrevis fena mxolod zogierT ubanze dasturdeba (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1968,gv.141). naqalaqarze napovnia romauli monetebi (ix. dundua, lorTqifaniZe g., 1977, gv.124) da romauli sabrZolo Subi _ pilumi.

Zv.w. 65wels transkavkasiaSi pirvelad gamoCndnen romis respublikis legionerebi gneus pompeus magnusis xelmZRvanelobiT. moagvara Tu ara iberiis sakiTxi, pompeusi gadavida lixis qedze da "kolxeTSi SeiWra" (plutarqe, pompeusi,34). rogorc Cans, cixesimagre Sorapans (arq. masala ix. jafariZe,1990, gv.6-8) araviTari winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia pompeusisTvis, rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom am droisaTvis Sorapani, etyoba, artokes eqvemdebareboda, mas ki romTan samokavSireo xelSekruleba hqonda dadebuli. straboni sarapanisis (Sorapnis) Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: "simagres SeuZlia daitios mTeli qalaqis mosaxleoba" (XI, II,17); "kolxeTidan iberiaSi Sesavali daxSulia kldeebiT, simagreebiTa da mdinareebis xeobebiT"-o (XI,III,4). romaelebis gamoCenis dros Sida kolxeTi danawilebuli iyo skeptuxiebad. safiqrebelia, rom maTi nawili iberiis politikur gavlenas emorCileboda (mag., Sorapani, romelic ubrZolvelad gaiara pompeusma), xolo nawili ki, etyoba, separatistul, SedarebiT damoukidebel politikas atarebda (mag., "vanis" skeptuxia). strabonis dedis biZas, miTridate evpatoris moxeles moafernes ki dasavleTi kolxeTi (resp. pontos kolxeTi) eqvemdebareboda (straboni, XI,II,18). pompeusi rom marto mSvidobiani gziT ar moqmedebda kolxeTSi, amaze miuTiTebs apianes cnoba, rom pompeusma "kolxebTan, albanelebTan, 44

iberebTan, armenielebTan ... da sxva aRmosavlel xalxebTan warmatebuli brZolebiT ganavrco romaelTa Zalaufleba..."-o (apiane, "miTridates omebi,"114). amasve aRniSnavs florusi (miTridates omebi,X,40) pompeusma "daamarcxa kolxebi"-o (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv.258). romaelTa agresiulobis dasturia isic, rom romSi pompeusis triumfis dros tyveTa Soris warmodgenilia "kolxebis skeptuxi olTake" (apiane,117).

SesaZlebelia, rom olTake "vanis" skeptuxTa gvaridan iyo, romelmac winaaRmdegoba gauwia pompeuss (ix. inaZe,1987, gv.59). apiane (miTridates omebi,117) triumfis monawileebs ierarqiuli TanamimdevrobiT CamoTvdis; aq Cans, rom olTake Cveulebrivi sardali ki ar aris, aramed kolxeTis xe-lisufalTa gvarisaa. igi siaSi mefeebsa da maT SvilTa Soris aris dasaxelebuli (yauxCiSvili, 1959, gv.36). aseTi warmomavloba, safiqrebelia, mas aZlevda uflebas, rom calke, artokes pompeusTan dazavebis Semdeg, kidev gaegrZelebina sakuTari samflobeloebis dacva. romaelebs ar daemorCila da kavkasionis mTebs Seafara Tavi kolxTa mmarTvelma orozma, rogorc amas gadmogvcems romaeli avtori florusi ("miTridates omebi", X,28) (ix. latiSevi, 1904, gv. 258; The loeb classical library, 1957, gv.186-188). orozi, Cans, kolxeTis romeliRac mxaris winamZRol-mmarTveli iyo (daaxloebiT olTakes nairi), romelic ar daemorCila romaelebs. zogi mkvlevari mas mTeli kolxeTis mefed (Regem Colchorum – Florus, XL, 28) miiCnevs (ix. berZniSvili, 1969,gv.131), magram cnobilia agreTve, rom am droisaTvis kolxeTi ar iyo erTiani samefo. gavixsenoT strabonis cnobebi (XI,II,18) qveynis dayofisa da dasustebis Sesaxeb (XI,II,17). moafernes, romelic miTridate evpators dasavleT kolxeTSi hyavda mmarTvelad dayenebuli, winaaRmdegoba ar gauwevia pompeusisTvis. yovel SemTxvevaSi, moafernes sabrZolo moqmedeba werilobiTi wyaroebidan ar Cans. sayuradReboa, rom igi ar aris pompeusis triumfis siaSi. SesaZlebelia, moafernem jer miTridatesTan erTad gamoizamTra dioskuriaSi, xolo Semdeg masTan erTad bosforisaken wavida.

45

pompeusi md. fasisis gayolebiT Cadis zRvamde (etyoba q. fasisSi), sadac mas serviliusi flotiT Seegeba (ix. plutarqe, pompeusi,34). romaelebi dioskuriis, miTridate evpatoris kolxuri rezidenciis mimarTulebiT aRar wavidnen, radgan SesaZlebelia, rom miTridates gaqcevis Semdeg qalaqi Tavisi nebiT gadavida pompeusis mxareze da warmomadgenlebi aaxla. soxumis (dioskuriis) arqeologiur Zeglze Zv.w.

I saukunis kulturuli fenebi sustad aris warmodgenili. aq raime ngrevis kvali jerjerobiT ara Cans. zRvamde misulma pompeusma miTridates devna mizanSewonilad aRar CaTvala. plutarqes TqmiT, "bosforisa da meotidis maxloblad mcxovreb tomebSi TavSefarebuli miTridates devna friad did siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. amave dros pompeuss auwyes: albanelebi xelaxla ajanydneno. risxviTa da SurisZiebis surviliT anTebuli pompeusi albanTa winaaRmdeg daiZra" (plutarqe, pompeusi, 34). pompeuss "srulebiTac ar undoda mtris devna amaod. igi sxva saqmeebs akeTebda, romlebic, ase Tu ise, miTridatesTan omTan iyo dakavSirebuli da dros aWianurebda" (plutarqe, pompeusi,41). klde-RreebSi miTridates devnas pompeusma moqnili politika amjobina. rogorc Cans, man miTridates SvilTan farnakesTan kavSiri gaaba da misi xeliT mouswrafa sicocxle miTridates. plutarqe aRniSnavs, rom miTridates sikvdilis Semdeg yvelaferi farnakem miisakuTra da pompeuss Seatyobina - "yvelaferi es CemTvisa da romaelebisaTvis miviReo" (plutarqe, pompeusi,41). mamis mkvleli farnake pompeusma "romaelTa megobrad da mokavSired gaxada da uboZa bosforis mefoba..." (apiane, miTridates omebi,113). wavida ra pompeusi afsarosis gasasvlelis da somxeTis gavliT gaurCebuli albanelebis dasaSoSmineblad (dion kasiusi, XXXVII,3; plutarqe, pompeusi,35), kolxeTis gamgeblad aristarqe datova (apiane, 114). ori romauli saistorio wyaro aristarqes mefed moixseniebs (evtropiusi, VI,14; festusi, XVI). magram aristarqes saxeliT Zv.w. 52 wels moWril monetebze is Tavis Tavs mefes ar uwodebs. aristarqe rom mefe ar aris, es iqidanac Cans, rom amave drois bosforis mefis 46

farnakes monetas aweria "didi mefis farnakesia." SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos is faqti, rom romTan dakavSirebuli ori pirovnebidan erTi _ farnake mefed, xolo meore aristarqe _ mxolod mmarTvelad ixsenieba (apiane, 114) (yauxCiSvili, 1959,gv.27-31). friad sayuradReboa mosazreba, romlis mixedviTac aristarqes monetaze profilSi gamoxatuli, Tavze gvirgviniani mamakaci Camohgavs pompeusis sxva portretebs (Jenkins, 1959, gv.32). ase rom, amaSic kargad aisaxa aristarqes daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareoba romisadmi. erTi mxriv, aristarqes ufleba rom hqonoda Tavis moWril monetaze mefed moexseniebina Tavi, amas usaTuod gaakeTebda. meore mxriv, pompeusis mier aRzevebuli aristarqe SesaZloa ar iyo iseTi maRali (mefuri gvaris) warmomavlobis, rom kolx skeptuxebs eRiarebinaT misi suzerenoba da amitom amjobina ar gaeRizianebina isini. aristarqe Sida kolxeTSi ki ar jdeba, aramed dioskurias irCevs mTavar rezidenciad, romelic adre miTridates kolxuri rezidencia iyo. amas mxars uWers isic, rom soxumTan (dioskuriasTan) aris aRmoCenili aristarqeseuli moneta. qalaqi sanapiroze komunikaciuri TvalsazrisiT aristarqesTvis rezidenciad ufro mosaxerxebeli unda yofiliyo. aqedan ufro kargad SeiZleboda, erTi mxriv, kolxeTis garkveuli kontrolis qveS yola, xolo meore mxriv, romaelebTan kavSiri. is, Tu rogori iyo aristarqes realuri Zalaufleba, an konkretulad kolxeTis ra nawili eqvemdebareboda mas, samwuxarod, saistorio werilobiTi wyaroebidan ar Cans. CvenTvis agreTve ucnobia, ramdeni xani grZeldeboda zustad aristarqes mmarTveloba. sagulvebelia, rom igi mmarTvelobs Zv.w. 48 wmde, bosforis mefis farnakes kolxeTSi SemoWramde. farnakes da Semdeg miTridate pergamonelis SemoWriT qveyana kidev ufro dasustda da daqucmacda. straboni evripides sityvebiT gadmogvcems _ "rodesac qveyana dauZlurdeba, RmerTTa kuTvnilic sustdeba da aRar undaT misi pativiscema _ ambobs evripide" (XI,II,17). cnobilia, rom romaelebi eqspansiis dasawyisSi maTdami daqvemdebarebul qveynebSi ki ar cvlidnen arsebul sammarTvelo aparatis struqturas, 47

aramed mas TavianT samsaxurSi ayenebdnen. isini, aseve moiqcnen kolxeTSi. maT mmarTvelad daniSnes aristarqe da mas sagamgeblo aparatis struqtura Zveli dautoves, miTridatesnairi. kolxeTis mmarTvelis rezidenciad igive darCa (miTridateseuli) _ dioskuria.

Sida kolxeTis "skeptuxiebze" (mag., olTakes skeptuxiaze) safiqrebelia, rom aristarqes Zalaufleba efemeruli iyo. jer kidev lukulusi miTridatesTan omis dros aRniSnavda am mxaris srulad damorCilebis siZneleebs (ix. plutarqe, lukulusi,14). romis respublikaSi Zv.w. I saukunis bolosaTvis Sidapo-litikurma brZolam gansakuTrebul simwvaves miaRwia. Seqmnili mdgomareobis gamoyeneba scada miTridate evpatoris Svilma, bosforis mefem farnakemac. man gadawyvita pontos samefos mamiseul farglebSi aRdgena. dion kasiosi gadmogvcems: "rogorc naTqvami iyo, man (farnakem) moindoma mTeli mamiseuli samefos dabruneba da ajanyda keisrisa da pompeusis urTierTSoris brZolis dros, radgan romaelebi maSin sakuTari saqmeebiT iyvnen garTuli" (XLII, 45). wavida ra mamis yofili aziuri samflobeloebisaken, farnakes, bunebrivia, (Tu zRviT ar wavidoda) umoklesi gziT, kolxeTze unda gaevlo. am dapyrobebs roca aRwers dion kasiosi, asaxelebs kolxeTs da armenias. Semdeg dapyrobili armeniis SemTxvevaSi asaxelebs romaelebis momxre mmarTvels deiotares, xolo kolxeTSi aristarqes damarcxebis Sesaxeb arafers wers. ucnobia farnakem aristarqe daamarcxa Tu SeikavSira. rogorc plutarqe aRniSnavs, farnakem "yvela iqauri mefe da tetrarqosi saamboxod waaqezao" (keisari,50). aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi farnakes moqmedebis Sesaxeb mxolod erTaderTi cnobaa Semonaxuli, sadac aRniSnulia, rom man gaZarcva levkoTeas samlocvelo. vidre farnake mcire aziaSi brZolebs awarmoebda, bosforSi mis mierve daniSnuli mmarTveli asandri ajanyda. mas undoda farnakes winaaRmdeg gamosvliT romaelebis guli moego da maTi xelSewyoba-TanxmobiT bosforSi xelisufleba egdo xelT (dion kasiusi, XLII, 46).

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Zv.w. 47wels qalaq zelasTan iulius keisarma daamarcxa farnake (plutarqe, keisari, 50; dion kasiusi, XLII, 47; apiane,120). damarcxebuli farnake zRvisken gaiqca, bosforSi gadasasvlelad. bosforSi mas ajanyebuli asandri SeebrZola, daamarcxa da mokla (apiane,120; dion kasiusi, XLII,47). amis miuxedavad, asandri romaelebma bosforis mmarTvelad mainc ar daniSnes. bosforis samefo iulius keisarma, sxva teritoriebTan erTad, Tavis mokavSire miTridate pergamonels uboZa. magram bosfori miTridate pergamonels asandrisagan xmliT unda moepovebina (dion kasiosi, XLII, 48). amitom daiZra miTridate pergamoneli sabrZolvelad bosforisaken. asandrma miTridate pergamoneli daamarcxa bosforSi laSqrobisas (straboni, XIII,IV,3). ra xdeboda kolxeTSi zemoxsenebuli omebis dros, werilobiTi wyaroebidan ucnobia. cnobebis uqonloba am brZolebis Sesaxeb imiTac SeiZleba aixsnas, rom kolxeTi, dasavleT kolxeTi, am omebSi mxolod strategiuli mxarea, sadac umoklesi gza gadioda bosforidan mcire aziisaken. sayuradReboa, rom bosforisa da mcire aziis brZolebis aRweras saistorio wyaroebSi ufro meti adgili eTmoba. safiqrebelia, rom Sida kolxeTSi SeWra da adgilobrivi skeptuxebis amxedreba am SemTxvevaSi ar Sedioda meomari mxareebis interesebSi. bunebrivia, arcerT meomar mxares ar endomeboda zurgSi ajanyebulebi yoloda, miT umetes, rom cnobilia, marto erTma _ asandris ajanyebam bosforSi, rogori tragikuli Sedegebi gamoiwvia farnakesaTvis. amitom SesaZlebelia, rom Sida kolxeTis "samTavroeb-skeptuxiebi" mTeli am omebis dros garkveul damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen. romis aRmosavluri politika, oqtaviane avgustusis dros ufro aqtiuri gaxda. romaelebis momxre mefe polemons mieca gankarguleba, rom bosforSi asandris gardacvalebis Semdeg romis faqtiuri Zalaufleba aRedgina (dion kasiusi, IV,24/4). dasavleT kolxeTi amjerad ukve polemonis sabrZolo operaciebis arealSi unda moxvedriliyo, radgan bosforisaken mimaval gzaze mdebareobda. polemonma dasavleT kolxeTi oqtaviane avgustusis dasturiT SeuerTa 49

pontos. straboni gadmogvcems: "polemons hqonda kolxeTi, xolo rodesac is mokvda (Zv.w. 8w.) misi meuRle piTodorisi flobda, mefobda kolxebze, trapezuntze, farnakeaze da zemoT mcxovreblebze" (XI,II,18). polemonis moqmedebis Sesaxeb kolxeTSi araviTari werilobiTi cnoba ar arsebobs. raxan Zv.w. 14 wels polemonma SeierTa bosfori, aqedan gamomdinare savaraudoa, rom ramdenime wliT adre unda SeeerTebina dasavleT kolxeTi. romis aRmosavlur politikaSi SavizRvispireTs erT-erTi ZiriTadi adgili ekava. SavizRvispireTis komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis Zlier saxelmwifosTan qiSpobisas. roms aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTidan gahqonda liToni, xe-tye, marcvleuli, tyaveuli, seli, Rvino da sxv. (straboni, XI,II,17). Isaukunis romaeli avtori markus maniliusi aRniSnavs, rom romaelebs kvebavs numidielTa sanapiro da fasisis Walebi. Tan am ukanasknelze dasZens, rom es is adgilia, saidanac oqros sawmisi moitaceso (V,376-377). zRvispira, dasavleT kolxeTi polemonis pontos SemadgenlobaSi imperator avgustusis dros Sedis. am droisaTvis dasavleT kolxeTi, marTalia, uSualod ar eqvemdebareboda roms, magram pontos samefos saSualebiT romis politikur gavlenaSi eqceva. am xanebSi romis legionerebi kolxeTis miwaze ar idgnen. imperator avgustusis aRmosavluri politikis ZiriTadi mizani iyo romis aRmosavleTis sazRvrebTan Seeqmna faqtiurad romze damokidebuli, xolo formalurad damoukidebeli qveynebi, romelTa xeliTac romi sasazRvro regionebSi TavisTvis sasurvel politikas gaatarebda. erT-erTi aseTi samefo polemonis ponto iyo, romelSic dasavleT kolxeTi Sedioda. polemonis pontos mniSvnelovani centri qalaqi trapezunti teritoriulad axlo mdebareobda kolxeTTan. romma, miuxedavad Zlevamosilebisa, mainc ver moaxerxa Sida kolxeTis sruli damorCileba. es ver moxerxda verc aristraqes, verc miTridate pergamonelis da verc polemonis xeliT. ramdenadme gamarTlda lukulusis winaswarmetyveleba, romelic aRniSnavda _ am mxaris 50

damorCileba Zalian Zneliao (ix. plutarqe, luk.,14). marTlac, Sida kolxeTi Tavisi biogeogaremoTi _ xeobebiT, mTebiT, swrafi, Znelad gadasalaxi mdinareebiT, uRrani tyeebiT _ advilad dasamorCilebeli ar unda yofiliyo. amas emateboda agreTve agresiulad ganwyobili, Zlieri samTavroeb-skeptuxiebi. dasavleT, zRvispira kolxeTisaTvis ki romaelebi garkveuli kontrolis gawevas axerxebdnen. amaSi maTi ZiriTadi sayrdeni unda yofiliyo sanapiro qalaqebi, romlebSic, Sida kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, SedarebiT Zlieri iyo antikuri sameurneokulturuli gavlena. dasavleT kolxeTi is strategiul-komunikaciuri mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda roms Tavisi gavlenis dasamyareblad mcire aziasa da bosforSi. iberiis samefosTan kolxeTis nawilis inkorporaciam kolxeTis samefos politikuri statusis Secvla gamoiwvia. kolxeTisaTvis uaryofiTi sagareo faqtori gamodga pontos samefos eqspansia, romelsac zRvispireTis aneqsia mohyva. Sida kolxeTSi daingra da gaiZarcva "vanis" mdidari qalaqi. kolxeTi gadaiqca pontos samefosa da roms Soris saomari moqmedebebis asparezad, riTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba unda dazaralebuliyo. romma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina kolxeTis ganviTarebis procesze. erTi mxriv, es zemoqmedeba uaryofiTi gamodga _ qveynis dasavleTi mxare romis politikur gavlenaSi moeqca, xolo zogierT regionSi ki romaelTa cbieri politikis Sedegad arastabiluri mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rac SemdgomSi romisadmi naxevrad daqvemdebarebuli "samTavroebis" ganviTarebiT dasrulda (mag. ix. _ flavius ariane, "mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo,"11). meore mxriv, romma _ im droisaTvis mowinave saxelmwifom, dadebiTi rolic iTamaSa kolxeTis ganviTarebaSi; kerZod, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba ufro axlo gaecno im droisaTvis mowinave romaul kulturas; sanapiro qalaqebSi romauli nawarmi gamoCnda; gaecnen axal saomar taqtikas da teqnikas. kolxeTSi xSiri sabrZolo moqmedebebis dros saWiro iyo organizaciuli sakiTxebis swrafi gadawyveta. es, garkveulwilad, xels uwyobda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi sazogadoebriv konsolidacias, rac 51

SemdgomSi kolxeTis memkvidre, lazikis samefos warmoqmnaSi gamoixata. kolxeT-lazikis da iberia-qarTlis adgilsa da safuZvelze Semdgom ganviTarda erTiani saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo. literatura: aleqsiZe z., cxovreba farnavazisi, Jurn. "mnaTobi", 1984,#12, gv.152-157. berZeniSvili n., saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, I t., Tb., 1964. berZniSvili m., qalaq fazisis istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1969. bragvaZe z., kolxeTis aRmosavleTi regionebis (yvirilis xeobis) qarTizaciis sakiTxisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" 1990, #4, gv.137-150. beraZe T., zRvaosnoba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1981. gagua g., kolxeTis agroklimaturi resursebis gamoyeneba, Tb., 1988. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. gamyreliZe g., azo-farnavazis droindeli kolxeTis istoriisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist... seria), Tb., 1985, #3, gv.86-97. gamyreliZe g., miTridate evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" 1989, #2, gv. 59-69. gamyreliZe g. istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1993. gozaliSvili g., miTridate pontoeli, Tb., 1965. grigolia g., fxakaZe g., baramiZe m., dasavleT saqarTvelos saZiebo-arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1966 w. muSaobis Sedegebi, masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis, V t., Tb., 1973, gv. 17-38. georgika, III(berZnul-qarTuli teqsti gamosca s.yauxCiSvilma),Tb., 1936. georgika, II (berZnul-qarTuli teqsti gamosca s.yauxCiSvilma),Tb., 1965. gordeziani r., rCeuli naSromebi, "logosi," Tb., 2000. guguSvili p., marcvleuli meurneoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1954. dion kasiosi, cnobebi saq. Sesaxeb (gamosca n.lomourma), Tb., 1966. dundua g., iWreboda Tu ara moneta vanSi?, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist.... seria), Tb., 1974, #2, gv. 146-159. dundua g., lorTqifaniZe g., monetebi vanidan, vani, IIIt.,1977, gv.119-152. dundua T., kolxeTi, Iberia..., numizmatikis mixedviT, Tb.,1993. vaSakiZe v. elinisturi xanis qarTlis socialuri istoriidan, Tb., 1991. vaxuSti batoniSvili, qarTlis cxovreba, t.IV, Tb., 1973.

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zaqaraia p., noqalaqevSi 1973-77 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis saerTo angariSi, kreb. noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi, Tb., 1981, gv. 77-119.

Tolordava v., dakrZalva elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1980. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoeba, Tb., 1994. inaZe m., mcire aziis sataZro qalaqebis sakiTxisaTvis, kreb. iv. javaxiSvilisadmi miZRvnili, Tb., 1976, gv.136-144. inaZe m., aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb., 1982. inaZe m., sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne" (ist.... seria), Tb., 1986. #4, gv. 32-53. inaZe m., Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebis socialur-politikuri istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, saq. mecn.akad."macne" (ist...), Tb., 1987,#4, gv.46-67. inaZe m., kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis, saq. mecn. akad. "moambe", XXVI t., Tb., 1961, #6. gv. 783-790. kaxiZe am., saqarTvelos zRvispireTis antikuri qalaqebi, Tb., 1971. kaxiZe am., aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis antikuri Zeglebi (fiWvnaris berZnuli samarovani), baTumi, 1975. kecxoveli n., saqarTvelos mcenareuli safari, Tb., 1959. kvirkvelia n., ucxoeli mecnierebi uZvelesi qarTveli tomebis meliToneobis Sesaxeb, Tb., 1976. korZaxia m., saqarTvelos hava, Tb., 1961. lamberti arqanjelo, samegrelos aRwera, Tb., 1938. lanCava om., quTaisis Zveli istoriisaTvis, Tb., 1975. liCeli v., Zveli vani, sameurneo ubani, Tb., 1991. lomouri n., klavdios ptolemaiosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. 32, Tb., 1955. lomouri n., noqalaqevi, kreb. noqalaqevi-arqeopolisi,I, Tb.,1981, gv.18. lomouri n., kolxeTis sanapiros berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb., 1962. lorTqifaniZe oT., arqeologia da saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, saq. mecn. akad. "macne", 1976, #2, gv. 110-128. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb., 1966. lorTqifaniZe oT., vanis naqalaqari, kreb. vani, I t., Tb.,1972, gv.7-42. lorTqifaniZe oT., vanis naqalaqari (gaTxrebi. istoria. problemebi), kreb. vani, III t., Tb., 1977. gv. 13-27.

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lorTqifaniZe oT., masalebi Zv.w.Vs. kolxeTis mxatvruli kulturis ist.-Tvis, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi,1971, #1 (138), gv.51-63. lorTqifaniZe oT., Zveli kolxeTis kultura, Tb., 1972. lorTqifaniZe oT., antikur xanaSi indoeTidan Savi zRvisken momavali gzis Sesaxeb, saq. mecn. akad. "moambe", XIX, Tb., 1957, #3. gv.377-384. maruaSvili l., saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia, II, Tb., 1970. maxaraZe g., sairxis naqalaqaris istoriis mniSvnelovani etapi, arqeologiuri Jurnali,I, Tb., 2000, gv.43-66. meliqiSvili g., saqarTvelos, kavkasiisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis uZvelesi mosaxleobis sakiTxisaTvis, Tb., 1965. musxeliSvili d., saq. ist. geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb., 1977. nadiraZe j., yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1975. nadiraZe j., sairxe, saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, Tb., 1990. nakaiZe n., Zv. w. IV-III ss. qvevrsamarxebi daWrilebis samarovnidan, kreb. kavTisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1980, gv. 28-41. plutarqe (Targmna ak. uruSaZem), Tb., 1957. ruxaZe j., Romis kultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XI, Tb., 1960, gv. 75-91. sanikiZe l., pontos samefo, Tb., 1956. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, I t., Tb., 1970. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964. flavius ariane, mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo (berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosca n. keWaRmaZem), Tb., 1961. qarTlis cxovreba (gamosca s. yauxCiSvilma), It., Tb., 1955. qoriZe d., Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, II, Tb., 1958. yauxCiSvili T., saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, I, II, III, Tb., 2000. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi..., Tb., 1967. yauxCiSvili T., hipokrates cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1965. yauxCiSvili T., apiane, Tb., 1959. yauxCiSvili T., heraklide da misi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kreb. aRmosavluri filologia, I, Tb., 1969, gv. 186-190. yauxCiSvili T., vanis axladaRmoCenili berZnuli warwera, kreb. qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, VII, Tb., 1987, gv. 131-143. yauxCiSvili T., strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.

54

yoranaSvili g., geografiuli garemos roli saz. ganviTarebaSi,Tb., 1975.

Sardeni Jan, mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi (Targmna m. mgalobliSvilma), Tb., 1975.

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, I wigni, Tb.,1963.

Zvelaia m., kolxeTis dablobi, Tb., 1973.

ZiZiguri l., Zveli kolxeTis sameurneo kultura, Tb., 1994. wereTeli g., armazis bilingva, "enimkis" moambe, Tb., 1943, #13, gv. 1-83. wereTeli k. arameuli saqarTveloSi, Jur. "mnaTobi",1976, #6, gv.150-157. wereTeli k., arameuli ena, Tb., 1982.

Wyonia a., vanis naqalaqaris oqros samkaulebi, kreb. vani VI, Tb., 1981. xazaraZe n., saqarTvelos Zv. ist. eTnopolitikuri problemebi, Tb., 1984. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria, I, t., 1960. javaxiSvili iv.,qarTveli eris istoria, II t., Tb., 1948. janaSia s., Sromebi, II t., Tb., 1952. janaSia s., Sromebi, III t., Tb., 1959. jafariZe a., saqarTvelos cxovelTa samyaro, III t., Tb., 1963. janeliZe W., saqarTvelos bunebrivi garemo qvis xanaSi, saqarTvelos arqeologia, I t., Tb., 1991, gv.50-69. latiSevi - Латышев В. Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе. Записки классического отделения императорского русского археологического общества, т. II, вып. I, Санкт Петербург, 1904.

Ciceronis M Tullii, De imperio en Pompei sive pro Lega Manile, oratio ad Quirites (ed. A. Gofman), Part I, S.-Peterburg 1911.

Claessen H., Skalnik P., The Early State, Hague, 1978.

Bandinelli R., Archeologia e culture, Milan, 1961.

Kacharava D., Greek Imports of archaic and chassical times in Colchis, Archäologischer Anzeiger, Berlin, 1995, pp. 63-73.

Jankins A., Recent Acquisitions of Greck Coins by the British Museum, The Numismatic chronicle, London, 1959, pp. 32-37.

The loeb clavsical library, London, 1957.

Reinach Th., Mitridate Eupator, roi de Pont, Paris, 1890.

Vallet Georges, La Colonisation Grecque en occident, XIII "Mejdunarodni kongress istoricheskix nauk", I vol, III part, M., 1973. p.p. 53-72.

55

qalaq fasisis (foTis) topoarqeologiisaTvis qalaqi foTi, dRes, saqarTvelos umniSvnelovanesi navsadguri da azia-evropis satranzito gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqtia. qalaqi foTi saqarTvelos mzardi socialur-ekonimikuri centria. qalaq fasisis Seswavlis istoria saukune-naxevars iTvlis; magram jerjerobiT, werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis simciris gamo, misi istoriis rigi sakiTxebis sruli gaSuqeba SeuZlebelia [ix. 2, gv.3-21; 3; 19, gv.17-36; 42, gv.271-281; 71; 70; 68, gv.223; 9; 10, gv.70-110; 14, gv.505; 12, gv.36-55]. zogadad dRevandel q. foTTan da mis SemogarenSi lokalizdeba antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli Zveli qalaqi fasisi//fazisi. berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis toponim fasiss qarTveluri enebis safuZvelze miRebul foTis saxelwodebad miiCneven _ foT//faT//fas [11,gv.181-185; 24,gv.96]. q. fasisi ixsenieba Semdeg werilobiT wyaroebSi: fsevdo-skilaqsi, azia, 81 [34,gv.48]; aristotele, fragmentebi 46 [35,gv.73]; platoni, "fedoni" 109(b) [63,gv.83]; heraklide lembosi, "fasiselTa politia," XVIII [36, gv.195]; hipokrate, "haerTa, wyalTa da adamianTa Sesaxeb," 15 [33,gv.45]; Teokrite, "idilia," sqolioebi, XIII, 24[23,gv.316]; straboni, "geografia", XI,2,16,17;3,4[32, gv.122,123,128]; fsevdoplutarqe, "mdinareebis da mTebis saxelebis Sesaxeb...", fasisi, V,1 [57,gv.223]; pliniusi gaius sekundusi(ufrosi), "naturaluri istoria", VI,1,13,52, [56, gv.178,179,185]; pomponius mela, "qveynierebis aRweriloba," I,108[5, gv.29]; flavius ariane, "mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo", 9,10 [1,gv.40]; klavdios ptolemaiosi, "geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo," V,9T.,2[17,gv.45]; fsevdo-orfevsi, "argonavtika," gv.3 [20,gv.89]; Temistiosi, "sityvebi,"XXVII [23,gv.470]; kastoriusi, e.w. tabula pevtingerisa,X-XI [18, gv.109, tab.2]; amiane marcelinusi, "istoria" XXII, 8T.,24 [4, gv.112]; anonimi avtori, "evqsinis pontos periplusi...," 44(3),[57, gv.229]; zosime, "axali istoria," I,32 [29, 56

gv.268]; stefane bizantieli, "eTnika", fasisi [25, gv.286]; agaTia, "iustinianes mefobis Sesaxeb", III,19,20,21; IV,23[25, gv.97,98,102, 179]; menandre,"istoria," fragmenti 3 [25, gv.209]; epifane konstantinopoleli, "andrias cxovreba," Tavi - "svaneTi, fusta, abazgia, jiqeTi" [26,gv.58]; Teofane qronografi, "qronografia...", fasisis episkopos kvirosis Sesaxeb [26,gv.101]; giorgi kedrene, "istoriuli mimoxilva...", fasisis episkopos kvirosis Sesaxeb [27,gv.28]; basili sofeneli, "uwmindesi patriarqebis nusxa," 27 [28, gv.128,130,139]; nikita xoniate, "qronika...", fasisi sanavsadguro qalaqi [30,gv.132]; ambrozio kontarini, "mogzauroba kavkasiaSi...", gv.

2-3 (moambe,1894, gv.49,50); arqanjelo lambertis, samegrelos aRwera [16, gv.172]; Jan Sardeni, "mogzauroba sparseTsa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi [38,gv.108]. qalaq fasisis Sesaxeb uZvelesi sayuradRebo werilobiTi cnoba Semonaxulia Zv.w. IVs-is avtoris fsevdo-skilaqs kariandelis periplusSi _ "azia",81. umniSvnelovanesi cnoba q. fasisis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb daculia Zv.w.I da ax.w. Iss. mijnis geografosis strabonis "geografiaSi": "fasisze mdebareobs misi mosaxele qalaqi, kolxTa savaWro adgili, garSemortymuli mdinariT (rioni -g.g.), tbiT (paliastomi - g.g.) da zRviT" (straboni, XI,2,17). rogorc vxedavT es aRweriloba zedmiwevniT esadageba dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas. sayuradReboa agreTve q. fasisis TviTmxilvelis, romis imperiis maRali rangis moxelis, IIs. avtoris flavius arianes sainspeqcio aRweraSi - "periplusi Savi zRvis garSemo" Semonaxuli cnoba: "fasisSi rom Sedixar, marcxniv aRmarTulia qalRmerT fasianes qandakeba"... "TviT cixe-simagre, romelSic Tavsdeba oTxasi rCeuli meomari, me meCvena metad miudgomlad adgilis bunebis mixedviT, uSiSroebis TvalsazrisiT metad moxerxebul adgilze moTavsebulad aq momsvlelTaTvis. ormagi Txrili ertymis kedels, orive farToa, winaT kedeli Tixisa iyo da xis koSkebi idga masze, magram axla kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari agurisaganaa gakeTebuli.

57

saZirkveli misi myaria, zed samxedro manqanebia dadgmuli. erTi sityviT, yovelmxriv imdagvaradaa mowyobili, rom veravin miuaxlovdes da rom alyis safrTxe ar moelodes cixis damcvelT. xolo, radgan navsadguri uSiSari TavSesafari unda yofiliyo xomaldTaTvis, agreTve cixis garSemo mdebare sxva adgilebic, romlebic dasaxlebulia samsaxuridan gadamdgari samxedro pirebiT da vaWrebiT" (ariane, "periplusi...",9). q. fasisidanaa Zv.w. IVs. berZnul warweriani vercxlis fiala (warweris Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT). berZnul-romauli da bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebi qalaq fasiss xSirad axseneben, magram maTSi gadmocemuli monacemebi winaaRmdegobrivia; xSirad, cnobebi erTi da imave wyarodan momdinareobs. werilobiTi wyaroebis tradiciis gamartivebuli sqemis mixedviT fasisi ZvelTaganve qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul miwa-wyalzea ioniidan gamosuli mileTelebis mier adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan sakontaqtod, savaWro centrad - emporionad dafuZnebuli [Seadare, 59, gv.187-256; 60, gv.322-326; 13, gv.119-124; 46, gv.256-274]. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT foTi-paliastomis mimdebare teritoriis gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis nasaxlarebidan - namarnu, Ziguri, siriaCqonis oxoje, nandevu, sagviCio (zurgani, konSa), naRmipiji, Waladidi (zurga, sabaJo, Cxari), gurifuli, naoxvamu (sof. reka), ergeta da sxv. [ix. 44, gv.34-38 da ruka] albaT fasisi ufro dawinaurda. mas komunikaciebis mixedviT moxerxebuli adgili eWira (kerZod, md. rion-fasisis delta) da urbanistul centrad ganviTarda. hipokrate (Zv.w. 460-336ww.), zogi mkvlevaris mixedviT, namyofia da TviTmxilvelia md. fasisis midamoebis [33, gv.8]. is TxzulebaSi "haerTa, wyalTa da adgilTa Sesaxeb" mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis foTi-paliastomis mimdebare teritoriis Sesaxeb. kerZod - "... vinc fasisSi cxovrobs, maT Sesaxeb mogiTxrobT: es mxare Waobiania, Tbili, wyliani da teniani." "... adamianebs sacxovrebeli WaobebSi 58

aqvT; xisa da lerwmis saxlebi aqvea agebuli. isini cotas dadian fexiT qalaqsa (albaT q. fasisSi - g.g.) [71, gv.37-42] da savaWro (emporionSi) punqtebSi, aramed dacuraven aRma-daRma... navebiT, radgan arxebi bevria"(hipokrate, "haerTa..."15) [33, gv.45]. am nawyvetidan Cans, rom md. rion-fasisis qvemo welis mosaxleoba specialur savaWro punqtSi, fasisis emporionSi dadioda. hipokrates am naweridan agreTve, TiTqos, isic Cans, rom fasisis deltaSi mdebare adgili (Tuki is q. fasisia) adgilobrivi mosaxleobis savaWro punqtia (wyaroSi - ĂŽmpĂ˜rion) da ara berZnuli tipis qalaqi, polisi.saerTod ki vaWrobis koncentrireba specialur adgilebSi protourbanistul centrze migvaniSnebs. SesaZloa, rom berZnebis mosvlis Semdeg, aqedan savaWro saqonlis distribuciac xdeboda (mag. simagris da saerTod md. rionis gayolebiT namosaxlarebze dadasturebuli antikuri, importuli nawarmi), rac met-naklebad mudmivmoqmedi bazris gaCenas gulisxmobs. es ki qalaquri dasaxlebis erT-erTi niSania. md.fasisis SesarTavTan roca berZnebi gamoCndnen, aq protourbanistuli centri fasisi ukve iyo (gavixsenoT, aq gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebi). berZnebma es punqti aRiqves rogorc qalaqi da savaWro centri (emporioni). berZnebma am savaWro dasaxlebasTan daamyares kontaqti da droTa ganmavlobaSi aqve gaCnda berZnuli dasaxlebac. adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan am kontaqtebis ZiriTadi mizani adgilobrivi nedleulis gatana iyo; sanacvlod kolxeTSi sxvadasxva fufunebis sagnebi (natifi keramika, samkaulebi, liTonis WurWeli, nelsacxeblebi da a.S.) SemohqondaT. es ki Zv.w. Vs-is Semdgomi werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebiT dasturdeba. amdenad, zRvis sanapiroze emporionebis warmoqmna ucxoelebis da adgilobrivebis saerTo interesebSi Sedioda. fasisSi gaxsnili da daarsebuli berZnebis axalSeni droTa ganmavlobaSi adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan kontaqtebis Sedegad simbiozs da cvlilebebs ganicdida. es cvlilebebi didad iyo damokidebuli adgilobriv biogeogaremoze da sociogaremoze [7, gv.3-45].

59

Zv.w. IIIs-dan, kolxeTis samefos daSlis mere q. fasisi TandaTan antikur qveynebsa da Sida kolxeTs Soris buferul, eTnikurad Sereul, polisuri tipis qalaqad transformirda, romelsac albaT Tavisi sasoflo teritoriac hqonda. amasTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa q. fasisis Sesaxeb Zv.w. IIs-is avtoris heraklides cnoba fasisis politiaze, romelic aq garkveuli weswyobilebis arsebobas gulisxmobs [7,gv.46-87]. mniSvnelovania agreTve SedarebiT gviandeli anonimi avtoris "periplusSi" daculi cnobebi, sadac fasisTan erTad, konteqstSi, naxsenebia kavkasiis iberebi. Semdgom aRniSnulia: "mdinaris SesasvlelTan, fasisis marcxena napirze, moTavsebulia miletelTa mier dafuZnebuli elinuri qalaqi egreT wodebuli fasisi, romelSiac, rogorc amboben, Tavs iyris samoc sxvadasxva enaze molaparake xalxi. maT ricxvSi, gadmocemiT, imyofebian indoeTidan da baqtriidan mosulebic" (Vs. anonimi,3). magram, q. fasisis Sesaxeb es ramdenadme Semajamebeli werilobiTi wyaro, etyoba Zv.w. IIIs-is Semdgom periods exeba. e.w. didi berZnuli kolonizacia Zv.w. VIII-VII ss-Si q. fasiss ar Sexebia [Seadare, 3, gv.7-21; 13; 59, gv.187-256; 60, gv.25-33; 74]. md. rion-fasisis qvemo welze arqeologiurad aRmoCenili namosaxlarebi (CamonaTvali ix. zemoT) amas mowmobs. aq ucxouri nawarmi e.w. kolonizaciis epoqaSi ar Cans, xolo Zv.w. VI-Vss. importuli nawarmi mcirea da sul, daaxloebiT asi erTeuliT (keramikis natexebi) ganisazRvreba. amitom aq raRac intensiur berZnul "sakolonizacio" moqmedebebze saubari jerjerobiT sruliad usafuZvloa. rac Seexeba werilobiT wyaroebs, albaT SesaZlebelia, rom Zv.w. Vs-Si adgilobriv q. fasisTan an fasisSi, md. rionis deltaSi, berZnebis mcire savaWro dasaxleba (emporionis msgavsi) vigulisxmoT. daaxloebiT iseTi rogoric, Semdgom XIV-XVss-Si foT-fasisSi genuis savaWro faqtoria iyo. mniSvnelovania is faqtic, rom Zv.w.VIII-VI da gnebavT IVs-mde fasisfoTis midamoebSi da mTel kolxeTSi raime didi cvlileba arqeologiur kulturaSi (keramikul da metalurgiul warmoebaSi, 60

arqiteqturaSi, ideologiaSi, dakrZalvis wesSi da sxv.) ar SeimCneva. xsenebul teritoriaze adgilobrivi sociumi rogorc cxovrobda isev ise cxovrobs; ar Cans berZnuli kulturis raime zegavlena mosaxleobis yofaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Zveli fasisis adgilmdebareoba antikuri werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT zogadad gansazRvrulia (ix. straboni, ariane), dReisaTvis mecnierebis winaSe isev dgas misi zusti lokalizebis problema, radgan klasikuri da elinisturi xanis qalaqi arqeologiurad ar aris dadasturebuli. samagierod aRmoCenilia adrebizantiuri xanis fasisis naSTebi (ix. qvemoT) [6, gv.97-117; 10, gv.101]. fasisis lokalizeba-topografiis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia Semdegi mosazrebebi: pirveli_ frederik diubua de monpere Tvlis, rom romauli xanis fasisi mdebareobda sof. Waladidsa da foTs Soris. kerZod, xsenebul monakveTze, foTis aRmosavleTiT (dRevandeli aerodromis teritoriaze) man aRmoaCina nacixaris naSTebi, romelic arianeseul fasisad miiCnia [72, gv.63-80]. meore_ T. brunis azriT fasisi paliastomis tbis samxreT-aRmosavleT monakveTSi mdebareobda [47, gv.250]. mesame_ n. Safranovis mosazrebiT fasisi paliastomis tbis samxreT napirze, md. sufsis SesarTavTan iyo ganlagebuli [65, gv.3]. meoTxe_ l. elinickis azriT fasisi unda mdebareobdes md. rionis SesarTavis marcxena napirze daaxloebiT iq, sadac dRes sazRvao porti mdebareobs [53, gv.319]. mexuTe_ m. berZniSvilis mosazrebiT fasisi mdebareobda md. rionis marcxena napirze patara foTTan, xolo arianes droindeli ki iq, sadac diubua de monpere miuTiTebs[2,gv.19-20]. meeqvse_ b. kuftinis azriT arianes droindeli fasisi mdebareobda paliastomis tbis Senakadis md. fiCoris napirebze [55, gv.116]. meSvide_ n. xoStaria Tvlida, rom Zveli da romaul-bizantiuri xanis fasisi dRevandeli q. foTis adgilze mdebareobda [41, gv. 33]. merve_ n. lomouri iziarebs diubua de monperes mosazrebas oRond Tvlis, rom is agaTias (ax.w. VIs.) 61

droindeli naqalaqaria [58,gv.96-99]. mecxre_ g. grigolia fiqrobs, rom fasisi saZebnelia paliastomis aRmosavleT mxares, sadac md. fiCori erTvis tbas [12, gv.54]. meaTe_ paleogeograf j. janeliZis azriT q. fasisi md. rionis xeobis gaswvriv, zRvidan 6 km-ze, patara foTis da sof. Waladidis irgvliv teritoriaze unda veZeboT [43, gv.5-16]. meTerTmete_ oT. lorTqifaniZe da T. miqelaZe werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis Sejerebis Sedegad mividnen im daskvnamde, rom "fasisis saxeliT cnobili sxvadasxva epoqis qalaqebi unda vikvlioT im arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis gziT, romlebic ganlagebulia md. rionis SesarTavis auzSi qvemo-Waladids da zRvis sanapiroze grigoleT-yulevs Soris moqceul teritoriaze" [19, gv.33]. meTormete_ g. gamyreliZis mosazrebiT III-VIIss. fasisia e.w. "natexebis" namosaxlari, romelic aRmoCnda foTis samxreT nawilSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT monakveTSi. vTvliT, rom lokaluri geomorfologiuri cvlilebebis gamo, yulevis md. rionis, fiCoris da sufsas Soris mdebare monakveTSi fasisis nawili xSirad xvdeboda wyalSi (an torfian WaobSi); amitom qalaqi, mocemuli monakveTis farglebSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva adgilze inacvlebda [6,gv.97-117; 9,gv.22; 10,gv.101]. q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito magistralis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo [3,gv. 99-119; 48,gv.7-8]. q. fasisis saSualebiT ucxoeTSi gadioda oqro, rkina, saamSeneblo xe, seli, selis zeTi, Tafli, Rvino, mogvianebiT navTic da sxv. [3, gv.53-59; 8,gv.26-32]. fasisis saxeliT aris evropul enebSi cnobili "fasisuri xoxobi" (fazani), romelic agreTve didi raodenobiT gahyavdaT qalaqis sanaxebidan. elinistur da romaul xanaSi gaizarda fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis mniSvneloba.

Zv.w. 66w. fasisTan Sexvdnen erTmaneTs iberiidan gadmosuli pompeusi da romaelebis samxedro-sazRvao Zalebis xelmZRvaneli serviliusi, romlis flotic zRvidan ketavda da akontrolebda qalaqs. aRmosavleT Savi zRvispireTSi romaelebis gavlenis 62

gaZlierebis Semdeg fasisSi Cadga romauli samxedro garnizoni. swored am garnizonis samxedro-safortifikacio mzadyofnas fasisSi aRwers 134w. imperator adrianes inspeqtori flavius ariane. am mxriv sayuradReboa laTinuri damRa, romelic fasisSi ganlagebuli samxedro nawilisa unda iyos [39, gv.134-140]. cixe-simagre fasisi, imperator konstantine I-is administraciuli moRvaweobisas ixsenieba. IVs-is fasisSi umaRlesi ritorikuli skola iyo ganlagebuli. IVsaukunisaTvis fasisi lazikis (axali kolxuri samefos) SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda. 542-562ww. bizantia iranis omis dros erT-erTi gadamwyveti brZola swored fasisTan moxda, romelSiac bizantia-lazikis gaerTianebulma jarma daamarcxa iranelebi.

VI– VIII ss-Si fasisSi iyo konstantinopols daqvemdebarebuli saepiskoposo. fasisel episkopos Teodores xelmowera SemorCenilia 553w. msoflio saeklesio krebis gadawyvetilebaze. erT-erTi fasiseli episkoposi kvirosi dawinaurebul iqna aleqsandriis patriarqad. SemdgomSi fasisSi rezidencia hqonda lazikis mitropolits. XIVs-Si fasisSi mdebareobda genuis savaWro faqtoria (ix.zemoT CamoTvlili werilobiTi wyaroebi). foTi-fasisis da misi midamoebis arqeologiur kvlevas karga xnis istoria gaaCnia. jer kidev 1834w. frederik diubua de monperem foTis aRmosavleTiT (dRevandeli aerodromis teritoriaze), adgil "najixurTan" cixe-simagris naSTebi aRmoaCina, romelic arianes droindel fasisad miiCnia. man am cixis naxazic Seadgina [61, gv.6380]. 1953w. n. xoStariam mcire arqeologiuri dazvervebi Caatara q. foTis midamoebSi [41, gv.30-33]. 1961-65ww-Si iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis... institutis foTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia ikvlevda foTis Semogarens; arqeologiurTan erTad Catarda geologiuri burRvebic. 1969w. amave institutis dasavleT saq. saZieboarqeologiurma eqspediciam dazvervebi awarmova adgil najixuris axlos. 1971-80ww. fasisis arqeologiis sakiTxebs ikvlevda iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis... institutis arqeologiuri eqspedicia 63

(xelmZRvaneli T. miqelaZe). 1985w-dan foTSi kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebs saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris SavizRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g. gamyreliZe), romelmac paliastomSi III-VIIss-is namosaxlaris naSTebs miakvlia. dRevandeli foTis teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemi adgil natexebTan paliastomis tbis dasavleT nawilSi Tixa-torfian fenebSi dadasturda. aq aRmoCnda Zv.w. IVs-is atikuri Savlakiani WurWlis profilirebuli qusli da rodosuli amforis Zv.w. IIIs-is Ziri [48, gv.35,sur.5,6]. q. foTis midamoebSi (zusti topografia ucnobia) aRmoCnda Zv.w. Vs. kolxuri TeTris 2 cali didraqma (IItipis) da ramdenime sxva ufro mcire nominali (inaxeba saq. muzeumSi). foTSi, pirveli maisis da kavkasiis quCebis gadakveTaze geologiuri burRvis Sedegad 6 m-mde siRrmeze aRmoCnda sinopuris msgavsi Zv.w. II-Iss-is keramikis naSTebi [21, gv.18-19]. malTayvasTan da sufsasTan, zRvaSi Zv.w. IVs-is pontos herakleis da sinopis amforebi aRmoCnda. foTis SemogarenSi samosaxlos kvali aRmoCnda sof. qvemo WaladidSi, md. rionis marjvena mxares (1,5km-ze CrdiloeTiT), foTisaken mimavali gzis marcxena mxares, n. yifianis nakveTSi. borcvis farTobi 1800kv.m; aq gaiTxara Semdegi fenebi: moyviTalo qviSanarevi Tixnari; moyviTalo Tixnari; damwvari baTqaSiani da Zelebiani nagebobebis naSTebi. namosaxlaris Sua da qveda fena ganisazRvra gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xaniT. namosaxlarze ZiriTadad aRmoCnda keramika: qoTnebi, jamebi, Tasebi. isini umetesad Semkulia Sverilebiani damaxasiaTebeli yurebiT. keramika ZiriTadad moSavoa. isini Semkulia irib Wdeebiani, talRovani rombiseburi ornamentiT. aqve aRmoCnda yalibi, qvis xelsafqvavi, kvirisTavebi, namglis CasarTavebi. qvemo Waladidis "sabaJos" monakveTze arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Catarda a. beriZis karmidamoSic. namosaxlarebze, ganaTxarSi aRmoCnda nagebobebis damwvari Zelebis da baTqaSebis natexebi.

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keramikis garda aRmoCnda metalurgiuli quris saberveli mili da yalibi [21, gv.33-40]. meore samosaxlo, romelic SeiZleba miviCnioT q. fasisis sasoflo gareSemortymad, aRmoCnda sof. saqorqios aRmosavleT nawilSi, "simagres" saxelwodebiT cnobil monakveTSi, f. facias sakarmidamosTan, md. rionis marcxena napirze. "simagres" borcvi 3300kv.m-s moicavs. aqedan jerjerobiT arqeologiurad Seswavlilia 200kv.m. borcvis qvemo moSao fenaSi (60sm.) aRmoCnda xis nageboba. aq ramdenime samSeneblo donea. "simagris" namosaxlaris arqeologiuri masala Zv.w. VI-Vss TariRdeba. "simagris" nagebobebi oTxkuTxaa da Zelebis wyobiTaa jargvalurad nagebi. dadasturebulia wnuli Robeebis naSTebi. aRmoCnda nagebobebis iatakebi. erT-erTi nagebobis naSTebi 112kv.m. masSi aris tixrebi. nagebobis kedlebis Zelebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTSi CaWdomis wesiT aris nagebi. aRmoCnda aseTi kedlis Zelebis eqvsi rigi. simagris namosaxlarze aRmoCnda Zv.w. VI-Vss keramika. aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi didad sWarbobs ucxour arqeologiur masalas. aRmoCenili adgilobrivi keramika yvela arqeologiur fenaSi tipologiurad erTnairia. keramika damaxasiaTebelia Zv.w. VI-Vss kolxeTisaTvis. aRmoCnda _ sameurneo: qvevrebi, dergebi; samzareulo: qoTnebi, qoTnis sarqvelebi, sasmisebi, yurmiliani xeladebi, koWbebi, langrebi, jamebi. dadasturda - konusuri formis kvirisTavebi; brinjaos danebi; rkinis Subispirebi; rkinis Toxebi; rkinis danebi; ankesebi; rkinis lagmebi; wagrZelebuli formis qvis xelsafqvavebi; xis cicxvebi; sardionis da giSris mZivebi; oqros samkuTxa sakidi, romelzedac cvaraTi Sesrulebulia meandris ornamenti. ucxouri keramikidan: amforebi - qiosuri, lesbosuri, samosuri; sufris WurWeli warmodgenilia ionuri keramikiT - jamebi, Wraqebi da kilikebi; Savlakiani da Savfiguruli atikuri WurWeli - kilikebi. md. rionis marcxena terasis gayolebiT zRvidan daaxloebiT 9km-ze, aRmoCnda Zv.w. V-IVss-is Zelur-baTqaSiani nagebobebi. arqeologiuri masala aq warmodgenilia kolxuri keramikiT _ qoTnebi, koWbebi, 65

sarqvelebi, yurmiliani doqebi da sxv. elinisturi xanis arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda simagris namosaxlaris samxreTiT. aq zeda fenaSi dadasturda qedebiani qvevrebis da kolxuri amforebis natexebi. aRmoCnda agreTve sinopuri amforis Zirebi [21, gv.50-78]. foTis sanergis nakveTze, romelic foTis aeroportis CrdiloaRmosaveleTiT aris, aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis ori welSezneqili adgilobrivi amfora. aqve dadasturda oTxkuTxa, diagonalurad urTierTmkveTi, orRariani agurebi. arqeologiuri masala adreul Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. aqve, foTis aerodromis midamoebSi, adgil najixuris CrdiloeTiT gaWril TxrilSi aRmoCnda: aguris da kramitis fragmentebi; gofrirebul zedapiriani amforis natexebi; imperator adrianes (117-138 ww) saxeliT q. kesariaSi moWrili vercxlis didraqma [12, gv.44]. simagris namosaxlaris Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, daaxloebiT 300m-ze, md. rionis marcxena napirze aRmoCnda samarovnis naSTebi. aqve dadasturda qviT, aguriT da kirxsnariT agebuli Senobis naSTebi. aRmoCnda urTierTmkveT Rarebiani agurebi, calyura xeladebi, kaTxebi, oryura qilebi, jamebi. WurWeli damzadebulia kargad ganleqili Tixisagan da Ria moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari. arqeologiuri masala adreuli Suasaukuneebisaa. foTis samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi, paliastomis tbasTan, qalaqis Semosavleli gzis, kaparWinaze axali xidis mSeneblobis adgilze, aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikis fragmnetebi (qvevris wvetiani Zirebi, jamebi, welSezneqili amforebis natexebi). paliastomis samxreT-aRmosavleT Senakadis Txorinas SesarTavTan napovnia gofrirebuli amfora. adreuli Sua saukuneebis amforebis natexebi napovnia, agreTve, md. fiCoris paliastomTan SerTvis monakveTSic [6, gv.98-104; 48, gv.33-34]. adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramika aRmoCnda q. foTis dRevandeli aerodromis teritoriaze, adgil "najixurSi" (diubua de monperes mikvleuli). kerZod: urTierTgadamkveT Rariani agurebi, gofrirebuli keramikis natexebi.

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"najixuridan" samxreT-dasavleTiT md. Savis paliastomTan SesarTavTan, agreTve, aRmoCnda adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikis fragmentebi (qvevrebi, gofrirebuli amforebi da sxv.). fasisTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime epigrafikuli Zeglia SemorCenili: berZnul warweriani vercxlis fiala, romelic aRmoCnda yubanSi, e.w. zubovis-yorRanSi (inaxeba s.-peterburgSi, "ermitaJSi"). fialis diam. 21sm-ia; fskeri amoburculia; gamosaxulia gveli da irmis Tavebi; pirze aqvs warwera _ >APOLLWNOC  <HGEMONOC >EIMI TOM FASI "apolon winamZRolisa var, romelic fasisSia". Sesrulebulia berZnuli enis ioniur dialeqtze, paleografiulad IVs-iT TariRdeba [37, gv.235-236; 71,sur.7-11; 73, gv.199-216]. laTinur warweriani damRa filaze aRmoCnda sof. cixisZiris nacixarze (inaxeba saqarTvelos muzeumSi) "VEX.FA", "VEX[illatio]FA[siana] "veqsilacio fasiana", romelsac q. fasisSi IIsSi mdgari samxedro nawilisaTvis damzadebulad miiCneven [39, gv.134140]. q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT mxares adgil "natexebSi" aRmoCnda welSezneqili amfora, romelzec berZnuli grafitoa. amfora VIs. TariRdeba. inaxeba foTis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi [6, gv.115]. zRvaSi sufsis kanionTan aRmoCnda sinopuri grafitoiani amfora. foTidan, paliastomis tbis midamoebidan, aris qarTul (mxedrul) warweriani barZimi, romelic q. quTaisis istoriul-eTnografiul muzeumSi inaxeba (inv.#3788).

1985wels saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centrSi Seiqmna SavizRvispireTis Semswavleli hidroarqeologiuri eqspedicia (g. gamyreliZe). eqspedicias pirvel rigSi daevala saqarTvelos zRvispireTis hidroarqeologiuri rukis Sedgena. amisaTvis saWiro Seiqmna hidroarqeologiis TvalTaxedviT werilobiTi wyaroebis, paleogeografiulgeomorfologiuri monacemebis xelaxali gadasinjva-Sejereba. am TvalsazrisiT, saqarTvelos zRvispireTis erT-erTi saintereso ubania foTi da misi Semogareni. swored am garemoebam ganapiroba hidroarqeologiuri 67

samuSaoebis foTSi dawyeba. paliastomis tbis samxreT nawilSi, kaparWinas boloSi, adgil "naeklesiarze" riyis qvebiT nagebi kedlis naSTebi aRmoCnda. paliastomSi, zRvis SesarTavidan (malTayva) naxevar kilometrze, tbis dasavleT nawilSi dadasturda III-VIIIss. namosaxlaris naSTebi. xsenebul punqtSi (top. "natexebi") tba qmnis mcire yures. paliastomis adgili _ "natexebis" arqeologiuri Seswavlis dawyebisTanave wamoiWra sakiTxi: es keramika aq Camorecxilia mdinare rionis mier (winaT rionis nawili paliastomis tbas erTvoda), Tu namosaxlaris naSTebTan gvaqvs saqme. arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom punqt "natexebSi" Zveli namosaxlaria. amas mowmobs: pirveli - aRmoCnda didi raodenobiT keramikis naSTebi erT garkveul farTobze; meore - vertikalurad Cadgmuli ramodenime amfora; mesame - aRmoCnda samarxis naSTi; meoTxe - napirze gaWril xuT sadazvervo TxrilSi dafiqsirda iseTive saxis keramika, rogoric tbis fskerze. "natexebis" Zveli namosaxlaris naSTebi daaxloebiT cxraas kvadratul metrze vrceldeba. tbis fskeri qviSiani da Tixiantorfiania. mocemul monakveTSi napiridan centrisken, daaxloebiT samasi metri sila-qviSnaria, xolo Semdeg torfiani Tixis fenebi iwyeba. zogan torfis fena qviSis fenis qveSaa. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom Tixa-torfian qveda fenebSi ufro Zveli periodis arqeologiuri masala aRmoCndes. paliastomis tbis farTobi Tvrameti kvadratuli kilometria. zRvisa da tbis done Tanabaria. paliastoms daWaobebuli Semogarenidan momdinare mdinareebi erTvis. amaTgan yvelaze wyaluxvia md. fiCori. geomorfologebis azriT, paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zvelad aq md. rionis limani iyo [54, gv.57-59; 40, gv.2533]. sruliad bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul limanSi, romlis napirzedac navTsayudeli mdebareobda, gemebi Semosuliyvnen. gemebi Semdeg paliastomis gavliT rionze aRma agrZelebdnen svlas, 68

romelic maSin cnobili savaWro-satranzito gza iyo (straboni, XI,VII,3). agaTia fasis-paliastomis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems: "iq xom erTi tba aris, romelsac patara zRvas eZaxian da romelic evqsinis pontos uerTdeba; es tba arxis saSualebiT gadmouSves aq da swrafad aavses wyliT (SesaZloa kaparWina -g.g.). satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis napiras da fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis maxloblad" [25, gv.102]. toponim paliastomis Sesaxeb sagulisxmo mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli frederik diubua de monperes, romelic paliastomis saxels Zveli berZnulis moSveliebiT Semdegnairad xsnis - Zveli SesarTavi (p‚laiØc-stØma) [72, gv.71] (md. rionis?). igive azrisaa karl koxi [15, gv.173]. sayuradReboa, rom straboni md. fasisis SesarTavis mimarT umetes SemTxvevaSi xmarobs lëmnh -s (damdgari wyali, Waobi, wyalsacavi, limani, tba, zRvis yure). magram igi zogierT SemTxvevaSi iyenebs stØma -sac (stØmatoc) [32, gv.86], romelic SesarTavs, yures, Sesasvlelsac niSnavs. Zvel berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi zogjer am or sityvas erTad xmaroben - stØma - limnon (limani, yure) [51, gv.1508, 1509]. amdenad, isini ramdenadme sinonimuri mniSvnelobis arian. sainteresoa agreTve, rom sityva stØmwma-s erT-erTi mniSvneloba aris cixe-simagre. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba yofiliyo p†laëoc-stØmwma (Zveli cixe-simagre) paliastomi // paliastomoma. paliastomSi adgil "natexebis" namosaxlarze aRmoCenil arqeologiur masalaSi yvelaze ufro mravalricxovnad warmodgenilia keramikuli nawarmi. is sxva saxis arqeologiur monacemebTan erTad warmodgenas gviqmnis "natexebis" Zveli mosaxleobis cxovrebaze, savaWro urTierTobaze. paliastomSi ("natexebSi") aRmoCenili keramika daniSnulebis mixedviT nawildeba samSeneblo, keramikuli tara da sameurneo-saojaxo. samSeneblo keramika warmodgenilia kramitiT da aguriT. namosaxlarze dadasturebuli aguri oTxkuTxaa da sisqe 3sm-dan 5 sm-mdea; agurebi zomebiT iseTivea, rogoric dasavleT saqarTvelos 69

adreuli Sua saukuneebis naqalaqarebze - biWvinta, soxumi, oCamCire, gudava, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, vaSnari, qobuleT-fiWvnari, cixisZiri, gonio da sxv. namosaxlarze dadasturda brtyeli gverdebakecili (soleniseburi) kramiti. gadanakecis simaRle 3,5 sm-dan 5 sm-mdea, sisqe ki 1,5sm-dan 2,5sm-mde. kramitis Tixa mowiTalo-moyavisfroa da etyoba minarevebi (kirqva, kvarci). aq adgilobrivis garda aRmoCnda ucxouri brtyeli kramitis natexebic. am kramitebis Tixa sinopurs hgavs. samSeneblo masalidan aguris da kramitis garda namosaxlarze xis Zelebis da damwvari Tixis (baTqaSi) naSTebi aRmoCnda. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom aq aguriT nageb pirvel sarTulze Zelebiani TixiT Selesili da kramitiT daxuruli nagebobebi idga. flavius ariane aRniSnavs, rom fasisSi "winaT kedelebi Tixisa iyo da xis koSkebi idga masze, magram axla kedeli da koSkebi gamomwvari agurisaganaa gakeTebuli" [1, gv.40].

Zveli "natexebis" WurWlis umetes, SeiZleba iTqvas, ZiriTad nawils Seadgens e.w. keramikuli tara amforebis saxiT. "natexebis" welSezneqili adgilobrivi amforebi yvelaze met siaxloves iCens noqalaqevSi gaTxrilebTan. saerTod am saxis amforebi dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze: sof. ganTiadi, biWvinta, soxumi, oCamCire, gudava, mTisZiri, cixisZiri, vardcixe, qobuleT-fiWvnari. samzareulo keramika warmodgenilia qoTnebiT, jamebiT, luTeriebiT da doqebiT. qoTnebi sada, mucelgamoberili da mokleyeliania. maT piri gadaSlili aqvT. kedlis sisqe 6mm-dan 8mmmdea; Ziris diametri 7sm-dan 10sm-mdea. qoTnebs fskerze etyoba wriuli Rarebi. Zveli "natexebis" samzareulo keramikaSi meore jgufs raodenobis mxriv Seadgenen jamebi. aq ZiriTadad gvxvdeba kalTamomrgvalebuli brtyelZira dabali jamebi. namosaxlarzeve aRmoCnda luTeriis tuC-kedlis fragmentebi kecis sisqe 8mm-dan 10 mm-mdea. Tixa moyavisfroa, minarevebiani (kirqva, qarsi, kvarci). Tixis mixedviT adgilobrivi naxelavia. adgilobrivi warmoebis luTeriebi 70

nanaxia - vardcixeSi, vanSi, biWvintaSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, noqalaqevSi, mTisZirSi da sxv. sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia qvevrebiT. kedlebze SeimCneva koncentruli reliefuri xazebi. qvevrebis Tixa muqi yavisferia. qvevris Zirebi brtyelia da maTi diametri 12sm-dan - 16sm-mdea. kedlis sisqe 16-19mm-mdea. paliastomis tbis adgil "natexebis" arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad aRmoCenili masalis erTi nawili, kerZod, ucxouri keramika (mTeli arqeologiuri masalis daaxloebiT 25%) zogad warmodgenas gviqmnis mosaxleobis sagareo urTierTkavSirze. es ucxouri nawarmi warmodgenilia pirvel rigSi amforebiT, saojaxo moxmarebisaTvis gankuTvnili wiTellakiani jamebis natexebiT da minis WurWliT. amforis natexebidan umravlesoba sinopuri Tixis msgavsia. maTi Tixa Ria monacrisfroa da Tan odnav iisferi dahkravs. amgvari Tixis amforebi ZiriTadad warmodgenilia Zirebis, kedlebis da yurebis saxiT. umetesobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia tanis daRaruloba. sinopuris msgavsi Tixis amforebSi formis mixedviT gamoiyofa ramodenime jgufi. zemoxsenebuli Tixisnairi amforebi aRmoCenilia biWvintaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, cixisZirSi, webeldaSi da sxv. namosaxlarze calke gamoiyofa Ria moyavisfro-mowiTalod gamomwvari amforebi, romlebsac kargad ganleqili Tixa aqvT. isini saSualo zomis amforebs miekuTvnebian. amnairi amforebi nanaxia biWvintaSi, cixisZirSi. msgavsi amforebi aRmoCenilia aTenis agoraze. ar aris gamoricxuli maTi xmelTaSuazRvuri warmoSoba. mivakvlieT gofrirebuli amforebis naxevarsferosebur Zirebs, romlebsac wverze patara burcobebi aqvT. maTi Tixa ZiriTadad moyavisfromowiTaloa. amgvari Zirebi biWvintaSi, webeldaSi, soxumSi da cixisZirSic aris napovni. yuradRebas ipyrobs samosuri amforebis Zirebi. dasavleT saqarTveloSi samosuri amforebi dadasturebulia biWvintaSi, soxumSi, oCamCireSi, cixisZirSi, webeldaSi, noqalaqevSi da zRvis sanapirodan didi manZiliT dacilebul vardcixeSic. 71

"natexebis" keramikul taraSi calke gamoiyofa moyavisfrod gamomwvari amforebi; SeimCneva qarsis uwvrilesi minarevebi. amgvar amforebs grZeli da viwro yeli aqvs; piris kideze lilviseburi wibo dauyveba. yurebi piris kidesTan axloa da horizontalurad aris mimagrebuli. xsenebuli saxis amforebi formiT Zalian hgavs Crdilo SavizRvispireTis naqalaqarebze II-IIIsaukunis fenebSi nanax amforebs. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTSi isini jerjerobiT naklebad aris gamovlenili. samosaxloze wiTellakiani keramikis ramodenime natexi aRmoCnda. maTi piris kide SigniT aris gadaxrili, sadaa, kargad ganleqili Tixisaganaa damzadebuli. Tixa Tanabradaa gamomwvari da baci moyavisfroa. masSi SeimCneva qarsis umciresi minarevebi. wiTeli laki sakmaod kargad aris SemorCenili. amnairi WurWeli dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-Vss-is fenebSi gvxvdeba: gonioSi, cixisZirSi, oCamCireSi, soxumSi, biWvinTaSi, noqalaqevSi, quTaisSi, webeldaSi, mTisZirSi da a.S. sayuradReboa, rom aseTi keramika didi raodenobiT aris zRvispireTSi (mag. soxumi, biWvinTa da a.S.). namosaxlaris arqeologiuri masalis kidev erT jgufs qmnis minis nawarmi, romelic ZiriTadad fexiani sasmisebiT aris warmodgenili. e.w. minisfexiani sasmisebis garda aq aRmoCenilia raRac sxva WurWlebis (maTi formebis gansazRvra Wirs) da sasarkmle minis natexebi. mina ZiriTadad gamWvirvalea da Riamomwvano elferisaa, magram mocisfro fragmentebic gvxvdeba. aseTi minis natexebi gaTxrilia webeldaSi, gudavaSi, mTisZirSi, soxumSi, noqalaqevSi da sxv. msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi IV-VIIIss-iT TariRdeba da bevria napovni aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispira da SavizRvispira namosaxlarebze. isini, agreTve, nanaxia sanapirodan dacilebul mcire aziis, kavkasiis, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis regionebSi. minis fexiani sasmisebi saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia mcxeTaSi, urbnisSi, rusTavSi, JinvalSi, TbilisSi; biWvintaSi, soxumSi, webeldaSi, oCamCireSi, gudavaSi, cixisZirSi, vaSnarSi, mTisZirSi, vardcixeSi da sxva adreuli Suasaukuneebis namosaxlarebze. maT ferSi da formaSi 72

SeimCneva gansxvavebebi. SedarebiT ufro msgavsia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis samosaxloebis minis sasmisebi. "natexebis" wyalSi moqceuli nawilis Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares ormosamarxis naSTebia. aq dadasturda welSezneqili amfora, romelsac Tavi watexili da zemodan meore Rarebiani amforis qveda nawili hqonda damxobili. amforaSi frinvelis da Roris damwvari Zvlebi iyo. amforasTan adamianis Zvlebi aRmoCnda. samarxSi dadasturda Semdegi nivTebi: brinjaos sakinZi; sigrZe- 7,7sm; brinjaos mSvildsakinZi; sigrZe- 4,3sm; brinjaos mSvildsakinZi; sigrZe- 4,3sm; brinjaos mSvildsakinZi; sigrZe- 5,2sm. amgvari fibulebi, romlebsac Wvintianebs eZaxian VIs-iT TariRdeba; tyviis brtyeli oTxkuTxa fila. minis fexiani sasmisi, quslis dm- 4,3sm. bizantiuri 20numiani spilenZis moneta; zurgze gamosaxuli aqvs "K", Sublis mxare ar ikiTxeba. moneta iustineII (565-578ww.) dros aris moWrili. "natexebis" dasavleT monakveTze imperator konstanciusIIis (337-361ww.) spilenZis monetac aRmoCnda. (namosaxlaris arq. masalis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. [6, gv.97-117;9;10, gv.70-110; 48, gv.30-48; 69,gv.101-119]). paliastomSi aRmoCenili "natexebis" namosaxlaris TariRi jerjerobiT III-VIII saukuneebiT unda ganisazRvros, xolo iqve aRmoCenili samarxi - VIsaukuniT. am namosaxlaris saxiT Cven saqme gvaqvs bizantiuri xanis, prokofi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi aRwerili fasisis naSTebTan, romelic ganlagebuli iyo md. fiCoris, Savis da kaparWinas SesarTavebTan da lokaluri geomorfologiuri cvlilebebis gamo adgilmonacvleobda [ix. 6, gv.97-117; 48, gv.30-48; 69, gv.101-119; 68, gv.223-236]. berZnul-laTinuri werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT q. fasisis adgilmdebareoba TiTqos zustad aris gansazRvruli. qalaqi ganlagebuli iyo md. fasisis deltis marcxena mxares; aqve saxeldeba tbac (albaT paliastomi). amgvari gansazRvra zedmiwevniT miesadageba dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas. amis gamo mecnierebi erTsulovnad 73

mianiSneben, rom Zveli fasisi foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoriazea saZebneli [ix. 2, gv.3-21; 19, gv.17-36; 12, gv.36-55; 9]. amis miuxedavad klasikur-elinisturi xanis fasisi mainc mikvleuli ar aris. es ki imitom xdeba, rom xsenebul monakveTSi urTulesi paleogeomorfologiuri situaciaa [43, gv.5-16; 54, gv.21-33; 40; 64, gv.812; 50, gv.21-64]. geomorfologiuri mdgomareobis mxriv yulev-foTiurekis zRvispireTi TiTqos amovardnilia saqarTvelos zRvispireTis (330km.) saerTo konteqstidan. aq bundovania globaluri, Savi zRvis regresiis da transgresiis faqti fasisTan mimarTebaSi. gaurkvevelia zRvis sanapiro Selfis lokaluri dinamikis sakiTxic. xSirad geomorfologebi arqeologebis monacemebs eyrdnobian da sanapiroze namosaxlarebis ganlagebis mixedviT gamoaqvT zogadi daskvnebi. Cveni azriT sakiTxi kompleqsur Seswavlas moiTxos. oRond, sasurvelia, rom jer geomorfologebma gagvcen pasuxi Tu rogori iyo sanapiros dinamika da Zvelad sad erTvoda rioni zRvas. maT unda gaiTvaliswinon globaluri (regresia-trangresia) da lokaluri (mdinareebis gamonatani naSali masala; mdinareebis rionis, fiCoris, xobis, sufsis Zveli kalapotebi; regionis Waobianoba da torfianoba da sxv.) monacemebi. sasurvelia, rom paleogeomorfologiuri kvlevisas gamoyenebuli iyos kosmosuri gadaRebebi saTanado kompiuteruli deSifrirebiT. es imitom, rom erTxel da samudamod gairkves Tu winaT md. rion-fasisi sad uerTdeboda zRvas da ra mimarTebaSia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis da antikuri xanis namosaxlarebi masTan. samwuxarod, xsenebul regionSi mxolod aerofotogadaRebebma sasurveli Sedegi ver mogvca. sayuradReboa, rom aq erTis mxriv xdeba rionis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi didZali naSali masalis gamotana, rac albaT deltis zRvaSi gawevas iwvevda; xolo meores mxriv xdeboda zRvis donis aweva, rasac sanapiros mitaceba moyva. dReisaTvis yulev-foTi-urekis sanapiroze, zRvasTan Zveli namosaxlarebi aRmoCenilia, gvianbrinjaoadrerkinis _ foTis CrdiloeTiT sof. yulevSi, md. xobis 74

SesarTavTan; agreTve md. civasTan Zv.w. VI-IVss.; foTidan samxreTiT md. sufsis SesarTavTan; agreTve foTSi, paliastomis "natexebis" namosaxlaris torfian fenebSi aRmoCnda Zv.w.IVs. Savlakiani WurWlis natexi da rodosuli amforis qusli (ix. zemoT). sayuradRebo faqtia, rom marto 1872 wlidan 1965 wlamde foTis midamoebSi zRvam miitaca 200m-mde siganis miwis monakveTi [14, gv.505-508]. am monacemebiT gamodis, rom fasisi zRvaSi unda iyos daZiruli. amis dasturia agreTve mecnier-geografebis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac Sav zRvaSi e.w. fanagoriuli regresiis damTavrebis mere daaxloebiT Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze daiwyo zRvis transgresia [43, gv.5-16; 50, gv.148-159, 37; 64, gv.12, 53]. Sedegad, dRevandlamde zRvis donem sam metramde aiwia.

Sesabamisad Zveli namosaxlarebi zRvis qveS unda moyoliliyvnen [43, gv.16; 66, gv.17]. kerZod, amgvari procesebi ganviTarda CrdiloeT [45, gv. 15-27; 66, gv.13-24] da samxreT (mag. sinopi) SavizRvispireTSi, sadac mTeli rigi antikuri xanis naqalaqarebi moeqcnen wyalqveS. foTi-grigoleTis zRvis SelfSi hidroarqeologiuri eqspediciis [6;48;69] kvleva-Ziebisas zRvis fskerze geomorfologiuri mdgomareoba friad rTulia. md. rionis samxreTi Stos SesarTavTan zRva xSirad mRvriea da xilvadoba cudia. mdinares didi raodenobiT Slami gamoaqvs da zRvis Relvis dros wyalqveS warmoiqmneba qviSis diunebi. Sesabamisad Tu warmovidgenT, rom es xdeboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, maSin unda vifiqroT - fasisis naSTebi qviSis sqeli feniT aris dafaruli. hidroarqeologiuri kvlevisas grigoleTis gaswvriv paliastomis gadmoRma zRvaSi 25m siRrmeSi aRmoCnda e.w. welSezneqili amforebis mozrdili natexebi. adreuli sinopuri amfora (piris dm-12sm.; cilindruli yelis simaRle - 15sm.; yurebi masiuria da WrilSi ovaluri), aRmoCnda zRvaSi sufsis kanionis maxloblad. pontos herakleis Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevris amfora aRmoCnda malTayvasTan zRvaSi. 75

amrigad, geomorfologiuri da topoarqeologiuri monacemebis Sejerebis mixedviT, klasikuri da elinisturi xanis fasisi saZebnelia q. foTidan daaxloebiT 12km. radiusis farglebSi xmeleTze da zRvaSi. ufro konkretulad ki yulev-foTi-sufsis da Waladid-saqorqios Soris mdebare samkuTxedSi. lokaluri geomorfologiuri cvlilebebis gamo: mdinareebis mier gamotanili naSali masalis akumulacia zRvispireTSi; torfis Sreebis moZraoba; niadagis Warbtenianoba; zRvis donis cvalebadoba da sxv. safiqrebelia, rom q. fasisis nawili xSirad xvdeboda wyalSi. amitom qalaqi fasisi xsenebuli samkuTxedis farglebSi, sxvadasxva epoqaSi sxvadasxva adgilze inacvlebda. literatura: 1. ariane. mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, berZnuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT n. keWaRmaZisa, Tb., 1961.

2. berZniSvili, m. q. fazisis lokalizaciisaTvis, Tbilisis universitetis Sromebi, XXIII, Tb., 1942, gv. 3-21.

3. berZniSvili, m. qalaq fazisis istorisaTvis, Tb., 1969.

4. gamyreliZe, al. amiane marcelini da misi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, georgika, It. Tb., 1961, gv. 75-165.

5. gamyreliZe, al. pomponius melas cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, kreb. I, Tb., 1965, gv. 11-47.

6. gamyreliZe, g. wyalqveSa arqeologiuri eqspediciis kvleva-Zieba q. foTis midamoebSi, saq. mec. akad. macne (ist. ...). 1987,#1, gv.97-117.

7. gamyreliZe, g. istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1993.

8. gamyreliZe, g. navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi, Jur. Ziebanis damateba IV, Tb., 2001, gv. 26-32.

9. gamyreliZe, g. foTi-fasisis topoarqeologiisaTvis, Tb., 1998.

10. gamyreliZe, g. kolxeTi, gam. "logosi," 2002.

11. gamyreliZe, g. fazisis etimologiisaTvis, Tbilisis sax. universitetis Sromebi, B 2(140) Tb., 1971, gv. 181-185.

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12. grigolia, g. fasisis lokalizaciisaTvis, fasisisadmi miZRvnili sesiis moxsenebebi, Tb., 1973 gv. 36-55.

13. inaZe, m. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb., 1982, gv. 119-124.

14. kekelia, j. fasisis lokalizaciis geografiuli aspeqtebis Sesaxeb, saq. mec. akad. moambe, Tb., 1981 #2, (102), gv. 505-508.

15. koxi, k., spenseri, o. cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, gamosca l. mamacaSvilma, Tb., 1981.

16. lamberti arqanjelo. samegrelo, Targ. a.Wyoniam, Tb., 1938.

17.lomouri, n. klavdios ptolemaiosi, geografiuli saxelmZRvanelo, masalebi saq. da kavkasiis ist., 32 nakv., Tb., 1955.

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19. lorTqifaniZe, oT., miqelaZe, T. fasisis istoriul-arqeologiuri Seswavlis problema, sesiis Tezisebi, Tb., 1973, gv. 17-36.

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24. fogti, h. SeniSvnebi qarTveluri enebis... Sesaxeb, samecnierobibliografiuli krebuli, 2-3, Tb., 1964, gv. 92-97.

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26. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb,IVt., Inakv., masalebi saq. da kavkasiis ist., Tb., 1941.

27. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, V t., Tb., 1963.

28. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, IV t., II nakv., Tb., 1952.

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30. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, VI t., Tb., 1966.

31. yauxCiSvili, T. berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi., Tb., 1951.

32. yauxCiSvili, T. strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.

33. yauxCiSvili, T. hipokrates cnobebi saq. Sesaxeb, Tb., 1965.

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34. yauxCiSvili, T. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saq. ..., I, Tb., 1967.

35. yauxCiSvili, T. berZeni mwerlebis cnobebi saqa..., II, Tb., 1969.

36. yauxCiSvili, T. heraklide da misi cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, kreb. aRmosavluri filologia, Tb., 1969.

37. yauxCiSvili, T.saqarTvelos ist. berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976.

38.Sardeni, Jan. mogzauroba sparseTisa da aRmosavleTis sxva qveynebSi, Targmna m. mgalobliSvilma, Tb., 1975.

39.Spaideli, m. kavkasiis sazRvari, II s. garnizonebi afsarosSi, petrasa da fasisSi, mecn. akad. macne (ist. ...),1985, # 1, gv. 134-140.

40.Zvelaia, m. kolxeTis dablobi (geologia), Tb., 1973.

41. xoStaria, n. paliastomis tbis istoriisaTvis, Jur. mecniereba da teqnika, Tb., 1953, #9, gv.28-33.

42. janaSia, s. fasidi, Sromebi, II t., Tb., 1952, gv.271-281.

43.janeliZe, W. fasisis lokalizaciis geografiuli aspeqtebi, fasisisadmi miZRvnili sesiis Tezisebi, Tb., 1973, gv5-16.

44.jiblaZe, l. dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis arq. ruka, arq. kc-is Ziebani, 2001, #8, gv.34-38.

45. Благоволин Н., Щеглов А., Колебания уровня Черного морья по данным археолого-геоморфологических исследований в Юго-Западном Крыму. Известия АН СССР, сер. географ., М., 1968, №2, с. 15-27.

46. Болтунова А. Эллинские апоикии и местное население Колхиды. Материалы I симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья, Цхалтубо 1979, Тб., 1979, с.

256-274.

47. Брун Ф. Восточный берег Черного моря по древним периплам и по компасным картам. – Черноморье, т. II, Одесса, 1880.

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49.Гамкрелидзе Г. Гидроархеологические работы в зоне…,. Материалы V симпозиума по древней истории Причерноморья, Тб., 1990, с. 215-219.

50. Джанелидзе Ч. Палеогеография Грузии в голоцене, Тб., 1980.

51. Древнегреческо-русский словарь (сост. Н. Дворецкий), М., 1958.

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53. Ельницкий Л. Из исторической географии…. – ВДИ, № 2, 1938, с. 315-320.

54. Колхидская низменность. Палеография; Береговая…, М., 1990, с. 29-37.

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II, вып. I, Санкт Петербург, 1904.

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63. Платон. Сочинения, т. 2, М., 1970.

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69.Gamkrelidze G., Hydroarchaeology in the Georgien Republic (the Colchian littoral), The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, London, New York, 1992, vol. 21, #2, :101-119.

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navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi (arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT) q. foTSi SavizRvispireTis eqspediciis mier (ix. gamyreliZe, 1987, gv.97-117) mikvleul "natexebis" namosaxlarze gamorCeul yuradRebas ipyrobs sami amforis qveda nawili (tab.I1) da amave tipis amforebis sxva fragmentebi. mocemuli tipis amforebis fskerze dadasturda bitumiseburi moSavo feris naleqi masa. misi laboratoriuli gamokvlevis Sedegad gairkva, rom aRniSnuli naleqi Seicavs navTobproduqtis naxevrad myar asfalt-fisovan narCenebs. droTa ganmavlobaSi navTobis msubuqi fraqciebi, rogorc Cans, amforis dazianebisas amoqarda, xolo mZime fraqciebis daJangvis Sedegad da inertuli naerTebis SereviT iqca asfalt-fisovan masad (analizi Caatara akc-s interdisciplinarulma laboratoriam, xelmZR. prof. g. inaniSvili). "natexebis" namosaxlari, sadac aRniSnuli amforebi dafiqsirda, mdebareobs q. foTis samxreT mxares, zRvis SesarTavidan (malTayva) daaxloebiT kilometrze, kaparWinas gadmoRma paliastomis tbis mcire yureSi. tbis fskeri aq qviSiani da Tixa-torfiania. namosaxlarze samSeneblo keramika warmodgenilia gverdebakecili kramitiT da aguriT. aris agreTve urTierTgadamkveTRarebiani aguric. samSeneblo masalidan aguris da kramitis garda aq xis Zelebis da damwvari Tixis (baTqaSis) naSTebi aRmoCnda. samosaxlos WurWlis umetes nawils Seadgens adgilobrivi warmoebis keramikuli gadasazidi _ satransporto tara _ amforebi. isini moyavisfrodaa gamomwvari, wagrZelebuli welSezneqili forma aqvT da konusiseburi qusliT bolovdebian. adgilobrivi warmoebis samzareulo keramika warmodgenilia qoTnebiT, jamebiT, luTeriebiT da doqebiT. sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia brtyelZira (diam. 12 sm-dan 16sm-mde) qvevrebiT. aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis daaxloebiT 25% ucxouri nawarmia. kerZod: sinopuri Tixis magvari 81

gofrirebuli amforebi; Ria moyavisfro, kargad ganleqil Tixiani, gofrirebuli amforebi; samosuri amforis Zirebi; samosuri amforiskebi (simaRle 16-19sm.); wiTellakiani jamebis da pinakebis natexebi. aqve aRmoCnda momwvano, molurjo da moyviTalo feris minis fexiani sasmisebis da lamprebis fragmentebi. (dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1987, gv.97-117; gamyreliZe, 1998,gv.22; Gamkrelidze, 1992, gv.101-119; Gamkrelidze, 1990, gv.223-236). "natexebis" arqeologiuri masalidan, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, sayuradReboa navTobis naleqiani amforebi. am tipis amforis sami mTliani egzemplari aRmoCnda tbaSi (inaxeba foTis muzeumSi). saerTod, am tipis amforebi 0,50- 0,65m sigrZisaa da gamoirCeva wagrZelebuli formiT, konusiseburi qusliT, tanze qveda mxareze xSirad SeimCneva dabali horizontaluri Rarebi, Tixa baci moyavisfroa (tab.I2,3). isini hgvanan adgilobriv e.w. kolxur moyavisfro Tixian welSezneqil amforebs; romelTa Tixa xSirad araTanabarad aris gamomwvari da SeimCneva kirqvis da qarsis wvrili minarevebi. saerTod, am saxeobebis amfo-rebi bevria aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur Zeglebze _ ganTiadi, biWvinTa, soxumi, webelda, oCamCire, gudava, nosiri, baTumi, noqalaqevi, mTisZiri, ureki, cixisZiri da sxv. (gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.114; zaqaraia, 1974,gv.139; inaiSvili, 1993,gv.54; ramiSvili, 1965,gv.114; fuTuriZe, 1959,gv.70; fuTuriZe, 1975,gv.148; jafariZe, 1989,gv.44-51). dReisaTvis maTi nawilis kolxuri warmomavloba ukve eWvs aRar iwvevs, radgan Catarebulia aseTi amforebis Tixis petrografiuli analizi (ix. fuTuriZe,1959, gv.70).

Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi aRmoCenili welSezneqili amforebi ki ufro momcroa da Tixac vizualurad gansxvavebulia. aseTi momcro welSezneqili amforebi aRmoCenilia yirimSi qalaq tiritakes gaTxrisas. erT-erT am tipis daxuful amforaSi, romelic gaiTxara q. tiritakeSi XIII nakveTze, navTobi dadasturda. es amfora wagrZelebul taniani da welSezneqilia, konusiseburi daboloeba 82

aqvs (simaRle 0,58m). amforis qveda mxares SeimCneva dabali gofrireba; Tixa baci moyavisfroa (ix. tab.I4). amfora IVs-iT TariRdeba (Гайдукевич.1952, gv.62). qimiur-laboratoriuli analizis Sedegad amforaSi dadasturda Txevadi navTobi, xolo fskerze bitumiseburi danaleqi masa (Успенский. 1952,gv.415). es navTobi, Semadgenlobis mixedviT, mopovebulia qerCis naxevarkunZulis Congelekis Zvel sabadoSi. ZiriTadad navTobiT aqedan maragdeboda CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTi, tiritake, tanaisi, qersonesi da sxv. (Кострин.1971, gv.264-265; Кострин.1965, gv.291-293). mocemuli tipis amforebi mravlad aris aRmoCenili qersonesSi (sadac isini mopovebuli amforebis saerTo raodenobis naxevars warmoadgens), tiritakeSi, mirmekionSi, istrieSi, varnaSi da sxv. (Якобсон.

1979,gv.12). samxreT Savi-zRvispireTSic sinopTan (demirsSi) aRmoCnda welSezneqili konusisubur Ziriani amforebi (kasab tezgori, 1999, gv.22). navTobi da navTobproduqtebis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi icodnen da moxerxebulad iyenebdnen kidevac mTel Zvel civilizebul samyaroSi. navTobis erT-erTi saxeobis, asfalt-fisovani, Savfisis gamoyeneba wyalgaumtar saSualebad, navis, kidobanis, kalaTis mosafis-mosagozad aRwerilia jer kidev bibliaSi (dabadeba, Tavi VI,14; gamosvla, TaviII,3). navTobis, navTobis fisis sarewebis da asfalt-fisis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb samSeneblo-SemakavSirebel masalad, cnobebs gvawvdis Zv.w. Vs. avtori herodote (I,179; IV,195; VI,119). navTobis Taobaze cnobebs vxvdebiT sxva berZen-romael avtorebTanac _ straboni (XVI,I,5,9,15), plutarqe (aleqsandre,35), qsenofonti (anabasisi, II,4), plinius ufrosi (II,109; XXXV,15), vitruviusi (arq.

I,5,§8). es avtorebi mogviTxroben navTobis da navTobproduqtebis mopovebis da gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, maT nawerebSi moyvanilia cnobebi navTobis, malTis sabadoebis Sesaxeb mesopotamiaSi, siciliaSi, palestinaSi da iranSi; sadac is moipoveboda bunebrivi wyaroebidan da mcire siRrmis Webidan.

83

navTobi, malTa, asfalti gamoiyeneboda, rogorc samSenebloSemakavSirebeli masala; wyalgaumtari saSualeba (mag. dadasturebulia amforebis Signidan mofisvis faqti; ix._ diuponi, kaWarava, 1999,gv.9); SesaZloa zogjer es navTobis zeTiTac xdeboda; liTonis koroziisagan damcavi masala; kultmsaxurebisas (cecxlis sakurTxevlebSi urevdnen sxva zeTebSi); soflis meurneobaSi, mcenareebis mavne mwerebisagan dasacavad; samedicino da veterinaluri wamlebis dasamzadeblad; mumificirebisaTvis; samxredro saqmeSi; gasanaTebel saSualebad (WraqlamprebSi, sazRvao SuqurebSi, sxvadasxvanair CiraRdnebSi da a.S.). navTobi, Savi-moyavisfro momwvano elferis wyalSi uxsnadi zeTovani nivTierebaa. miwis zedapirTan siaxlovisas is msubuqi fraqciebis amoqarebis da mZime fraqciebis daJangvis Sedegad blant, sqel malTad gardaiqmneba; Semdgom myardeba; xolo bolos naxevrad myar bunebriv asfaltad iqceva. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonis ganmartebiT "asfalti _ kldidam da wylidam gamova, Savfiss hgavs" (orbeliani, 1928, gv.21). amrigad, bunebrivi wyaroebidan moipoveba navTobis bunebrivi saxeobebi _ navTobis zeTi, malTa, bitumi, bunebrivi asfalti da a.S. berZnul-laTinur werilobiT wyaroebSi isini ZiriTadad moixsenieba _ 5sfaltoc, nâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;fja; naphtha, bitumen, maltha (ix. Forbes, 1936, gv.4-13). qarTul enaSi sityva "navTi," "nafTi"-s warmomavloba jerjerobiT bolomde garkveuli ar aris. "wamebai habo tfilelisa"-Si naxsenebia "...moiRes SeSai da Tiva da nafTi da daasxes guamsa mas zeda wmidasa da daagznes cecxli..." (Zv. qarT..., 1963,gv.73,5). bibliis Zvel qarTul TargmanebSi "mofisa igi nafTiTa." "agzebdes mas nafTsa..."(abulaZe, 1973,gv.322). zog enaTmecniers sityva navTi iranul nasesxobad miaCnia (ix. andronikaSvili, 1966,gv.345). friad sayuradReboa nikandros kolifonelis (Zv.w.IIs. avtoris) werilobiTi cnoba _ "medeasi, anu erTdRiani wamalia mosamzadebeli, romelsac ewodeba kolxiduri, da romelsac isini navTsac (nâ&#x20AC;&#x17E;fjan) 84

85

uwodeben; Tu amiT daizelen sxeuls, an tansacmels,... an sxva rames gaJRenTaven da mzeze dadgebian, cecxli STanTqavT da moispobian. ... misi momzadeba medeam aRmoaCina, amitom kolxurs eZaxian" (ix. sqolioni 249 da Semd. (uruSaZe, 1964, gv.335). kolxi medeas mier navTobis gamoyenebas adasturebs agreTve plutarqe _ "navTobi is Sxami iyo, romliTac medeam wamosasxami da Tavsamkauli gaJRinTa, razedac tragediaSia gadmocemuli." "...Tavsamkaulsa da wamosasxams cecxli moedoo" (plutarqe, aleqs.,35). aq, tragediaSi igulisxmeba evripides piesa "medea"(str.1410), sadac medeam, SurisZiebis mizniT, navTobiT da raRac sxva mcenareebiT damzadebuli naerTiT cecxli gauCina da daRupa kreonti da misi asuli glavke. navTobis da kolxi medeas Sesaxeb sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis agreTve VI s. cnobili da sando istorikosi prokopi kesarieli. is aRwers kolxeTSi, fasisidan samxreTiT qalaq petrasTan (dRevandeli cixisZiri, qobuleTTan) 550w. romaelebis da sparselebis brZolas, romelSic adgilobrivi mosaxleobac iRebda monawileobas _ "maT aavses qoTnebi gogirdiT, asfaltiT da erTi sawamlaviT, romelsac midielebi navTs eZaxian, elinebi ki medeas zeTs (MhdeĂŤac Ă&#x201D;laion), moukides maT cecxli da esrodnen kedlis damangrevel manqanebs, romlebic TiTqmis yvela dawves." "...magram maT didxans ver gauZles amas; vinaidan cecxli, sadac ki moedeboda, maSinve agizgizdeboda, Tu is maSinve ar iqneboda ukugdebuli" (prokopi kesarieli, BG, VIII, 11; yauxCiSvili, 1965, gv.171). amgvarad, kolxeTSi samxedro moqmedebebis dros gamoiyeneboda "medeas zeTi," navTobi da sxva komponentebi, romelic Tanamedrove "napalms" hgavda Tavisi moqmedebiT. iqve TxzulebaSi, prokopi kesarieli dasZens _ "cecxli avarda, moedo da medeas saxeliT cnobili zeTisa da sxva momaragebul nivTierebaTa wyalobiT mTeli koSki da iq myofi sparselebi gadawva"(BG, VIII,11). antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi Semonaxuli cnobebi adastureben e.w."medeas zeTSi" navTobis Semcvelobas. Sesabamisad kolxeTi warmoCindeba im qveynad, sadac kargad icnobdnen navTobis Tvisebebs 86

da iyenebdnen kidevac mas. am mxriv sayuradReboa foTi-fasisis (sadac navTobis naSTiani amforebi dadasturda) samxreTiT ramdenime kilometrze md. sufsis da natanebis qvemo welze navTobis sabadoebis da bunebrivi asfaltis (Zvelaia, 1973,gv.51; Кикнадзе.

1990, gv.192) naSTebis arseboba, rac aq Zvelad bunebrivi wyaroebidan navTobis mopovebas ar unda gamoricxavdes. aq dResac aris navTobis sarewebi. saqarTveloSi sxvagan navTobis bunebrivi wyaroebi ZvelTaganve cnobilia samgori-patarZeuli-navTluRis (q. Tbilisis erT-erTi ubnis navTluRis saxeli navTobs ukavSirdeba _ Tbilisis..., 1990, gv.339) monakveTze. navTobis sabadoebi mdebareobs agreTve mirzaanSi, SiraqSi, eldarSi da foTTan axlos WaladidSi. q. fasisi, SemdgomSi foTi (sadac navTobiani amforebi aRmoCnda), kargad cnobili evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito, savaWro gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo (ix. berZniSvili, 1969,gv.99). SesaZloa swored, q. fasisze gavliT xdeboda transportireba samSeneblo xe-tyis, selis, fisis, Taflis, Rvinis, liTonis, tyaveulis da sxva produqciis Tu nakeTobis. gvianantikur xanaSi da adreul SuasaukuneebSi kidev ufro gaizarda fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis mniSvneloba (straboni XI,II,17; plinius ufrosiNH,VI,52; anonimiXLII,3). sxva savaWro produqcias axla ukve SeiZleba daematos arqeologiurad dadasturebuli navTobic, romelic amforebiT transportirdeboda sazRvao xomaldebis saSualebiT, savaraudod, yirimis naxevarkunZulidan. SesaZlebelia agreTve, rom foTSi navTobi satranzito gziT kaspiis zRvis sanapirodan an zemoT moxsenebuli, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mdebare sarewebidanac moxvedriliyo. literatura: abulaZe, il. Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikoni. Tb., 1973. andronikaSvili, m. narkvevebi iranul-qarTuli..., t.I. Tb.,1966.

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berZniSvili m., q. fazisis istoriisaTvis. Tb., 1969. gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. gamyreliZe g., wyalqveSa..., saq. mecn. akad. macne (ist.), #1. 1987, gv.97-117. gamyreliZe g., foTi-fasisis topoarqeologiisaTvis. Tb., 1998. diuponi p., fisis..., SavizRvispireTis Zv. ist. IXsimpoziumi, vani,1999,gv.9. zaqaraia p., leqvinaZe v., gudavaSi 1971w. Catarebuli gaTxrebis angariSi, saq. sax.muzeumis arq. eqspediciebi, III. Tb., 1974, gv.139-153.

Tbilisis istoria (red. m. dumbaZe, v. guCua), t. I. Tb., 1990. inaiSvili n., cixisZiris I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb.,1993. kasab-tezgori d., sinopi..., SavizRvispireTis Zv.ist. IXsimpoziumi,1999,gv.21. lorTqifaniZe oT., vaWroba Sav zRvaze, istoriuli wanamZRvari, SavizRvispireTis Zveli istoriis IX simpoziumi, vani, 1999,gv.26-28. orbeliani sulxan-saba, qarTuli leqsikoni, tf., 1928. ramiSvili, r.arqeologiuri gaTxrebi biWvinTaSi, masalebi saqa. da kavka. arq.saTvis, mska, t.IV. Tb.,1965, gv.107-122. uruSaZe ak., Zveli kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, berZnuli teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTa da SeniSvnebiT. Tb., 1964. fuTuriZe, r. gvianantikuri xanis dasavleT saqarTvelos arq. Zeglebi, masalebi saq. da kavk. arq., II. Tb., 1959,gv.54-94. fuTuriZe, r. biWvintis...,. kreb. didi pitiunti, Tb., 1975, gv.127-160. yauxCiSvili s., georgika, Tb., 1965.

Zvelaia mir., kolxeTis dablobi. Tb., 1973.

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit..., Iw. (il. abulaZe), Tb.,1963. jafariZe v. vardcixis naqalaqari, Tb., 1989. Гайдукевич. В. 1952: Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935- 40. МИА, № 25, 15-134. Якобсон. А. 1979: Керамика средневековой Таврики. Л. Кикнадзе. Т. (ред.) 1990: Кодхидская низменность. М. Кострин. К. 1971: Исследование смолистого…, – СА, № 3, с. 264-265. Кострин. К. 1965: Исследование нефти из древних…,. – СА, № 1, с. 291-293. Кошеленко Г. (ред.)1984: Античные гос. Северного Причерноморья. М. Лоркипанидзе. О. 1957: О транзитно-…, – САНГ, т. XIX, № 3, с. 377-394. Успенский. В. 1952: Исследование древней...,. – МИА, № 25, 415-421.

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kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda (arqeologiuri monacemebi qsenofontis anabasisis konteqstSi) vanis Zveli naqalaqaridan dasavleTiT, rva kilometrze sof. mTisZirSi, adeiSvilebis goraze arqeologiurad SeviswavleT Zv.w. IVs-is Zelur-baTqaSiani namosaxlaris naSTebi. aq samosaxlo adeiSvilebis goris terasebze iyo gamarTuli da erTian sasimagro-TavdacviT sistemas qmnida, romelic qalaq vanisaken mimaval gzas hkravda. amdagvari gorebis terasebze agebuli Zelur-baTqaSiani samosaxloebi ZiriTadad Zv.w. IIIs. wina periodis kolxeTisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

Zveli saqarTvelos xis arqiteqturis SeswavlisaTvis friad sainteresoa adeiSvilebis goris zeda terasaze arqeologiurad Seswavlili, SedarebiT kargad Semonaxuli, Zelur-baTqaSiani nagebobis naSTebi (sur.1). nagebobis asageb ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva da Zelebi. gvxvdeba Tiris, TeTri kirqvis da riyis qvebi, xolo Zelebad naxmaria Telis xe. nagebobis nangrevebSi bevria baTqaSis natexi. maT zogierT fragments etyoba xis Zelebis anabeWdi. qvis da xis Zelebis garda didi raodenobiT aris naxmari Tixamiwa, rac gamoiyeneboda SemakavSirebel-amosavseb masalad. nagebobas Zlieri xanZari aqvs gadatanili; qvebi simxurvalisagan damskdaria, xolo Zelebi TiTqmis danaxSirebulia. nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori saTavsisagan. samxreT saTavsis farTobia - 26, 88kv.m, xolo CrdileTis 13,44kv.m. am saTavsis dasavleT kuTxeSi SemorCenilia ZelebiT mogebuli iataki, romelzedac zeda sarTulis gadaxurvis Zelebis fragmentebi SeimCneva. nageboba orientirebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. kedlebis fundamentis sigane _ 2,60m. nagebobis kedlebis fundamenti gamarTulia kldis budeebSi Casmuli qviSaqvis qvebiT, xolo maT mosdevs kirqvis qvebis wyoba. kedlis cokoli nagebia fleTili qvebis wyobiT. maT dasakavSireblad gamo-yenebulia Tixamiwa. cokolis Sida mxare warmodgenilia ZelebiT (diametri 18sm-mde). TeTri kirqvis wyobaze aRmoCnda baTqaSiT Selesili Zelebis fragmentebi, rac albaT kedlis 89

naSTebia. kedlis fundamentis Sida farTobi amovsebulia qvebiT da TixamiwiT. aq gvxvdeba riyis da kirqvis qvebi. fundamentSi Catanebulia kidev erTi Zeli, romelic nagebobis interieris mxaris Zelebis paraleluria; gardigardmo, sxvadasxva doneze Catanebulia 7 sm diametris Zelebi. amgvarad iqmneboda armaturis nairi, xis ZelebiT SemosazRvruli kvadratebis karkasi, rac nagebo-bis cokols met simtkices aZlevda (sur.2). sayuradReboa aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTi kedlebis Sida kuTxe, romelic sxvebisagan gansxvavebiT ukeT SemorCenilia. aq dadasturda ZelebiT kuTxeebis agebis ori xerxi: erTi _ Zelebi ubralod erTmaneTzea dadebuli amoWris gareSe (dasturdeba mxolod cokolis Zelebian karkasSi), xolo meore _ CaWrili ZelebiT Sesrulebuli kuTxe. nagebobisaTvis meti mdgradobis misacemad moxerxebulad aris gamoyenebuli bunebrivi reliefi. nagebobis saZirkvelSi kldis struqtura iribia da zedapirTan TiTqmis swor kuTxes qmnis. amiT nagebobas meti simtkice eqmneba da misi CamoSlis saSiSroeba Tavidanaa acilebuli. kldis iribi struqturave qmnis oRroCoRro reliefs, rac kargad aris gamoyenebuli xelovnur budeebTan erTad, saZirkvlis qvebis Casawyobad. adeiSvilebis goris Zelur-baTqaSiani nageboba atikuri Savlakiani WurWliT, gviandeli qiosuri, mendes (sur.3) amforebiT da adgilobrivi keramikiT Zv.w.IVs-iT TariRdeba. am monacemebs mxars uWers radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis daSlis meTodiT miRebuli TariRic, romliTac dangrevis dro Zv.w. 330 ď&#x201A;ą 40w. aris gansazRvruli (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.63-69). amgvarad, zemoT aRwerili nagebobis naSTi warmoadgens cokolze dadgmul Zelur, TixiT Selesil Zv.w. IVs. Senobas. SesaZloa, rom aq saqme gvaqvs antikuri epoqis avtorebis (hipokratesTan, qsenofontesTan, apolonios rodoselTan, pomponius melasTan, dionisios halikarnaselTan) TxzulebebSi naxseneb kolxeTis xis nagebobebis nairsaxeobasTan (sur.4).

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nagebobaSi kolxuri da ucxouri keramikis garda salesi qvebi, isrispirebi da brinjaos zaraki aRmoCnda. SesaZloa, rom es zaraki Camokidebuli iyo Standartze, romelic Zveli "mTisZiris" romelime warCinebuli piris insignias warmoadgenda. osteologiuri masalidan nagebobaSi dadasturda gareuli taxis eSvebi da Zroxis beWis Zvali.

Zv.w. IV s. miwurulis, erTi mxriv, azos da, meore mxriv farnavazqujis mier ZalauflebisaTvis brZoliT gamowveuli saomari moqmedebebis SedegebiT SeiZleba aixsnas sof. mTisZiris adeiSvilebis goris gamagrebuli samosaxlos dangreva. SesaZloa, amave dros daangries

vardigoris (varcixesTan), (jafariZe, 1977, gv. 43-50), vanis e.w. TeTri Senoba da maTi Tanadrouli nagebobebi. rogorc cnobilia, iberiis samefos Camoyalibebis rTuli procesi swored Zv.w. IV-III ss-is mijnaze mimdinareobs. am droisaTvis Sida kolxeTic iberiis samefos farglebSi erTiandeba (ix. "cxovreba qarTuelTa mefeTa da pirvelTaganTa mamaTa da naTesavTa") (gamyreliZe, 1993, gv.55-56). kolxeTSi xis Zelebiani nagebobebi mravlad aris arqeologiurad dadasturebuli: sof. anaklia (dixa-guZubaI,II), sof. reki(naoxvamo), sof. saqorqio (simagre), qobuleTi (ColoqTan), sof. nosiri, vanis naqalaqari, sof. varcixe (vardigora), 92

quTaisi (daTeSiZe-gabaSvilis gora); xolo maTi naSTebi xis Zelebis da baTqaSis saxiT dasavleT saqarTvelos TiTqmis mTel teritoriaze gvxvdeba. es arqeologiuri Zeglebi qronologiurad gansxvavdebian erTimeorisagan, magram maTSi garkveuli arqiteqturuli memkvidreoba igrZnoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom jargvalis tipis xis Zelebiani saxlebi dResac gvxvdeba kolxeTSi. maTi kuTxeebi iseve, rogorc winaT, Zelebis boloebSi CaWriT aris nakeTebi.

Zelur-baTqaSiani samosaxloebi damaxasiaTebelia kolxeTisaTvis, sadac bunebriv Tu xelovnur borcvebze ganlagebuli aseulobiT namosaxlaria dadasturebuli. mravalricxovani samosaxlo borcvebi, "gorebiT," "zurgebiT" da "dixaguZubebiT" aris mofenili kolxeTis dablobis rogorc zRvispireTi, aseve Sida mxarec. kolxeTis am samosaxlo borcvebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia garSemo Txrili. aseT mravalfenian Zeglebze mosaxleoba TiTqmis uwyvetadaa warmodgenili xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. ukanasknel wlebSi intensiurad warmoebs mravalfeniani samosaxlo borcvebis Seswavla.

Catarebulma arqeologiurma gaTxrebma erTxel kidev daadastura, rom TxrilebiT garSemovlebul xelovnur borcvebze samosaxlos gamarTvas kolxeTSi didi xnis istoria aqvs. dasaxlebis amnairi tipi kolxeTSi SemTxveviT ar ganviTarebula. is aq arsebuli biogeogaremos pirobebiT iyo ganpirobebuli _ dabali reliefi, niadagis xSiri daweva, gruntis wylebi, Waobianoba, naleqianoba. aseT situaciaSi cxovrebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis SesanarCuneblad aucilebeli xdeboda xelovnuri SemaRlebebis gakeTeba.

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Txrilis Seqmna borcvis garSemo ganpirobebuli unda yofiliyo imiT, rom xelovnuri borcvisaTvis miwa didi raodenobiT iyo saWiro; sruliad bunebrivia, rom mas borcvis garSemo, axlo adgilidan amoiRebdnen. garda amisa, Txrils hqonda TavdacviTi mniSvneloba. is mosaxleobas icavda mtris, mtacebeli cxovelis da wylis stiqiisagan. rogorc Cans, kolxeTis sazogadoeba moxerxebulad iyenebda fizikurgeografiul pirobebs (bunebrivi borcv- gorebis terasebs) da TviTonac aqtiurad zemoqmedebda masze (xelovnuri, TxrilSemovlebuli borcvebi). qronologiurad orive es tipi Tanaarsebobda. arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT aSkaraa, rom amgvari samosaxloebis gamarTvis wesi kolxeTSi jer kidev brinjaos xanaSi ikidebs fexs (jiblaZe, 1977). sayuradReboa, rom dasaxlebis mowyobis meore wesi, xelovnuri borcvebis mozvinviT, specifikur kolxur movlenad aris miCneuli. antikur xanaSi, rogorc Cans, kolxurma samosaxloebma cvlilebebi ganicada. zogierTi samosaxlo, romelsac ufro kargi, moxerxebuli fizikur-geografiuli da ekonomikur-komunikaciuri adgil- mdebareoba ekava, dawinaurda da garkveuli regionis qalaquri tipis centrad Camoyalibda. am centrs hqonda masze damokidebuli sasoflo-sameurneo (xorisnairi) teritoria. am SemTxvevaSi safiqrebelia, rom "vani" saqalaqo centri iyo, xolo "mTisZiri" misdami daqvemdebarebul 94

sasoflo teritoriaSi Sedioda. saqalaqo centrs Tavis xoriT, garSemo garkveuli TavdacviTi sistema hqonda, romelic mis uSiSroebas emsaxureboda. amdagvari gamagrebuli sofeli, safiqrebelia, iyo Zveli "mTisZiric." aseTi gamagrebuli soflebi, albaT, ganlagebuli iyo qalaqisken mimavali komunikaciebis Casaketad. "mTisZiri" ki erTis mxriv, kontrols uwevda md. rionis xeobaze (marcxena napirze) gamaval gzas, xolo meore mxriv, md. yumuris xeobidan momaval gzas ketavda (sur.5).

Zv.w. Is. arqiteqtoris, vitruviusis (II,I,4) (ix. Ciqovani,1966) mier aRwerili, kolxuri Zelebiani nagebobisagan adeiSvilebis goris nageboba ZiriTadad gansxvavdeba cokoliT. ar gamovricxav, rom aq cokolze da kedlis horizontalur Zelebze dayrdnobili saxuravi, 95

vitruviusis mier aRwerili piramidul-gvirgvinovani konstruqciuli sqemiT aigo; an TivaseliT gadaixura (sur.6). nagebobis xis kedlebis kuTxeebi CaWrili mrgvali ZelebiT ikvreboda, xolo Semdeg Zelebi TixiT ileseboda (baTqaSiT). gaTxrebisas baTqaSebis natexebze mrgvali Zelebis anabeWdebi aRmoCnda.

Cven mier arqeologiurad Seswavlili sof. mTisZiris adeiSvilebis goris nageboba gansakuTrebul msgavsebas iCens sof. varcixis (vardigoris), quTaisis (daTeSiZegabaSvilis goris) da vanis naqalaqaris centraluri terasis e.w.

TeTr SenobasTan. isini, adeiSvilis goris SenobasaviT, cokolze mdgari, xis Zelebiani nagebobebia. am tipis nagebobebi konstruqciulad xis arqiteqturis ramdenadme axal, ufro ganviTarebul etapze miuTiTebs. kolxeTSi Tlili qva, alizis aguri da kramiti farTod mxolod elinistur xanaSi ikidebs fexs. rogorc Cans, kolxeTSi, Zv.w. IIIs. win, xe ZiriTadi samSeneblo masala yofila. xisgan agebdnen sacxovrebel saxlebs, koSkebs, zRudemeserebs,gamagrebul samosaxloebs da sxv. kolxeTSi xis masala uxvad iyo. cnobili geografi straboni gadmogvcems _ "... aq izrdeba mravali tye" (XI,II,17). amasve aRniSnavs vitruviusi _ "kolxebi pontos mxareSi tyis siuxvis gamo..." (II,I,4) aSeneben xis nagebobebs. adeiSvilebis goris Zelur-baTqaSiani, gamagrebuli samosaxlos, koSkebian kompleqsTan konteqstSi, friad sayuradReboa antikuri epoqis 96

mwerlebis cnobebis ganxilva. sadac qarTveluri mosaxleobiT, kolxebiT da mosuinikebiT, dasaxlebuli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis teritoriebia aRwerili. Zv.w. IVs-is avtori qsenofonti gadmogvcems: "aRmarTuli iyo zRudemeseri mravali xis koSkiT..." (anabasisi V,2,5). iqve "basilevsma ar isurva daetovebina mosuini (gamagrebuli samosaxlo _ g.g.), romelic goraze iyo aSenebuli" (anabasisiV,4,26). iqve "gadaiwva mTeli daba, koSkebi gamagrebuli meseriT da sxva, garda Sida cixisa" (anabasisiV,2,27); apolonios rodoseli: "cxovroben mosuinikebi, romelnic sacxovrebels marTaven xis koSkebSi, romlebic kargad aris erTmaneTSi Sekruli sasimagro meseriT. am nagebobebs eZaxian mosuinebs" (argonavtika,II,378-380); dionisios halikarnaseli: "...cxovroben koSkebian xis Zelebian maRali zRude-meseriT garemocul farTobebze, romelsac uwodeben mosuinebs" (romis siZveleTmcodneoba, I,26,2); pomponius mela: "mosuinebi cxovroben xis koSkebSi" (qveynis aRweriloba, I,106). amgvarad, dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalis da Zveli werilobiTi wyaroebis Sejerebis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebul aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Zv.w. IIIs-is wina periodSi gavrcelebuli iyo borcvze da goraze, Zelur-baTqaSiani, Zelebiani meseriTve SemozRuduli, koSkebCarTuli kompleqsebi; xisagan nagebi gamagrebuli samosaxlo, romelsac mosuini ewodeboda (dawvrilebiT ix. yauxCiSvili, 1977). socialurad, adeiSvilebis gorisnairi (sur.5) gamagrebuli borcvgorebi, albaT, naTesaobriv Temebs warmoadgenda, romlis TavSic adgilobrivi xelisufali, berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT, basilevsi idga. SesaZloa, aseT adgilobriv xelisufals ekuTvnoda adeiSvilebis gorasTan aRmoCenili nagebobebis Tanadrouli mdidruli samarxi (ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.69-81). vfiqrob, adeiSvilebis goris zeda terasaze, arqeologiurad Seswavlili nageboba, swored amgvari, saTemo, gamagrebuli samosaxlos _ mosuinis erT-erTi koSki iyo.

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literatura: gamyreliZe g., centraluri kolxeTis Zv. namosaxlarebi, Tb.,1982. gamyreliZe g., istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb., 1993. yauxCiSvili T., berZeni mwerlebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb., 1977. yifiani g., amaSukeli n., kolxuri da frigiuli..., Tb.,1995.

Ciqovani T., gvirgvinian-erdoiani sacxovreblis da vitruviusis kolxuri saxlis urT..., saq.mecn.akad."macne,"1966,#6, gv.211 -222. jafariZe v., Zv.varcixe, Jur. Zeglis megobari, 1977, #46, gv.43-50. jiblaZe l., kolxeTis dablobis brinjaos xanis namosaxlarTa stratigrafia, qronologia da periodizacia, Tb., 1997.

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kolxi medeas ikonografiisaTvis (soxumis yureSi aRmoCenil bareliefTan konteqstSi) soxumis cnobili stela saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili qvis kveTis sayuradRebo nimuSia. bareliefiani qvasveti zRvaSi, soxumis yuris fskerze, md. besleTis SesarTavTan napirgasamagrebeli wyalqveSa samuSaoebisas moulodnelad aRmoCnda. zRvidan amoRebuli e.w. soxumis stela TeTri marmarilosia da moyviTalo-monacrisfro elferi dahkravs. is oTxkuTxa formisaa da marcxena qveda kuTxe momtvreulia. filis zomebia _ 157 x 92 x 12sm. filas zeda mxareze eqvsi Rrmuli aqvs. amJamad stela soxumis muzeumSia gamofenili (ix. sur.1) (ix. lorTqifaniZe,1966,gv.93; Picard, 1956, gv.81; ciciSvili,1954,gv.20; barnaveli, 1956,gv.8;miqelaZe,1960, gv.189). soxumis yure swored is adgilia, sadac ivaraudeba antikur werilobiT wyaroebSi, kerZod, jer kidev Zv.w.

IVs. avtoris fs. skilaqs kariandelis (peri...,81) TxzulebaSi moxseniebul qalaq dioskuriis nawilis mdebareoba. aq zRvis Relvis Semdeg xSirad pouloben xolme amforebis, Savlakiani WurWlis natexebs da monetebs. winare da antikuri xanis monacemebi aRmoCenilia agreTve dRevandeli q. soxumis, soxumis mTis, guadixus da wiTeli Suquras arqeologiurad Seswavlil mona-kveTebze. e.w. soxumis stelaze dabali reliefiT (0,5sm-dan 2sm-mde), samfiguriani kompoziciaa amokveTili, romelic umetesad realisturi maneriT aris 99

gadmocemuli da ZiriTadad berZnuli klasikis stilSia Sesrulebuli. kompoziciis marcxena pirveli figuraa fexze mdgomi asuli, romelic ukana planzea ganyenebulad gamosaxuli da zemodan dascqeris mjdomare figuras. misi mokled SekreWilTmiani, odnav daxrili Tavi profilSi, xolo sxeuli, romelzedac usaxelo, welze qamriani peplosi mosavs, anfasSia gamokveTili. peplosi mxrebTan samagrebiT aris SenaoWebuli da mkerdze vertikaluri da iribi Wde-xazebiTaa gadmocemuli. qaliSvils swori cxviri, sqeli tuCebi, loyisagan gamoyofili bibiloiani yuris niJara da nuSis moxazulobis Tvalis Wrili aqvs; odnav kuTxovani yba mcired win wamoweuli, energiuli, nebisyofis gamomxatveli nikapiT bolovdeba. asuls, marcxena mxramde zeaweul xelSi yuTi (kolofi, zardaxSa) upyria, romelic sqematuradaa warmodgenili. bareliefis marjvena figura nadiris tyavdafenil, morkalur fexebian savarZel-klismosSi Camjdari, qitonSi gamowyobili banovania. qals marjvena xeli gadaxveuli aqvs mis muxlebze dayrdnobil SiSvel yrmaze, romelic mas saxeSi Sescqeris. profilSi gamoxatul mokled gakreWil bavSvs qalis marcxena xelze marjvena xeli aqvs Camodebuli. banovans qitonze moxveuli aqvs himationi, romelic nawilobriv savarZlis misayrdnobzec aris Camofenili da gadmocemulia reliefuri naoWebiT. qalis Tavi profilSia gamosaxuli da axasiaTebs _ nazi ovali, nuSis moxazulobis Tvalis Wrili, swori e.w. berZnuli cxviri, sqeli tuCebi, ovaluri yuris niJara; varcxniloba moxdeniladaa ukan aweuli da win talRovani ornamentiTaa Sesrulebuli. mocemuli bareliefis kvlevisas, amjerad, ZiriTadad ikonografiuli atribuciiT SemovifarglebiT. soxumis stela in situ mdgomareobaSi ar aris aRmoCenili da amitom mis Sesaxeb mxolod reliefis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT. savaraudoa, rom bareliefiani fila xomaldiT gadatanisas (gemis CaZirvisas an zRvis Relvisas gadmovarda) moxvda zRvis fskerze da daniSnulebis adgilamde ver miaRwia.

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soxumis stela saflavis qvaa. amgvari qvasvetebiT moiniSneboda is adgili, sadac gardacvlilisadmi miZRvnili kultmsaxureba sruldeboda. aq axloblebisaTvis samaxsovro memoriali iyo gamarTuli. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom reliefi damzadebuli iyo akldamis kedlis Sesamkobad. am mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs is, rom filas zeda mxares sagangebo eqvsi dasamagrebeli Rrmuli aqvs. amasTanave cnobilia, rom berZnuli klasikuri xanis stelebi ZiriTadad frontonianad ikveTeboda, xolo soxumisas aseTi ar gaaCnia; is ufrontono oTxkuTxa filaa. saberZneTSi samarxze qvasvetis dadgmis wesi, jer kidev arqaul xanaSi dasturdeba. soxumis stelis msgavsi ramdenime figuriani saflavis qva ki klasikuri xanidan moyolebuli vrceldeba mTel antikur samyaroSi. klasikuri xanis saberZneTis samarx qvasvetebze, upiratesad, gardacvlilTan gamoTxovebis scenas or an samfiguriani kompoziciiT asaxavdnen (ix.

Boardman, 1985, gv. 165-166; Cook, 1976, gv. 91-108; Блаватский. 1939, gv. 47-79; The Oxford History…, 1993, gv. 83-147, 143, 136). maTze, xSirad, gardacvlili iseve, rogorc soxumis stelaze, savarZelSi mjdomare da bavSvTan an axalgazrda qalTan erTadaa gamokveTili. berZnul samarx stelebze savarZelSi mjdomi gardacvlili mandilosnis saxe ganzogadoebulia da ara konkretuli. misi gaidealizebuli saxe e.w. berZnuli profiliT, qitoniT, varcxnilobiT, tyavdafenili klismosiT, soxumis reliefzec garkveulwilad trafaretuli da tradiciulia. magaliTad: mjdomare qalis figuris modelirebis mxriv sayuradReboa q. aTenis erovnul arqeologiur muzeumSi gamofenili Zv.w. 400wliT daTariRebuli 101

hegesos samarxi stela, romelzedac iseve, rogorc soxumis stelaze qalis saxe profilSia, xolo torsi sam meoTxed anfasSia gadmocemuli. amasTan erTad, orive qali erTnair klismosSi sxedan. amgvaradvea mjdomare qalis Tavi da sxeuli modelirebuli pireiSi aRmoCenil Zv.w. IVs-is samarx stelaze (inaxeba aTenis erovnul arqeologiur muzemSi). asevea klismosSi mjdomare qalis figura gadmocemuli Zv.w. Vs-is meore naxevris filostrates samarx stelaze (inaxeba q. s.-peterburgis ermitaJSi). marTalia xsenebul

samarx stelebze mjdomare qalis figuris modelireba zogadad erTi da igivea, magram maTi gadmocema sxvadasxva mxatvruli donisaa. soxumis stela dabal reliefSi figuris gadmocemis maneriT (mdgomare asuli) garkveul msgavsebas iCens q. aTenis akropolisis muzeumSi dacul Zv.w. 450wliT daTariRebul Subian qalRmerT aTenas gamosaxulebasTan, romelic marmariloze dabal reliefSia gamokveTili. stilistur-gamomsaxvelobiTi msgavseba SeiniSneba agreTve Zv.w.Vs-is bolo meoTxedis, pantikapeonSi (qerCSi) aRmoCenil marmarilos saflavis qvaze gamoxatul figurasa (Грач. 1972, gv.5661) da soxumis stelis mdgomare qaliSvilis gamokveTis maneraSic. 102

kerZod, Tavis daxrilobis, profilis, gakreWili Tmis, Tvalis gadmocemaSi. sayuradReboa aseve, Zv.w.Vs-is miwuruliT daTariRebuli elevsinis cnobili samfiguriani bareliefi qalRmerT demetras gamosaxulebiT (inaxeba q. aTenis erovnul arqeologiur muzeumSi). aq marjvena da marcxena figurebis Cacmuloba da marjvena figuris Tavis moxazuloba, ramdenadme soxumis stelisnair maneraSi, dabal

reliefSia gamokveTili.soxumis stelaze gamoxatul figuraTa samosi (peplosi, qitoni, himationi) da misi modelirebis xasiaTi, tyavdafenili klismosi, gardacvlili qalis varcxniloba, romelic ukan aweuli (SesaZlebelia badiT damagrebuli) da win talRovani ornamentiT aris Sesrulebuli, Zalze damaxasiaTebelia berZnuli samyarosaTvis. amgvari saxiT klasikuri xanis berZnul xelovnebaSi banovanebi, maRali wris qalbatonebi da qalRmerTebi gamoisaxebodnen. ase, rom soxumis reliefis qalTa figurebis pirisaxe, tansacmeli, 103

klismosi, rogorc Cans, sakuTari codna-SesaZleblobis farglebSi ostatma klasikurad, akademiurad asaxa. samive figuris gadmocemaSi ramdenadme darRveulia proporciebi. kerZod, qalebis Tavebi sxeulTan SefardebiT odnav didia; bavSvis mklavic Seufereblad didia TavTan SefardebiT. cudadaa gadmocemuli figurebis xelebi; rogorc Cans, xelis mtevnis gamoqandakeba reliefis SemsruleblisaTvis gadaulaxav sirTules warmoadgens. es gaocebas iwvevs, radgan iseTi rTulad gamosakveTi elementi, rogoric yuria (bavSvis yuris garda) garkveulad akademiur-realisturadaa Sesrulebuli. yuTi, romelic axalgazrda qals uWiravs, sruliad sqematuria da mxolod oTxkuTxedis saxiT aris warmodgenili. amitom iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom reliefi arc Tu maRali klasis ostatis mieraa Sesrulebuli an ubralod daumTavrebelia (gansakuTrebiT yuTi), an kidev ramodenime sxvadasxva ostatobis donis xelosani akeTebda. amjerad erTi ram udaoa, kerZod, soxumis stela berZnuli klasikuri xanis xelovnebis cxovelmyofeli gavleniTaa Seqmnili. is, Zv.w. Vs-is bolo meoTxediT aris daTariRebuli (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966, gv.104). bareliefze gamoxatuli bavSvis Subli daqanebulia, cxviri odnav wawvetebulia, xolo Tavi mcired dabrtyelebulia. qalebis figurebisagan gansxvavebiT Tvalis Wrili profilSia, xolo yuris bibilo loyasTan SeerTebulia. saerTod, yrmis figura ramdenadme mamakacisas (saxe, mklavi, xeli) Camohgavs da sxva figurebisagan gansxvavebiT, TvalSisacemi berZnuli iersaxe ar gaaCnia (Subli, cxviri, yuri, Tavis forma). niSandoblivia, rom bavSvis figura skopasis cnobil stelaze _ "Wabukis saflavis qva," specialistebis mier alegoriulad aRqmulia rogorc sikvdili, gardacvaleba. e.w. soxumis stelas stilis mxriv, jerjerobiT, pirdapiri analogia ar eZebneba. mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT igi axlos dgas berZnuli klasikuri xanis stilTan, magram misi dabali reliefi (bavSvi, yuTi, xelis mtevnebi, Tvalis Wrilebi), berZnul e.w. maRal 104

klasikas ar ukavSirdeba. amitom mas ramdenadme antikuri samyaros periferiaSi an aqedan gamosuli xelosnis nakeTobis ieri dahkravs. kerZod, samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom stilis TvalsazrisiT siaxlove SeimCneva soxumis reliefsa da periferiaSi, ioniaSi, kunZul rodosze aRmoCenil "kritosa da timaristas" stelas Soris. yuradsaRebia isic, rom berZnuli savaWro kolonia dioskuria swored ioniis qalaq mileTis dafuZnebul dasaxlebad iTvleba (flavius ariane, "periplusi Savi zRvis garSemo,"10). amitom, SesaZloa, rom soxumis stela aqedan iyos kolxeTSi motanili. warmomavlobiT periferiidan gamosul xelosnebTan dakavSirebiT sayuradReboa q. aTenSi aRmoCenili Savfiguriani Zv.w.VI da Vss-is WurWlebi, romlebzedac warmoSobiT kolxi xelosnebis berZnuli warwerebia _ "kolxma gamakeTa," "evqsiTeosma gaakeTa, kolxma moxata" (ix. yauxCiSvili, 1976, gv.226). Sesabamisad, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aseTive kolxi ostati (moqandake) moRvaweobda ioniaSic, romelmac gamokveTa soxumis stela. soxumis stelaze gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs yuTiT xelSi mdgomare asulis figura, romelic, SesaZloa, alegoriulad kolx medeas ganasaxierebdes (ix.sur.1,4). is Tavisi ieriT q. herkulaneumSi aRmoCenil medeas (mxrebi, mklavebi, nikapi) freskas Camohgavs (sur.2). berZnuli klasikis xanaSi miTologiuri personaJebi realisturad (Sesabamisi atributebiT), adamianis saxiT gadmoicemoda (Carpenter, 1991, gv.35-48). aRmoCenilia saflavis stelebi, romlebzedac micvalebulis gamosaxulebasTan erTad gamosaxulia miTologiuri personaJebic. magaliTad: Zv.w. 450wliT daTariRebuli reliefi, romelzedac micvalebulTan erTad warmodgenilia orfeosi da hermesi (inaxeba q. neapolis muzeumSi); an spartaSi aRmoCenili Zv.w.

VIs-is meore naxevris gveliani saflavis qvasveti (inaxeba q. berlinis e.w. pergamon muzeumSi); an xuTfiguriani Zv.w.VIs. reliefi qalkedonis naxevarkunZulidan (Boardman, 1985, sur.248). nimfeonis nekropolze gaiTxara samarxi stela, romelzedac gamo-saxulia 105

qalRmerTi kibela (inaxeba q. qerCis istoriul muzeumSi). q. odesis arqeologiur muzeumSi inaxeba samarxi stela (inv.#50122), romelzedac gamosaxulia kibela da hermesi. marTalia es ori ukanaskneli romauli xaniT TariRdeba. sakralur simboloebTan unda gvqondes agreTve saqme skopasis stelaze "Wabukis saflavis qva," sadac gardacvlilTan erTad ZaRli _ erTguleba, moxuci _ sibrZne da momtirali bavSvi _ gardacvalebaa gamosaxuli. berZnuli samarxi stelebis ganxilvisas Cans, rom ZiriTadi figura, gardacvlili, yvelgan Tavdaxrilia, sakuTar TavSi Caketili, ganyenebuli da maradiulobis sakraluri ieriT aris aRbeWdili. soxumis stelaze gamosaxul mdgomare asuls mxramde zeaweul xelSi yuTi uWiravs. berZnul miTologiaSi da xelovnebaSi, kerZod, reliefebsa da moxatul keramikaze, gvxvdeba yuTis (kolofis) gamosaxulebebi, romelTac ramdenime axsna aqvs (yuTis grafikuli tipebi ix. Lezzi-Hafter Adrienne, 1976, gv.59, 70). pirveli, esaa pandoras yuTi, meore _ samkaulebisa da Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxi yuTi da mesame _ medeas yuTi, romelic balaxebTan da gvelebTan erTad grZneuli kolxi qalis erT-erT simbolo-atributs warmoadgens (Sdr. Simon,1954, gv.204; Boardman,1985, gv.238). medeas ikonografiaSi yuTi sxvadasxva moyvanilobisaa (oTxkuTxa, cilindruli da sxv.). pirveli _ "pandoras yuTi" berZnul miTologiaSi farTod cnobili cnebaa. is aris mexTamtyorcneli zevsis saCuqari pandoras qmrisadmi, romelSiac damwyvdeulia adamianTa modgmis Semawuxebeli yovelnairi ubedureba. misi gaxsnisas iqidan amova da mTel dedamiwas moedeba Wir-varami da Jami. moxatul keramikaze es yuTi TiTqmis ar aris asaxuli. meore _ ginaikeionSi samkaulebisa da Zvirfaseulobis Sesanaxi yuTi; mravlad gvxvdeba keramikis moxatulobasa da, rac gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, samarx stelebze. aRsaniSnavia, rom amgvari yuTi ZiriTadad Riaa da stelebze gamosaxvis SemTxvevaSi mas moaxle an axlobeli (naTesavi) qali awvdis gardacvlil qalbatons.

106

magaliTad: hegesos stela, romelzedac gamosaxulia Ria yuTi, romelic torss qvemoT gawvdilia gardacvlilisaken. Tanac qals, romelic yuTs uwvdis gardacvlils, grZelsaxeloebiani, dabali fenisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tansacmeli acvia. aseTive qali Ria yuTiT xelSi gamosaxulia Zv.w. IVs-is wiTelfigurul WurWelze siciliidan; Ria yuTia agreTve gamosaxuli wiTelfigurul Zv.w. IVs. pelikaze apuleidan. arc aq da arc sxva gamosaxulebebze Ria yuTi zeaweul xelSi TiTqmis ar aris gadmocemuli (ix. katalogebi Lezzi-Hafter Adrienne, sur. 82, 87, 94, 100, 105, 107, 117, 123, 126, 129, 133, 135, 148, 160, 163, 165, 171, 175; Boardman, 1989, sur. 28, 63, 166, 207, 234, 299, 403; Conze, 1893-1922, t. I-IV). soxumis stelaze ki, usaxelo peplosSi, maRali wris qalebisaTvis da qalRmerTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel samosSi gamowyobili qaliSvilia gamosaxuli da Tanac daxuruli yuTi, cal xelSi mxramde zeaweuli, amayad uWiravs. mesame _ yuTi, romelic medeas atributia, yovelTvis daxurulia da medeas is umetesad zeaweul xelSi uWiravs. aseT pozaSia gamosaxuli medea, Zv.w. Vs-is meore naxevriT daTariRebul wiTelfigurul volutebian kraterze (inaxeba q. miunxenis muzeumSi #3268; ix. sur.3, 5); Zv.w. Vs-is wiTelfigurul kraterze, romelic inaxeba s.-peterburgis ermitaJSi (inv. Đ&#x2018;. #1718), zeaweul yuTian medeas Tavze berZnuli warwera aqvs _ MHDEIA (sur.6); medeas gamosaxuleba gvxvdeba aseve Zv.w. Vis-is kraterze, romelic inaxeba q. turinis muzeumSi _ inv.#249. medea berZnuli argonavtikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi personaJia da mWidro kavSirSia kolxur samyarosTan (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1986, gv.9; uruSaZe,1964, gv.13; canava,1982, gv.85). berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi aRniSnulia, rom medea heliosis Zis aietis asulia. zogi versiiT qalRmerTi hekate medeas dedaa. medeas, rogorc hekates taZris qurums da RvTaeba heliosis SviliSvils aqvs misnobis, wamalmkeTeblis, gaaxalgazrdavebis da gardacvlilis gacocxlebis unari (Lexicon Icono-graphicumâ&#x20AC;Ś 1992, medeas Sesaxeb, tab.IV(1), 107

gv.386-398; argonavtebis Sesaxeb, t.II(1), 1984, gv.591-599). misi mravalmxrivi niWidan am SemTxvevaSi yuradRebas vamaxvilebT swored micvalebulis gacocxlebis unarze, romelic dakavSirebulia gardacvlilis kultTan. amitom, gasakviri ar unda iyos, grZneuli medeas wamlebis yuTiT xelSi alegoriuli gamosaxva saflavis qvasvetze. kolxi medea, berZnuli da romauli mwerlobis erT-erTi popularuli gmiria. is xSirad saswaulmomqmed wamlebiani yuTiT xelSi moixsenieba. magaliTad: medea "aqedan arCevda xolme hekates taZrisaken siaruls." "igi, viT grZneul qalebs sCveviaT, xSirad dadioda micvalebulebisa da miwidan amosuli fesvebis garSemo" (Zv.w. IIIs-is avtori apolonios rodoseli "argonavtika,"IV,50-54); "aietis sasaxleSi aris erTi qalwuli (medea), romelsac qalRmerTma hekatem gansakuTrebulad aswavla wamlebis Semzadeba" (III,529); "medea gaeSura yuTisaken, romelSiac mravali wamali ewyo, zogi makurnebeli da zogic momakvdinebeli" (III,803); "medeam yuTi gaaRo da sawamlavis amoRebas lamobda" (III,835); "heras SegonebiT gunebaSecvlilma yuTi CamoiRo ..." (III, 818); "medeam ki amasobaSi yuTidan amoiRo wamali, romelic, amboben, promeTes wamlad iwodeboda" ("argonavtika,"III,845) (apolonios rodoseli,1970, gv.205,219,221,253; apolonios rodoseli, 1975, gv.139-141). adre motanili argumentebis safuZvelze SesaZlod gveCveneba, rom soxumis bareliefze, romelic qvis kveTis ostatisaTvis kolxeTSi aRsamarTad unda yofiliyo SekveTili, xelSi yuTiT mdgomare asulSi kolxi medeas alegoriuli saxe SevicnoT. amrigad, balaxebTan, gvelebTan da e.w. frigiul qudTan erTad, wamlebis yuTic medeas erT-erT atributad unda miviCnioT. am mosazrebis aRiarebis SemTxvevaSi es kolxi medeas pirveli gamosaxuleba iqneba antikuri xanis saqarTveloSi (sur.4).

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literatura: apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, gamosca ak. uruSaZem, Tb., 1970. apolonios rodoseli, argonavtika, gamosca ak. gelovanisa, Tb., 1975. barnaveli, s., marmarilos stela..., xel. ist. inst. XIsesia, 1956, gv.8. lorTqifaniZe, o. antikuri samyaro da Zv. kolxeTi, Tb., 1966. lorTqifaniZe, oT., argonavtika da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb., 1986. miqelaZe, T., qarT.-berZ. urTierTobis genezisisaTvis, moambe,1960,#2,gv.189. uruSaZe, ak., Zv. kolxeTi argonavtebis TqmulebaSi, Tb., 1964. canava, r., medea da qarTuli samyaro, macne (ena...), Tb.,1982,#1, gv.85-91. ciciSvili, i. xelovnebis iSviaTi..., Jur. droSa,1954,#9, gv.20. yauxCiSvili, T. saq. ist. berZnuli wyaroebi, Tb., 1976. Блаватский. В. Греческая скульптура. М-Л. 1939. с.47-79. Грач. Н. Фрагмент стелы из Пантикапея. Труды Эрми... 13т. Л.1972. с.56-61. Передольская. А. Краснофигурные Аттические вазы в Эрмитаже. Л.1967.

Boardman J., Greek sculpture, The archaic period, "Thomes…" London,1985.

Boardman J., Athenian black figure vases, "Thomes..." London, 1985.

Boardman J., Athenian red figure vases, "Thomes…" London, 1989.

Carpenter T., Art and Myth in Ancient Greece, "Thomes..." London, 1991.

Conze A., Die Attischen Grabreliefs, Berlin, 1893-1922, B. I-IV. Cook R., Greek art, " Peli. books," 1976.

Lazzi-Hafter Adrienne, Der Schuwalow-maler, I, Mainz, 1976.

Lazzi-Hafter Adrienne, Der Schuwalow-maler, II, Mainz, 1976.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae classical, B. VI (1), 1992, B. II (1), 1984.

Picard C., La stele grecque de Soukhumi en Kolchide, Revue Archeologique, Paris, 1956, serie VI, XLVIII, pp. 81-82.

Simon E., Die Tipen der Medeadarstellung in der Antiken Kunst, Sonderdruck aus Zeitschrift "Gymnasium," 1954, # 3, pp. 204-226.

The Oxford History of Classical Art, edited by J.Boardman, 1993, pp.83-147; 136.

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dionises tipis RvTaebis qandakeba vanis naqalaqaridan vanis naqalaqarze anTropomorfuli mcire qandakebis friad saintereso nimuSi gaiTxara (vanis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, inv. # 71:1:88:648). qandakeba vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze, sakultosataZro nagebobaTa kompleqsSi dadasturda (nakveTi150). es fena Calewili keramikis siuxviT da mravalricxovani osteologiuri masaliT gamoirCeoda. aq nanaxia sinopuri moneta (Zv.w. 80-70ww.) aqvea sakurTxeveli (lorTqifaniZe, maTiaSvili, 1974, gv.45-52, 47). anTropomorfuli figura grZel samosSi gamowyobil mamakacs asaxavs, romelsac marcxena xelSi yanw-ritoni (yanw-ritonebis Sesaxeb ix. gamyreliZe, 1982, gv.76-78) uWiravs. qandakebas Tavi da marjvena xeli motexili aqvs. yanwis zeda nawilic watexilia. gamosaxuleba araTanabrad gamomwvari moyavisfro Tixisaa, romelSic kirqvis da kvarcis wvrili namcecebi SeimCneva. amgvari Tixa damaxasiaTebelia adgilobrivi keramikisaTvis. qandakebis SemorCenili simaRlea 126mm, yanw-ritonis SemorCenili nawilis simaRle 51mm. figuras qvevidan 23x33mm Rru aqvs. albaT am Rrus saSualebiT is joxze magrdeboda. gamosaxulebis samosi gadmocemulia amokawruli RarebiT. isini erT sworze ganlagebuli wamaxuli kuTxeebiT arian warmodgenili. es kuTxeebi wels zeviT da wels qveviT erTmaneTiskenaa mimarTuli. figuras zurgzec tansacmlis gamomxatveli Rarebi dauyveba, xolo welze reliefuri qediT bawrisnairi sartyelia gadmocemuli. tanisamosis sayeloc reliefuradaa warmodgenili. figuris samosi usaxeloa da SiSveli, dakunTuli xeli moCans. gamosaxulebas ganieri mxrebi, masiuri kiseri, farTo weli da swori mkerdi aqvs. figuris xelis mtevani, romliTac yanwi uWiravs, didi gulmodginebiT aris gamoqandakebuli. qandakebis ZerwvaSi proporciebi daculia. mZerwavi Rarebis da Wdeebis gasakeTeblad wamaxul iaraRs xmarobs.

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vanis naqalaqarze terakotis bevri fragmentia aRmoCenili. maTi nawili adgilobrivi warmoebisas ar hgavs. isini stiliTa da Sesrulebis maneriT antikuri koroplastikis nimuSebs emsgavsebian. zemoT aRweril anTropomorful figuraze amis Tqma ar SeiZleba. cnobilia, rom antikurobis gavrcelebam kolxeTSi mTeli rigi siaxleebi moitana. es Cans, rogorc gamosaxulebis Sinaarssa da formaSi, aseve Sesrulebis teqnikaSi. vanis sakurTxevelTan gaTxrili mcire qandakeba gamoirCeva sqematurobiT da realistur-primitiuli Sesrulebis maneriT. is stilis mxriv daxvewil nakeTobas ar warmoadgens. aq ar SeimCneva gamocdili ostatis xelovneba. figura ufro religiuri ideiT gamsWvaluli, kultmsaxuris Sesrulebuls hgavs, romelsac is sakurTxevelTan Seuwiravs. saqarTvelos teritoriaze vanis garda yanwiani gamosaxuleba sxvaganac aris dadasturebuli. magaliTad: gudauTis r-nSi aRmoCenili mjdomare adamianis gamosaxuleba; mcxeTaSi armazisxevis #6 samarxSi nanaxi qalRmerT fortunas saxe "siuxvis yanwiT" xelSi, an kidev amave qalRmerTis saxe sof. cixisZiridan (qobuleTis r-ni). gamosaxulebebi yanwiT xelSi saqarTvelos gareT bevrganaa mikvleuli. yanwi, rogoric vanis qandakebas upyria xelT, SesaZloa "siuxvis rqaa," romelic simdidris da dovlaTianobis gavrcelebul simbolod iTvleba. amgvari rqayanwebi erT-erTi atributi iyo geas, eirenes, plutosis, fortunas, tixes, kibelas, dixSanas, harpokrates, dionises da kidev zogierTi sxva RvTaebis simbolur saxeSi. 111

cxovelis rqas adamiani didi xania iyenebs sasmisad. saqarTveloSi amgvar sasmiss Rvinis sasmelad iyeneben da yanws eZaxian. CvenSi meRvineobis Zalian Zveli fesvebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom is aq sasmisebis uZvelesi formaa.

SesaZlebelia, rom vanSi aRmoCenili, Tixis yanwiani qandakeba, gamoxatavs dionises tipis adgilobriv RvTaebas, romelTanac asimilirda antikuri samyarodan gavrcelebuli dionises kulti (Fongarl, 1904, gv.26; Lexicon Iconographicum..., gv.474-491). erT-erTi forma dionises gamoxatulebisa iyo misi gamosaxva sasmisiT xelSi. vanis qandakebaze misi adgilobrivi prototipi, albaT, asaxulia meRvineobis, dovlaTianobis, nayofierebis, bunebis ayvavebis mfarvel RvTaebad. sainteresoa eqvTime mTawmindelis cnoba qarTvelTa warmarTobisdroindeli RvTaebebis Sesaxeb: "saxelisdebani igi sawarmarToTa kerpTani, romelni maT RmrTad Seracxnes romelnime mamaTa da romelnime dedaTa _ sruliad moispen: dios, anu apolos, anu artems anu boCi da gaci, da badagon, da armaz anu romel igi wnexasa yurZnisasa bilwisa mis dionises saxelsa ityvian, da sicilsa aRazrzenen, ese yoveli saeSmako ars ..." (mcire sjulis kanoni, 1972, gv.58). literatura: gamyreliZe g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. lorTqifaniZe oT., da sxv., vanis arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi, savele arqeologiuri kvleva, Tb., 1974, gv.45-52. mcire sjulis kanoni (gamosca en. giunaSvilma), Tb., 1972.

Fougart P. Le culte de Dionisos en Atique, Paris, 1904.

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae classical, "Artemis verlag ZĂźrich und MĂźnchen," B. III (1), gv. 474-491.

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erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis goris nagebobidan adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda uCveulo keramikuli nivTi, romelic aq mopovebuli sxva arqeologiuri masalisagan (tab.I1; inv.# 07:6:399) gamoirCeva. misi analogia jerjerobiT ar Cans danarCen kolxeTSic. adeiSvilebis gora, sadac es nivTi dadasturda, mdebareobs q. vanidan dasavleTiT 8km-ze sof. mTisZirSi (aq arq. gaTxrebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.101-114). xsenebuli keramikuli nivTi dadasturda adeiSvilebis goris platos #12 Txrilis nagebobaSi (nivTi da imdagvarive keramikis fragmentebis ganlagebis sqema ix. tab.I3). nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori sxvadasxva zomis saTavsisagan. aRmosavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobia 5,50m x 21,00m, xolo dasavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobi – 5,50m x 5,50m; kedlebis sigane umetesad 1,30m-ia. nageboba orientirebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavle Tisaken. masSi gamoiyo ori samSeneblo periodi. arqeologiuri gaTxrisas gamoirkva, rom nagebobis SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva, aguri, kramiti da xe. kirxsnari naxmaria rogorc SemakavSirebel masalad, aseve kedlis Sesalesad da iatakis gasakeTeblad. nagebobaSi keramikis, minis da rkinis nawarmi aRmoCnda. maTSi gansakuTrebiT Warbobs keramikuli naSTebi. arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT, adeiSvilebis goris #12 Txrilis nageboba IIIVIIIss. TariRdeba (ix. gamyreliZe,1982, gv.107-118). #12Txrilis nagebobaSi mopovebuli uCveulo keramikuli nivTi cilindruli moyvanilobisaa, Zirisaken farTovdeba da brtyeli wriuli Ziri aqvs. zeda mxare ar aris Semonaxuli; nivTis SemorCenili simaRle –16sm, Ziris dm – 14sm, tanis dm – 7sm, tani Semkulia msxvili araTanabari gofrirebiT, xolo qvemoT Zirisaken eSveba oTxi qedi.

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manZili qedebs Soris qvemoT mimarTuli morkaluli RarebiTaa Sesrulebuli. nivTi damzadebulia mbrunav sameTuneo Carxze. keramikis Tixa moruxo-yavisferia, kirqvisa da piroqsenis wvrili minarevebiT. nivTi araTanabrad aris gamomwvari. Tixis mixedviT adgilobrivi nawarmi unda iyos. masze Wvartlis naSTebi SeimCneva. nagebobis sxvadasxva adgilze amdagvarive nivTis kidev 7gofrirebuli fragmentia mikvleuli (ix. tab. I3). adre es keramikuli nivTi Cven zogadad ganvsazRvreT rogorc larnakis fexi. amJamad, axali arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT vfiqrobT, rom es unda iyos sanaTis, Wraqis an sasanTlis sadgami. kerZod, aseTive gofrirebuli sanaTebis ramdenime egzemplari aRmoCenilia CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi (Античные…,1984, gv.227). maTSi yvelaze kargad, mTlianad Semonaxulia gorgipiaSi (axlandeli anapa) meTunis saxelosnos gaTxrisas aRmoCenili maRalsadgamiani Wraqi (Античные…, 1984, tab.CXXXII,14; Кругликова, 1962, gv.222; Кругликова., 1975, gv.48). es saxelosno – Zv.w. I saukuneSi wyvets arsebobas (Кругликова, 1962, gv.218). sadgamis gofrirebuli natexebia fanagoriis Vs. sameTuneo saxelosnoSic gaTxrili (Кобылина, 1966,gv.179). sayuradReboa, rom CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, ZiriTadad swored fanagoriaSi, mzaddeboda maRalsadgamiani horizontalur reliefurwreebiani Wraqebi (Арсеньева, 1988,gv.6). ureliefo wreebiani e.w. finjaniseburi (ufro marTebuli iqneba, albaT, fialiseburi) sadgamiani, SedarebiT mcire zomis, naZerwi, adgilobrivad damzadebuli Wraqebi ufro xSirad gvxvdeba CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis arqeologiur masalaSi. mag., – tanaisSi (Арсеньева, 1988, gv.129), iluratSi (Кастанаян, 1981, gv.175; Гайдукевич, 1981, gv.128,sur.44;2,3), tiritakeSi (Гайдукевич, 1952,gv.115, sur.141;2,3), (ix. tab.II3,5; tab.III2,4). e.w. vaziseburi, larnakiseburi Ria tipis Wraq-sanaTebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia maRali fexsadgari (zogjer gofrirebuli), romelsac mcire, tuCiani fiala adgas. varaudoben, rom e.w.

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larnakiseburi Wraqebi gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis dabalfexiani Wraqebis ganviTarebis Sedegia (sinauriZe, 1966, gv.5). larnakiseburi dabalfexiani Wraqebi kavkasiaSi arqeologiurad gaTxrilia – urbnisSi (sinauriZe, 1966, gv.56), ufliscixeSi (mindoraSvili, 1988, gv.30), rusTavSi (WilaSvili, 1958, gv.53), TelavSi (Sead. CikoiZe, 1979,gv.78, tab.XV,7), kabalaSi (Геющев,1962, gv.18-19), mingeCaurSi (Вайдов, 1961, tab.VIII,10) da sxv. dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi e.w. larnakiseburi gofrirebuli maRalfexiani Wraqebi, adeiSvilebis goris garda jerjerobiT ar gvxvdeba. samagierod, amdagvari, Sua saukuneebis Wraqebi maRal fexze, zeda mxareze miZerwili fialiT (etyoba CamonaRvenTebisaTvis) aRmoCenilia TbilisSi, kabalaSi, loreSi, SemaxiaSi, mingeCaurSi da aRmosavleT kavkasiis sxva arqeologiur Zeglebze (arCvaZe, 1973, gv.117,tab.II). sayuradReboa, rom adeiSvilebis goris nairi, ufro viwro, farTod gofrire buli sasanTleebi aRmoCenilia gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Tbilisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas (arCvaZe,1973,gv.118,tab. III). sayuradReboa agreTve isic, rom werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli arian mesanTle profesiis Tbiliseli xelosnebi (Месхия,1959,gv.12), rac mesanTleobis calke dargad gamoyofaze dokumeturad migviTiTebs. xsenebuli tipis Tixis sasanTleebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze jerjerobiT sxva arqeologiur Zeglebze ar aris mikvleuli(arCvaZe,1973, gv.118). saerTod, saqarTvelos teritoriaze antikuri xanis da Sua saukuneebis arqeologiurad Seswavlil sazogadoebriv-sakulto da sayofacxovrebo nagebobebSi aRmoCenilia ramdenime tipis sanaTi (tipebis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. Арсеньева, 1988, gv.12; Вальдгауер, 1914, gv.27). maTSi gamoiyofa adgilobrivi da ucxouri nawarmi. aq, ZiriTad tipebad Cven migvaCnia – xeliT naZerwi fialiseburi an e.w. niJariseburi ufexo, dabalfexiani da maRalfexiani larnakiseburi

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Ria tipis sanaTebi; maRalfexianebi xSirad sameTuneo Carxze aris damzadebuli. meore – daxuruli tipis, sapatruqe miliani, mzaddeboda specialur yalibebSi. arsebobs amgvari sanaTebis sxvadasxvanairi modifikaciebi (ramdenime sapatruqe miliani da sxv.). es tipi ucxoeTidan, antikuri samyarodan gavrcelda da saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia, rogorc ucxouri, agreTve adgilobrivi egzemplarebi (kiRuraZe, 1977, gv.211). pirveli, e.w. fialiseburi tipis sanaTebi safiqrebelia, rom adgilobrivad ganviTarda da Semdgom e.w. larnakisebur tipad Camoyalibda. maTi damzadebis teqnologia sameTuneo Carxze ufro martivia, vidre meore, daxuruli tipisa, romelic yalibSi keTdeboda. sanaTebis sawvavad zeTs an qons xmarobdnen. maTSi zogan navTobsac urevdnen. sanaTis patruqad lerwami, seli an kanafi gamoiyeneboda, romlebic Ria tipis utuCo WraqebSi albaT specialuri samagrebiT magrdeboda. SesaZloa es gardigardmo gadebuli mavTuli iyo, romlis SuaSic patruqi iyo garWobili, anda Tixis gaxvretili mcire konusiseburi sadgari, romlis xvrelSic patruqi ido da fialis centrSi magrdeboda. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi Ria tipis sanaTebad SeiZleba miviCnioT antikuri xanis calyura jamebi (mag. kamaraxevi, muxaTgverdi, asureTi, kavTisxevi, ufliscixe, samadlo da sxv.), romlebidanac Semdeg, gvianantikur xanaSi ganviTarda sadgamiani larnakiseburi sanaTebi (mag., fexiani sanaTebi urbnisidan, ufliscixidan da sxv.). sanaTebs etyoba ritualuri daniSnulebac hqonda. gvianantikur xanaSi da adreul Sua saukuneebSi aseTebi SesaZloa larnakiseburi maRalfexiani sanaTebi yofiliyo (mag. adeiSvilebis goris #12 Txrilis sanaTi), romlebic formiT elinisturi xanis sacecxle ritualur WurWlebs e.w. Timiaterionebs Camohgvanan _ mag. vani (fircxalava, 1986, gv.67, tab.53,sur.1). aseTive e.w. saojaxo mcire sakurTxevlebi gaTxrilia gorgipiaSic (Античные…, 1984, LXV, 5-7). saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad 118

gamovlenilia antikuri xanis da Suasaukuneebis sazogadoebrivsakulto da sayofacxovrebo nagebobebis mravali gasanaTebeli saSualeba. am monacemebze dakvirvebis Sedegad dasavleT saqarTveloSi, gansakuTrebiT zRvis sanapirosken, albaT, antikuri samyaros meti gavlenis gamo, sWarbobs daxuruli tipis sanaTebi, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi metia Ria tipisa. amrigad, Tu gaviziarebT mosazrebas, rom adeiSvilebis goris #12 Txrilis nagebobaSi gamovlenili nivTi warmoadgens sanaTis sadgars, maSin is jerjerobiT am saxis erTaderT dadasturebul nimuSad gvevlineba dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur Zeglebze. literatura: arCvaZe, T. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos..., fsaZ,III, Tb.,1978, gv.111-133. gamyreliZ, g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb.,1982. kiRuraZe, n. Wraqebi biWvintidan. didi pitiunti, II, Tb.,1977, gv.211-222. mindoraSvili d. Suasaukuneebis mouWiqavi...., (Wraqebi),Zm, #2,1988, gv.30-32. sinauriZe m. aRmosavleT saq. adref... keramika.,msmki,I, 1966, gv.39-90. fircxalava m., yifiani g. centraluri..., vani,VIII, Tb.,1986, gv.52-78.

CikoiZe c. qalaqi Telavi. Tb., 1979. Античные государства Северного Причерноморья, М. 1984. Арсеньева. Т. Светильники Танаиса, М. 1988. Ахмедов. Г. Неполивная керамика Оренкала. МИА,67, 1959, gv.221-231. Вайдов. Р. Мингечаур в III-VIII вв., Баку, 1961. Вальдгауер. О. Античные глиняные светильники. С-Петербург, 1914. Гайдукевич. В. Боспорские города. Л. 1981. Гайдукевич. В. Раскопки Тиритаки в 1935-40. МИА, 25, 1952. с.15-134. Геющев. Р. Керамика г. Кабалы I-X вв. Баку, 1962. Кастанаян. Е. Лепная керамика Боспорских городов. Л. 1981. Кобылина. М. Керамическое произ… Фанагории.СА, 3, 1966, с.172-186. Кругликова. И. О гончарной мастерской Горгиппии. СА,2,1962, с.218. Кругликова. И. Синдская гавань Горгиппия Анапа. М., 1975. Месхия. Ш. Города и городской строй феодальной Грузии. Тб., 1959.

Perlzweig J. Lamps of the roman period, The Athenian Agora, v.VII, Princeton, 1961.

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prokopi kesarielis da agaTias TxzulebebSi moxseniebuli “muxirisis” Sesaxeb bizantiur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli geografiuli saxeli _ "muxirisi" istorikos-arqeologebs Soris friad did interess iwvevs. istoriografiaSi miRebuli da gaziarebulia mosazreba, rom bizantiuri werilobiTi wyaroebis muxirisi aris kolxeTis is mxare, romelic moicavs dablob, mTiswina imereTs da aRmosavleT samegrelos _ abaSis da martvilis r-nebs (sakiTxis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. janaSia, 1952, gv.320-321; javaxiSvili, 1960, gv.254,274,425; yauxCiSvili, georgika,II, 1965, gv.208-210; berZeniSvili, 1975, gv.442-537; musxeliSvili, 1977, gv.113-115; lomouri, 1968, gv.50-51; gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.118-122; Гамкрелидзе, 1992,gv.101-117; Ланчава.1995, gv.30; lanCava,1974, gv.129-136; jafariZe, 1998, gv.16-18; jafariZe,1999, gv.36-39). md. rionis Sua weli emTxveva muxirisis mxaris centralur nawils. muxirisis mxareSi mdebare qalaqi muxirisi ki werilobiT wyaroebSi sul ramdenjerme ixsenieba. misi mdebareobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia mravalnairi mosazreba. jer kidev 1979wels daibeWda Cemi mosazreba muxirisis (rogorc punqtis, qalaqis, cixe-simagris) SesaZlo igiveobis Sesaxeb sof. mTisZirSi arqeologiurad gaTxril, adreuli Sua saukuneebis ZeglTan (ix. Гамкрелидзе,1979,gv.18; gamyreliZe,1982,gv.118). xsenebuli arqeologiuri Zegli q. vanidan dasavleTiT 8km-ze sof. mTisZirSi, "adeiSvilebis goraze" da mis mimdebare dablobSi mdebareobs. aq, 1973-1978wlebSi, arqeologiurad SeviswavleT antikuri xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis kulturuli fenebi da nagebobebi (dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe,1982). amjerad, mokled ganvixilavT mxolod adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur monacemebs. "mTisZiris" samosaxlos istoriis bolo periodi adreul Sua saukuneebs moicavs. am monakveTis calke gamoyofisas veyrdnobiT sof.

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mTisZiris stratigrafiul monacemebs da keramikul masalas. warmodgenili arqeologiuri masala garkveul warmodgenas gviqmnis Zveli "mTisZiris" cxovrebis zogierT mxareze _ mosaxleobis mier dakavebuli teritoriis farglebze, dasaxlebis wesze, meTuneobaze da savaWro urTierTobebze. dasaxlebis wesi am drois samosaxloze Semdegnairad aris warmodgenili: samosaxlos nagebobebi terasebzea ganlagebuli, gansakuTrebiT racionaluradaa aTvisebuli "adeiSvilebis" goris plato, romelzedac, albaT, nagebobebis mozrdili kompleqsi idga. saerTod, rogorc Cans, safortifikacio nagebobebi borcvgoris terasebze iyo gamarTuli. "adeiSvilebis" goris qveda terasaze SeimCneva qviT nagebi galavnis kvali. goris bunebrivi reliefi moxerxebulad iyo gamoyenebuli nagebobebis gasamarTavad da TavdacviTi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. aseTnair gorebzevea am xanis cixesimagreebi agebuli _ cixisZirSi, quTaisSi, SorapanSi, skandaSi, SxefSi da sxv. gorebze ganlagebuli, qviT da duRabiT nagebi cixesimagreebi am drois kolxeTisaTvis friad damaxasiaTebelia. aseTi sasimagro nagebobebi idga strategiulad mniSvnelovan punqtebSi _ gzebis Casaketad, garkveuli mxaris an sagamgeblos sazRvrebis dasacavad. "mTisZiris" samosaxlo, albaT, mcire cixeqalaqi iyo, romelic, erTi mxriv, garkveul ekonomikur mxares sazRvravda, xolo meore mxriv, samcxedan momaval (md. yumuris xeobaze) erT-erT gzas hkravda. cixe-qalaqis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli roli unda eTamaSa mis rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-satranzito magistralze mdebareobas. adreuli Sua saukuneebis "mTisZiris" samosaxlos SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva, aguri, kramiti, kirxsnari. samosaxlos nagebobebis warmosadgenad friad sainteresoa adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobaTa kompleqsi, romelic in situ mdgomareobaSia arqeologiurad Seswavlili. samwuxarod, adeiSvilebis goris mimdebare, dablobi adgili, jerjerobiT 122

gauTxrelia. es is adgilia, sadac qalaqis sameurneo nawili iyo albaT ganlagebuli. arqeologiuri kvlevis dros gamoirkva, rom nagebobebis SenebaSi ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoyenebulia qva (qviSaqva, riyis qva, kirqva), aguri, kramiti, zogjer ki TeTri marmarilo da xec. kirxsnari gamoyenebulia rogorc SemakavSirebel masalad, aseve kedlis Sesalesad da iatakis gasakeTeblad. riyis qvebi md. rionis Walidan aris amotanili, Tiris qva da qviSaqvac aqvea mopovebuli, xolo kirqva da TeTri marmarilo sxva adgilidan aris motanili, radgan sof. mTisZiris axlomaxlo maTi arseboba ar SeiniSneba. kirqva, SesaZloa Semotanili iyos dablagomidan, sadac is didi raodenobiT moipoveba. platos ZiriTadi nageboba oTxkuTxaa da Sedgeba ori sxvadasxva zomis saTavsisagan. aRmosavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobia 5,50m ď&#x201A;´ 21,00m_ 115,50kv.m, xolo dasavleTi saTavsis Sida farTobi 5,50m ď&#x201A;´ 5,50m_ 30,25kv.m. es mozrdili nageboba orientirebulia aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisken. nagebobis Seswavlam cxadyo, rom saqme gvaqvs Senobis or samSeneblo periodTan. nagebobebs strategiulad xelsayreli adgili uWiravs. "adeiSvilebis" gora, romelzedac es kompleqsi idga, ramdenadme win aris wamoweuli aseTive gorebis rigidan da, erTis mxriv, akontrolebs md. rionis xeobis karga mozrdil nawils, xolo meore mxriv, _ md. yumuris xeobidan momaval erT-erT gzas hkravs. platos nagebobis aRmosavleTis saTavsis aRmosavleTi kedlis interieris mxareze SerCenilia kirxsnariani Selesiloba. nagebobis mTel Sida farTobSi SeiniSneba danaxSirebuli Zelebis kvali. es Zelebi albaT gadaxurvis konstruqciaSi gamoiyeneboda. nagebobebi aRmosavleTiT grZeldeboda, radgan am mimarTulebiT aRmoCnda kedlis naSTebi. danarCeni dangreul-CaSlilia goris ferdobebze. aseTive mdgomareobaSia Senobis samxreTiT mdebare nagebobebi. adeiSvilebis goris platos nagebobaSi sakmaod mravalferovani arqeologiuri masala aRmoCnda _ keramikis, minis, rkinis nawarmi.

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maTSi gansakuTrebiT Warbobs keramikuli naSTebi. sof. mTisZirSi dadasturebul keramikul nawarmSi gamoiyofa samSeneblo, saojaxo, tara da sameurneo keramika. sof. mTisZiris am drois samSeneblo keramika warmodgenilia kramitiT da aguriT. maTSi xerxdeba ramdenime tipis gamoyofa. rogorc Cans, adreul Sua saukuneebSi kramiti ZiriTadad gamoiyeneboda gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Senobebis gadasaxurad. kramitiT iyo gadaxuruli safortifikacio nagebobebi, magaliTad: vardcixeSi, vaSnarSi, biWvintaSi, cixisZirSi da sxv. adreuli Sua saukuneebis kramiti Camohgavs antikuri xanis kramits. es sof. mTisZiris kramitebze dakvirvebisasac SeiniSneba. sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze dadasturebuli agurebi ZiriTadad erTnairia, magram maTSi mainc SeiZleba ori tipis gamorCeva. pirveli, es aris kvadratuli formis aguri, romelsac kuTxeebidan urTierTgadamkveTi or-ori Rari dauyveba. meore _ mogrZo aguri. is, rogorc wesi, uRareboa. adeiSvilebis goris nairi agurebi dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze: biWvinta, inkitis tba, oCamCire, cixisZiri, vaSnari, vardcixe, Sorapani, skanda da sxv. urTierTgadamkveTi or-or Rariani aguri, gansakuTrebiT ax.w.IV-VIIss. fenebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. "mTisZiris" samzareulo keramikis umetes, SeiZleba iTqvas, ZiriTad nawils Seadgens qoTnebi. isini ZiriTadad aris mucelgamoberili, mokleyeliani da sada. qoTnis Zirebi brtyelia, kedlebi Zirisaken viwrovdeba. sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze aRmoCenili samzareulo keramikis nawils warmoadgenen jamebisa da doqebis natexebi."mTisZiris" sameurneo keramika warmodgenilia ZiriTadad qvevrebiT. maTi naSTebi didi raodenobiT aris dadasturebuli sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze. aseTi qvevrebi xSirad gvxvdeba saqarTvelos teritoriaze adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiur masalaSi. samosaxloze aRmoCnda luTeriebis natexebi. aRniSnuli tipis adgilobrivi keramika gvxvdeba vardcixeSi, gudavaSi, oCamCireSi, biWvintaSi, foTSi, inkitis tbasTan da sxva 124

gvianantikuri da adreuli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebze. "mTisZirSi" aRmoCnda adgilobrivi amforebi. amgvari _ moyavisfrod gamomwvari, konusurZiriani, ovalurganivkveTiani yurebis mqone amforebi xasiaTdeba welis SezneqilobiT. "mTisZiris" arqeologiuri masalebis erTi nawili, kerZod ucxouri nawarmi, warmodgenas gviqmnis im savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebze, romelSiac kolxeT-lazikasTan erTad Cabmuli iyo "mTisZiric." es ucxouri nawarmi warmodgenilia keramikiT da miniT. sof. mTisZiris teritoriaze dadasturda gofrirebuli amforebis natexebi. samosaxlos kulturul fenebSi dadasturda wiTellakiani keramikis fragmentebi. amgvari wiTellakiani keramika aRmoCenilia gonioSi, baTumis cixesa da cixisZirSi, qobuleT-fiWvnarSi, oCamCireSi, soxumSi, biWvintaSi, vaSnarSi, noqalaqevSi, paliastomis tbaSi, quTaissa da webeldaSi. sayuradReboa, rom am rigis keramika bevria zRvispireTSi, gansakuTrebiT soxumsa da biWvintaSi. xolo zRvidan dacilebul Sida raionebSi ki jerjerobiT cotaa nanaxi. amdenad kidev ufro sainteresoa mTisZiris "wiTellakiani" keramikis fragmentebi. amgvari keramika kolxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebis ax.w.

IV-Vss-is fenebSi gvxvdeba (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1962, gv.240). samosaxlos ucxouri nawarmis kidev erT jgufs qmnis mina. is ZiriTadad minisfexiani sasmisebiT aris warmodgenili. sof. mTisZiris msgavsi fexiani sasmisebi cnobilia jer kidev mcxeTis ax.w. V-VIIIssis samarxebidan. amnairi tipis sasmisebs didi qronologiuri CarCo aqvs. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze isini aRmoCenilia cixisZirSi, gonioSi, foTSi (paliastomis tbaSi), boboyvaTSi, biWvinTaSi, varcixeSi, vaSnarSi da sxv. sagulisxmoa, rom sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua saukuneebis samosaxlosTan, romelic gamagrebuli punqtis naSTebs warmoadgens, dadasturda toponimi muxuri (sof. dablagomisken). toponimi CaviwereT am mxaris istoriul-geografiuli kvlevis dros 1976 wels (istoriul-geogra-fiuli eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli T. beraZe), 125

igive toponimi jer kidev 1930 w. daadastura n. berZeniSvilma, rogorc amas s. yauxCiSvili gadmogvcems (ix. georgika II, tf., 1934, gv.178; georgikaII, Tb., 1965, gv.208-210); muxuri megrulad niSnavs mxares. safiqrebelia, rom es iyos bizantiuri ax.w. VIs-is wyaroebSi aRwerili gamagrebuli qalaqi muxirisi Tu moxirisi (MouqeÍrisic, Moq¢rhsic), an muxirisis mxaris erT-erTi gamagrebuli punqtis naSTebi, romelic amave saxelwodebis mxareSi mdebareobda _ prokopi kesarieli (BP II 29; BG VIII 1,14,16,17), agaTia (II 19,22; III 6,7,19, 28; IV9,13). prokopi kesarieli erTgan "moxiriss" qalaqad ixseniebs _ lazikaSi "...yvelaze SesaniSnavi qalaqebi ki mainc aris aq rodopolisi da moxirisi" (BP II29), xolo meoregan aRniSnavs _ arqeopolisidan gamobrunebulma sparselebma "quTaisisa da moxirisisaken daixies" (BG VIII,17). am SemTxvevaSic muxirisi ufro raRac punqtad Cans. Tu amas davuSvebT, maSin quTaisi da moxirisi erTmaneTisagan dacilebul punqtebad unda warmovidginoT. es orive punqti arqeopolisidan aRmosavleTisaken aris, magram erTmaneTis axlo ar mdebareoben. meore mxriv, quTaisTan erTad prokopi axsenebs moxiriss da ar axsenebs "SesaniSnav qalaqs rodopoliss," romelic axloa quTaisTan. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom quTaiss prokopi kesarieli "SesaniSnav qalaqebSi" ar ixseniebs. aqedan gamomdinare, safiqrebelia, rom quTaisi am mxaris (moxirisis) erT nawilSia, xolo moxirisi (punqti) _ meore nawilSi mdebareobs. prokopi kesarieli am or punqts (quTaisi, moxirisi) SesaZloa, rom moxirisis mxaris SemomfargvlelobiT aspeqtSi xmarobda. ase vTqvaT, asaxelebs am mxaris or ramdenadme ganapira gamagrebul punqts. meore bizantieli avtori agaTiac muxiriss (moxiriss) zogjer geografiuli punqtis mniSvnelobiT ixseniebs _ "sparselebi imyofebian muxirissa da kotaisSi" (agaTia III6); "mermeroe kvlav dabrunda kotaissa da muxirisSi" (agaTia II 22). aqedanac TiTqos ise gamodis, rom TiTqos marto kotaisis (qoTaisi, quTaisi) sanaxebSi yofna mTel moxirisis mxareSi yofnas ar niSnavs; amisaTvis saWiroa 126

muxirisis gamagrebuli punqtis dakavebac. moxiris-muxirisad miiCnia "Notitia dignitatum"-Si (Vs.), dasaxelebuli simagre moxora akad. s. yauxCiSvilma. aq bizantielTa erTi kohorta idga (georgika I, 1961, gv.168-178). am punqts aRmosavleT anatoliaSi eZebs n. adonci (Адонц.

1908, gv.100). mas daeTanxma n. lomouric (lomouri, 1975, gv.68-69). v. leqvinaZe moxoras soWis maxloblad eZebs. moxora cixisZirTan gaaigiva n. inaiSvilma (inaiSvili, 1993, gv.116). iustinianes novelebSi daculia cnoba, sadac CamoTvlilia egrisis cixesimagreebi "...skandisi, sarapanisi, mu(xi)risi (Mourësioc) da lisiri...," (nov.XXXI) (georgikaII, 1965,gv.35-36); agreTve VIIs-is cnobebSi daculi "mukorisi" _ punqti, sadac gzad gaiares lazikaSi gadasaxlebulma maqsime aRmsareblis Tanamoazreebma anastasi berma da anastasi apokrisiarisma (Teodosi gangreli XCVII) (georgika IV, nakv.I,1941, gv.43). IIs-is berZeni geografosis klavdios ptolemaiosis "geografiul saxelmZRvaneloSi" moxseniebuli punqtis _ "mexlesos"is gaigiveba q.muxirisTan SesaZleblad miaCnia n. lomours (lomouri, 1968, gv.50-51). amrigad, rogorc vxedavT, saxeli muxurisi (variantebi _ moxirisi, muxirisi, moxora, mu(xi)risi, mukorisi, mexlesosi) sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba berZnul-romaul wyaroebSi. isini aq ara marto mxaris, aramed am saxelis raRac gamagrebuli punqtis arsebobasac gvidastureben. marTlac, sruliad SesaZlebelia, rom am sxvadasxva variantebiT (moxoras garda) erTi da igive punqti aRiniSneboda. diubua de monperem geografiuli punqti muxurisi gaaigiva geguTTan, romelic quTaissa da vardcixes (rodopoliss) Sua mdebareobs (ix. kekeliZe, 1961, gv.29). magram jerjerobiT, vidre geguTis cixe-darbazis nangrevebis teritoriaze XIIs-ze adreuli arqeologiuri naSTebi ar aRmoCenila, aseTi varaudi realobas moklebulia.

CvenTvis yvelaze sarwmunod gamoiyureba s. yauxCiSvilis mosazreba, romelic wers: "quTaisi da moxirisi erT strategiul xazze mdebareoben; ukeT rom vTqvaT, rionze (quTaisSi) dabanakebuli 127

jarisaTvis moxirisi (mxare _ g.g.) materialur, sasursaTo bazas warmoadgens." iqve: "1930 w. n. berZeniSvilis mier adgilobriv Catarebulma winaswarma kvlevam am mxriv sagulisxmo Sedegi moitana, saxeldobr, swored zemoaRweril mxaris midamoebSi, xolo rionis marcxena napiras, kulaS-eweris pirdapir mdebare adgilebs, romlebic zed mTis ferdobebs ebjineba sof. dablagomTan, dResac muxurs eZaxian da mis aRmosavleTiT 5-4km manZilze muxuris cixec mdebareobs" (georgika, II, 1965, gv.208-210). sof. mTisZirsa da dablagoms Soris, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, toponimi muxuri kidev erTxel davadastureT, xolo, samwuxarod, nacixaris zusti mdebareoba ki, Tu romel punqts gulisxmobs avtori, gaurkvevelia (igi arc sof. mTisZirsa da arc "adeiSvilebis" goras ar axsenebs). miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia, rom s. yauxCiSvili sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua saukuneebis nagebobebis naSTebs gulisxmobs. mxare, muxirisi, sadac muxirisis punqti iyo ganlagebuli, yvela werilobiTi wyaros mixedviT centralur kolxeTSi mdebareobda. prokopi kesarielis aRwerilobiT: "moxirisi erTi dRis saval gzazea arqeopoliss daSorebuli da Seicavs mraval mWidrod dasaxlebul sofels. kolxidis miwawyalze is saukeTeso mxares warmoadgens; Rvinoc kargi modis da sxva nayofic iq kargad xarobs, Tumca lazikis sxva adgilebze ar SeiZleba igive iTqvas. am mxares Camoudis erTi mdinare _ saxelad reoni"(md. rioni _ g.g.) (BG VIII14). muxirisis mxares dasavleTiT md. cxeniswyali unda sazRvravdes, rodesac 550 w. sparselebis jari kolxeTSi SeiWra da "...lazikis im adgilSi mivida, romelsac moxirisi ewodeba, dasabanakeblad dadga moxerxebul adgilas. iq Camodis mdinare hiposi (md. cxeniswyali _ g.g.), arc didi da arc navTsavali, romlis gadasvla SeuZliaT cxenosanT da fexdafex mavalTac; amis marjvena napiras gaikeTes simagre..."(BGVIII1). rogorc statiis dasawyisSic aRiniSna, bizantiur werilobiT wyaroebSi moxseniebuli ekonomikurad dawinaurebuli _ "muxirisis" mxaris centraluri nawili kolxeTis mTavari mdinaris, 128

rionis (fasisis) Sua welze mdebareobda. misi dawinaurebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba TvalnaTliv dasturdeba dRevandeli arqeologiuri monacemebiTac. rac Seexeba punqt "muxiriss," mis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa (geguTis Sesaxeb ukve mogaxseneT da aq aRar gavimeoreb). zogma mkvlevarma qalaq muxirisad q. quTaisi (Ланчава,1995, gv.30; lanCava,1996) miiCnia. maSin sakiTxavia TviT quTaisi sadRaa an ra mouxerxoT werilobiT wyaroebs. muxirisad miiCnia md. gubiswylis marcxena napirze mdebare arqeologiuri Zegli (namaSevi) arqeologma v. jafariZem, romelic samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom am Zeglis "...qalaqobis niSnebi damatebiT kvlevas saWiroebs" (jafariZe, 1999, gv.38). marTlac, jerjerobiT, samwuxarod aq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri Zegli srulad ar aris gaTxrili da gamoqveynebuli. aqve aRvniSnav, rom am striqonebis avtori 1982 wels (ПАИ, 1985, gv.49-51) namaSevis mcire nagebobis gaTxras eswreboda. namaSevTan da mis SemogarenSi toponimi muxirisi ar dasturdeba. amitom, ver gaviziareb b-n v. jafariZis mosazrebas namaSevis da muxurisis igiveobis Sesaxeb. rogorc zemoT mogaxseneT 1979w. gamovTqvi varaudi (ix. Гамкрелидзе,1979, gv.18; gamyreliZe, 1982,gv.118) punqt _ "muxirisad" sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglis miCnevis Sesaxeb. Cemi argumentebia: pirveli _ prokopi kesarielis da agaTias Txzulebebis, "muxirisis" Sesaxeb cnobebis Tanxvedra istoriul-geografiul monacemebTan (berZnuli werilobiTi wyaroebis damajerebeli analizi ix. s. yauxCiSvilis _ georgika,II, 1965,gv.208-210); meore _ sof. mTisZiris adreuli Sua saukuneebis nageboba da arqeologiuri masala; mesame _ toponim "muxurisis" sof. mTisZirTan dadastureba. miuxedavad CamoTvlili argumentebisa, punqt "muxirisis" Sesaxeb werilobiT wyaroebSi winaaRmdegobrivi monacemebis gamo, vTvli, rom muxirisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba dResdReobiT gadaWrilad CaiTvalos.

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literatura: berZeniSvili, n. saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, t.VIII, Tb., 1975. gamyreliZe, g. centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb., 1982. georgika II,(Targmani da komentarebi s.yauxCiSvilis), tfilisi, 1934. georgika IV, nakv. I, (Targmani s. yauxCiSvilis), Tb., 1941. georgika I, (Targmnes s. yauxCiSvilma da al. gamyreliZem), Tb., 1961. georgika II, bizantieli..., (Targmani s. yauxCiSvilis), Tb., 1965. grigolia, g. egrisis..., arqeologiuri krebuli I, Tb.,1994, gv.112-145. inaiSvili, n. cixisZiris I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb., 1993. kekeliZe, k. etiudebi Zveli qarTuli lit. istoriidan,VII, Tb., 1961. lanCava, om. dasavleT saqarTvvelos istoriuli geografiidan, mecn. akad.

Jur. "macne" (istoriis...seria),1974, #4, gv.129-136. lanCava, om. quTaisi egrisis cixe-qalaqTa sistemaSi, quTaisi, 1996. lomouri, n. egrisis samefos istoria, Tb., 1968. lomouri, n. Notitia dignitatum-is..., Tsu-s kreb. arq...., Tb.,1975, gv.68-69. lorTqifaniZe, oT. biWvintis wiTellakiani keramika, saq. mecn. akad. sazog. mecn. gany-is "moambe," Tb., 1962, #1, gv.231-255. musxeliSvili, d. saq. ist. geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, Tb., 1977.

CakvetaZe, vl. geguTis cixe-darbazi, Tb., 1958. javaxiSvili, iv. qarTveli eris istoria, I, Tb., 1960. janaSia, s. egrisis samefos warmoSoba, Sr., II, Tb., 1952. jafariZe, v. muxirisi - mxare ("qveyana") da qalaqi kolxeTSi, arq. kvlevis centris Vsesia "msoflio kulturul-istoriuli procesi," moxsenebaTa Tezisebi, Tb., 1998, gv.16-18; jafariZe, v. egrisis materialuri kulturaI-VIIss. (avtoreferati ist. mecn. doqtoris xarisxis mosapoveblad), Tb., 1999, gv.36-39. Адонц. Н. Армения в эпоху Юстинияна. С.-Петербург. 1908. Гамкрелидзе, Г. Древние поселения в среднем течении р. Риони (автореферат дисертации), изд. Акад. наук Груз., Тбилиси, 1979. Гамкрелидзе, Г. К археологии долины Фасиса, изд. Акад.н. Г., Тб., 1992. Ланчава. О. Кутаиси... (автореферат дис.), изд. Акад.н.Г.. Тб., 1995. Палувые арх. исслед. (ПАИ) 1982г. Тб. 1985. с. 49.

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sazRvao naosnoba da vaWroba kolxeTSi (klasikuri periodi) zRvam didi roli iTamaSa kolxeTis sazogadoebis socialurekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT sanapiroze mTeli rigi naqalaqarebi da sxva dasaxlebuli punqtebia mikvleuli. kerZod, afsarosi (goniosTan), cixisZiriboboyvaTi, qobuleT-fiWvnari, ureki, fasisi (foTTan), anaklia, fiCori, gienosi (oCamCiresTan), dioskuria-sebastopolisi (soxumTan), eSera, pitiunti (biWvinTasTan) da sxv. [9, gv.6-48]. CamoTvlili dasaxlebebi, bunebrivia, cxovrebis wesiT zRvasTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. isini garkveul rols asrulebdnen ucxoeTTan savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul-politikur urTierTobaSi. pirvel rigSi, swored zRvispira qalaqebis meSveobiT xorcieldeboda kontaqtebi Savi da xmelTaSua zRvis qveynebTan da qalaqebTan: mileTTan, qiosTan, rodosTan, aTenTan, sinopTan, xersonesTan, herakleasTan, fanagoriasTan, romTan (ostia). Semdgom konstantinepolTan, genuasTan, veneciasTan da a.S. [9, gv.45-46]. zRvispira qalaqebSi, vaWrobis garda, xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargebi_ meTuneoba, mWedloba, xurooba, feiqroba iyo ganviTarebuli. aq albaT gansakuTrebuli adgili mainc zRvasTan dakavSirebul saqmianobas _ zRvaosnobas, navTmSeneblobas, meTevzeobas, zRvis marilis mopovebas da, rac mTavaria, sazRvao vaWrobas eWira. antikur xanaSi kolxeTis sanapiroze garkveuli sakontaqto regioni Seiqmna antikur samyarosa da kolxeTs Soris. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi vaWroba, iseve, rogorc mTel antikur samyaroSi, ZiriTadad sazRvao-samdinaro gzebiT xorcieldeboda. bizantieli istorikosi agaTia kolxeTis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems_ isini gamoirCevian "...Tavisi simdidris siuxviT, aseve qveSevrdomTa simravliT, miwawylis sididiT da mosavlianobiT..." "...mcxovreblebi dacuraven, SesaZleblobis farglebSi da vaWrobaSi sargebels naxuloben" (III,5).

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md. rion-yvirilas (fasisis) savaWro-samdinaro gzis bolo punqti, tba paliastomze mdebare qalaqi fasisi iyo, romlis Semdegac savaWro karWapebi zRvaSi gadiodnen kabotaJuri curvisaTvis. geomorfologebis mixedviT, paliastomis tba-laguna zRviuri reliqtia. Zvelad aq mdinare rionis limani iyo. bunebrivia, rom winaT swored am moxerxebul limanSi, romlis napirzedac qalaqnavsayudeli mdebareobda, xomaldebi Semosuliyvnen. am gemebidan Semdeg tvirTi brtyelZira samdinaro navebSi itvirTeboda da paliastomis gavliT rionze an fiCorze aRma agrZelebdnen svlas. werilobiTi wyaroebi migvaniSneben - "iq xom erTi tba (paliastomi g.g.) aris"... "satvirTo xomaldebi zRvis napiras, fasisis SesarTavTan miacures qalaqis (fasisis - g.g.) maxloblad..."(agaTia III,5).

Savi zRva xmeleTSida zRvaa. is bosfor-dardanelis sruteebiT gadis xmelTaSuazRvaSi. bosforis uviwroesi sigane mxolod 700m-a, amitom misi gadaketva-kontroli advilia. vis xelSiac es srute iyo, is akontrolebda xmelTaSu da Sav zRvebs Soris mimosvlas. antikuri xanis kolxeTis geografiulma mdebareobam ganapiroba sazRvao da samdinaro (md. rion-yvirilas satranzito gza) komunikaciebis ganviTareba, rac zegavlenas axdenda maSindeli kolxeTis kontaqtebze gare samyarosTan. zRva did gavlenas axdens kolxeTis klimatis formirebaze da Sesabamisad aqaur agroklimatur situaciaze, sameurneo yofaze. zRva aq Tbili da notio klimatis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels. kolxeTis istoriaSi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani uaryofiTi roli zRvis napiris geomorfologiurma Secvlam iTamaSa. kerZod, geomorfologebis varaudiT axalSavzRvurma transgresiam Secvala fanagoriuli regresia (Zv.w. IaTaswleulis meore naxevarSi), xolo Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnaze isev iwyeba zRvis donis aweva. amis gamo sanapiroze ganlagebuli dasaxlebebi wylis qveS moeqca da Sewyvita arseboba. kolxeTis zRvispireTSi skilaqs kariandelis, arianes, pomponius melas, strabonis, klavdios 132

ptolemaiosis, prokopis mixedviT, mTeli rigi naqalaqarebia moxseniebuli. qalaqebis wyalSi daZirvam zRvispireTSi ekonomikuri donis stagnacia gamoiwvia. kolxeTis zRvis sanapiroze bunebrivi yureebi cotaa, rac navTsayudelebis mowyobis simcires iwvevda da uaryofiTad zemoqmedebda zRvaosnobis intensiur ganviTarebaze.

Zveli saqarTvelos zRvasTan axlo mdebare regionebSi mcxovreblebs sazRvao brZolebis gamocdilebac hqondaT. amis Sesaxeb cnobebi Semonaxulia berZnul-laTinur werilobiT wyaroebSi. qsenofonti gadmogvcems, rom samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Zv.w. 401 wels berZenTa jars saomari operaciebis dros erT-erTma qarTvelurma mosaxleobam - mosinikebma e.w. sazRvao sadesanto mxedroba miaSveles. kerZod: "...gamogigzavnoT navebi da mebrZolebi, romelnic TqvenTan erTad iomeben...","...isini (mosinikebi) movidnen mTliani morisagan gamoTlili samasamde naviT. yvela am navSi sam-sami mebrZoli ijda; ori amaTgani iaraRs isxamda da napirze gadmodioda, xolo erTi ki rCeboda navSi;" "...napirze gadmosulebi (desantirebulebi) daewyvnen amgvarad: daiyvnen aseulebad calkeuli danayofebis msgavsad, mwyobrad", "...yvelas xelSi eWira suros foTlis nairi fari,... Subi." "...maT emosaT mkvrivi tilos qitonebi, ...Tavze tyavis muzaradebi exuraT" ... "maT hqondaT agreTve rkinis orlesuli sabrZolo culebi; roca mwyobrad daewyvnen erT-erTma maTganma simRera wamoiwyo, sxvebma (am simReras) taqts fexi auwyes da gaemarTnen sabrZolvelad" (ix. anabasisiV,IV,9-14;4). hipokratec aRniSnavs, rom md. rionis (fasisis) qvemo welze adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi "dacuraven aRma-daRma mTliani morisagan gamoTlili navebiT, radgan aq arxebi bevria"(haerTa, wyalTa... 15). straboni mogviTxrobs, rom kavkasionis gaswvriv zRvasTan, kolxeTSi mcxovrebni - "... zRvaze yaCaRoben, aqvT momcro, viwro da msubuqi navebi, romlebSic daaxloebiT ocdaxuTi mebrZoli eteva, ...berZnebi maT kamarebs uwodeben." "...eseni kamarebisagan (navebisagan) flotiliebs hqmnian da Tavs esxmian satvirTo xomaldebs, ...

133

qalaqebs da amgvarad akontroleben zRvas" (ix. straboni XI, II,12). tacitusis cnobiT: "...kamarebs uwodeben dabal gverdebian, farTo Zirian (specialur samxedro navebs - g.g.); isini brinjaos anda rkinis samajurebis gareSe arian Sekruli; roca zRva Relavs, talRebis sididis mixedviT navebs ficrebiT simaRles umateben, vidre saxuravis TaRiviT (kamarasaviT) ar gadaixureba... (navebs) orive mxares erTnairi cxvirebi da erTnairi niCbebi aqvT" (analebi, III,47;1). nav-kamarebi ZiriTadad brZolis dros moZraobdnen niCbebis saSualebiT, xolo afras grZel manZilze gadaadgilebis dros iyenebdnen. am tipis navebi gamoirCeodnen kargi sanavigacio TaviseburebebiT da napirTan swrafi midgomis unariT, rac napirze samxedro desantirebisas friad moxerxebuli unda yofiliyo. kolxebis samxedro flotiliis Sesaxeb cnoba moipoveba, agreTve, Zv.w. IIIs. avtor apolonios rodoselTanac (ix. argonavtika, II,1090; IV,235). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom sof. yoRoToSi aRmoCenil Zv.w. III s. brinjaos intalioze (inaxeba saq. sax. muzeumis gliptikis kabinetSi, inv.#696) gamosaxulia niCbebiani katarRa, romelic SesaZloa nav-kamara iyos. agreTve, albaT kolxuri katarRaa gamoxatuli vanis naqalaqaris Zv.w. IIs. fenaSi aRmoCenil Tixis sawafebze [ix. 3, gv.140]. kolxeTSi moipoveba "gemTsaSeni yovelive masala, radgan izrdeba mravalricxovani tyeebi..." amuSaveben didZal _ sels, kanafs, cvils da fiss" (ix.straboni XI,II,17). mniSvnelovania isic, rom straboni Savi zRvis aRmosavleT mxares "kolxeTis zRvas" uwodebs (ix. straboni, XI,I,6; 7, gv.19-48), riTac xazs usvams Zveli saqarTvelos am regionis mniSvnelobas sazRvao saqmis codnis TvalTaxedviT. pontos samefos samxedro sazRvao Zalebi ZiriTadad kolxeTis mosaxleobisagan kompleqtdeboda (gemebis ekipaJebi) da xomaldebis calkeuli nawilebi, aRWurvilobac aqedan miewodebodaT, kerZod selis da kanafis Tokebi, afrebi; xis masala da fisi. straboni aRniSnavs, rom swored kolxeTidan miTridate evpators - "...misdioda 134

umetesi nawili sazRvao-sanaosno ZalebSi samsaxurisaTvis" (ix. straboni XI,II,18). friad sayuradReboa agreTve aniketis amboxis ambavi. aniketi uwin samxedro flotis meTauri yofila. SesaZloa, rom igi warmomavlobiT adgilobrivi, kolxi iyo. mas Semdeg, rac polemonis samefo romaelebma provinciad aqcies, aniketma amis gamo protesti ganacxada, risTvisac dasajes da daatyveves. aniketi gaiqca, miimxro da saTaveSi Caudga pontos adgilobriv ukmayofilo da upovar mcxovreblebs. is amboxebulebiT swrafad SeiWra aRmosavleT pontoSi da aiRo qalaqi trapezunti. aq, erTi romauli kohorta amoxoca da trapezuntis navsadgurSi mdgari flotis nawili xelT igdo, xolo nawili dawva. man trapezuntis gaswvriv zRvaze kontroli daawesa; sadac "...adgilobrivebi gabedulad moZraobdnen saxeldaxelod agebuli navebiT, romlebsac kamarebs uwodeben..." (ix. tacitusi, analebi, III,47). amis Semdeg "aniketi mdinare xobis (axlandeli md. xobi) SesarTavSi" (analebi, III,48) Tavisi sazRvao flotiliiT dabanakda.

SavizRvispireTs romis aRmosavlur politikaSi erT-erTi ZiriTadi strategiuli adgili ekava. SavizRvispireTis sazRvaosamdinaro komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis msgavs Zlier saxelmwifosTan qiSpobisas. romaelebi am brZolebSi, albaT adgilobrivi mosaxleobis sazRvao gamocdilebasac iyenebdnen. rogorc Cans, antikur xanaSi kolxeTis samxedro sazRvao flotis ZiriTadi Zala niCbiani katarRebi iyo. Semdgom aq etyoba berZnuli da romauli [ix.10;13;11], im droisaTvis mowinave sazRvao teqnikis gamoyenebac daiwyes da maTi msgavsi mozrdili xomaldebis agebac. saerTod, bunebrivia, rom sazRvao saqmis ganviTarebas Zvel saqarTveloSi xels uwyobda misi Sav zRvasTaan mdebareoba da sanapiroze farTo samdinaro qselis arseboba [ix. 8,gv.66,199; 2]. savaraudoa, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Zv.w. VI-Iss-Si iseve, rogorc mTel antikur samyaroSi igeboda niCbiani, afriani da urnaliani samxedro-sazRvao xomaldebi. am tipis xomaldi Sedgeboda 135

- magari jiSis xis korpusisagan, romelsac wylis doneze, cxvirze rkinis saZgerebeli urnali hqonda; kiCos daboloeba zemoT morkaluli iyo, romelzedac mimagrebuli iyo saWe; xomaldis xerxemalze, centrSi aRmarTuli iyo anZa, romlis zeda nawilzec magrdeboda saafre lartya; korpusis centralur nawilSi vertikalurad Camagrebuli xis joxebi iyo, romlebzedac magrdeboda wyalSi CaSvebuli niCbebi (cal mxares daaxloebiT 15-dan 20-mde); xomalds hqonda selis afra da bagirebi. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis savaWro xomaldis Semdgomi ganviTarebis erT-erTi saxeoba SesaZloa iyos ucxoel misionermogzaurTa (avitabile, kasteli, lamberti, Sardeni, gamba da sxv.) mier Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze nanaxi karWap-xomaldebi [8;2]. erT-erTi amdagvari xis satvirTo karWapis naSTebi q. foTTan zRvis SelfSi, md. rionis marcxena Stodan Svidas metrze aRmoCnda [ix. 12, gv.101-109]. karWapis sigrZe 23m, maqsimaluri sigane 6m, simaRle 2,3m. wyalSi mkafiod gairCeva xomaldis Tavi, bolo da gverdebi (Spangoutebi). xomaldis Sida saTavsi qviSa-lamiT aris amovsebuli. xomaldis kili wablis xisagan aris gakeTebuli, xolo Spangoutebze gemis garsakravi cudad aris Semonaxuli. xomaldis agebaSi rkinis naWedi brtyelTaviani lursmnebia gamoyenebuli. aq mikvleuli xomaldi konfiguraciiT zemoT naxsenebi misioner-mogzaurTa aRweril xomaldebs waagavs. adreul Sua saukuneebSi, kolxeTSi, naosnobis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb agaTia aRniSnavs - "Zlierni da mamacni arian lazebi; isini sxva meomar xalxebzec mbrZanebloben; amayoben kolxTa Zveli saxeliT..." "...mcxovreblebi zRvaosnoben..." (ix. agaTia,III,5). rogorc Cans, zRvaosnoba antikuri xanis kolxeTSi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda qveyanaSi Seqmnil istoriul viTarebas. aq sanaosno saSualebebis tipebi daaxloebiT iseTive iyo, rogorc mTel SavizRvispireTSi. zRvisa da kolxeTis dablobis naosnobisaTvis momgebiani 136

hidrografiuli pirobebis gamo aq wylis transports ganviTarebaSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili unda sWeroda.

qveynis

literatura: 1. gamyreliZe, al. tacitusis cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tb., 1973.

2. kutaleiSvili, z. naosnoba saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1987.

3. lorTqifaniZe, g. stumarTmoyvare fasiselebi, kreb. "mneme", Tb., 2000, gv.140-147.

4. miqelaZe, T. qsenofontis "anabasisi", Tb., 1967.

5. yauxCiSvili, T. strabonis geografia, Tb., 1957.

6. yauxCiSvili, s. georgika, III, tf., 1936.

7. Агбунов М. Античная лоция Черного морья, М., 1987.

8. Берадзе Т. Мореплавание и торговля в средневек. Грузии, Тб., 1989.

9. Гамкрелидзе Г. К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб., 1992.

10. Петерс Б. Морское дело в античных государствах Северного Причерноморья, М., 1982.

11. Casson L. The Ancient Mariners, London, 1960.

12. Gamkrelidze G. Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 1992, N2, v. 21, p. 101.

13. Tor Cecil. Ancient ships, Chicago, 1964.

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vercxlis ritoni sof. gomidan saqarTvelos mTian mxareSi, zemo raWaSi, aRmoCenili brZolis scenis gamosaxulebiani vercxlis sasmisi torevtikis friad unikaluri nimuSia. sayuradReboa misi siuJeti da ornamentuli samkauli. vercxlis sasmisi wagrZelebuli konusis formisaa; SemorCenili simaRle 13 sm; piris dm – 6,5 sm; wona – 86 g; dazianebulia pir-yelis nawili; motexilia qveda nawili. sasmisi quTaisis muzeumis Zvirfasi liTonebis fondSi inaxeba (inv.#111) [29,gv.37]. sasmisi vercxlis erTiani furclisaganaa damzadebuli. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom reliefi jer brtyel furcelze gakeTda da Semdgom Seikra. amitomacaa, rom figurebi ramdenadme deformirebuli da proporciebi darRveulia. sasmiss sami sartyeli amkobs. zemodan pirveli – kanelurebiani frizi; meore – oTxi adamianis urTierTbrZolis scena; mesame – ori cxoveli da xe. mocemuli gamosaxulebebi sasmisis kedelze simetriuladaa ganlagebuli. kanelurebis qvemoT ori orTabrZolis scenaa gamoxatuli. marcxnidan pirvel wverosan adamians Tavze muzaradi axuravs; zeaweul xelSi saZgereblad gamzadebuli mokle Subi upyria, xolo marcxena xelSi oTxkuTxa fari uWiravs. meomars sxeulze mokle tansacmeli mosavs, xolo mis qvemoT SiSveli fexebi mouCans. fexze, koWTan, sartylebiT gadmocemuli fexsacmeli acvia. meore meomari saxiT pirvelisakenaa gamosaxuli da mSvild-isars umiznebs pirvels. mas Tavze muzaradi, tanze usaxelo samosi da pirveli meomrisnairi fexsacmeli acvia. mesame meomari meorisadmi zurgiT dgas, Tavze muzaradi axuravs; marjvena xelSi satevari upyria, xolo marcxena xelSi pirveli meomrisnairi fari uWiravs. meoTxe meomris figura saxiT mesamisakenaa mimarTuli da xelSi Subi uWiravs. figurebis zogierTi nawili dazianebul-deformirebulia. meomarTa qvemoT rvatotiani xea da erTmaneTis pirispir mdgomi Sveli da mgelia.

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sasmisze gamosaxulebebis gadmocemis teqnika daWdevis, amokawvris da reliefis Signidan amozneqis xerxebiTaa warmoCenili. amozneqili figurebis konturebi ki mkveTradaa Semovlebuli. figurebi sqematurnaturalisturia; dabali reliefiT da CaWdeuli xazebiTaa gakeTebuli. reliefi arc Tu maRali klasis ostatis mier unda iyos Sesrulebuli. oTxive mebrZolis tani sammeoTxedSi, xolo Tavi profilSia gamoxatuli. meomrebis wver-ulvaSi xazebiTaa mocemuli. zeda da qveda kompoziciis sivrcobrivi gadawyveta martivia. qveda siuJetSi Svlis ukan Cans xe, riTac iqmneba ori sxvadasxva sibrtyis iluzia. mebrZolebis oTxkuTxa farebze horizontaluri StrixebiT ki iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom xelosani ecada Seeqmna mxatvruli perspeqtivis iluzia. brZolis scenis kompoziciis meomarTa dinamikuri pozebi agresiuli eqspresiis ganwyobas qmnis. centrSi, ukana planze gamosaxuli xe zeda da qveda siuJetebis damakavSirebel, mTavar simbolod aRiqmeba. sasmisze gamoxatul siuJetebs jerjerobiT kavkasiaSi da mis garSemo zusti mxatvrulstilisturi analogia ar moepoveba. SeiZleba zogadi msgavseba veZeboT mxolod mis sakralur (xe, cxovelebi) da nivTier (saWurvel-iaraRi) monacemebSi. samwuxarod, aqamde es sayuradRebo vercxlis sasmisi samecniero mimoqcevaSi araa Semotanili. mkvlevarTaTvis isic ki ucnobi iyo, Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos romeli adgilidan moxvda igi q. quTaisis muzeumSi. muzeumis davTarSi mokled Cawerilia, rom nivTi 1930 wels Caabara istorikos-mxareTmcodne giorgi boWoriZem, romelic 1937 wlis usamarTlo represiebma Seiwira. amdenad, g. boWoriZis monografia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; "raWa-leCxumis istoriuli Zeglebi da siZveleebi" mxolod 1994 wels daistamba. am sayuradRebo wignis gamoqveynebis Semdeg naTeli moefina mocemuli sasmisis aRmoCenis adgilmdebareobas. kerZod, sasmisi g. boWoriZes zemo raWaSi, sof. gomis (md. gomuras marjvena napirze) mTavarangelozis, savalalod dangreuli, eklesiidan quTaisis muzeumSi Camoutania.

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sof. gomi, iseve rogorc sof. jinWvisis da uweris sanaxebi Sua saukuneebSi aznaur gamyreliZeebs ekuTvnodaT. Semonaxulia 1458w. mefe giorgi VIII mier maTze gacemuli sigeli (inaxeba xelnawerTa institutis fondebSi – Hd-10149) (dawvrilebiT ix.[3, gv. 209,331, 355; 2, gv.21-23, 82,122]).

g. boWoriZis naSromSi CamoTvlilia sof. gomis mTavarangelozis eklesiaSi dadasturebuli nivTebi: "vercxlis sasmisi 13 sm, Semkuli mSvild-isriTa da SubiT meomari xalxis Weduri suraTebiT; dazianebulia. Zegli ekuTvnis uZveles xanas. spilenZis Tasi 1cali. brinjaos sartylis nawili, Semkuli cxovelTa saxeebiT – 2cali. brinjaos samajuri did-patara 2cali. brinjaos qinZisTavi 2cali. brinjaos beWedi 1cali. brinjaos wvrili nivTebi 7cali. minis samkaulis naSTi. rqis beWedi 1cali. mZivebi erTi asxma, maTSi 8 mozrdili. mZivebis natexebi 16cali..."[3, gv.254]. mkiTxveli Tu daakvirdeba, aq moxseniebuli nivTebi – vercxlis sasmisi, brinjaos Tasi, brinjaos beWedi, mZivebi (maTi dRevandeli 140

Senaxvis adgili ucnobia) is nivTebia, romlebic xSirad arqeologiurad Seswavlil winaqristianul samarovnebSi gvxvdeba. sadReisod, sof. gomTan yvelaze axlos mdebareobs sof. RebTan mdebare brilis cnobili arqeologiuri mravalfeniani Zegli. amdenad, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adgilobriv mcxovrebTa mier aq SemTxveviT aRmoCenili nivTebi sof. gomis mTavarangelozis eklesias Seswires.

am mxriv sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis eTnografi sergi makalaTia. kerZod, "brilSi oya lobjaniZes miwis xvnis dros araerTxel gauxsnia Zveli akldama-samarxebi ... amoukrefia WurWeli, brinjaos samkaulebi, qandakebebi da mZivebi" [14, gv.14]. mTian saqarTveloSi, Zveli Cveulebis mixedviT, morwmune adamiani, rasac karg, uCveulo Zvirfas nivTs SemTxveviT ipovida, yvelafers soflis eklesias swiravda. aqedan ki nivTis gatana did mkrexelobad iTvleboda. amitom, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi raWis da svaneTis eklesiebSi uamravi uZvelesi nivTi dagrovda [25, gv.4-7; 14, gv.87].

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sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisis forma â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cilindruli yeli da mogrZo, qvemoTken daviwrovebuli tani, boloSi gadanatexiT (motexilia sasmisis protomi) gvafiqrebinebs, rom is ritoni unda iyos. ritonebs iyenebdnen sasmisad. isini ZiriTadad orgvaria _ mokleyeliani, cxovelis Tavis gamosaxulebiT da yanwismagvari, wverTan sxvadasxva arsebaTa mcire figurebiT. saqarTveloSi meRvineobis uZvelesi fesvebi gvafiqrebinebs, rom yanw-ritoni aq sasmisis uZvelesi formaa da xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi ixmareboda.saerTod, ritonis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb mravalnairi mosazreba arsebobs [64, gv.6-15; 61, gv.4-13]. mkvlevarTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom ritoni pirvelad daamzades mcire aziaSi [1,gv.51]. meore nawilis azriT, ritonis samSoblo irania [62,gv.8-14], mesame nawilis mixedviT, gamoricxulia, rom ritonisnairi sasmisi maincdamainc erT romelime adgilas SeeqmnaT [54,gv.107-108; 46,gv.215-235].marTlac, SesaZloa, rom ritoni, sruliad damoukideblad gaCeniliyo mecxoveleobis mimdevar ama Tu im regionebSi [4,gv.73-81], radgan gamofxekili rqa bunebrivi da martivad dasamzadebeli sasmisia. yanw-ritoni, romelic Tavdapirvelad cxovelis rqisagan keTdeboda, droTa ganmavlobaSi sxvadasxva masalisa (Tixa, liToni, spilos eSvi, mina) da sxvadasxvanairi formis mzaddeba. ritonis damzadebaSi ufro ganviTarebuli safexuri unda iyos liTonis masalisagan misi gakeTeba. Cans, am droisaTvis is saritualo WurWlis daniSnulebas iZens. am periodisaTvis liTonis ritonebi gansakuTrebiT vrceldeba Savi zRvispireTSi, kavkasiaSi, aRmosavleT anatoliasa da iranSi [32, gv.36-47]. marto dneprispireTidan Crdilo kavkasiis CaTvliT, yorRanebSi 21 calia arqeologiurad dadasturebuli (semibratnis yorRani, kelermesis yorRani, uliapskis yorRani, kul-oba, tolstaia-mogilas, soloxas yorRani, talaevskis yorRani, yaragodeuaSxis yorRani da sxv.)[36, gv.65].

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saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad aRmoCenilia gamosaxulebebi xelSi yanw-ritoniT. magaliTad: q. gudauTasTan (adgili bombora) napovni mjdomare adamianis figura, romelsac xelSi yanw-ritoni aqvs; ori mamakacis figura ritoniT xelSi daba yazbegidan; q. mcxeTaSi, armazisxevis #6 samarxSi gaTxrili qalRmerTis gamosaxuleba yanwiT [63,gv.30] xelSi; qalRmerTi yanwiT, vercxlis langarze sof. cixisZiridan; vanis naqalaqarze gaTxrili RvTaebis qandakeba yanwiT xelSi [37, tab.XLVIII;27, tab.VII, IX;7, gv.33, tab.VIII1; 5, gv.135-138]. "siuxvis yanwi", yanw-ritoni xSirad erT-erTi atributi iyo RvTaebebis. samarxeul nivTebSi ritonis simravle gvavaraudebinebs, rom maTi erT-erTi sakraluri funqcia iyo ritonis gamoyeneba micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebul ritualSi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; saflavSi Cataneba (mag. lekiTosebiviT), an mis samaresTan yanw-ritoniT mosaxseneblis Sesma. saqarTvelos teritoriaze ritonebi aRmoCenilia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; q. gudauTasTan brinjaos ritoni gareuli Txis protomiT [44, gv.33]; daba yazbegidan vercxlis ritoni verZis Taviani protomiT [27, gv.52,tab.XV3]; yazbegis midamoebidanvea xbos Tavis gamosaxulebiani vercxlis ritoni (inaxeba s.-peterburgis ermitaJis aRmosavleTis fondSi); q. borjomTan, borniReles samarovnis brinjaos ritoni [39, gv.50,tab.65, 8;60,gv.152]; sof. mTisZiris vercxlis ritoni [59, gv.211216]; vanis naqalaqaridan taxis Taviani Tixis ritoni; ufliscixis naqalaqaridan Tixis ritoni [24, gv.76]; md. webeldis xeobidan minis sami ritoni [38,gv.76-77, sur.20; 7,8,11]; urbnisis naqalaqaris samarovanidan minis ritoni [17, gv.72,tab.124]; q. mcxeTis, samTavros samarovanidan minis ritoni [19, gv.26,sur.3]. sof. gomSi aRmoCenili sasmisi yanwiseburi ritonis tips miekuTvneba. masze gamosaxuli oTxidan or meomars erTnairi konfiguraciis fari uWiravs, romlebic menjidan mxramde faravT. fari oTxkuTxaa da marjvena zeda kuTxe amoWrili aqvs. fari naxatze isea gamosaxuli, rom mklavze maryuJiT damagrebuli Cans da xelis CasaWidic unda hqonoda. amgvarad, mebrZols fari ufro marjved, 143

moxerxebulad ekava da Tu dasWirdeboda, brZolis dros orive xelis xmareba SeeZlo (faris aseT samagrs pirvelad hoplitebi iyenebdnen [8, gv.35]). gomis sasmisis faris marjvena kuTxe amoWrili iyo, rac meomars lavirebis dros gamoxedvis saSualebas aZlevda da moxerxebuli unda yofiliyo. faris amgvari detali mxolod am gamosaxulebebzea aRniSnuli da sxvagan ar gvxvdeba. amitom, savarudoa es gamosaxedi sabrZolo aRWurvilobis ganviTarebaSi adgilobriv novaciad miviCnioT. gamosaxediani farebi sxvaganacaa aRmoCenili, magram maTze simetria araa darRveuli. mag.: e.w. naxevarmTvariseburi farebi an gamosaxediani fari, romelic q. xersonesSi I s-is reliefze gamoxatul meomars ukavia. sasmisis Wedurobaze fari mocemulia vertikaluri xazebiT da xis faqturas mogvagonebs. xis mogrZo naWrebi horizontalurad, albaT, liTonis ori sartyliTaa Sekruli. sartylebs Soris laTinuri ve-s magvari, horizontalurad gadmocemuli niSani (ď&#x20AC;ź), raRac emblema SeimCneva. oTxkuTxa (momrgvalebul kuTxeebiani) farebi dadasturebulia yaraSambas vercxlis Tasze, romelic md. razdanis Sua welze, Zv.w. II aTaswleuliT daTariRebul samarxSi aRmoCnda [51, gv.145]; trapeciiseburi farebi stefanavanSi, gvianbrinjaos xanis samarxSi aRmoCenil sartyelzea [48, sur.65]; karmir-blurSi, karebis brinjaos garsakravze gamosaxulia q. sugunis aReba. sadac asurel meomrebs xelSi mogrZo, kuTxeebiani farebi uWiravT [52, tab.IV]; Celtis oTxkuTxa farebi aqvT abu-simbelis taZarSi dadasturebul Zv.w. 1312w. qadeSis brZolis scenaze, sabrZolo etlebze amxedrebul ramses II mowinaaRmdege meomrebs [42, gv.132, sur.1]; momrgvalebul kuTxeebiani oTxkuTxa fari aqvs xelSi soloxas saxeliT cnobil samarxSi aRmoCenil oqros savarcxelze gamoxatul e.w. skviT meomars [47, sur.34]. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom skviTur-sarmatuli samyarosTvis farebi naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba isini arc maT mravalricxovan arqeologiur masalaSi. samarxebidan cnobilia 144

mxolod xuTiode maTgani, romlebic miCneulia faris naSTebad [50, gv.78; 55, gv.63]. herodotes mixedviT, qserqses jarSi iranelebi Celtis wriuli farebiT iyvnen aRWurvili (VII, 61). egeosur-berZnuli samyarosaTvis oTxkuTxa farebi damaxasiaTebeli araa. adreuli romauli farebi wriulia, xolo daaxloebiT Zv.w.IIIs-dan Cndeba oTxkuTxa, vertikalze odnav moRunuli farebi. polibiosi "istoriaSi" (VI,23, 2-4) gadmogvcems, rom farebi Sedgeba xis firfitebisagan da dafarulia tyaviT (zomebi daaxloebiT 12080sm). fars, zeda da qveda mxares, Sesakvrelad rkinis garsakravebi ertya. Semdgom, kuTxeebianTan erTad Tanaarseboben ovaluri da mogrZo wakveTil boloebiani rombiseburi, eqvskuTxa farebic. faris centrSi wriuli liTonis umboni iyo. samive (oTxkuTxa, eqvskuTxa, ovaluri) tipis fari q. romSi lucius septimius severusis triumfaluri TaRis reliefebzea gamoxatuli. oTxkuTxa farebia gamoxatuli q. pompeiSi aRmoCenil gladiatorTa brZolis scenebzec. markus furius kamilusis diqtatorobisas, romaeli qveiTis ZiriTad farad iqca oTxkuTxa fari – skutumi (scutum). aqedan moyolebuli, daaxloebiT ax.w.III saukunemde am tipis farebi dominireben romis qveiT armiaSi (cxenosnebs ovaluri aqvT). amgvari oTxkuTxa farebi unda hqonodaT pompeusis legionerebs, roca Zv.w.

65wels pirvelad gamoCndnen transkavkasiaSi da iberiis mefe artokesTan mouxdaT Setakeba [ix. 5, gv.57-69]. romis imperiis epoqaSi faris zomebi Semcirda da ZiriTadad meomris torss faravda [57, gv.230-234]. dasavleT saqarTveloSi, webeldaSi steklianis goraze gaTxril arqeologiur kompleqsSi, romelic IVs-iT TariRdeba, oTxkuTxa xis fari, kuTxeebSi rkinis samagrebiT da lursmnebiani garsakraviT (zoma _ 4868sm) aRmoCnda [38, gv.95,sur.33]. saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebul arqeologiur monacemebSi xSirad Cndeba faris wriuli, brinjaos an rkinis "guli", 145

umboni. faris xisa da tyavis sxva nawilebi miwaSi cudad inaxeboda. umbonis wriuloba ar unda niSnavdes imas, rom faric aucileblad wriuli iyo (mag. wriul umboniani romauli oTxkuTxa skutumebi). faris wriulobis Sesaxeb mosazreba saqarTvelos mTianeTis eTnografiul monacemebs eyrdnoba. am farebis diametri 30-40sm-mdea [26,gv.227-232]. varsimaanTkaris arqeologiur Zeglzec mxolod faris gulebia SemorCenili da ara farebi [Seadare, 16, gv.67-72]. saqarTveloSi faris liTonis wriuli umbonebi da garsakravebi arqeologiur Zeglebze ZiriTadad gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanidan Cans; kerZod, badiaurSi, liloSi, melaanSi, vanTaSi, urekSi, yazbegSi, samTavroSi, kamaraxevSi, varsimaanTkarSi, vanSi (#9samarxSi), xucubanSi, webeldaSi, eSerSi, brilSi da sxv. sayuradReboa, rom hoplituri, wriuli farebia aRmoCenili wiTeli Suquras #7samarxSi da axul-abaas samarxSi [8,gv.32-40]. albaT, liTonis umbonian, liToniTve SeWedil da ucxour (mag. hoplitur) farebs SeZlebuli, warCinebuli meomrebi atarebdnen. es SeimCneva, magaliTad, varsimaanTkaris arqeologiuri Zeglidanac, sadac 166 samarxidan mxolod orSi dadasturda faris "guli"(dm_ 30sm) [16,gv.71]. rigiTi meomrebi Celtis, totebisagan dawnuli lastis an xis tyavgadakrul farebs atarebdnen, romlebic miwaSi moxvedris gamo araa SemorCenili. berZnul werilobiT wyaroebSi moixsenieba qarTveluri mosaxleobis (kolxebis, mosinikebis, mosxebis, xalibebis) farebi. kerZod, herodote aRniSnavs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; "kolxebs Tavze xis muzaradebi hqondaT, gamouqneli tyavis patara farebi da mokle Subebi, amis garda danebi" (VII,79; ix. agreTve VII,78). qsenofontis "anabasisSi" xalibebis xaris tyavisagan gakeTebuli farebi moixsenieba (IV,7,22). aqve naxsenebia, rom mosinikebis meomrebs "yovels xelSi ekava suros foTlis nairi fari, xaris TeTri bewviani tyaviT dafaruli" (V, 12). straboni "geografiaSi" gadmogvcems, albanelebi "arian Subosnebi da mSvildosnebi, aqvT tyavis abjrebi da farebi iberebis msgavsad" (XI,4,5). aq naxsenebia romauli skutumis msgavsi fari â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jureoc [ix.

146

40,gv.802]. mniSvnelovania, rom "geografiis" es monakveTi qronologiurad kavkasiaSi romaeli sardlis pompeusis albanelebTan da iberebTan brZolis dros exeba. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, kolxebi, xalibebi, mosinikebi, iberebi xmarobdnen â&#x20AC;&#x201C; xaris tyavis mcire farebs; suros foTlis formis farebs; skutumis msgavs kuTxeebian farebs. es farebi zogi Celtis iyo, zogic xis da tyavgadakruli. arqeologiur masalaSi umbonebis dadastureba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom faris konstruqciaSi xSirad liTonic gamoiyeneboda. sof. gomis sasmisze ki, momcro skutumis msgavsi farebia gamosaxuli; mxolod, maT marjvena zeda kuTxis adgilze gamosaxedi aqvs. am farebis konstruqciis es elementi migviTiTebs samxedro aRWurvilobis gamorCeul mxareze. gomis sasmisze asaxul meomrebs mokle samosi acviaT, romelic menjs qvemoT faravda. tanisamosi gadmocemulia vertikaluri xazebiT. pirvel da meore meomars TiTqos zemodan usaxelo samosic mosavs. pirvel da mesame meomars welze qamrebi aqvT. rogorc zemoTac aRvniSne, gamosaxulebebi friad sqematuria da amitom dabejiTebiT raimes Tqma SeuZlebelia. gamoricxuli araa, rom mebrZolebs abjari ecvaT. arc is aris gamosaricxi, rom xazebiT mocemulia romauli lorikas magvari abjari. mesame meomars Sarvalic acvia, rac skviTur-sarmatuli samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementia. gavixsenoT mokle zeda tanis da Sarvlis kombinacia, mag. soloxas savarcxelze gamoxatuli meomris fariani figura. qsenofonti "anabasisSi" mogviTxrobs: mosinikebs "...ecvaT tilos mkvrivi mokle qitonebi, romelnic muxlebs ar swvdeboda..."(V, 4, 13). qsenofonti aqve aRniSnavs, xalibebs "... hqondaT selis abjrebi, muclis qveda nawilamde, xolo qvemoT mWidrod dagrexili Tokebi" (IV,7,15), welze qamrebi ertyaT. sayuradReboa, rom oTxidan sam mebrZols fexebi, romaeli legionerebiviT SiSveli aqvs da fexze koWTan Sekruli fexsacmeli acvia. cnobilia, rom berZeni meomrebi 147

xSirad knemidebiT ifaravdnen fexebs. xalibebsac hqondaT knemidebi (qsenofonti, anabasisi,IV,7,16). saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiurad dadasturebulia brinjaos da rkinis sajavSne firfitebi da jaWvis rgolebi. kerZod, isini aRmoCnda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; vanSi, eSerSi, TagilonSi, kldeeTSi, webeldaSi (Sapka). vanis naqalaqarze, meomris (#2) samarxSi dadasturda asamde rkinis naxvretiani firfita. aseTi firfitebisagan Sekrul abjars qercliseburs uwodeben. naxvretebiani firfitebi magrdeboda tyavze an mkvriv tiloze da faravda meomris torss [10, gv.183-184].

SesaZloa, rom swored amdagvari abjari, romelic CaWdeuli xazebiTaa gadmocemuli, emosaT gomis sasmisis mebrZolebs. sasmisze gamoxatul oTxive meomars Tavze axuravs naxevarsferuli muzaradi. zogierTs TiTqos cxvirsafari da ybebis safari mouCans. antikuris wina epoqaSi cxvirsafari da ybissafari ar aqvT muzaradebze [41, gv.101,tab.XVI]. isini araa damaxasiaTebeli arc iranuli samyarosaTvis. berZnuli da Semdeg romauli samyarosaTvis ki ybasafarebi SedarebiT xSiria [ix. 56,gv.65-136,327]. saqarTveloSi arqeologiurad aRmoCenilia e.w. qalkiduri, hoplituri muzaradebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; soxumTan, quTaisTan, sof. koxTan (aWara), sof. SuxuTTan (lanCxuTis r-ni). axlaxan romauli naxevarsferuli muzaradi aRmoCnda kaxeTSi, dedofliswyaros r-nSi sof. zemo qedSi (aRmoaCina arqeologma b. maisuraZem). romis respublikis epoqaSi muzaradebs SublTan simtkicisaTvis ukeTebdnen damatebiT liTonis sartyels. iseTs, rogoric gomis sasmisze pirvel da meore meomris muzaradebs mouCanT. respublikis da imperiis xanis romauli muzaradebisaTvis cxvirsafarebi naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli [56, gv.327-365; 57,gv.228]. gomis sasmisze, albaT, Sereuli tipis (berZnul-romauli) an kolxuri xis muzaradebia mocemuli. kolxuris Sesaxeb cnobas gvawvdis herodote(VII,79). xis muzaradebi mosxebsac exuraT (herodote,VII,78). ufro mogviano, kerZod, 148

pompeusis iberebTan brZolis droindel ambebze Txrobisas, straboni aRniSnavs, iberebs tyavis muzaradebi exuraTo(XI,4,5). gomis sasmisze gamosaxul pirvel meomars, zeaweul xelSi, wveriT qvemoT, saZgereblad gamzadebuli Subi uWiravs. Subi moklea da rombiseburi Subispiri aqvs. Subispiris damagrebis adgili ori horizontaluri xaziTaa gadmocemuli. amdagvari Subiani mebrZolia gamosaxuli imperator konstantines triumfalur TaRze q. romSi [35, sur.279]. Subis wveriT qvemoT daxra TiTqos imaze migvaniSnebs, rom es Subi saZgerebelia da ara satyorcni. saqarTvelos antikuri xanis arqeologiur monacemebSi Subispirebi, sxva iaraRTan SedarebiT, procentulad pirvel adgilze Cans, rac imis niSania, rom im dros Subi ZiriTad sabrZolo iaraRs warmoadgenda. amasve adasturebs werilobiTi cnobebic, romelTa mixedviTac â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Subi wamyvani iaraRia kolxebis, xalibebis, mosxebis da iberebisaTvis (herodote,VII,78,79; "anabasisi"V,2,22; V,4,12; V,4,25; straboniXI,4,5). "Subosani iberebis" specialuri razmis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs plutarqec (lukulsi,31). gomis sasmisze meore meomars marcxena xelSi mSvild-isari uWiravs da Subian meomars umiznebs. mSvildi momcro da Tanabrad morkalulia; laris mibmis adgilebi horizontaluradaa gamoxatuli; isrispiri, samkuTxa, daqanebul frTebiania. amgvari isrispirebi gvianelinistur-romauli samyarosaTvisaa ufro damaxasiaTebeli. saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi isrispirebi procentulad cotaa aRmoCenili. albaT, im periodSi mSvild-isars samxedro SeiaraRebaSi meorexarisxovani adgili eWira. amasve adasturebs herodotes (VII,78,79) da qsenofontis (IV,7,15-16; IV,8,3; V,2,22; V,4,12) cnobebic. isini kolxebis, mosxebis, mosinikebis, xalibebis SeiaraRebis CamoTvla-aRwerisas mSvild-isars ar axseneben. samagierod, Semdeg, romaelebis (pompeusis) laSqrobis dros, iberiaalbaneTSi straboni iberebis SeiaraRebis CamoTvlisas mSvildisarsac axsenebs (XI,4,5). mSvildosani iberebis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems 149

apianec (miTridates omebi,101) da dion kasiusic (XXXVII,2). svanebis mowamluli isrebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs straboni (XI,2,19). sasmisze mesame da meoTxe mebrZoli erTmaneTs mokle orlesuri satevriT da SubiT erkinebian. rkinis satevari saqarTvelos antikuri xanis arqeologiur masalaSi SubTan SedarebiT cotaa; isini SedarebiT metia gvianantikur xanaSi. mag.: armazisxevi, kldeeTi, Cxorowyu, brili, webelda [21, gv.74-75]. herodote SubebTan erTad axsenebs mokle satevrebs (danebs?) (VII,79). qsenofonti "anabasisSi" miuTiTebs, rom xalibebs qamarze mokle satevrebi ekidaT (IV,7,16). gomis sasmisis qveda sartyelze pirispir dedali, urqo Sveli da mgelia (mtacebeli) gamosaxuli. am jiSis cxovelebi kavkasionis xeobebSi dResac binadroben. Svelis ukan xe moCans. vfiqrobT, aq alegoriulad dualisturi keTilisa da borotis brZola aisaxa (rac ZiriTadad axasiaTebda zoroastrul da Semdgom maniqevelur religiebs). xe, am SemTxvevaSi keTilis mxaresaa (ukanaa). zeda, meomarTa brZolis siuJetis, alegoriuli gamosaxva unda iyos qveda scena, sadac Sveli sikeTes, kargs, mgeli, borotebas, cuds da xe nayofierebas, sicocxlis gamarjvebas da mtris damarcxebas asaxavs. gomis riton-sasmisi, albaT, specialurad brZolaSi daRupuli, warCinebuli meomrisaTvis, Sesawirad iyo damzadebuli da dakrZalvis ritualSi gamoiyenes. vfiqrobT, meomrebiani sartylis axsnaSi, ufro miwieri, Cveulebrivi, SesaZloa Crdilo kavkasielebTan, sarmatebTan an alanebTan brZolaa gadmocemuli [ix. 55, gv.3-4]. sasmisis damamzadebelma, adgilobrivma xelosanma, misi SesaZleblobis farglebSi, asaxa is, rac nanaxi hqonda. qvemoTa, cxovelebian sartyelSi ki zeda sartylis Taviseuli msoflmxedvelobiTi, sakraluri Sinaarsi Cado, romelic im epoqas axasiaTebda. gomis sasmisi mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT damoukidebeli da unikaluria mezobeli qveynebis xelovnebis ZeglebTan mimarTebaSi. gomis sasmiss pir-gverdze vertikalur-kanelurebiani frizi dauyveba. kanelurebi qveda mxares e.w. kamarebiT bolovdeba. sa150

qarTvelos teritoriaze kanelurebiani, adgilobrivad damzadebuli liTonis WurWeli jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi Cndeba. mag.: leCxumSi [18, gv.11, tab.IX], TliaSi [53, gv.75, sur.63] aRmoCenili kanelurebiani situlebi. kanelurebi, winareantikuri xanis kolxuri keramikis yvelaze damaxasiaTebeli elementia, romelic adreantikur xanaSic agrZelebs arsebobas [13, gv.57]. magram, am keramikaze, gomis sasmisisagan gansxvavebiT, kanelurebis boloebi yovelTvis e.w. kamarebiT ar bolovdeba. vertikaluri kanelurebi ar Cans klasikuri xanis berZnul keramikaze (samagierod arqiteqturaSia). is, ar axasiaTebs arc aqemeniduri da arc sasanuri iranis mxatvrul WurWels. reliefi, kerZod, kanelurebi elinistur-romaul samyaroSi mxatvrul keramikaze da torevtikaze Cndeba [58, gv.279, 280, 288303; 33, gv.238-254]. mag.: romauli, Zv.w. Is-is kanelurebiani ritoni [43, sur.9; 35, gv.204,sur.197]. kanelurebi, sartyluri frizebis da e.w. maraoseburi saxis, ufro farTod gvianelinistur-gvianantikur epoqaSi ikidebs fexs [45, gv.24-25, sur.45]. rogorc Cans, kavkasiaSi WurWelze ufrizo kanelireba (jer liTonze, xolo mere keramikaze) jer kidev gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanaSi iwyeba. albaT, is aq garkveul tradiciad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. rac Seexeba frizze ganlagebul kanelurebs cal mxares e.w. kamaruli daboloebiT, is ufro gvianantikuri xanisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. swored amgvari kanelurebiani frizia sof. gomis ritonze. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, arqeologiurad aRmoCenil, antikuri xanis torevtikul nimuSebSi gamorCeuli simravliT da mravalferovnebiT aRiniSneba gvianantikuri xana [49, gv.9-23; 12, gv.77-101,111]. gvianantikuri xanis torevtikuli nawarmi dadasturebulia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TagilonSi, urekSi, cixisZirSi, banZaSi, kldeeTSi, borSi, sargveSSi, xaiSSi, qvaSxieTSi, zRuderSi, cxinvalSi, JinvalSi, erwoSi, armazisxevSi, bagineTSi, samTavroSi da sxv. saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis torevtika romauli samyaros garkveul zegavlenas ganicdis [49, gv.138-147]. gomis sasmisze es, 151

albaT, mxolod kanelurebis gadmocemaSi aisaxa. gvianantikuri, kanelurebiani WurWeli saqarTveloSi aRmoCenilia â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TagilonSi, xaiSSi, banZaSi, cixisZirSi [49, gv.28-29; 21, gv.72-74;28, gv.149-150]. saqarTveloSi dadasturebuli gvianantikuri torevtikis zogierTi nimuSi IVs-Sic Cans. Semdgomi periodis vercxlis Weduri xelovnebis Zeglebi qristianul xelovnebas ganekuTvneba da qristianuli msoflmxedvelobis matarebelia. vercxlis qimiuri analizi adasturebs, rom am liTonisagan gakeTebul sasmisSi Casxmuli siTxe ufro uvnebeli xdeba; vercxli bacilebs spobs. vercxlis es Tviseba icodnen Zveladac da am liTonis sasmisebs sakralur ritualebSi iyenebdnen. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos antikuri xanis vercxlis torevtikuli nawarmi ZiriTadad maRalsinjiania. saqarTvelos qristianuli xanis Wedur nawarms ki xSirad vercxlSi, simkvrivis gazrdis mizniT, umatebdnen spilenZs. aseT nivTebs droTa ganmavlobaSi momwvano Jangi da korozia uCndeba [6, gv.79-84]. sof. gomis sasmisi moTeTro maRalsinjiani vercxlisaganaa damzadebuli, stibiumis minarevebiT. stibiumis, vercxlis magvari moTeTro liTonis sabado mdebareobs zemo raWaSi brilTan (zofxitoSi), xolo vercxli moipoveba kvaisaSi (javis rnSi). sayuradReboa agreTve, rom sof. gomis axlos brilis cnobil arqeologiur Zeglze mopovebuli liTonis nawarmi Seicavs stibiums (analizebi Caatara liTonmcodnem g. inaniSvilma). vercxlis sabadoebTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas iqcevs strabonis cnobac â&#x20AC;&#x201C; xalibebis mier, rkinis garda, vercxlis mopovebis Sesaxeb (XII,3,19). amgvarad, kavkasionis samxerT ferdze, zemo raWaSi, sof. gomSi dadasturebuli vercxlis yanw-ritoni, Cveni versiiT adgilobrivi nawarmia, zogadad gvianelinistur-gvianantikur xanaSia damzadebuli da brilis samarovanidan unda iyos. dakrZalvis ritualisaTvis damzadebul vercxlis sasmisze gamosaxuli siuJeti xelosnis mier sociogaremos aRqmis gamoxatulebas warmoadgens, rac erTi mxriv 152

Crdilo kavkasiur (sarmatul-alanuri), samyarosTan iCens garkveul siaxloves.

meore

mxriv

romaul

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jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi saqarTvelos zRvispireTis q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT napirTan, adgil "natexebSi" arqeologiurma eqspediciam friad sayuradRebo damRa aRmoaCina. aq niadagi ZiriTadad TixaqviSiania, xolo qveS Tixa-torfiani fenaa, sadac Zv.w. IV_IIss-is arqeologiuri masala, kerZod, atikuri Savlakiani WurWlis profilirebuli qusli da rodosuli amforis Ziri aRmoCnda [ix. Гамкрелидзе. 1992: tab.5,6,]. aqve jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis fragmentic dadasturda. qvemoT, SeZlebisdagvarad vecdebiT, ganvsazRvroT am aRmoCenis mniSvneloba kolxeTis istoriisaTvis, rac iTvaliswinebs iseTi sakiTxebis ganxilvas, rogoricaa: 1.damRis aRmoCenis arqeologiuri konteqsti; 2.kolxeTSi dadasturebuli sxva jvriani damRebis topografia; 3.jvris, rogorc simbolos mniSvneloba; 4.kolxeTSi amforebis, savaWro taris warmoebis sakiTxi; 5.damRa, rogorc uflebrivi savaWro niSani; 6.damRis aRmoCenis adgili, fasisi, rogorc vaWrobis centri. q. foTSi "natexebis" namosaxlarze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiT ix. [gamyreliZe, 1987:97-117; gamyreliZe, 2003:170-185; gamyreliZe, 2002:70-101; Gamkrelidze, 1992:101-119; Гамкрелидзе, 1992:30-48]. qveda fenebSi Zv.w.IV_IIIss. sxva arqeologiur artefaqtebTan erTad damRiani kolxuri amforis yuric dadasturda. foTSi, "natexebis" qveda fenaSi aRmoCenili kolxuri amforis yurze mkafiod reliefuri damRa zeda mxarezea dasmuli. yuri ovalurganivkveTiania. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. damRa wriulia (dm-1,9sm) da Sig tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. damRa anepigrafikulia. jvari yurTan mimarTebaSi gadaxrilia (tab.II, sur.1). sul cotaxnis win wriuldamRiani kolxuri amforebi mecnierebisaTvis ucnobi iyo. amjerad ki ukve aRmoCenilia da cnobilia wreSi Casmul jvriani damRebi, romlebic 155

erTmaneTs hgvanan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; foTidan, fiWvnar-Coloqidan, vanis naqalaqaridan (ix. tab.I, gavrcelebis ruka). sul dResdReobiT dokumenturad cnobilia cxra cali. kidev erTi egzemplari zepiri gadmocemiT dasturdeba. am tipis sami damRa dafiqsirebulia adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevrze. sxvebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebuli jvari, erTi cali, jamzec aRmoCnda. jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebisa da qvevrebis CamonaTvali: 1) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wreSi Casmuli jvris damRiT aRmoCnda Coloqis namosaxlarTan, md. Coloqis marcxena napirze. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania.

TariRdeba Zv.w.IIIs. inaxeba fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazis fondSi (ix. [cecxlaZe., iaSvili, 1991:58-61]); (tab. IV,sur.1).

2) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklianforovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi213-212; sav.#07:1-04:470.fena Zv.w.IV-IIss-isaa (tab.III,sur.1).

3) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa mowiTalo-yavisferia da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi222; sav.#07:1-74:360. fena Zv.w. IV_IIss-isaa (tab.III,sur.2). [gigolaSvili da sxv. 1979: tab.5,sur.30].

4) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze; nakveTi67, cisternasTan; sav.#07:1-79:2067. fena Zv.w. II-Iss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.III, sur.3).

156

5) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri wriuli damRiT, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. wre mTlianad ar aris jvriT Sevsebuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi213; sav.#07:1-03:65. fena Zv.w. IIs-is artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.III, sur.4).

6) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri momrgvalebul mklaviani svastikis damRiT. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze; nakveTi 127-142; sav.#07:104:2287. fena Zv.w. III_Iss-is artefaqtebs Seicavs; (tab.II, sur.2).

7) kolxuri amforis ovalurganivkveTiani yuri jvriani damRiT. jvris qveda mxare odnav wagrZelebulia. jvris garSemo wre ar SeimCneva. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda md. sulorTan, vanis naqalaqaridan aRmosavleTiT, adgil "mSvidobis goraze" zedapiruli arqeologiuri dazvervebis dros; sav.#07:9-05:34. iqve dadasturda Zv.w.III_Iss-is artefaqtebi (tab.III, sur.5). vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze kolxuri amforis kidev erTi jvriandamRiani yuri aRmoCnda (samwuxarod, sadReisod ucnobia misi Senaxvis adgili).

8) adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris pirze wriuli damRaa, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakv.222; sav.#07: 1-74:277. fena Zv.w. III_ax.w.IVss-is Aartefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.IV, sur.4).

9)adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris samkuTxaganivkveTian pirze damRaa, romelSic tolmklava jvaria Casmuli. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. zedapiri xorklian-forovania. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; nakveTi221; sav.#07:1-70:329. fena Zv.w.III_ax.w. IVss-is Aartefaqtebs 157

Seicavs. qvevris es fragmenti Zlier dazianebul adreSuasaukuneebis qurasTan aRmoCnda. sadReisod, samarTlianad fiqroben, rom es keramika Zv.w.IV-IIIss-is unda iyos (Seadare: [cecxlaZe,...,1991: 59].

10) adgilobrivi warmoebis qvevris mxris fragmenti, romelsac wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvris tvifri aqvs. aRmoCnda gurianTas namosaxlarze, romelic md. sufsis marcxena mxares (ozurgeTis r-ni) mdebareobs. fena Zv.w. IV-IIIss-iT TariRdeba (tab.IV, sur.2); (ix. [vaSakiZe, 1971: 17]). vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze aRmoCnda jamis Ziris fragmenti, romelsac wreSi Casmuli tolmklava jvris tvifri amSvenebs. es jvari, sxvebTan SedarebiT gansxvavebulia. mas gaoTxmagebuli mklavebi aqvs. Tixa moyavisfroa da masSi moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovani namcecebi SeimCneva. nak.191-194; sav.#07:1-75:203. fena Zv.w. III-Iss. artefaqtebs Seicavs (tab.IV,sur.3)[gigolaSvili da sxv.

1979:44]. sayuradReboa, agreTve rom sof. patarZeulSi (sagarejos r-ni) aRmoCenil samarxeul kompleqsSi, adgilobrivi warmoebis samtuCa doqi dadasturda, romlis saxeluris Tavzec jvriani damRaa dasmuli. kompleqsi Zv.w. I_ ax.w. Iss. TariRdeba (ix.[narimaniSvili, 1999: 68, sur.1]). jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforebi, dResdReobiT, kolxeTis garda, arsad ar aris mikvleuli. isini, stratigrafiuli monacemebis da artefaqtebis konteqstze dayrdnobiT, ZiriTadad Zv.w. IVs-is miwuruliT _ IIs-iT unda daTariRdes. damRebze, jvris formebis garkveuli sxvadasxvaoba SeimCneva. Semdgom periodSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi mravlad aRmoCenil Zv.w. II-Iss-is kolxuri amforebis yurze da yelze, xSirad sxvadasxva niSnebia amokawruli. jerjerobiT amgvari niSnebis ocdaaTamde saxeobaa dadasturebuli. sayuradReboa, rom daaxloebiT aseTi niSnebi kolxeTSi jer kidev Zv.w. IVs-dan qvevrebze, xolo Zv.w. IIIs-dan kramitebze da sawafebzec fiqsirdeba. isini, mecnierebis mier, ZiriTadad qvevrebis, amforebisa da kramitebis damamzadebeli saxelosnoebis niSnebadaa miCneuli [ix.

158

fuTuriZe, 2003: 102-103]. am niSnebs Soris aris jvris niSangrafitoebic (ix. tab.IV,sur.6). wreSi Casmuli wvriltana jvriani damRebi cnobilia TazosSi damzadebul amforebze. magram aq mklavebSua oTx sivrceSi Casmulia berZnuli asoebi [Брашинский, 1980: 233, sur.132; Bon, 1957: 167; Монахов, 1999: 233]. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze damRiani Tazosuri amforebi jerjerobiT ar aris dadasturebuli. quTaisTan, sof.WognarSi, farnalis goris namosaxlarze, Zv.w. VIIVIss-is fenaSi mikvleulia ori, gamomwvari Tixis, damRis dasasmeli sabeWdavi (sav.#227,229; quTaisis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, xelmZR. oT. lorTqifaniZe, 1964w.). damRebis dasasmeli sabeWdavebi – qvis, Tixis an liTonisagan iyo damzadebuli. magaliTad, Tixis sabeWdavebi farnalis goris namosaxlaridan (sof. Wognari) an Zv.w.V_IIIss-is uflebrivi dasadamRi liTonis sabeWdavebi guadixudan, vanidan, qobuleTis fiWvnaridan, eSeradan, dablagomidan, dafnaridan da sxv. [lorTqifaniZe mar. 1975: 14-73]. jvris Sesaxeb: jvari idumali sakoordinacio, universaluri simboloa. is pirvelad paleoliTis periodSi gamosaxes da mas Semdeg wamyvani adgili uWiravs kacobriobis simbolikaSi. jvari uxsovari droidan asaxavs adamianis Sexedulebas garemo samyaroze. jvars xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva ornamentul da miTologiur siuJetebSi, romlebic arqeologiur artefaqtebze sxvadasxvanairi grafikiTa da kombinaciiTaa gamosaxuli. is xSirad ornamentuli qargis erT-erTi ZiriTadi elementi da umetesi kompoziciebis ganawilebis safuZvelia. jvari wresTan erTad samyaros aRqmis umTavresi niSania. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom jvari warmoiqmna gamnklavSi mdgomi adamianis gamosaxulebidan da misi simboloa; agreTve, xaxuniT cecxlis gasaCeni jvrisebr dadebuli joxebisagan da aRiqmeba, rogorc cecxlisa da mcxunvare mzis simbolod. jvari, aseve SeiZleba simetriulad dagegmarebuli sacxovrisis simboloc iyos, romelic oTx Tanabar nawilad iyofoda. mis centrSi, mTavar 159

moedanze ikveTeboda aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken da samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mimarTuli gzebi. jvari, kosmogoniur-sakraluri, magiuri Sinagani arsis simboloa da samyaros oTx mxares unda mianiSnebdes. is wertilovani centridan oTxmxriv usasrulod viTardeba. misi horizontalur-vertikaluri kveTa centridan gamomdinare oTx mimarTulebas aRniSnavs. am centris garSemo jvari simetriuladaa organizebuli. wreSi Casmuli jvari, oTx nakveTad dayofili mbrunavi wrea, romelic mzis uZvelesi arqetipi da kacobriobis erT-erTi mTavari simboloa. jvris Semdgomi ganviTarebaa svastika, romelic jvris mklavebis daboloebebis gadaxriT miiRweoda da agreTve uZvelesi simboloa [xidaSeli, 2001: 63-65]. is mbrunav mzes, borjRals gamoxatavs. rogorc Cans, jvari imTaviTve sakulto-sakraluri daniSnulebis simbolo-niSani iyo.

Semdgom, IVs-dan jvari qristianobis ZiriTad kanonikur, wminda simbolod iqca. qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi pirvelad iakob curtavelis Vs-is nawarmoebSi (naw. me-16) [Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi, 1964:26] moixsenieba. sayuradReboa, rom Zveli qarTuli asomTavrulis "jan" aso-niSani jvris moxazulobiT xasiaTdeba da Tavze horizontaluri xazi azis. jvris forma aqvs, agreTve "qan" aso-niSans (tab.IV, sur.5) [ix. gamyreliZe T. 1989: 165, 179]. jvari mediteranul sivrceSi wina aziis arealidan gavrcelda. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom is kavkasiidanac gavrcelebuliyo. amas garkveulwilad adasturebs jvris xSiri gamosaxva kavkasiaSi aRmoCenil adreuli samiwaTmoqmedo xanis, TrialeTis kulturis da saerTod brinjaosa da rkinis epoqis, klasikuri epoqisa da saerTod winaqristianuli periodis arqeologiur artefaqtebze. jvrebis sxvadasxva variantebi gvxvdeba WurWelze, sabrZolo da Sromis iaraRebze, samkaulebze da sxv. Mmravladaa dadasturebuli jvrebis gamosaxulebebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; keramikaze, oqroze, vercxlze, brinjaoze, rkinaze, qsovilze, qvaze. kavkasiaSi winaqristianul epoqaSi, rogorc Cans, 160

jvars sakulto Tu yofiT cxovrebaSi gamorCeuli adgili eWira. Vsdan qristianul saqarTveloSi vrceldeba wreSi Casmuli jvrebi, romlebic "bolnuri" jvris saxeliTaa cnobili. isini zogadad winaqristianul epoqaSi dadasturebuli wreSi Casmul jvrebs Camogvanan. kolxuri samyaros erT-erTi umTavresi RvTaeba mze iyo. magaliTad, amas adasturebs vanis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili Zv.w. IIIs-is oficialuri warwerac, sadac me-18 striqonSi moixsenieba mzis RvTaeba – heliosi. Zvel samyaroSi mas aigivebdnen zevsTan, apolonTan, osirisTan, iupiterTan, miTrasTan. kolxTa upirveles RvTaebad, apolonios rodoseli Tvlis helioss (mzes), kolxeTis mefis aietis mamas. mze nayofierebis kultTanac iyo dakavSirebuli [yauxCiSvili, 1987: 139-142]. mzis simbolod jvari, svastika, borjRali, wrea miCneuli. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia, rom romelime kolxma warCinebulma Tavis emblemad airCia jvari, romelic simbolurad RvTaeba mzes gulisxmobda. kolxuri amforebis Sesaxeb: aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi importuli amforebi savaWro tarad Zv.w. VIs-is meore naxevridan Cndeba. Aaq dadasturebulia SavizRvispireTis da xmelTaSuazRvispireTis saqalaqo centrebSi damzadebuli amforebi [fuTuriZe, 1976: 79-90].

Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan iwyeba adgilobrivi “kolxuri amforebis”(resp. yavisferTixiani) warmoeba. Aam periodisaTvis kolxuri amforebi sinopurs hgvanan. dasavleT saqarTvelos kolxuri amforebis mravalricxovan arqeologiur monapovarSi, formis, moculobis da Tixis mixedviT sxvadasxva tipologiuri variantebi SeiniSneba [ix. fuTuriZe, 2003: 98-109; Путуридзе, 1977:68-71; lorTqifaniZe, 1966:137-140; kaxiZe, 1971:55-63; Лордкипанидзе Г.

1970: 81-82; gamyreliZe, 1982: 96-98; Брашинский, 1980:tab.XXIII; Внуков, Цецхладзе, 1991:170-185; xalvaSi, 2002:10-20 da sxv.]. agreTve sxvaobaa qronologiuradac. kolxuri amforebi, rogorc Cans 161

dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze araerT adgilas mzaddeboda.

Ees, adgilobrivi warmoebis amforebi Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan ax.w. VIIIs-mde da Semdegac sxvadasxva modifikaciiT keTdeboda (tab.V). zogadad, kolxuri amforebi tipologiur-qronologiurad Semdegnairad warmogvidgeba: 1) Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevris _ IIIs-is pirveli naxevris kolxuri amforebi sinopurs gvanan, oRond Tixis zedapiri ufro xorkliania, feri ki moyavisfro. gvxvdeba Riamoyavisfro egzemplarebic.Aadgilobrivi, kolxuri amforebis korpusi kvercxiseburia, lilvakiseburi piri da cilindruli yeli aqvs; qusli wakveTili konusiseburia, cilindrulTan miaxloebuli; yurebi Tanabrad morkaluri da WrilSi ovaluria (tab.V, sur.1).

2) Zv.w. II_Iss-is Kkolxur amforebs welze Sezneqiloba uCndebaT; yeli cilindrulia da SedarebiT mokle; ovalurganivkveTiani yurebi Tanabrad morkaluri da SedarebiT moklea; Tixa zedapirze xorkliania da moyavisfro elferisaa; gvxdeba Ria-moyavisfro egzemplarebic. saerTod, kolxuri amforebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSania fskerze spiraluri xvia (tab.V, sur.5), romelsac zogi mecnieri e.w. vardulisebursac uwodebs. amgvari spiraluri xvia ucxouri amforebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. kolxuri amforebis Tixis struqtura xaoian-forovania. Tixa Seicavs moTeTro da moSavo mcirenatexovan namcecebs. Sereulia diabazis da bazaltis; piroqsenitebis, kvarcis, qarsis, rkinis hidroJangis minarevebi da sxv. Catarebulia Tixis mineralogiur-petrografiuli analizi, ris Sedegadac dadasturda, adgilobrivi, kolxeTis sxvadasxva regionis TixasTan maTi identurobis faqti [ix. morCaZe, 1979: 81; foforaZe, faradaSvili,... 2006: 220-224].

Zv.w. II_Iss-is kolxuri amforebis zogierT egzemplarze gvxvdeba niSnebi (mag. ix tab.IV, sur.6). SesaZloa isini xelosnis mier amforis moculobas an raodenobas aRniSnavdes. kolxur amforaze datanili niSnebi hgavs adgilobriv damzadebul qvevrebze da kramitze aRbeWdil niSnebs. agreTve aRsaniSnavia, rom vanSi 162

aRmoCenil erT-erT adgilobriv amforas zedapiri iseve aqvs damuSavebuli, rogorc adgilobriv qvevrebs _ vertikalur xazebiani horizontaluri sartylebiT [Путуридзе, 1977: 68-69]. kolxeTSi aRmoCenilia keramikis gamosawvavi qurebi, sadac sxva tipis keramikis natexebTan erTad amforebis fragmentebicaa dadasturebuli. aseTi qura aRmoCenilia sofel gvandrasTan (afxazeTi), romelic Zv.w. IIIs-isaa. aseTive quraa soxumTan “wiTeli Suquras” namosaxlarze. quris naSTebia Seswavlili agreTve sof. gulrifSis samxreT-aRmosavleTiT mdebare namosaxlarze.

Zv.w. IIs. meore naxevris da Zv.w. Is. kolxur amforebs fskerze isev spiraluri xvia aqvs. cilndruli qusli ufro sokosTavisebr momrgvalebur formas iRebs da bolo ufro Sesqelebulia. zogi mecnieri mas e.w. Rilisebursac uwodebs. am periodis kolxuri amforebis kedeli SedarebiT Txelia. amforebs tanze ufro SesamCnevi Sezneqiloba uCndebaT. mecnierebi fiqroben, rom es Sezneqiloba amforis xmeleTze transportirebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. amgvarad, amforas ufro advilad moedeboda Sezneqilobaze bawari da ufro moxerxebuli iqneboda cxenis an virisTvis sapalned gadakideba. kolxuri amforebis tevadoba 13-dan 22litramde meryeobs. kolxuri amforebi mravladaa aRmoCenili Zv.w.II_Iss-is namosaxlarebze istoriuli kolxeTis mTel teritoriaze. aq TiTqmis ar aris am periodis namosaxlari, sadac amgvari amforebi ar aRmoCeniliyo. specialur samecniero literaturaSi axla TiTqmis erTxmadaa aRiarebuli, rom es amforebi adgilobrivi, kolxuri warmoebisaa. kolxuri amforebi dadasturebulia Semdeg punqtebSi: eSeraSi, q. soxumSi, q. oCamCireSi, md. enguris xeobaSi, q. foTis mimdebare teritoriaze, sof. urekiSi, md. sufsa-natanebis SuamdinareTSi, sof. cixisZirSi, q. qobuleTis fiWvnarSi, sof. maxvilaurSi, q. baTumSi, sof. gonioSi, sof. bukiscixeSi, sof. gurianTaSi, sof. dafnarSi, sof. dablagomSi, sof. mTisZirSi, q. quTaisis midamoebSi, sof. sagviCioSi, q. vanSi da mis mimdebare teritoriaze da sxv. Zv.w. II_ 163

Iss-is kolxuri amforebi CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi sxvadasxva namosaxlarebzea aRmoCenili. esenia _ gorgipia, kitei, kepi, neapoli (skviTuri), qersonesi, donuzlavi, beliausi, karatobe, kerkinitida da sxv. [Внуков. Цецхладзе. 1991: 170-185].

3) Zv.w.II_ Iss. kolxuri amforebis Semdgomi periodis gagrZelebad ax.w.II _III ss. e.w. yelwiboiani welSezneqili amforebi unda iyos, romlebsac wagrZelebuli tani, TiTqmis Tanabrad morkaluli yurebi da fskerze agreTve spiraluli xvia axasiaTebT. maTi kedeli SedarebiT kidev ufro Txelia da yelze, yurebis miZerwvis adgilze gamoxatuli wibo aqvT, romelic Sida mxridan odnav Cazneqilia. am tipis amforebi mikvleulia _ biWvinTaSi, soxumSi, eSeraSi, webeldaSi, foTSi (paliastomi), urekSi, qobuleTis fiWvnarSi, cixisZirSi, gonioSi da sxv. (tab.V, sur.3); [xalvaSi, 2002: 10-20].

4)ax.w. III_IVss-dan welSezneqili da fskerze spiralurxviiani kolxuri amforebis axali tipi viTardeba. am amforebs yurebi mkveTrad aqvT zeda nawilSi moxrili da tani kidev ufro viwro da wagrZelebuli aqvT. zogierT egzemplars tanze dabali gofrireba uCndeba. yurebi ganivkveTSi ovalurobas kargavs da ufro brtyeli xdeba (tab.V, sur.4). damRebis Sesaxeb: damRis dasma, xelSeuxeblobisa da nivTis an WurWlis SigTavsis visime sakuTrebas niSnavda. damRa mas, am qonebas, arakeTilsindisieri adamianebis xelyofisagan samarTlebrivad icavda. damRa daaxloebiT iseTive uflebrivi niSani iyo, rogorc monetaze gamosaxuli emblemebi. misi gamosaxva mxolod garkveuli warCinebuli pirebis (kolxeTSi – skeptuxi, mefe, mTavari qurumi) prerogativa iyo. mas ZiriTadad saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis warCinebuli pirebi da maRali rangis moxeleebi flobdnen da iyenebdnen. amitom, damRa iuridiuli xasiaTis dokumentad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. wreSi Casmuli jvari SesaZloa kolxeTis romelime qalaquri dasaxlebis, regionis uflebamosili warCinebuli piris niSania, romlis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi keramikuli saxelosnoebis nawarmi 164

aseTi emblemiT idamReboda. aseTi saqalaqo centri SeiZleba "vani", "qobuleT-fiWvnari" an fasisi iyo. qalaq fasisis saSualebiT kolxeTis nedleuli da nawarmi saerTaSoriso bazarze gaedineboda. gamoricxuli ar aris, rom es damRebi mefis moxelisac iyo, romelsac amforebis taris warmoebis kontroli evaleboda da garkveuli kavSir-pasuxismgebloba gaaCnda am amforebiT gadasatani savaWro produqciis xarisxze. Tuki dioskuria-eSeridan Zv.w. IIIs. kolxuri amforebis cnobil damRebs gaviTvaliswinebT, romelzedac qalaqis saxelia aRniSnuli [ix. fuTuriZe, 2003: tab.I, sur.2], maSin SesaZloa, rom jvriani damRac, romelime sxva kolxuri qalaqis emblemad CaiTvalos, magaliTad, savaWro qalaq fasisis. q. fasisis Sesaxeb: es qalaqi mniSvnelovani savaWro centri iyo [Lordkipanidze , 2000; gamyreliZe, 2003: 170-185;. Braund, 1994: 102-103; Гамкрелидзе, 1992:6-29; da sxv.], (tab.I). umniSvnelovanesi cnoba q. fasisis mdebareobis Sesaxeb daculia strabonis "geografiaSi" (XI,2,17). es aRweriloba dRevandeli q. foTis mdebareobas esadageba. sayuradReboa agreTve arianes sainspeqcio aRweraSi Semonaxuli cnoba fasisis Sesaxeb. hipokrates "haerTa..."15) Cans, rom md. fasisis qvemo welis mosaxleoba savaWro punqtSi, fasisis emporionSi dadioda. roca berZnebi gamoCndnen md. fasisis SesarTavTan, aq protourbanistuli centri fasisi ukve iyo (gavixsenoT, am teritoriaze arsebuli gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebi). berZnebma am savaWro dasaxlebasTan daamyares kontaqti da droTa ganmavlobaSi aqve gaCnda berZnuli dasaxlebac. mogvianebiT, albaT, fasisi ufro dawinaurda. mas komunikaciebis mixedviT moxerxebuli adgili eWira. kerZod, md. rion-fasisis delta da is urbanistul centrad ganviTarda. md. rion-fasisis qvemo welze arqeologiurad aRmoCenili namosaxlarebic amas mowmobs. q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro satranzito savaWro gzis erT-erTi ZiriTadi punqti iyo.

165

amrigad, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi aRmoCenili uaxlesi arqeologiuri monacemebis safuZvelze da sxva artefaqtebis moSvelieba-gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; IIsaukunis CaTvliT kolxeTSi mzaddeboda amforebi, romlebzedac tvifravdnen uflebriv, savaWro damRebs, iseve, rogorc es xdeboda xmelTaSua da Savi zRvispira saqalaqo centrebSi. vfiqrobT, es damRebi kolxeTis romelime saqalaqo centris (mag. fasisis) an regionis warCinebuli piris uflebrivi emblemaa. Ees pirovneba amforebis warmoebas akontrolebda da pasuxismgeblobas iRebda am savaWro tariT gadaziduli produqciis xarisxze. es ki, Tavis mxriv, mianiSnebs imdroindeli kolxeTis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ufro maRal doneze da misi integraciis Tvisobriv xarisxze xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis dawinaurebul saqalaqo centrebTan. literatura: gamyreliZe g. 2002: kolxeTi, gam. "logosi," Tb. gamyreliZe g. 1987: wyalqveSa..., saq. mec.akad.macne (ist....), #1, gv. 97-117. gamyreliZe g. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb. gamyreliZe g. 2003: qalaq fasisis..., Jur. iberia-kolxeTi,#1, gv. 170-185. gamyreliZe T. 1989: weris anbanuri sistema da Zv. qarTuli damwerloba, Tb. gigolaSvili el. kaWarava d. fuTuriZe r. ..., vaniIV, Tb., gv.41-114. vaSakiZe n. 1971: gurianTis..., samxreT-dasavleT saq. Zeglebi,II,Tb., gv.5-27. kaxiZe am. 1971: keramikuli tara..., samxreT-dasavleT saq. Zeglebi,II,Tb.,gv.28. lorTqifaniZe mar. 1975: kolxeTis Zv. V- III ss. sabeWdavebi, Tb. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1966: antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb. miqelaZe T. 1978: arqeologiuri kvleva rionis qvemo welze, Tb. morCaZe T. 1979: Sida qarTlis antikuri periodis keramika, Tb. narimaniSvili g. 1999: antikuri xanis samarxi..., Ziebani, #3,Tb., gv.68-70. foforaZe n., faradaSvili ir., da sxv. 2006: keramikis mineralogiuri da petrografiuli kvleva, akc-s kreb. Ziebani, # 17-18, Tb., gv.220-224. fuTuriZe r. 1976: importuli amforebi..., vani II, Tb., gv.79- 90.

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fuTuriZe r. 2003: amforebis..., Jur. iberia-kolxeTi,#1, Tb., gv.98-109. yauxCiSvili T. 1987: vanis…, kreb. qarT. wyaroTmcodneoba,VII, Tb., gv.131. yauxCiSvili T. 1965: hipokrates cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tb. Spaideli m. 1985: kavkasiis..., saq. mecn.akad. macne (ist...), #1, gv.134-140. cecxlaZe g., iaSvili i., 1991: damRiani kolxuri amforis fragmenti Coloqidan, _ kerb. samxreT-dasavleT saq. Zeglebi, Tb., gv.58- 61.

Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli lit..., 1964: w. I, Tb. xalvaSi m. 2002: keramikuli tara gonio-afsarosidan, baTumi. xidaSeli m. 2001: samyaros suraTi arqaul saqarTveloSi, Tb. jiblaZe l. 2001: dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis arq. ruka, _ akc-is Ziebani, # 8, Tb., gv.34-38. Брашинский И. 1980: Греческий керамический импорт на нижнем Дону, Лен. Внуков С. Цецхладзе Г. 1991: Колхидские амфоры…, сб. Памаятники железного века в окрестностях Евпатории, изд. Мос. университета, с. 170- 185. Гамкрелидзе Г. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб. Лордкипанидзе Г. 1970: К истории древней Колхиды, Тб. Монахов С. 1999: Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов. Путуридзе Р. 1977: Колхидские…, Краткие сооб. Инст. Археологии, 151, с 68.

Braund D. 1994: Georgia in Antiquity, Clarendon press, Oxford.

Bon A. 1957, Les timbres amphoriques de Thasos, Etudes thasiennes, Paris.

Gamkrelidze G. 1990: Travaux hydroarcheologiques de localisation de l ancienne Phasis, Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Grecs, : 223-236.

Gamkrelidze G. 1992: Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic (the Colchian littoral), The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, v. 21, #2, p. 101-119.

Lordkipanidze O. 2000: Phasis, The river and City in Colchis, Stuttgart.

Todua T., Gamkrelidze G. 2006: Stamps of Roman Military Units from the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Colchis), Ancient West & East, Leiden-Boston. v.5, #2, : 225-238.

tabulebis aRweriloba: tab. I _ jvriani damRebis aRmoCenis adgilebis ruka. tab. II _ sur. 1 _ q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT napirTan, adgil "natexebSi" aRmoCenili jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. sur. 2 _ kolxuri amforis yuri svastikis damRiT. aRmoCnda 167

vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze; sav. # 07:1-04:2287. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). tab. III _ sur. 1 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-04:470. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 2 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-74:360. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 3 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-79:2067. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 4 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-03:65. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 5 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda md. sulorTan, adgil "mSvidobis goraze" (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). tab. IV _ sur. 1 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri amforis yuri. aRmoCnda md. Coloqis marcxena napiris namosaxlarze. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 2 _ jvriandamRiani kolxuri qvevris fragmenti. aRmoCnda gurianTas namosaxlarze (md. sufsasTan). (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 3 _ jamis fragmenti, romelsac jvris tvifri amSvenebs. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:175:203. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 4 _ qvevris pirze jvriani damRa. aRmoCnda vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze; sav. # 07:1-74:277. (aRweriloba ix. teqstSi). sur. 5 _ qarTuli asomTavrulis "jan" da "qan" aso-niSani. sur. 6 _ Zv.w. II_I ss-is kolxuri amforebis zogierTi niSani (mag. ix tab. IV, sur. 6). tab. V _ sur. 1 _ Zv.w. IV s-is meore naxevris _ III s-is pirveli naxevris kolxuri amforebi. sur. 2 _ Zv.w. II_I ss-is welSezneqili kolxuri amforebi. sur. 3 _ ax.w. II _ III ss. e.w. yelwiboiani welSezneqili kolxuri amforebi. sur. 4 _ ax.w. III_VIII ss welSezneqili kolxuri amforebi. sur. 5 _ kolxuri amforisTvis damaxasiaTebeli spiraluri xvia.

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berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq foTi-fasisidan saqarTvelos zRvispireTSi, qalaq foTTan _ mdinare rionis SesarTavTan, malTayvis srutis marcxena mxares da paliastomis tbis dasavleT napirTan arqeologiurma eqspediciam friad sayuradRebo berZnul warwera-grafitoiani amforebi aRmoaCina. paliastomis tbasTanve Zv.w. IV_III ss-is arqeologiuri artefaqtebi _ atikuri Savlakiani kanTarosis qusli, rodosuli amforis Ziri da adgilobrivi, kolxuri keramika dadasturda. aqve aRmoCnda damRiani kolxuri amforis yuric [dawvrilebiT ix. gamyreliZe, 1987: 97-117; Гамкрелидзе, 1992: 30-48, tab.5-8; gamyreliZe, 2010: 176-189]. qvemoT gTavazobT amforebze amokawruli berZnuli grafitoebis gaSifvris versiebs (ix. tab.IV) da am masalis aRmoCenis mniSvnelobas qalaq fasisis, rogorc savaWro centris gaazrebis konteqstSi, rac saSualebas iZleva zogierTi sakiTxi axleburad davinaxoT. q. fasisi evropa-aziis sazRvao-samdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito gzis mniSvnelovani punqti iyo. qalaq fasisis saSualebiT gadaizideboda samSeneblo xe, seli, selis zeTi, Tafli, Rvino, spilenZi, rkina, kanafi, mogvianebiT navTic da sxv. elinistur da romaul epoqaSi fasisis, rogorc satranzito-savaWro qalaqis mniSvneloba gaizarda [ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 117-146; inaZe, 2009: 246-251; gamyreliZe, 2001: 26-32; Gamkrelidze, 2009: 175-194]. paliastomis moxerxebul tba-limanSi, romelTanac qalaqnavTsayudeli mdebareobda, zRvidan gemebi Semodiodnen, saidanac, Semdeg md. rionze da md. fiCorze agrZelebdnen svlas. swored am gzis gayolebaze satransporto taris garkveuli raodenoba dafiqsirda. amJamad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT grafitoiani amforebis aRmoCenis faqtze (ix. tab. I,II,III,IV).

I _ grafitoiani amforis zeda nawili aRmoCnda sufsis kanionisa da malTayvas Soris mdebare zRvis SelfSi. amforis Tixa 174

baci monacrisfro-moiisfroa da moSavo mcire namcecebs Seicavs. amforis kedeli sqelia; zedapiri xorkliani aqvs da masze zRviuri danaleqebi SeimCneva. amforis mxrebi daxrilia. piris dm _ 11 sm; cilindruli yelis simaRle _ 15 sm; mxarTan dm _ 35 sm; yurebis sigane _ 4,05 sm; piris lilviseburi gadanakecis sigane _ 1,04 sm; yurebi ovalurganivkveTiania da maTze grZivi dabali wibo SeimCneva. grafitoebi: 1) ix. tab.IV) _ yurebs Soris, mxris dasawyisSia. A versiiT SeiZleba iyos _ Tixis WurWeli, xolo Tuki CavTvliT, rom abreviaturaa, maSin B versiiT SeiZleba _ “Tixis WurWels”, _ “Sewiruls”,_ “maRali xarisxis” an “kolxurs” (C versiiT) niSnavdes. aseT SemTxvevaSi warwera SeZleba gaiSifros amgvarad _ “[am] Tixis WurWliT Sewirulia maRali xarisxis [kolxuri?] [Rvino]” (ix. tab. II, IV).

2) _ amforis meore mxares, odnav gverdze, yelTanaa moTavsebuli. es A versiiT SeZleba niSnavdes ricxvs _ 5(xuTs). Tu ki CavTvliT, rom es aris abreviatura maSin B versiiT iqneba _ “Zveli () zeTisxilis zeTi ()”. aq “pi”-s marjvena mxare gaormagebuli xaziTaa warmodgenili da Tavze, kuTxeSi patara xazi SeimCneva (ix. tab.II, IV).

3) _ amforis amave mxares mxarzea amokawruli. es grafito A versiiT aRniSnavs tevadobas _ xoas. 1 xoa tolia 3,285 litris. (2) warweris A versiis xuTs Tu gavamravlebT 1 xoaze maSin miviRebT ≈ 16,415 lit.-s anu xuT xoas, rac am amforis moculoba gamodis. 16 litriani adreuli, mozrdili amforebi ki sinopuri amforebis moculobis garkveuli standarti iyo. 16 litriania vanis naqalaqarze e.w. ”warCinebuli kolxi meomris” samarxSi aRmoCenili mTliani sinopuri amforac. B versiiT SeiZleba “zedaSe() Rvinos()” niSnavdes (ix. tab.II,IV). zemoT aRwerili grafitoebiani amfora hidroarqeologebis mier aris aRmoCenili da SesaZloa, zRvaSi CaZiruli savaWro gemis tvirTidan iyos. is arqeologiis 175

centris fondebSi inaxeba (oTaxi #5). amfora morfologiurtipologiuri monacemebiT sinopuria da TiTqmis analogiuria vanis naqalaqarze e.w. “warCinebuli kolxi meomris” samarxSi aRmoCenili mTlianad Semonaxuli damRiani amforisa [ix. fuTuriZe, 1976: 82-84], romelic arqeolog b. grakovis sinopuri amforebis klasifikaciis mixedviT, adreul, pirvel qronologiur jgufs miekuTneba da Zv.w.

IVs. bolo _ IIIs. dasawyisiT TariRdeba [ix. Граков, 1929: 96-108; Брашинский, 1980: 42; Монахов, 1999: 487-496].

II _ grafitoiani amforis zeda nawili md. rionis zRvasTan SesarTavTan, SelfSi, mebadurebis mier Cagdebul bades amoyva. amforis Tixa monacrisfro-moiisfroa da moSavo mcire namcecebs Seicavs. amforis kedeli sqelia; zedapiri xorkliania da masze zRviuri danaleqebi SeimCneva. amforis cali yuri, zeda mxares, motexilia; mxrebi daxrilia; piris dm _ 10sm; cilindruli yelis sigrZe 14sm; ovalurganivkveTiani yuris sigane _ 5sm; piris lilviseburi gadanakecis sigane _ 1,01sm. yurebs Soris mxris dasawyisSi amokawrulia graffito _ , romlis gagrZelebac motexilia (ix.tab.III,1;IV). A versiiT SesaZlebelia aq igelisxmebodes dionisesTan (bakxosTan) da saerTod Rvinis siyvarulTan dakavSirebuli sityva. warwera SeiZleba ekuTvnodes RviniT movaWres, romelic Tayvans scemda RvTaeba dionises. B versiiT gamoricxuli ar aris ubralod iyos _ anu “Rvinis moyvaruli”. grafitoSi  (“fi” da “lambda”) warmodgenilia gadabmulad ligaturis saxiT. aseTi moxazulobis samkuTxa “fi” dadasturda qarelis r-nis taxtiZiris samarovnis Zv.w. IVs. miwurulis #6 samarxSi aRmoCenili kanTarosis quslze (arqeolog iul. gagaSiZis gaTxrebi). amgvarive, moxazulobis “fi” aRmoCnda Crdilo SavizRvispireTis naqalaqar nimfeonSi dadasturebul Zv.w.

IVs. WurWlis fragmentzec [ix. Толстой, 1953:86]. sityva “moyvaruli” agreTve dadasturebulia Zv.w. IVs. qoTanze Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi “miTridates mTis” gaTxrisas [Толстой,1953:97-98]. C versiiT 176

SesaZlebelia amforaze igulisxmebodes ”RmerTis moyvaruli” [ix. Pape W. 1884: 1624]. aTenis agoraze aRmoCenil Zv.w.

IVs. kilikze amgvarive grafito m. langma aRadgina, rogorc _ “Tasis moyvaruli” [Lang, 1976:12, sur.C6]. Crdilo SavizRvispireTis q. pantikapeonSi Zv.w. IV s-is saflavis stelis fragmenti aRmoCnda, sadac warweraze figurirebs sityva “moyvarulis” nawili da Semdeg eTnonimi “kolxi”, romelic SeiZleba “qeifis moyvarul kolxs” () niSnavdes anu im adamians, romlisadmic es warweriani saflavis stelaa miZRvnili, qeifi da drostareba uyvarda [Seadare, КБН, 1965: 183; ix. agreTve ДР, 1958: 1730]. foTSi aRmoCenili meore grafitoiani amforac, pirveli amforis msgavsad, morfologiur-tipologiuri monacemebiT sinopuria da arqeolog b. grakovis mixedviT pirvel qronologiur jgufs unda miekuTvnebodes da Zv.w. IVs-is bolo _ IIIs-is dasawyisiT TariRdeba [Граков, 1929: 97]. berZnuli grafitoebis aRmoCena yvelaze xSiria aRmosavleT xmelTaSua da Savi zRispireTis regionebSi. saqarTveloSi berZnuli grafitoebi ZiriTadad dasavleT saqarTvelos, kolxeTis, arqeologiur masalaSi gvxvdeba, kerZod _ qobuleTis fiWvnaris, sairxis, eSeris naqalaqaris, oCamCiris, vanis naqalaqaris, biWvinTis naqalaqaris, soxumis naqalaqaris, webeldis da foTis arqeologiuri Zeglebis artefaqtebze. saqarTveloSi berZnuli grafitoebis raodenoba mcirea da upiratesad ucxoeTidan Semotanil keramikaze gvxdeba. isini jerjerobiT sul 140 erTeulamdea dadasturebuli. dasavleT saqarTvelos xsenebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebidan, ZiriTadad erT, or an sam asoiani grafitoebi gagvaCnia [nasiZe, 2002: 10]. asoebis raodenobis simcire maTi sxvadasxvanairi interpretaciis SesaZleblobas zrdis da xSirad mecnierTa kamaTis sagania. grafitoebi, ZiriTadad, gamomwvar keramikaze wamaxvilebuli raime sagniT Sesrulebuli nakawri warweraa. amnairi warwera-grafitoebiT pirovnebebi, umetesad Tavis sakuTar nivTs, romelime RvTaebisadmi 177

Sesawir saTanado SigTavsian WurWels, savaWro zoma-wonas da sxv. aRniSnavdnen. arsebobs magiuri, SelocviTi xasiaTis warwera-niSnebic. grafitoebi xSirad gamoisaxeboda inicialebis, ligaturis, abreviaturis saxiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa WurWelze da gadasatan taraze datanili savaWro aRniSvnebi. aRiniSneba Tu ra produqtia (mag.: zeTi, Rvino, Tafli, ludi da a.S.) WurWelSi da ra moculobisaa is (mag.: ramdeni xoa an kotila), ra fasi aqvs (mag.: ramdeni _2 draqma an 3 oboli), rogori Tvisebebisaa (mag.: naTeli an mJave) da sxv. [ix. Яйленко, 1980: 72-99; Соломоник , 1985: 77-91; Lang, 1976:1-5; nasiZe,2002: 5-24]. am tipis grafitoebi maRalganviTarebul savaWro qmedebaze migvaniSnebs. xSirad grafito mxolod erT asoiania da SesaZlebelia RvTaebis saxelis pirvel asos warmodgendes. magaliTad: _ RvTaeba zogadad,_ apolonis an artemides, _ demetrasi,H _herasi, _ bakxosi; an nivTis mflobelis saxels niSnavdes mag.: _ fintidos, _ demes da sxv. [ix.nasiZe,1999:19-20]. grafitoebis mniSvnelovani nawili warmoadgens abreviaturas, romlis TiToeuli aso raRacas aRniSavda da im epoqis sazogadoebis didi nawilisaTvis misi mniSvneloba kargad iyo cnobili. berZnul-laTinuri werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT qalaqi fasisi mdinare fasisis (rion-yvirilas) deltis marcxena mxares iyo ganlagebuli. aqve asaxeleben tbasac(paliastomi?). amgvari gansazRvra dRevandeli foTis mdebareobas esadageba. amitom mecnierebs erTxmad miaCniaT, rom Zveli fasisi foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze mdebareobda [ix. Lordkipanidze, 2000:3-9; Ельницкий, 1938: 315-320; gamyreliZe,2003: 172]. imis gamo, rom xsenebul teritoriaze rTuli geomorfologiuri situaciaa, klasikuri periodis fasisi jerjerobiT mikvleuli ar aris. dRevandel foTsa da mis mimdebare teritoriaze yvelaze Zveli arqeologiuri monacemi adgil “ natexebTan”, paliastomis tbis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi Tixatorfian fenebSi dadasturda. md. rion-fasisis qvemo welze 178

arqeologiurad Seswavlil namosaxlarebze Zv.w. VIs-is ucxouri nawarmi adgilobrivTan SedarebiT procentulad cotaa. rogorc Cans, roca md. fasisis SesarTavTan berZnebi gamoCndnen, aq dasaxlebebi ukve iyo. foTi-fasisTan aRmoCenili berZnulenovani grafitoebis dadasturebis da gaSifris safuZvelze da sxva artefaqtebis moSvelieba-gaTvaliswinebiT SeiZleba davaskvnaT: Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevridan kolxeTSi intensiurad Semodioda sinopuri amforebi [fuTuriZe, 1976: 79; gamyreliZe, 1982:99]. zogjer am amforebze mesakuTreebi warwerebs kawravdnen, iseve, rogorc es xdeboda aRmosavleT xmelTaSua da Savi zRvispira saqalaqo centrebSi. es grafitoebi xSirad vaWrebis mier keTdeboda, romlebic saqonlis savaWro tariT transportirebas da aRricxvas awarmoebdnen. es erTxel kidev, mianiSnebs imdroindeli kolxeTis sazogadoebis integraciis Tvisobriv xarisxze xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis dawinaurebul saqalaqo centrebTan. am SemTxvevaSi ki kerZod, qalaq sinopTan, romelic jerkidev Zv.w. VI-Vss-Si aqtiur ekonomikur politikas awarmoebs da samxreT-aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, kolxeTTan axlos _ kerasuntSi, kotioraSi da trapezuntSi axalSenebs aarsebs. aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi, dasavleT saqarTveloSi, kolxeTSi ucxouri amforebi savaWro tarad Zv.w. VIsis meore naxevridan Cndeba. Aaq dadasturebulia Savi da xmelTaSua zRvispireTis saqalaqo centrebSi damzadebuli amforebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos sinopuri amforebis mravalricxovan arqeologiur monapovarSi, formis, moculobis da Tixis mixedviT sxvadasxva tipologiuri variantebi gvxvdeba [ix. kaxiZe, 1971: 28; fuTuriZe, 1976: 79]. Zv.w. IV_IIss-is sinopuri amforebis zogierT egzemplarze gvxvdeba grafitoebi, romlebiTac xSirad mflobelis mier amforis moculoba, SigTavsi, raodenoba an fasi aRiniSneboda. q. sinopeSi keramikis gadasazidi taris, amforebis warmoebis saxelosnoebi iyo ganlagebuli (mag. demirsis II-VIss saxelosnoebi [ix. kasab tezgori 179

d. 2006:155]). aq damzadebuli amforebi mTeli SavizRvispireTis Zvel namosaxlarebzea didi raodenobiT mikvleuli. SesaZlebelia, rom sinopelebi zogjer carieli tariTac vaWrobdnen, romlebic gemebiT gadahqondaT. maTi amforebi, rogorc Cans saukeTeso WurWlad iTvleboda Txevadi da marcvlovani saqonlis transportirebisaTvis. foTi-fasisis mimdebare teritoriaze gavrcelebuli ucxouri keramika da kerZod, sinopuri amforebi aq, aRmosavleT xmelTaSua da SavizRvispireTis qalaqebis savaWro-ekonomikuri aqtivobis maniSnebelia. Cven viziarebT im mosazrebas, rom qobuleTis fiWvnarSi sinopelebis axalSeni iyo [ix. inaZe,2009: 278; Дундуа, 1987:38; kvirkvelia, 1999: 30; Ахвледиани, 2004:91]. sinopelebis, aseTive ubani albaT qalaq fasisSic mdebareobda. amis erT-erTi damadasturebeli faqti ki SeiZleba zemoxsenebuli grafitoiani sinopuri amforebis aq aRmoCenac iyos. Zv.w. IVs-is meore naxevarsa da Zv.w. III s-is dasawyisSi sinopelebis savaWro aqtiuroba kolxeTSi da gansakuTrebiT mis zRvispireTSi gamorCeul xasiaTs iRebs. aq dadasturebulia sinopuri amforebis, luTeriebis da kramitis fragmentebis didi raodenoba. maTi mibaZviT ki, amforebis da kramitis adgilobrivi warmoeba iwyeba. am dros aq mimoqcevaSia mniSvnelovani raodenobis sinopuri monetebic [Дундуа, 1987: 33], romlebic dadasturebulia dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur Zeglebze. aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis savaWro saqoneli q. sinopis gavliT xvdeboda q. fasisSi da Semdeg md. rionis gavliT gadanawildeboda Sida kolxeTSi. q. sinopi TiTqmis mTeli antikuri epoqis ganmavlobaSi, kolxeTis udides savaWro partniors warmoadgenda, romelic qobuleTis fiWvnarSi da fasisSi arsebuli vaWarTa da xelosanTa axalSenebis saSualebiT axorcielebda ekonomikur aqtiurobas, rasac dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri monacemebi adastureben [ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1966: 117; fuTuriZe, 1976: 79]. *** 180

q. fasisi, adreul bizantiur periodSic evropa-aziis sazRvaosamdinaro-saxmeleTo satranzito gzis mniSvnelovani punqtis funqcias asrulebda. amis erT-erTi mowmobaa q. foTSi, paliastomis tbis dasavleT mxares mdebare namosaxlaric, sadac mesame grafitoiani welSezneqili amfora aRmoCnda.

III _ grafitoiani amfora wagrZelebultaniani da welSezneqilia; mxrebis zeda nawili motexili aqvs; SemorCenili simaRle _ 67sm; tani Zirisaken konusurad viwrovdeba, romelzedac dabali gluvi horizontaluri Rarebi SeiniSneba; tanze ramdenime xvreli aqvs; Tixa moyavisfroa; zedapiri xorkliania; mxris dasawyisSi amokawrulia graffito- w. (ix. tab.III,2; IV). berZnul grafitoebSi abreviaturebi ZiriTadad mTavruli asoebiT aRiniSneboda. aq ki pirveli asoa ("fi) mTavruli, rac Cveni azriT sakuTar saxels _ ”fasiss” unda niSnavdes, xolo meore aso aRniSnulia ara mTavruliT ("omega) da vfiqrobT igulisxmeba zmna ”yidva”. Sesabamisad A versiiT gamodis_ fasisSi viyide.

B versiiT SeiZleba niSnavdes_ ”naTeli”//”kargi”(Rvino ?). amfora morfologiur da tipologiuri monacemebiT adgilobrivi, kolxuria; inaxeba q. foTis kolxuri kulturis muzeumSi. rogorc aRvniSneT, mocemuli amfora paliastomis tbis dasavleT mxares e.w. “natexebis” namosaxlarTan, napirTan axlos, qviSa-Tixian fenaSi dadasturda. garda aRniSnuli amforisa am Zeglze metad mravalferovani arqeologiuri masala gamovlinda (dawvrilebiT ix. [gamyreliZe g.

1987: 97-117; Gamkrelidze, 1992: 101-119; Гамкрелидзе, 1992: 30-48 ; Gamkrelidze, 1990: 223-236.]).

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literatura: axvlediani d. 2004: kolxeTis socialur-ekonomikuri da ist. sakiTxebi Zv.w.V-IIss, (avtoreferati),Tb. gamyreliZe g. 2010: anepigrafikuli jvriandamRiani kolxuri amfora foTifasisidan._ Jur. Ziebani, #19, gv. 176-189. gamyreliZe g. 1987: wyalqveSa arqeologiuri kvleva foTis midamoebSi, saq. mec. akad. macne(seria ist....), #1, Tb., gv.97-117. gamyreliZe g. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb. gamyreliZe g. 2003: q. fasisis adgilmdebareobis sakiTxisaTvis, Jur. iberiakolxeTi, #1, Tb., gv.170-185. inaZe m. 2009: Zveli kolxeTis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb. kasab tezgori d. 2006: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sinopis maxloblad, Jur. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, #17-18, Tb., gv. 155-168. kaxiZe am. 1971: keramikuli tara fiWvnaris antikuri xanis naqalaqaridan, kreb. samxreT-dasavleT saqa. Zeglebi, II,Tb., gv. 28- 66. kvirkvelia g. 1999: savaWro urTierTobebi SavizRvispireTSi adreantikur xanaSi, (avtoreferati), Tb. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1966: antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb. miqelaZe T. 1978: arqeologiuri kvleva rionis qvemo welze, Tb. nasiZe m. 1999: berZnuli grafito da Zveli kolxeTis RvTaebebi. _ samec. konferenciis masalebi, ist. institutSi, Tb., gv.19-20. nasiZe m. 2002: saqarTvelos berZnuli grafito, Tb. fuTuriZe r. 1976: importuli amforebi vanis naqalaqaridan, kreb. vani II, Tb., gv.79-90. yauxCiSvili T. 2004: saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis korpusi, Tb. jiblaZe l. 2001: dasavleT saqarTvelos brinjao-adrerkinis xanis namosaxlarebis ruka, Jur.Ziebani, #8, Tb., gv.34-38. Ахвледиани Д. 2004: Взаимоотношения Колхиды и Синопы - Кавказоведение, №5. Тб. с. 91-97. Брашинский И. 1980: Греческий керамический импорт на Дону, Лен. Гамкрелидзе Г. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб. Граков Б. 1929: Древнегреческие клейма с именами астиномов, М. Дундуа Г. 1987: Нумизматика античной Грузии, Тб. ДР, 1958: Древнегреческо-русский словарь (сост. Н. Дворецкий), М.

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315-320. КБН, 1965: Корпус Боспорских надписей, М. Лордкипанидзе Г. 1970: К истории древней Колхиды, Тб. Монахов, С. 1999:Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов. Соломоник Э. 1975: Некоторые группы граффити из античного Херсонеса, ВДИ, №3, с. 121-141. Соломоник Э. 1985: О методике изучениа и принципах публикации античных граффити, ВДИ, №3, стр. 77-91. Толстой И. 1953: Греческие граффити древних городов Северного Причерноморья, М.-Л. Яйленко В. 1980: Граффити Левки, Березани…, ВДИ, №2, с. 72-99.

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Gamkrelidze G. 2009: The land of Colchis and the city of Phasis, Jour. IberiaColchis, #5, Tb. pp. 175-194.

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Lordkipanidze O. 2000: Phasis; The river and city in Colchis, Stuttgart.

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kolxur-mosuinikuri saomari istoriis zogirTi sakiTxi (mosuini; falanga; Zv.w.401w.; inkorporacia) saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Cveni winaprebi brZolebSi iyvnen Cabmuli. isini mters Seupovrad erkinebodnen. am brZolebSi viTardeboda da ixveweboda maTi samxedro-sabrZolo gamocdileba, strategia, taqtika da SeiaraReba. antikur epoqaSi Zveli saqarTvelos teritoriaze politikuri hegemonoba kolxeTma da iberiam moipoves, romelTa adgilsa da safuZvelze momavalSi warmoiqmna erTiani saxelmwifo _ saqarTvelo. werilobiTi wyaroebis, arqeologiuri da epigrafikuli Zeglebis monacemebis urTierTSedarebis da kritikulad ganxilvis safuZvelze garkveulwilad xerxdeba xsenebuli epoqis saqarTvelos samxedropolitikuri istoriis met-naklebi aRdgena-warmodgena. evropisa da aziis sazRvarze mdebare kolxeTi samxedro da politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis xSiri asparezi iyo.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi urartus (ix. Меликишвили, 1954) agresiulma mezoblobam Zveli saqarTvelos teritoriaze momxdurTan dasapirispireblad sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TavdacviTi organizeba da konsolidacia gamoiwvia. Zv.w. 720wlidan wina aziaSi e.w. kimeriul-skviTuri tomebis permanentuli brZolebiT SemoWra iwyeba. es, nomaduri, meomari tomebi momTabareobas eweodnen da cxenebis meSveobiT swrafad gadaadgildebodnen. isini mTeli jalabobiT da qonebiT moZraobdnen. kimeriel-skviTebis saomari taqtikis ZiriTadi safuZveli iyo - msubuqad SeiaraRebuli swrafi cxenosnebi, romlebic elviseburad moqmedebdnen; maTi didi raodenoba; rkinis specifikuri SeiaraReba (mSvild-isrebi, satevrebi, culebi). kimeriel-skviTebis nomaduri, agresiuli tomobrivi gaerTianebebi samxreT ruseTis tramalebidan Savi zRvis CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi sanapiros gayolebiT brZolebiT moZraobdnen. isini bosfor-dardanelis srutis gadmolaxviT SeiWrnen wina aziaSi (ix.Тереножкин, 1976) da im 188

drois mdidar, mowinave qveynebs daerivnen. kimeriel-skviTebis gaerTianebebma daarbies da daaqcies mTeli rigi qveynebi. brZolebiT gaiares wina azia da aq geopolitikuri situacia garkveulwilad Secvales. qarTveluri mosaxleobiT dasaxlebuli samxreT transkavkasiis teritoriaze misvlisas maTi saomar-agresiuli potenciali, permanentuli brZolebis Sedegad, ukve mniSvnelovnad dasustda. SesaZloa, rom am droisaTvis kimeriel-skviTebis nawili asimilirda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi. nawili ki Cadga adgilobriv xelisufalTa samsaxurSi. magaliTad, urartus mefe rusa II-is (Zv.w.685645ww.) jarSi kimerielebic ibrZodnen (Меликишвили, 1954, gv.364). kimeriel-skviTTa didi laSqrobebi ar Sexebia transkavkasias. dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRmoCenil arqeologiur masalaSi ar Cans kimeriul-skviTuri tomebis pirveli talRis damadasturebeli artefaqtebi. aq zogadad Zv.w. VIIs. boloTi da VIs. daTariRebuli e.w.skviTuri materialuri kulturis elementebi mcire raodenobiT Cans (akinakebi, qarqaSis bunikebi, culebi, cxenis lagmebi). ix. arqeologiuri artefaqtebi _ sof. kolxididan, yulanurxvidan, Coban-lukidan, guadixudan, wiTeli Suquridan, soxumidan, merxeulidan, paluridan, nigvzianidan, brilidan, Tliadan, rokidan, dvanidan, wiwamuridan, samTavrodan, xovledan, diRmidan, beSTaSenidan, kumisidan, Sulaveridan, melaanidan (ix. fircxalava, 1978, gv.31-52 da tab.9-14). sayuradReboa agreTve, rom saqarTvelos arqeologiur monacemebSi ar Cans e.w.skviTebis raime saomari moqmedebis kvali. Tumca arqeologiuri masalidan isic irkveva, rom adgilobrivi kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebTan erTad, zogierT samarxSi, iSviaTad, e.w. skviTurisaTvis mikuTvnebuli esa Tu is nivTic Cndeba. Zv.w. VIsaukuneSi qarTveluri xalxiT dasaxlebul centralur, dasavleT da samxreTdasavleT transkavkasias aqemeniduri iranis imperia daumezoblda. aqemenidebma xmelTaSua zRvidan indoeTamde da sparseTis yuridan aralis zRvamde teritoriebi gaaerTianes (ix.Дандамаев, 1985). am uzarmazarma imperiam, bunebrivia, didi roli iTamaSa transkavkasiis 189

qveynebis ganviTarebaze. aqemenidebma transkavkasiis sruli damorCileba ver SeZles, albaT rTuli reliefis da geopolitikuri viTarebis gamo, magram samxreT transkavkasiaze ki ganavrces Tavisi zegavlena. maT daimorCiles es teritoriebi da imperiis XIX satrapiaSi Seiyvanes; wliurad 300talants oqroTi axdevinebdnen (ix. herodote, ist.III,94).

Zv.w.400-410wlebisTvis aqemenidebs kolxebi, mosuvinikebi da xalibebi aRar emorCilebodnen (ix. qsenofonti, anabasisi,VII,8,25). mefe artaqserqse II-s (Zv.w. 404-359ww.) aumxedrda Zma _ kirosi, ramac ganapiroba aqemenidianTa gavlenis erTgvari dasusteba imperiis periferiebSi, kerZod, samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaSic. Zv.w. 401wels kapadokiisa da lidiis (mcire aziaSi) mmarTvelma ufliswulma kirosma iranis mefe artaqserqseII-s winaaRmdeg samefo taxtis wasarTmevad omi wamoiwyo. am omSi berZeni daqiravebuli meomrebis erT-erTi samxedro xelmZRvaneli iyo qsenofonti, romelmac aRwera brZolebi da is teritoriebi, sadac qarTveluri modgmis xalxi cxovrobda. qalaq babilonTan momxdari brZolis Sedegad ufliswuli kirosi daiRupa, xolo misi jari daiSala; daqiravebuli, omebSi gamobrZmedili daaxloebiT 10.000meomari berZeni gamoemarTa samSobloSi. gzad maT samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaze gaiares, sadac adgilobriv qarvelur mosaxleobasTan, umetesad brZoliT, xolo zogjer molaparakebebiT mZimed da rTulad ikafavdnen gzas. 10.000-ian jars didi raodenobiT sursaTi dasWirdeboda, rac berZeni meomrebis adgilobrivebTan brZolis ZiriTadi mizezi iyo. zog gamagrebul qalaqs, romelic moicavda simagreTa mTel sistemas, brZolebiT, SturmiT iRebdnen, zogs ki ver iRebdnen da amitom gverds uvlidnen. berZenma meomrebma mravali gamagrebuli qalaqi gaiares, romelTa gamagrebis sistema qsenofontis gadmocemiT sxvadasxvanairi iyo. magaliTad, maT ver SeZles erT-erTi cixe-simagris aReba: "rodesac berZnebi am mTian qveyanaSi mividnen (adgilobrivma mcxovreblebma)... gadawves da miatoves Tavisi simagreebi, romlebic advilad asaRebad eCvenebodaT...". "...erTi cixe-simagre maTi dedaqalaqi iyo...", "...mas garSemo Rrma Txrili hqonda da amitom 190

misadgomad saxifaTo iyo. hoplitma meomrebma... ieriSi miitanes cixesimagreze. maT ukan misdevdnen mealafeebi, romlebic sursaTs da sxva qonebas agrovebdnen."..."roca berZnebma sabrZolo ieriSiT ver SeZles cixe-simagris aReba, radgan mas garSemo ganieri Txrili da miwis yrili hqonda Semovlebuli; maTze ki xis kedlebi da mravali koSki iyo aRmarTuli, gadawyvites gasclodnen simagres; magram adgilobrivebi Tavs daesxen berZnebs. gaqceva SeuZlebeli iyo, radgan simagridan xramis gadalaxva mxolod saTiTaod SeiZleboda."..."simagre savsea mravali simdidriT, magram misi aReba SeuZlebelia, radgan is miuvalia da arc ukan daxevaa advili, radgan (damcvelebi) swrafad gamovardebian xolme cixe-simagridan da xelCarTul brZolas gvimarTaven" (anabasisi,V,2,3-7). brZolebSi berZenTa razmebi ukuiqcnen, bevri daiRupa da daiWra (anabasisi,V,2,7). qsenofontis, romelic samxedro saqmis kargi mcodne iyo, Canawerebidan naTlad Cans, rom samxreT-dasavleT transkavkasiaSi mcxovrebi qarTveluri mosaxleoba kargad flobda maSindeli samxedro saqmis ZiriTad elementebs. kerZod, maT hqondaT sasimagrofortifikaciuli specialuri nagebobebi- Txrilebi, xis sasimagro kedlebi, koSkebi, miwayrilebi; gaaCndaT im droisaTvis mowinave rkinis iaraRi: Subi, satevari, culi, mSvild-isari; individualuri Tavdacvis saSualebebi: fari, muzaradi, javSani; flobdnen saomar xerxebs: swrafi ieriSi, gadajgufeba, reliefis moxerxebulad gamoyeneba; iyvnen brZolaSi mamacni, moxerxebulni da Seupovarni (ix. anabasisiIII-V).

Zv.w.401wels kolxTa da berZenTa jaris Serkinebis Sesaxeb, samxedro saqmis kargi mcodnis, am omSi berZnebis mxedrobis erT-erTi meTauris, qsenofontis werilobiTi aRweraa Semonaxuli. kerZod, es brZola kolxeTis samflobeloebis sazRvarTan, maRlobze momxdara. am maRlobis tradiciuli berZnuli falangiT (berZenTa jaris mTavari taqtikuri danayofi) aReba rTuli, mTagoriani reliefis gamo martivi ar iqneboda. mTagorian adgilze falangis qveiTTa mwkrivebi uTuod aireoda da damarcxdeboda. amitom berZenTa jaris sardlobis 191

(strategosebi - qsenofonti, xeirisofosi, esqine akarnaneli, kleanore erqomeneli) gadawyvetilebiT "falanga" dayves cal-calke aseulebad loxebad (daaxloebiT 80-mde) da isini frontalurad cal-calke daawyves mowinaaRmdegis ganlagebis mTel perimetrze. es moxda imdagvarad, rom kolxebis wyobis xazs sWarbobda, rac Semdgom flangebidan Setevis saSualebas miscemdaT. loxebis erTi meorisagan dacilebuli mwkrivis win ganalages sami (TiToeulSi 600-mde msubuqad SeiaraRebuli meomari- peltasti) mobiluri, swrafi danayofi. am Warbma Zalebma ieriSi miitanes maRlobze mdgar kolxTa ganlagebaze da Seupovari brZolis fasad strategiulad mniSvnelovani simaRle aiRes. am brZolis Sedegad berZnebi kolxebis qveyanaSi SeiWrnen da Savi zRvisaken gza gaikafes. Semdeg isini sanapiroze, kolxebis qveyanaSi, qalaq trapezuntSi Sevidnen (ix. anabasisiIV-VIII, 17-19,22). kolxebis samxedro xelmZRvanelobas etyoba dazvevrvis cnobebi hqonda berZenTa saomari gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb. amitom kolxTa laSqari sabrZolvelad mzad iyo da kolxebis sazRvarTan strategiul maRlobebze idga. es adgili aRmosavleT pontos da lazeTis mTianeTSi unda yofiliyo (axla mdebareobs TurqeTSi). kolxebi marTebulad moiqcnen, roca strategiul simaRleze ganalages Tavisi mxedroba. kolxTa ZiriTadi danayofis specialur wyobas, samxedro saqmis kargma mcodnem, berZnebis mxridan am brZolis erT-erTma xelmZRvanelma "falanga" uwoda (ix. anabasisi IV,VIII,17) anu "kolxuri falanga". berZenTa jaris xelmZRvanelobam, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovnad CaTvala kolxTa laSqris xelsayreli strategiuli pozicia da taqtikuri wyoba. amis gamo berZnebma brZolis tradiciuli taqtika Secvales. es ki imis mowmoba unda iyos, rom "kolxuri falanga" sakmaod saSiSi Zala iyo. berZnul-doriul falangas (ix.Жмодиков, 1998,gv.89) mZimed SeiaraRebuli (maxvilebiT, SubebiT, farebiT, muzaradebiT, sabarkulebiT, javSnebiT) meomrebis, hoplitebis, mwkrivebad (daaxloebiT 15) dalagebul mwyobrs uwodebdnen, romelic mTel xazze iyo ganlagebuli.

192

falanga berZenTa jaris ZiriTadad taqtikur danayofs warmoadgenda da swor reliefze moqmedebisas SemWidrovebul damrtymel frontis xazs qmnida, rac mas mrisxane Zalad aqcevda (ix. Connolly,1988, gv.4151). falangis mwkrivebis sisworisaTvis aucilebeli iyo fexawyobili siaruli, rac mkacri wvrTniT, discipliniT da musikaluri sakravebiT taqtis dacviT miiRweoda. berZnulma samxedro wyobam - falangam, im epoqaSi araerTxel naTelyo upiratesoba calkeul jgufebad moqmed meomrebTan SedarebiT. Zv.w. 401wels momxdari brZolis dros, rogorc amas berZenTa erT-erTi sardali, qsenofonti gadmogvcems, kolxebis falanga berZnebis 193

Setevisas swrafad, mwyobrad orad gaiyo. amis Sedegad falangis erTi nawili marjvniv, xolo meore marcxniv gadajgufda. am qmedebiT kolxebis xelmZRvanelobam garkveuli manevri Caatara. maT falangis centraluri nawilis gaxsniT iseTi mdgomareba Seqmnes, rom berZnebi SeetyuebinaT da Semdgom flangebidan apirebdnen Setevas. mocemuli manevriT kolxebma Tavidan aiciles berZnebis loxebisagan garSemovlis saSiSroeba. kolxebma taqtikurad swori manevri ganaxorcieles, magram am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba mainc berZenTa mebrZolebis ricxobrivma simravlem iTamaSa. isini 10.000-mde iyvnen. zemoxsenebuli, kolxTa falangis manevri, maTi winaswar strategiul simaRleze ganlageba, imis maCvenebelia, rom kolxebs samxedro saqme arc Tu cudad hqondaT dayenebuli. Cans, isini berZnul, im droisaTvis mowinave samxedro xelovnebasac kargad icnobdnen. kolxebis da berZnebis brZolis ambavs qsenofonti mokled Semdegnairad gadmogvcems: "rodesac mowinaaRmdegem (berZeni meomrebi) SeniSna; isini (kolxi meomrebi) gamoemarTnen maTken da amis mere gaiSalnen nawili marjvniv, xolo nawili - marcxniv; amgvari gadajgufebiT Tavisi falangis centrSi farTe derefani Seqmnes" (anabasisi, IV,VIII,17). Tqven warmoidgineT, rom kolxebma jer kidev Zv.w. 401w. zemoxsenebul brZolaSi, mowinaaRmdegis Warbi Zalebis winaaRmdeg, e.w. qimiuri iaraRis magvari ram gamoiyenes. kerZod, roca berZenma jariskacebma aiRes kolxebis dasaxlebuli punqtebi da iq Sevidnen, adgilobrivebma iq datoves specifikuri Tafli. berZen "meomarTagan yvelam vinc ki Taflis fiWa SeWama, goneba dakarga, aRebina, kuWi aeSala da arc erTs fexze dgoma aRar SeeZlo. isini vinc cota Wama magrad mTvralebs hgvandnen, xolo vinc bevri - SeSlilebs an momakvdavebs. umravlesoba eyara ise, rogorc damarcxebis Semdeg brZolis velze" (anabasisi IV,8,20-21). kolxi mebrZolebis am taqtikurma fandma berZeni meomrebi mwyobridan gamoiyvana da maTi Seteva ramdenime dRiT SeaCera. specifikuri Taflis saomari mizniT gamoyeneba werilobiT wyaroebSi agreTve Zv.w. Is-Sia dadasturebuli. es ambavi daaxloebiT igive adgilebSi moxda. kerZod, 194

romael sardals pompeuss "...amouwyvites sami speira (daaxloebiT 350 meomriani razmi), romlebic moZraobdnen am mTebSi. maT (meomrebis) gzebze farTopiriani WurWeliT dadges gamacofebeli Tafli," romaelma meomrebma "...SeWames is da gacofdnen; maSin maT Tavs daesxen da advilad daxoces" (ix. straboniXII,III,18). aseve e.w. qimiur iaraRad SeiZleba CaiTvalos specifikuri Sxamiani isrebi. kerZod, specialuri momwamvleli nivTierebiT dafaruli isrispirebi, romlis moxvedris SemTxvevaSi mowinaaRmdegis meomrebi mcire WrilobiTac swrafad iRupebodnen(straboniXI,II,19). Semdgom, kolxeTSi samxedro moqmedebebis dros gamoiyeneboda "medeas zeTi," navTobic (ix. gamyreliZe, 2001,gv.2632) da sxva komponentebi, romelic Tanamedrove "napalms" hgavda Tavisi moqmedebiT (ix. prokopi, BG,VIII,11,36-40). samxedro saqmis ganviTarebis garkveul doneze miuTiTebs albaT isic, Zv.w. 400wlebSi moixseniebian qarTveluri warmomavlobis meomrebi, romlebic aqemenidTa iranis saxelmwifos jarSi moqiravneebad msaxurobdnen - "... tiribazs yavs jari da moqiravneebi: xalibebi da taoxebi" (anabasisiIV,4,18). isini omobdnen gasamrjelosaTvis da, bunebrivia, profesionali meomrebi iyvnen; iseve, rogorc qsenofontis berZeni meomrebi, romlebic ufliswulma kirosma daiqirava. SesaZloa moqiravneebzevea laparaki herodotesTanac, roca is aRwers iranis mefe qserqses mier, Zv.w. 480wels saberZneTSi laSqrobas (istoria VII,53-79).

Zv.w. IVs.-Si wina aziaSi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri cvlilebebi moxda. aqemenidTa iranis imperia aleqsandre makedonelis berZenmakedonelTa Zlier armiasTan brZolebSi daemxo. aleqsandre makedonelis saxelmwifo da samxedro moRvaweobis Sedegad xmelTaSuazRvidan md. indamde samyaro Seicvala (ix. Шахермайр,1986; Левек,1989; Шлюмберже,1985; Эллинизм,1990). aleqsandre didis samxedro-politikuri strategiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo _ mowinaaRmdegis resursebis da samxedro Zalebis winaswari yovelmxrivi Seswavla-dazverva; axali samxedro taqtika (e.w. makedonuri falanga) da teqnika (individualuri SeiaraReba da saalyo manqanebi); zurgis saimedo 195

momaragebis da komunikaciebis uzrunvelyofa; mowinaaRmdegis mTavari Zalis ganadgurebisaken swrafva; strategiuli Canafiqris sistemuri, Tanmimdevruli da mizanswrafuli ganxorcieleba.

Zv.w. 334wels mcire aziaSi omisTvis aleqsandre makedonels kargad organizebuli da mkacrad disciplinirebuli 48.000-iani regularuli armia hyavda momzadebuli (ix. plutarqe, aleqsandre makedoneli, 15). misi armia Sedgeboda - SeiaraRebis mixedviT: mZime, saSualo da msubuqi qveiTebisagan da mxedrebisagan. amgvari, axali organizaciuli dayofa, mTlianobaSi armiis taqtikuri manevrebis saSualebas mkveTrad zrdida. mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTebi da mxedrebi elitur danayofebs warmoadgendnen. aleqsandres armiis mTavari danayofi "makedonuri falanga" iyo, romelic 15-dan 20-mde mwkrivisagan Sedgeboda. pirveli mwkrivis meomrebis Subebs ukana mwkrivis grZeli Subebic emateboda. amgvarad, Subis wverebis mrisxane kedeli iqmneboda. falangis win msubuqad SeiaraRebuli mobiluri jgufebi midiodnen, xolo flangebs mZimed SeiaraRebuli mxedrebi umagrebdnen; ariergardSi msubuqad SeiaraRebuli mxedrebi moZraobdnen (ix.Connolly,1988,gv.64). aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi raodenobis da taqtikuri danawilebis armiisaTvis, albaT, Zneli iqneboda mTagoriani reliefis mqone qveyanaSi warmatebuli moqmedeba (mag. kavkasiaSi). albaT erT-erTi mizezi esec iyo, ratomac aleqsandre makedonels, piradad, kavkasiaSi ar ulaSqria. magram aq, SesaZloa, makedonelebis mxardaWeriT samxreT-dasaavleT transkavkasiis erT-erTma qarTveluri gaerTianebis (mag. arian qarTlis) xelmZRvanelma, patrikma azonma ilaSqra (ix. qarTlis cxovreba, 1955, gv.17-18; aq dasaxelebuli cixe-qalaqebis umetesi nawili arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad sadReisod dokumenturad aris dadasturebuli). azons daupirispirda mcxeTeli warCinebuli farnavazi Tavisi momxreebiT, romelic agreTve garkveulwilad ucxo Zalas daeyrdno. am dapirispirebas azonis xelisuflebis damxoba mohyva. farnavazs SeukavSirda kolxeTis (resp. egrisis) gavleniani warCinebuli piri quji da azonis winaaRmdeg saomari samzadisi daiwyes. albaT maT azonis 196

mkacri politikiT ukmayofilo sxva warCinebuli mxedrebic miimxres da ucxo tomis xalxsac uxmes; amiT "ganimravles spani" da "egrisiT Sekribes uricxuni spani da momarTes azons" (q.c., gv.23). Cans, kolxeTi farnavazis winaaRmdegobis erT-erTi centri iyo. azonis da farnavazqujis SeiaraRebul momxreTa Soris Setakeba-sabrZolo moqmedebebiT gamowveuli ngrevis mowmobaa albaT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli Zv.w. IVs. miwurulis gadamwvari namosaxlarebi. aseTi dangreul-gadamwvari namosaxlarebi arqeologebis mier Seswavlilia sof. mTisZirSi, adeiSvilebis goris gamagrebuli samosaxlo; sof. varcixesTan vardigora; vanis naqalaqarze - e.w. TeTri Senoba da 211, 193 nakveTebis ZelurbaTqaSiani nageboba; samadlos (ix. Гагошидзе,1979), cixiagoras, urbnisis (ix. WilaSvili,1968,gv.35-37) gadamwvari sasimagro nagebobebi (ix. gamyreliZe, 2002, gv.37-38, 111-121). werilobiT wyaroebSi asaxul am saomar peripetiebSi aSkarad Cans aleqsandre makedonelis berZen-makedonelTa imperiis da misi memkvidreebis agresiuli interesebi kavkasiaSi. am interesebs isini adgilobrivi warCinebulis, klarji azonis xeliT axorcielebdnen. azonic da farnavaz-qyjic urTierT qiSpisas iyenebdnen gareSe samxedro Zalebs (e.w. sagareo faqtori). rogorc Cans, aleqsandres sardlebi aqtiurad ereodnen iberiel warCinebulTa pirvelobisTvis brZolebSi. isini dainteresebulni iyvnen, rom Tavisi zegavlena wina aziis ukidures CrdiloeTiT – trans-kavkasiaSi gaevrcelebinaT. Zv.w.IIIs-is dasawyisSi farnavazma moaxerxa mTeli qarTlis da kolxeTis mniSvnelovani nawilis gaerTianeba. man safuZveli Cauyara farnavazianebis samefo dinastias. werilobiTi wyaroebi mas miawers iberiis samefos samxedro organizaciis reformebs. mefe farnavazma saxelmwifo samxedro-administraciul provinciebad (saerisTavoebad) dayo, romelTa saTaveSi saero da samxedro xelisuflebiT aRWurvili, erTguli warCinebulebi daayena (q.c.,gv.24-26). qarTul werilobiT wyaroebSi daculi cnobebi, romlis mixedviTac azos da SemdgomSi farnavazis dros (Zv.w.IVs-is bolo -IIIs-is dasawyisi) kolxeTis nawili 197

iberiis samefos farglebSia moqceuli, sandod gamoiyureba. am droisaTvis kolxeTis samefo dasustebulia da veRar uZlebs Semosevebs. jer aRmosavleT, xolo Semdeg Sida kolxeTzec vrceldeba iberiis politikuri gavlena. amas mxars ubams dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiuri monacemebi (ix. lorTqifaniZe, 1972,gv.40). saistorio tradiciis mixedviT, iberiis mefe farnavazma egrisis saerisTavo daumtkica qujis, romelic, rogorc Cans, adrec flobda kolxeTis nawil teritorias. axla farnavazma mas teritoriebi gaufarTova, samefo xelisuflebis administraciuli uflebebic uboZa; da gaayola colad da amiT samefo didmoxeled aqcia. sayuradReboa, rom rva erisTavidan saistorio wyaroSi mxolod qujia moxseniebuli (ix. q.c.,1955, gv.24). quji warmomavlobiT aristokratiuli gvaridan iyo da qarTlis mefis xelisuflebisaTvis brZolaSi wvlili miuZRoda. amrigad, TvalSisacemia, rom saomari faqtori mniSvnelovan, zogjer gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda kolxeT istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi. iberiis samefosTan kolxeTis nawilis inkorporaciam kolxeTis samefos daSla da politikuri statusis Secvla gamoiwvia. werilobiTi da arqeologiuri wyaroebidan Cans, rom kolxebi kargad flobdnen maSindeli saomari saqmis ZiriTad elementebs. maT icodnen da warmatebiT iyenebdnen taqtikur xerxebs _ swraf ieriSs, gadajgufebas, reliefis moxerxebulad gamoyenebas, isini omSi mamacni, moxerxebulni da Seupovarni iyvnen. yovelive amis gansaxorcieleblad ki maT, Setevis da Tavdacvis, im droisaTvis mowinave SeiaraReba hqondaT. literatura: gamyreliZe g., 2002, kolxeTi gamomc. "logosi", Tb., 2002. lorTqifaniZe g., 1976, sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraRi, vaniII,1976, gv.167-190. lorTqifaniZe g.,1979, samxedro saqmis ist-saTvis kolxeTSi, Tsu-s Sromebi (ist...), t.205, 1979, gv.95-107. lorTqifaniZe oT., 1972, vanis naqalaqari,vani, I., 1972, gv.7-42. lorTqifaniZe oT., 1976, arqeologia da saq. Zveli ist. zogierTi sakiTxi, saq.mecn.akad. "macne" (ist...), 1976, # 2, gv.110-128.

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fircxalava m., 1978, skviTuri kulturis Zeglebis saqarTveloSi.... - saq. arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I,Tb., 1978, gv.31-51. Гагошидзе Ю., 1979, Самадло, Тб., 1979. Гагошидзе Ю., 1981, Самадло, Каталог Тб., 1981. Гамкрелидзе Г.,1977, К изучению древнеколхидских оборонительнных сооружений, Сообщение АнГрузии, 88,1977, №2, с.501-514. Дандамаев М., 1985, Полит. ист. Ахаменидской державы, М., 1985. Жмодиков А., 1998, Этапы развития фаланги, сб., Военная археология, С.-Петербург, 1998, с. 89-92. Левек П., 1989, Эллинистический мир, Мос., 1989. Меликишвили Г., 1954, Наири-Урарту, Тб., 1954. Шахермайр Ф., 1986, Александр Македонский, Мос., 1986. Шлюмберже Д., 1985, Эллинизированный восток, Мос., 1985. Эллинизм, 1990, сб., ред. Голубцова Е., Мос., 1990. Тереножкин, А. 1976. Киммерийцы. Киев.

Connolly P., 1988, Greece and Rome at war, London.

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kolxeTSi romanizaciis globalisturi Sesaxeb

procesis mimdinareobis

kolxeTisa da romis urTierTobis istoriis Seswavla, upiratesad, arqeologiuri masalis safuZvelzea SesaZlebeli, radgan am periodis werilobiTi wyaroebi cotaa. wlebis ganmavlobaSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dagrovda sakmaod mravalferovani monacemebi, romlebic mogvepoveba Semdegi arqeologiuri Zeglebidan _ kldeeTi, biWvinTa, inkiti, foTi, cixisZiri, vaSnari, gonio, ureki, soxumi, webelda, Rebi, iTxvisi, Sorapani, vani, SuxuTi, Tagiloni da sxv. mniSvnelovania am Zeglebze dadasturebuli calkeuli artefaqtebi, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZloa Tvali gavadevnoT romanizaciis process kolxeTSi [ix. gamyreliZe, Todua, 2006:5-24,97-116]. aziisa da evropis sazRvarze mdebare Zveli saqarTvelo, samxedro da politikur-ekonomikuri Zalis, erTi mxriv, iranuli da, meore mxriv, antikuri orientaciis qveynebis saomari moqmedebebis asparezi iyo [gamyreliZe, 2002: 3-21]. romanizacia Tavisi arsiT globalisturi movlenaa, romelic imperiis provinciebSi da maTs mezobel qveynebSi romauli politikurekonomikuri normebisa da kulturis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas gulisxmobs. romanizaciis mTavari arsi romis qveSevrdomsa da misi gavlenis qveS myof xalxTa erTian sistemaSi CarTva da erTi centridan marTuli, erTian standartebze dafuZnebuli cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba iyo [Hopkins,(ed.), 2003:4-9; Shelton, 1998:21-30; Matthew, Garland, 2005: 134]. globalizaciis procesebi sxvadasxva formiTa da masStabiT romis imperiis epoqamdec mimdinareobda, magaliTad, iranis aqemenidTa saxelmwifo an aleqsandre makedonelis imperia globalizaciis liderebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT, romis imperia globalizmis procesis arnaxuli masStaburobiT gamoirCeoda. romis imperiis mTel rig provinciebSi romanizacias mohyva teqnologiuri, sakomunikacio, aRmosavlur-dasavluri kontaqtebis ganviTareba, 200

xalxTa asimilaciisa da kulturuli sinkretizaciis procesi, romelic aneqsirebul qveynebSi PAX ROMANA-is egidiT mimdinareobda. romis imperiis ukidegano sivrceSi romanizaciis procesi erTnairi tempisa da masStabis rodi iyo. is SedarebiT ufro daCqarebulad warimarTa imperiis dasavleT provinciebSi, vidre aRmosavleT qveynebSi, rac aq araerTgvarovani socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri struqturebiT iyo ganpirobebuli [Todua, 2003: 112].

Zv.w. 65wels transkavkasiaSi pompeus magnusis xelmZRvanelobiT romis respublikis legionerebi gamoCndnen. roms kavkasiaSi ZiriTadad izidavda _ ekonomikur-strategiuli gamorCena; axali qveynebis Tavisi gavlenis sferoSi moqceva; axali savaWro gzebisa da saqonlis gasaRebis bazrebis xelSi Cagdeba. maTTvis friad sayuradRebo iyo Sua aziidan momavali gza, kaspiis zRvidan md. mtkvarze, lixis qedis gadasvliT, md. fasisze gavliT Sav zRvamde. es gza gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens imis Semdeg, rac parTiis gaZlierebulma saxelmwifom Tavis kontrols dauqvemdebara CineTidan da indoeTidan momavali samxreTis satranzito magistralebi. amasTanave, kavkasionis qedi kargi winaaRmdegoba iyo Crdilokavkasieli agresiuli nomaduri tomebis transkavkasiasa da romaul mcire aziaSi SemoWris dasaregulireblad. am mxriv sayuradReboa mamisonis, darialisa da derbentis gadasasvlelebi. vis xelSiac es gzebi iyo, mas SeeZlo kontroli gaewia Crdilokavkasiuri meomari tomebis moZraobisaTvis [gamyreliZe, Todua, 2006: 25-57]. kavkasias geopolitikurad erT-erTi sakvanZo teritoria ekava. aq xdeboda aRmosavluri da dasavluri civilizaciebis garkveuli Tanxvedra. kolxeTi Tavisi xeobebiT, mTebiT, swrafi, Znelad gadasalaxi mdinareebiT,^ uRrani tyeebiT advilad dasamorCilebeli ar unda yofiliyo. romaelebi axerxebdnen garkveulad gaekontrolebinaT zRvispireTi. amaSi maTi dasayrdeni unda yofiliyo sanapiro qalaqebi, romlebSic, Sida kolxeTisagan gansxvavebiT, antikuri sameurneo-kulturuli gavlena ufro Zlieri iyo. kolxeTis 201

zRvispireTi is strategiuli mxare iyo, romelic aucileblad sWirdeboda roms Tavisi gavlenis dasamyareblad kavkasiaSi, mcire aziasa da bosforSi [Браунд, 1991: 35-52]. romma garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdina kolxeTis ganviTarebis procesze. es zemoqmedeba uaryofiTi gamodga. zRvispireTi romis politikur gavlenaSi moeqca, xolo zogierT regionSi, romaelTa moqnili politikis Sedegad, arastabiluri mdgomareoba Seiqmna, rac Semdgom romisadmi naxevrad daqvemdebarebuli samTavroebis warmoqmniT dasrulda (ix. ariane, 11). romma, im droisaTvis maRalganviTarebulma saxelmwifom, ramdenadme dadebiTi rolic iTamaSa. kerZod,^ adgilobrivi mosaxleoba gaecno mowinave romaul kulturas, axal sameurneo-kulturul, saomar taqtikursa da teqnikur inovaciebs; zRvispira qalaqebSi gamoCnda romauli kapitali. ax.w. Isaukunis boloSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi Camoyalibda e.w. ponto-kavkasiis Taviseburi sasazRvro sistema. misi umTavresi amocana kavkasiaSi romis geopolitikuri poziciebis ganmtkiceba da kontroli iyo. am sistemaSi Semavali afsarosi (gonio) [mamulaZe, kaxiZe, xalvaSi, 2009:107; xalvaSi,2002; lorTqifaniZe,^miqelaZe,^ xaxutaiSvili,1980], fasisi (foTi) [Гамкрелидзе, 1992:30; Gamkrelidze, 2009:175-194], sebastopolisi (soxumi) [fuTuriZe, 1959:54] da pitiunti (biWvinTa) [lorTqifaniZe,1991; berZeniSvili, fuTuriZe,1975] sasazRvro militaristuli xasiaTis cixe-qalaqebad gardaiqmna. romaelebi imperiis sazRvrebs aramarto samxedro ZaliT,^ aramed moqnili diplomatiuri xerxebiTac afarToebdnen. imperiaSi gansaxlebul zogierT xalxs adgilobrivi mefeebi ganagebdnen da garkveul damoukideblobas inarCunebdnen. romi diplomatiur Zalisxmevas ar iSurebda,^ raTa am mmarTvelebTan megobruli urTierToba daemyarebina. romis aRmosavlur politikaSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis komunikaciebi aucilebeli iyo parTiis msgavs Zlier saxelmwifosTan qiSpobisas [Бокщанин, 1966]. miuxedavad Zlevamosilebisa, pirvel 202

etapze, romma ver moaxerxa Sida kolxeTis damorCileba. es ver moxerxda verc aristarqes, verc miTridate pergamonelisa da verc polemonis xeliT. ramdenadme gamarTlda lukulusis winaswarmetyveleba, romelic aRniSnavda – am mxaris damorCileba Zalian Zneliao (ix. plutarqe, luk.,14). aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli dasaxlebebis warmoqmnisa da misi ganviTarebis procesi Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. aq romauli, klasikuri tipis kanabeebi ar warmoqmnila. dioskuria-sebastopolisis, afsarosis, pitiuntisa da fasisis romaul kastelumebTan arsebobda vikusis tipis mcire savaWro-saxelosno dasaxlebebi, romelTa moqmedebis are konkretuli sanapiro zoliT Semoifargleboda. pontokavkasiis sasazRvro sistemis Camoyalibebisa da garnizonTa ricxobriv zrdasTan erTad aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli nawarmi _ keramika, minis, liTonis nakeTobebi, samkaulebi gavrcelda, romelTa Soris, tradiciulad, mcire aziis centrebis nawarmi Warbobda. am produqciis transportireba, upiratesad, sazRvao gziT xorcieldeboda. is, ZiriTadad, romaul samxedro SenaerTebs amaragebda. romauli garnizonebis momarageba ki II-III saukuneebSi centralizebulad trapezuntidan [Максимова, 1956], xolo IVsaukuneSi antioqiidan xdeboda. romis imperiis sasazRvro sistemaSi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro zolis CarTviT, garkveulwilad, uzrunvelyofil iqna romis aRmosavleT provinciaTa misadgomebis usafrTxoeba da romaelTa geopolitikuri interesebis ganmtkiceba kavkasiasa da aRmosavleT mcire aziaSi. romaelTa ekonomikuri interesebis sferoSi eqceoda is savaWro gza, romelic aRmosavleTis qveynebs kavkasiaze gavliT dasavleTis qveynebTan akavSirebda. cnobilia, rom pompeusi sagangebod dainteresda am gzaze savaWro urTierTobis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebiT. varonis mixedviT, "pompeusis laSqrobis dros misi brZanebiT gamokvleul iqna, rom indoeTidan SeiZleba 7 dReSi Casvla baqtriaSi md. baqtrTan, romelic oqss erTvis, aqedan induri saqoneli gadaaqvT kaspiis iqiT 203

md. mtkvriT da saxmeleTo gziT. ara umetes 5 dRisa maT SeuZliaT miaRwion fasiss, romelic Sav zRvas erTvis" (ix. pliniusi, NH,VI,52). arqeologiurma gaTxrebma warmoaCina, rom romauli periodisa da adreuli Suasaukuneebis kolxeTis qalaqebSi _ biWvinTaSi, cixisZirSi, noqalaqevSi, quTaisSi, gonioSi sanitarul-higienuri normebis dacvas saTanado yuradReba eqceoda, rasac mowmobs am naqalaqarebSi abanoebis, wyalmomaragebis, wyalgayvanilobisa da sakanalizacio sistemebis aRmoCena. romsa da kolxeTs Soris arsebuli intensiuri politikur-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis Sedegad aq igeboda romauli Termebis tipis abanoebi. kolxi didebulebi romaelebs baZavdnen ara marto axali, mdidruli inventariTa da fufunebis sagnebiT, aramed cxovrebis wesiTac. amis mkafio dasturia kolxeTSi aRmoCenili abanoebis kompleqsebi, romlebsac civi, Tbili da cxeli ganyofilebebi, sacurao auzi, gaTbobis sistema, kanalizacia, koleqtori da wyalmomaragebis sistema hqondaT. zogjer abano mopirkeTebulia romauli stilis mozaikiT. IIIsaukunis mozaikiiT morTuli abanos kompleqsi aRmoCnda biWvinTis naqalaqarzec, aq mikvleulia wylis regulirebis sakmaod rTuli sistema, romelic keramikuli milebiTa da kirxsnariTaa gakeTebuli. romauli tradiciebis gagrZelebaa adreul Sua saukuneebSi agebuli abanoebic. am mxriv mniSvnelovania quTaisSi, bagratis taZris mimdebare teritoriaze, aRmoCenili abanos kompleqsi, romelic aTi nawilisagan Sedgeboda. is, mcxeTisa da Zalisis abanoebisagan gansxvavebiT, ufro sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebisaa. aseTive daniSnulebis iyo biWvinTisa da cixisZiris abanoc. amgvari abanoebi aRmoCenilia urbnissa da SuxuTSic. sainteresoa SuxuTis abanos iataki, romelic, Zalisisa da biWvinTis abanoebis msgavsad, mozaikiTaa Semkuli. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi adasturebs, rom II-VI saukuneebis saqarTveloSi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli romauli tipis abanoebi, romlebic sainJinro-arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod rTuli nagebobebia.

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saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebi mowmobs aq adgilobrivi xuroTmoZRvruli skolis arsebobas, romelic kargad icnobda berZnul-romauli arqiteqturis umTavres principebs da aviTarebda maT adgilobriv niadagze. es naTlad Cans mcxeTaSi aRmoCenili IV saukunis epitafiidanac, sadac ixsenieba mcxeTeli â&#x20AC;&#x153;mTavari mxatvar-arqiteqtori avrelius aqolisiâ&#x20AC;?. Zv.w I saukunidan kolxeTSi vrceldeba samkaulebSi Casmuli gemebi, maTgan umravlesi berZnul-romauli, italikuri, mcireaziuri saxelosno centrebidanaa Semotanili. amasTanave ivaraudeba gemebis warmoebis adgilobrivi saxelosnoebic, romelTa nawarmSic gvxvdeba romaul yaidaze damzadebuli araerTi naxelavi [ix. lorTqifaniZe m., 1954]. ax.w. I saukuneebSi importul sagnebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia sxvadasxva saxis samkauls. es garemoeba sakmaod naTlad miuTiTebs kolxeTis mosaxleobis monawileobaze saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi, kerZod, romauli samyaros savaWro-saxelosno centrebis aqtiurobaze. mravalricxovan ucxour sagnebs Soris gamoirCeva sxvadasxva daniSnulebis brinjaosa da vercxlis WurWeli _ surebi, paterebi, CamCebi. amgvari nawarmis warmoebis centrebi ax.w. I-II saukuneebSi samxreTitaliuri qalaqebi iyo, magaliTad, kapua. amgvari WurWlis aRmoCena kolxeTis teritoriaze sakmaod xSiria, rac aq italikuri produqciis importze miuTiTebs. es nivTebi mihqondaT sanapiro qalaqebSi, aqedan ki is vrceldeboda qveynis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi. kolxeTis monawileoba saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi numizmatikuri masalebiTac TvalnaTlivaa ilustrirebuli. ax.w I saukunidan aq romauli aureusic Semodis, romelic male avgustusis denarTan erTad gadaxdis ZiriTad saSualebad iqceva [dundua g., dundua T.,2006: 110]. rogorc Cans, mosaxleobis aqtiur savaWroekonomikur urTierTobas romaul samyarosTan mohyva kulturuli urTierTobac. es kargadaa asaxuli romauli xanis kolxeTis materialuri kulturis Zeglebze. ax.w. II saukunidan kidev ufro farTod vrceldeba romauli 205

xuroTmoZRvrebis calkeuli elementebi. antikur-romauli arqiteqtoruli sistemis gavrcelebaze miuTiTebs kolxeTSi aRmoCenili kapitelebi da maTi dekoris xasiaTi. interess iwvevs zogierTi cvlileba, kedlis wyobis principSi, romelic jer kidev Zv.w. I saukunSi vrceldeba romaul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. ax.w. I-III saukuneebis kolxeTis mosaxleobaSi mimdinare garkveul cvlilebebze miuTiTebs gliptikursa da torevtikul nivTebze datanili gamosaxulebebi, romlebic Sinaarsobrivad xSirad romaul miTologiuri Tematikas asaxavs. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia tixefortunas, fortuna-isidas, minervas, viqtorias, apolonis, marsis, plutonis, merkuris, iupiteris, heliosis, asklepiosisa da miTras gamosaxulebebi, romlebic adgilobriv RvTaebebTan Tanaarsebobs. ax.w.

I saukuneebidan kolxeTSi vrceldeba qristianoba. pitiuntSi arsebobda saepiskoposo kaTedra, xolo sebastopolisSi, qristianuli Temi, rasac adasturebs aq gaTxrili eklesia da qristiani romaeli legioneris samarxis stela, romelzedac warweraa _ “qriste SemZle. aq ganisvenebs oreste mamaci legioneri, gTxovT moxvideT”. qristianoba gavrcelebuli Cans afsarosSic, risi dasturicaa aq aRmoCenili qristianulsimbolikiani beWdebi. zRvispira kolxeTSi romauli samxedro SenaerTebis dislokaciis Sedegad es mxare aqtiurad CaerTo romauli samyaros sistemaSi. uwinares yovlisa, es procesi romauli nawarmis gavrcelebiT gamoixata, kerZod, romauli samyaros sxvadasxva centridan kolxeTis zRvispireTSi Semodineba daiwyo axalma produqciam _ italikurma fibulebma, amforebma, wiTellakianma keramikam, liTonisa da minis nawarmma, romlebic mTeli romauli samyarosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. amgvarive nawarmi vrceldeboda centralur evropaSi [Кропоткин, 1970]. ax.w. II-III saukuneebSi romauli samyaros importi meti simravliTaa dadasturebuli SavizRvispireTis cixesimagreebTan _ pitiuntSi (biWvinTasTan), sebastopolisSi(soxumTan), afsarosSi (goniosTan), fasisSi (foTTan).

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ax.w. II-IIIsaukuneebSi saqarTvelos zRvispira centrebSi intensiurad Semodioda mcire aziis romauli provinciebis sanapiro centrebis nawarmi. magaliTad, pitiuntis, fasisisa da sebastopolisis naqalaqarebze mravladaa napovni sinopuri warmomavlobis amforebi. sinopuri importis intensivobaze miuTiTebs aseve montariumebi. aRniSnul periodSi zRvispira centrebs mWidro urTierToba hqonda trapezuntTanac, rasac numizmatikuri masalebic mowmobs. naqalaqarebze aRmoCenili importirebul produqciaTa Soris sakmaod mravladaa romauli provinciebis minis nawarmic. romis aRmosavluri provinciebis nawarmTa wres ganekuTvneba liTonis WurWlisa Tu samkaulebis mniSvnelovani nawilic, magaliTad, cixisZirisa da gonios ganZSi Semavali nivTebis umravlesoba mxatvrul-stilisturi niSnebiT romis provinciebis kulturis wreSi eqceva [inaiSvili,1993; afaqiZe,1947: 128; lorTqifaniZe,^ miqelaZe,^ xaxutaiSvili,1980]. ax.w.

III-IV saukuneebi romauli nawarmis axali mozRvavebiT xasiaTdeba. interess iwvevs biWvinTis naqalaqaris nekropolSi aRmoCenili momwvano feris sanelsacxebleebi, romlebic keiolnis minis saxelosnos nawarmia. dasavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur masalaSi warmodgenilia romauli nawarmis iseTi saintereso nimuSebic, rogorebicaa oqrosi da vercxlis falera-jildoebi: magaliTad, kldeeTis #3 samarxSi aRmoCenili rkinis maxvili tarze gemiT; biWvinTis #345 samarxSi dadasturebuli vercxlis samklavuri tixefortunas gamosaxulebiT; oqros garsakravi goniodan. falerebs, ZiriTadad, Seadgenda gemiani beWdebi, balTebi, samajurebi, maxvilebi, Tasebi, sasmisebi da sxv. imperiis epoqaSi falerebiT ajildoebdnen ara marto calkeul legionerebsa da samxedro qvedanayofebs, aramed daqiravebul meomrebsa da proromauli orientaciis adgilobriv mmarTvelebsac. kldeeTis samarxebSi dadasturebulia augustusis, antonius piusis, markus aureliusis monetebi [lomTaTiZe, 1957]. gonio-afsarosis naqalaqaris teritoriaze aRmoCenil mravalferovan arqeologiur masalaTa Soris interess iwvevs serapisis qandakeba.

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ax.w. I saukunidan serapisis kulti mTels romis imperiaSi popularulia, gansakuTrebiT_ galiaSi, espaneTSi, karTagenSi, dakiaSi. kolxeTis SavizRvispireTis romauli samxedro SenaerTebis kontingenti umTavresad berZnul-mcireaziuri provinciebidan da adgilobrivi warmomavlobis meomrebisagan Sedgeboda. amis mowmobaa sebastopolisisa da pitiuntis naqalaqarze aRmoCenili berZnuli warwerebi. niSandoblivia, rom aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis sanapiro cixe-qalaqTa materialuri kulturis zogierTi komponenti romauli mcire aziis kulturis identuria. romauli importis didi nawili romauli garnizonebis mosamarageblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. romauli garnizonebis materialur-teqnikuri momarageba centralizebuli sistemiT xdeboda trapezuntidan, sadac romaelTa Savi zRvis flotis ZiriTadi baza iyo. misi roli gansakuTrebiT mas Semdeg gaizarda, rodesac domicianes dros gaiyvanes samosata-satalatrapezuntis magistrali. romanizaciis, romauli kulturis elementebis gavrceleba aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi specifikuri gziT warimarTa. aq romaelebs demografiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod mWidro dasaxlebebi daxvdaT. metic, aq romaelTa yofnis drosac, rogorc es romael-bizantiel avtorTa (klavdios ptolemaiosi, ariane, prokopi kesarieli) cnobebidan Cans, adgilobrivi mkvidri mosaxleoba zRvispira centrebSic cxovrobda. ax.w. I saukunis Sua xanebidan, romauli garnizonebis Cadgomis Semdeg, adgilobrivebTan TandaTanobiT saqmiani urTierTobebi myardeba. mkvidri mosaxleoba da maTi mmarTvelebi loialur damokidebulebaSi unda yofiliyvnen romauli cixe-qalaqebis administraciasTan. es kavSiri urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierTsargeblobis principebs efuZneboda. kerZod, mkvidri mosaxleoba cixe-qalaqTa ekonomikurpolitikuri stabilurobis garanti da aq muSaxelis kontingentis Sevsebis, da cixe-qalaqis sasoflo-sameurneo produqciiT momaragebis wyaro iyo. swored am ukanasknelis Sedegia adgilobrivi warmoebis is keramika, rac ase sakmaod mravladaa warmodgenili pitiuntis, 208

sebastopolisisa da afsarosis cixe-qalaqebis teriotoriaze. mkvidr mosaxleobas garkveuli samxedro valdebulebac ekisreboda, rac Cans flavius arianes traqtatSi `alanTa winaaRmdeg~ dacul cnobaSi _ `hoplitTa Semdeg daewyos mokavSireTa jari, romlebic arian. . . trapezuntelebi, kolxebi da rizeli Subosnebi...~ (ariane, taqtika, 7). ax.w. II saukunidan kolxeTis zRvispireTSi, xolo IV saukunidan mis Sida regionebSi vrceldeba romauli tipis hidravlikuri xsnari, romelic gamoiyeneboda safortifikacio, saero da sakulto nagebobebis asagebad. am droidanve farTod vrceldeba romauli tipis mobrtyo-kvadratuli, gamomwvari aguri da keramikuli wriuli filebi, romlebic sruliad ucxo iyo aq wina epoqis samSeneblo saqmisaTvis. kvadratuli aguri xSirad gamoiyeneboda nagebobebis kuTxeebis amosayvanad. ase magaliTad, webeldis, noqalaqevis, quTaisis, cixisZiris IV saukunis safortifikacio nagebobebis wyobaSi dadasturebulia ormagi da sammagi aguris sartyeli. romis aRmosavleTi provinciebis cixe-qalaqebi agurisa da qvis Sereuli wyobiT iyo naSeni. analogiur wyobas vxvdebiT CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTis naqalaqarebze _ olbiaSi, xaraksSi, tirsa da xersonesSi. rac Seexeba kvadratul keramikul filebs, isini iatakis mosagebad gamoiyeneboda. romauli gavlena mkafiod SeiniSneba keramikis warmoebaSi, rac aisaxa uwinaresad II- IVsaukuneebis minabaZi amforebis warmoebaSi. romauli keramikis gavleniT damzadebuli Tixis WurWels ganekuTvneba montariumebis erTi jgufic. isini romauli montariumebisagan Tixis SemadgenlobiT gansxvavdeba. romaul nawarmTa adgilobrivi minabaZebia sapatruqemiliani, saxeluriani Wraqebi, romlebic aseve adgilobrivi Tixisaganaa damzadebuli. aq mTel romaul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli tipis doqebis minabaZebic mzaddeboda. romauli keramikis minabaZebTan Tanaarsebobda da raodenobrivad Warbobda, kolxeTSi adgilobrivi keramikis tradiciuli saxeobebi.

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keramikis warmoebis garda, romauli kulturis gavlena Cans xelosnobis sxva sferoSic. ax.w. I saukunidan aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi romauli tipis mSvildsakinZebis farTod gavrcelebasa da masze didi moTxovnis gamo III saukunidan adgilobriv mzaddeboda e.w. orwiladi, budeabmuli, muxlzambariani da jvriseburi fibulebi. romauli kulturis gavlena SeimCneva sabrZolo iaraRebis zogierT saxeobaSic, kerZod, dadasturebulia romauli tipis oTxkuTxa skutumis tipis farebi, gladiumis tipis maxvilebi da sxv. [gamyreliZe, 2002:39]. oqromWedlobis tradiciebis SenarCunebagagrZelebasTan erTad romauli xanis saqarTvelos saiuveliro xelovnebaSi vrceldeba axali, e.w. kluazones poliqromuli stili. amgvaradaa Seqmnili romauli epoqis saqarTvelos oqromWedlobis brwyinvale nimuSebi_ gonios kldeeTis, urekis, Tagilonis, zRuderisa da mcxeTis feradi qvebiT Semkuli beWdebi, balTebi, sakidebi, fibulebi da sxv. iberia-kolxeTis am periodis qalaqebis urbanistuli xasiaTi, arqiteqtura da gegmarebiTi principebi emorCileboda qalaqmSeneblobis im saerTo kanonebs, romlebic miRebuli iyo, antikur samyarosa da romanizebul aRmosavleTSi. amrigad, kolxeTis dablobis da mTiani regionebis materialur kulturaSi romauli civilizaciis calkeuli elementebi met-naklebi intensivobiTaa gavrcelebuli. es impulsebi gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia samSeneblo xelovnebaSi, keramikis warmoebasa da materialuri kulturis mTel rig komponentebSi. mTian regionebSi adgilobrivi tradiciebi Zalze myari iyo da amitom romauli kulturis radiacia aq Znelad aRwevda. samagierod, romauli kulturis gavlena romauladrebizantiuri xanis zRvispireTSi aSkarad igrZnoba cixe-qalaqebTan. amis naTeli ilustraciaa opus mixtum-is teqnikiT nagebi cixesimagreebi. kulturuli da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mxrivac kolxeTis baris sazogadoeba ufro maRal safexurze idga, vidre mTiani zolisa. saerTod, ax.w. I-IV saukuneebis aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi ar dasturdeba iseTi niSnebi, rac ase 210

damaxasiaTebelia romis imperiis dasavleTevropuli provinciebis qveynebisaTvis (mag.: germania,britaneTi, galia) [ix. Голубцова, 1985:167302]. mkvidri mosaxleobis mkveTri romanizacia da e.w. kompleqsuri kulturis warmoqmna, romaul samyaroSi damzadebuli xelosnuri nawarmis masiurad gavrceleba, aq am etapze romauli kulturis gavlena, iseve, rogorc imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi, ufro zedapiruli Cans.

Zvel saqarTveloSi romanizaciis procesi Taviseburi, gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. aq romaul-evropuli tipis kultura ar warmoqmnila, radgan didi iyo e.w. aRmosavlurelinisturi kulturis fesvebi da gavlena. aRmosavleTi Aanatolia Tavisi istoriuli bediT saukuneebis manZilze mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli transkavkasiis qveynebTan. kolxeTSi romanizaciis gavlenis damadasturebeli faqtebis _ arqeologiuri Zeglebis da werilobiTi monacemebis Seswavlis Sedegebi gvarwmunebs, rom romauli kulturis miRwevebi yvelaze mkveTrad ekonomikaSi vlindeba. romaelebis aq gamoCenis droidan mokle periodSi moxda garkveuli cvlilebebi. romauli kulturis ekonomikurma miRwevebma kolxeTSi uwinares yovlisa, Tavi iCina vaWrobaSi. romaelebis mier kolxeTSi, saomari mdgomareobis Sewyvetis Semdeg savaWro-ekonomikuri kontaqtebis damyarebas xels uwyobda transkavkasiis xelsayreli geopolitikuri mdebareoba antikur samyarosTan mimarTebiT. amis naTeli ilustraciaa kolxeTis teritoriaze antikuri samyarodan iranuli samyaros qveynebisaken mimavali savaWro gzebi, romelTa gamoyenebac dasturdeba arqeologiuri aRmoCenebiT. iberia-kolxeTis romanizaciis periodSi SesamCnevia sagareo vaWrobis xvedriTi wilis zrda, sasaqonlo warmoebis gafarToeba, ucxouri monetebis didi raodenobiT mimoqceva, savaWro-saxelosno centrebis ganviTareba, uwinaresad, SavizRvispireTis romaelTa militaristul cixe-qalaqebSi. Semdgom romauli kulturis gavlena kolxeTze ufro naTlad vlindeba sxvdasxva adgilobriv dargSi, kerZod, arqiteqturaSi, keramikis 211

warmoebaSi, xelosnobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebaSi. es procesebi ufro intensiuri xdeba ax.w. II saukunidan. romauli kulturis gavlenis gansakuTrebuli gaZliereba kolxeTSi ax.w. IIâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;IV saukuneebSi aRiniSneba. rac Seexeba romauli kulturis gavrcelebas, is zRvis sanapirodan da anatoliidan unda momxdariyo. romaul-adrebizantiuri kulturis gavlena Semdgom kidev ufro metad aisaxa arqiteqturaSi, kerZod, e.w.romauli betoni, kedlebis opus mixtum-is wyoba, momrgvalebuli TaRebi, Taviseburi kapitelebi, gamomwvari oTxkuTxa, brtyeli aguri da sxv. mWidro da uSualo kontaqtebis Sedegad romanizaciis gavlena ufro Zlierad Tavs iCens zRvis sanapiro qalaqebSi. ufro adre ki elinisturi kulturis gavrcelebam da misma teqnikurma miRwevebma kolxeTSi romaelebis kavkasiaSi mosvlisaTvis niadagi Seumzada romanizaciis sawyisebis momwifebas. literatura: afaqiZe an. 1947: gvianantikuri xanis Zeglebi urekidan, ssmm,^XIV,Tb. gv.85-112. berZeniSvili q.,... 1975: biWvinTaSi..., didi pitiunti,I, Tb. gv.33-43. gamyreliZe g. 1989: miTridate evpatori..., saq.mecn.akad. "macne", #2,gv. 59-69. gamyreliZe g. 2002: versia brZolis... sof. gomidan, Jur. Ziebani, #10, gv.39. gamyreliZe g. 2002: kolxeTi, gamomc."logosi", Tbilisi. gamyreliZe g., Todua T. 2006: romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia saq.-Si,Tb. gigauri c. 1985: kolxeTi romaul mwerlobaSi, Tbilisi. georgika, I, 1961: gamosces al. gamyreliZem da s. yauxCiSvilma. Tbilisi. dundua g., dundua T. 2006: qarTuli numizmatika, Tbilisi. zaqaraia p.^kapanaZe T. 1991: cixegoji â&#x20AC;&#x201C;arqeopolisi...^ xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb.^^ inaiSvili n. 1993: cixisZiris ax.w. II-VIss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tb. lomTaTiZe g. 1957: kldeeTis samarovani, Tb. lorTqifaniZe g. 1991: biWvinTis naqalaqari,^ Tbilisi. ^ lorTqifaniZe oT. 2002: Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tb. lorTqifaniZe oT. 1962: biWvinTis wiTellakiani keramika, smam, 1, gv.231-255. lorTqifaniZe oT.^ miqelaZe T.^ xaxutaiSvili d. 1980: gonios ganZi, Tb.^ lorTqifaniZe marg. 1954-56: saqarTvelos sax. muzeumis gemebi, I-III, Tb.

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mamulaZe S., kaxiZe em., xalvaSi m. 2009: kreb. gonio-afsarosi,VIII,baTumi. maCabeli k. 1983: Zveli saqarTvelos vercxli, Tb. fuTuriZe r. 1959: gvianantikuri xanis...,. mska,II, 1959, gv.54-94. wiTlanaZe l. 1973: arq. aRmoCenebi sof. liaSi. – Zm, 33., Tb., gv.23-28. xalvaSi m. 2002: gonio-afsarosis Sidacixis centraluri nawilis arq. gaTxrebis Sedegebi, gonio-afsarosi, III, Tb. gv.36-43. Амиранашвили А. 1935: Новая находка в низовьях р. Ингури, Тбилиси, 1935. Бокщанин А. 1966: Парфия и Рим, ч. II, Москва, 1966. Браунд Д. 1991: Римское присустствие в Колхиде и Иберии. – ВДИ, 4, с.34-52. Гамкрелидзе Г. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб. Кропоткин В. 1970: Римские импортные…, САИ, выпуск Д1-27. Москва. Голубцова Е. ( ред.) 1985: Культура Древнего Рима, т. II, Москва. Кругликова И. 1986: Боспор в позднеантичное время, Москва. Ельницкий Л. 1964: О малоизученных утраченных греческих и латинских надписях Закавказья. ВДИ, 2, с.145-151. Максимова М. 1956: Античные города юго-восточного Причерноморья, Мос. Ранович А. 1949: Восточные провинции Римской империи I-III вв., Москва. Шелов Д. 1981: Римляне в Северном Причерноморье во II в.н.э. – ВДИ, 4.с.82-87.

Latyshev B. 1904-1906: Scythica et Caucasica; I-II, St.-Petersbourg.

Robinson H. 1975: The armour of imperial Rome, London.

Robinson H. 1959: Pottery of the Roman period. (In Athenian Agora), V, Princeton.

Vermeule C. 1974: Greek and Roman sculpture in gold and silver, Boston.

Hopkins A. (ed.), 2003: Globalization in World History. New York, pp. 4- 9.

Shelton J. 1998: As The Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History. New York - Oxford University. pp. 20-31.

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(Summary) The Globalistic process of Romanization and Colchis Romanization was the Globalization process, which meant wide spreading of Roman economical, political and cultural behavior in the provinces of the Empire and in neighboring countries. This process was more rapid in the western provinces then in eastern provinces of the Empire and was depended on different political and economical structures of that part of the world. The 213

location of Caucasus, where the western and eastern civilizations were meeting was very important. The process of Romanization in ancient Georgia had a different, peculiar way. Here the roots of Hellenistic Culture were deep and the culture of European-Roman kind did not arise. The study of archaeological data, written sources and epigraphical data convinces us that the impact of Roman culture in Iberia- Colchis was most visible in economics. From the times of first appearance of Romans in Caucasus we can see some changes, which, first of all are linked with trading. After the end of military actions by Rome in Iberia- Colchis Geopolitical location of Transcaucasus became played an important role in trade. The good examples of this fact are numerous trading roads form the Classical world to the Iranian world, which are well known with the help of archaeological-numismatic finds. During the period of Romanization the internal trade became more intensive, the handcrafting centers were widening, also the big number of foreign coins is found on the sites of this period. The best examples of this process can be seen in Roman forts of the Black Sea littoral. Later, the impact of Roman civilization is seen in other fields (architecture, handicraft, etc) of native population of IberiaColchis. These processes are becoming more intensive from the 2 nd c AD and lasts until the 4th c AD. The process of Romanization is better represented in the towns of Black Sea Littoral and in the Capital of Iberian kingdom Mtskheta.

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THE LAND OF COLCHIS AND THE CITY OF PHASIS (Towards a historical-archaelogical study of western Georgia in the Classical period) The land of Colchis, famous throughout the Classical world, from where – according to the celebrated ancient Greek myth – the Argonauts stole the Golden Fleece, was on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, i. e. on the western territory of modern Georgia. The valley of the Rioni, frequently referred to in ancient Greco-Roman sources as the Phasis, lies in central Colchis. According to the archaeological and written sources: Herodotus, Scylax of Caryanda, Hippocrates, Apollonius Rhodius, Strabo, Appian, Flavius Arrian, Marcus Manilius, Procopius, Agathias and others, as well as by its physico-geographic environment, the Rioni (Phasis) valley must have occupied an economically developed position.

The Rioni rises from the mountain glacier Phasis on the south slope of the Caucasus Range. Up to Kutaisi the Rioni is a turbulent mountain stream.

Leaving Kutaisi, the Rioni flows slowly in the Kolkhian plain. By its geographic position the Rioni constituted a convenient trade-and-transit waterway. Evidence on the use of this river as a commercial waterway is mainly extant in the works of Strabo and Pliny. Strabo describes the waterways of the Rioni and the Qvirila (Phasis): “It is (Phasis) navigated as far as Sarapana, a fortress capable of admitting the population even of a city. From here people go by land to the river Cyrus in four days by a wagonroad.”(Strabo, XI, II, 17). The continuation of the waterway is described by Strabo thus: “And he further says that it is navigable and that large quantities of Indian wares are brought down on it to the Hyrcanian sea, and thence on that sea are transported to Albania and brought down on the Cyrus river and through the region that comes next after it to the Euxine.” (Strabo, XI, II, 3) (The Loeb Classical Library, London, 1957). It is thus quite clear that Strabo describes the trade route running from India to the Black Sea through the rivers Cyrus and Phasis. Pliny also describes the same route [Latyshev,1904: 178].

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The fact is worthy of attention that it is along this route that settlements of the Classical and early medieval periods were situated, the archaeological study of which yielded items of foreign manufacture (pottery, adornments, metal and glass ware). Such settlements at the Rioni river are attested: in Kutaisi; Patriketi-Vartsikhe [Japaridze, V. 1977: 43-50]; Vani [Lordkipanidze, O. 1977: 159-175]; Tsikhesulori [Mitsishvili, M. 1977: 32-47]; Shuamta [Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: 49], Dablagomi [Tolordava, V. 1977: 67-78]; Dapnari [Kighuradze, N. 1976]; Natekhebi (Lake Paliastomi) [Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: 30-48; Gamkrelidze, 1987: 98], and others, with adjoining territory (Pl. I).

Hippocrates supplies interesting information about the natural data of the Phasis-Rioni basin in his treatise “On Air, Waters and Places”, in which he speaks of the influence exerted by the climatic and physical-geographic conditions of the place and its population. It is believed that Hippocrates had visited Colchis and that his reports are the result of immediate observations [Qaukhchishvili, T. 1965: 20]. His evidence appears to deal with the lower and partly middle course of the Rioni. But some data extend to the entire basin. For example, when it concerns marshes and numerous canals the territory in the lower course must be implied: warm weather and frequent rainfalls could not have been characteristic of a small area, for they were the same almost all over Colchis. Hence it may be assumed that the region under study and especially its adjoining elevations were convenient places for farming, and accordingly for settlement. As to forests and structures built of planed wooden beams and apparently roofed with reeds, their traces have been found today too on elevations along the Rioni, where they could by no means have been erected on water. This circumstance points to the fact that the author was familiar only with the lower, marshy course of the Rioni (Phasis), which has remained the same to the present day. The question arises as to what induces people to live in houses built on marshland. The local residents were probably harassed by their neighbours; hence they moved to the lower course of the Rioni-Phasis and began to build their dwellings on the marsh, for such structures were almost inaccessible. At many places along the Rioni remains of plaster and beams are attested, which – with the aid of archaeological material – are dated to the 4th c. BC. The evidence of Hippocrates also relates to the same period.

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A piece of information of our present interest is contained in Xenophon’s Anabasis (see Anabasis V, 6, 36). Here the land of the Phasianoi implies the Valley of the Rioni (Phasis). The region they intended to conquer could not have been poor at that time, Apollonius Rhodius, a 3 rd-century BC author, writes about the land of Aea (Aia)-Colchis-Phasis in his poem the Argonautica (III, 215). The poem is the last verse version of the myth. Apollonius Rhodius describes the city of Kutaisi in the middle course of the Rioni. According to Strabo’s Geography (XI, 11; II, 17), Colchis is notable for its fruits and all that is needed for shipbuilding. The country produces much timber, floating it down the rivers. The inhabitants manufacture much linen and resin.

Interesting evidence on the Phasis valley is supplied by Pomponius Mela (1st century) in: “inde is locus est ubi finem ductus a Bosphoro tractus accipit, atque inde se in sinu adverse litoris flexus adtollens angustissimum Ponti facit angulum. hic sunt Colchi, huc Phasis erumpit, hic eodem nomine quo amnis est a Themistagora Milesio deductum oppidum, . . .” (Pomponii Melae, Chorographia. . ., I, 108). More diverse evidence on the Phasis valley is preserved in the work of Pliny the Elder’s “Natural History”. It has been ascertained that in describing Colchis he had recourse to various sources. He reports on towns lying along the course of the Rioni; the concrete evidence on them, adduced by him, is of entirely real historical-geographic character.

Pliny’s evidence on the navigability of the Rioni-Phasis attracts special attention. He (Pliny, VI, II) points out that the Phasis is navigable to the mouth of the Surium river (the name resembles the Sulori river).

Special interest attaches to Arrian’s work: Periplus Euxini (2nd century).

He was the Governor of Cappadocia in 131; he undertook a voyage along the Black Sea coast to ensure the security of the borders. Arrian personally inspected the strongholds existing there, informing the Emperor Hadrian in an official report on the voyage. Particularly interesting in Arrian’s Periplus is his detailed description of the city at the mouth of the Phasis (Arrian, 9, 10).

A list of the towns of the Rioni valley is given by the Alexandrian scholar Ptolemy (2nd cent.) in his treatise “Geographical Guide” (Book V, Ch. 9). In this work he enumerates towns and villages; the towns: Mechles, Media, Saraca, Surium, Zadrida, Aea ( Aia); the rivers: Phasis, Hyppus, Cyaneus, 217

Harius. Valuable evidence is supplied by Dion Cassius in his work “Roman History” (XXXVII, 3).

The fortification works along the Phasis are mentioned by the Byzantine historian Zosymus in his “History” [Qaukhchishvili, S. 1961: 269] but, unfortunately, he does not list them, nor point to their location. Much trustworthy written evidence is found in the work of 6 th century Byzantine writer Procopius of Caesarea (BG VIII, 14, 17; BP, II, 29; Agathias, II, 19, 22; III, 6, 7, 19, 28; IV, 9, 13). According to Agathias Scholasticus, during the war in the 6th century the Byzantine navy, using the Rioni, supported her troops against Iran. To this end, at the confluence of the Tekhuri with the Phasis a strategic beachhead was built, where light ships were usually anchored (Agathias, II, 23).

Of the Georgian sources special interest with respect to the region under study is evoked by “The Lives of the Georgian Kings and Their Forefathers and Descendants”, ascribed to Leonti Mroveli. The source describes the history of Georgia from ancient times. The chronicle mentions King Parnavaz of Kartli (Iberia), who confirmed Prince Kuji as ruler of lands in Colchis (for details see: [Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: 86-97]).

According to historical sources, the Rioni (Phasis) was the main navigable river of Colchis (Western Georgia). Owing to the mass felling of forests in the 19th-20th centuries, the water level of the Rioni lowered drastically, having a negative effect on the navigation in the region. The Rioni (Phasis) lows in the Kolkhian Lowland, between the foothills of the Greater and Lesser Caucasus. The Kolkhian Lowland has the form of a triangle adjoining the sea with its base. In the east it reaches the vicinity of the confluence of the Qvirila. In terms of its geographical environment the Kolkhian Lowland and the foothills surrounding it constitute a unique natural region, allowing setting up intensive agricultural production. The local climate enables cultivation of a wide range of high-yielding crops. The Kolkhian lowland is characterized by a humid subtropical climate. The length of the vegetation period allows to growing several harvests annually. In the western, depressed part of the lowland, there are swampy soils, and in the eastern part 218

podzol soils. In terms of agro productive indices these soils are more favourable. Such soils are successfully used to plant vineyards.

At settlements of the Early Bronze Age of the Kolkhian Lowland (pl. II) fruits of cultivated plants have been found â&#x20AC;&#x201C; many-rowed barley, unbearded wheat (type of common), millet, foxtail millet, spelt, etc. Written sources referred to the cultivation in Colchis of barley, wheat, chestnut, hazelnut, grapes, apples, vegetables, ets; exported from Colchis were: timber, honey, flax, etc. A comparison of the evidence of Greek authors with the specificities of the modern Kolkhian Lowland shows that the nature of this region has not suffered substantial changes over the past 2500 years, barring the reduction of the areas of forest tracts [Janelidze, Ch. 1980: 150]. The upper reaches of the Rioni are rich in various minerals, where from early times copper was mined, having played a leading role in the development of copper and bronze metallurgy. Tin, gold, cornelian, antimonite and rock crystal were mined here.

Such is the geographic environment of the Rioni valley that exerted cardinal influence on the course of the history of ancient Colchis. The archaeological material, discovered in Rioni valley, attests also to the important place held by the cited region in the period under study in the economic life of Colchis. Exploratory archaeological work was carried out on the Dateshidze-Gabashvili hill in Kutaisi; a cultural layer of the Early Iron Age and traces of iron-smelting manufacture were brought to light. A cultural layer was also found here; Colchian pottery of the 4 th-5th cent. BC. is represented by fragments of economic and household utensils. Fragments of black-gloss Attic pottery came to light in the same layer. There also is much plaster - scorched clay plastering with imprints of wood. On the south slope of the same hill a dense layer of scorched plastering was uncovered. Fragments of scorched beams also came to light here. The area of the excavations totals 550 sq. m.; basins, bowls, mugs, etc were found; the pottery is largely dated to the 6th-5th cent. BC [Kvirkvelia, G. 1978: 62].

According to the data on archaeological excavations on the Gabashvili, Dateshidze and Ukimerioni hills in Kutaisi, an urban-type settlement of the 6th5th cent. BC was found to be concentrated. An area of approximately 25 ha was enclosed with defensive walls; towers and other defensive works had been 219

constructed. The high level of the sanitary condition of the city-stronghold is attested by the ruins of two bathhouses with heating units whitewashed with hydraulic solution. Cultural layers of the 7 th-1st cent. BC were discovered on the Parnali hill in v. Chognari, in the environs of Kutaisi. Among items of the 6th cent. BC note should be made of a miniature sculptured representation of a ram, fragments of black-gloss Attic pottery of the 5th cent. BC; there is much plaster with imprints of wood, handles of a Thasian amphora of the 3 rd cent.

BC, bronze bracelets with concave back and fragments of cups with turned in lips. In v. Chognari (on the Barona hillock, cultural layers of the 7 th-1st cent.

BC were brought to light (the material is preserved in the archaeological funds (reserves) of the Kutaisi Historical Museum).

In the middle course of the Rioni, settlement-hills are found also in v.

Partskhanaqanevi – on Sabrialo, Kirinebi and Shroshanebi hillocks. Similar settlements are attested at Kopitnari, Kveda-Metekhi and Kvitiri. These sites have yielded objects of the 7th-2nd cent. BC and plaster with imprints of wood.

In Kutaisi and its adjoining territory jar burials have come to light at Tsatskhvebisubani (Kutaisi), as well as in the villages: Partskhanaqanevi, Kveda-Meskheti, Maghlaki, Kvitiri, Mukhiani, Ukaneti, Odilauri and Banoji.

The grave goods brought to light are uniform: pyriform jugs, bowls with inturned lips, bronze bracelets adorned at the ends with a representation of a snake’s head, bronze fingerings, cornelian beads. These jar burials are dated largely to the 3rd cent. BC. Up to eleven archaeological hoards of the Bronze and Early Iron periods have been revealed.

As is evident, on the basis of the above-named settlements, an urban-type settlement appears in Kutaisi in the 6th-4th centuries. The geographical designation of Kutaisi is first mentioned in the work Alexandra by Lycophron of Chalcis, a Greek poet of the 3rd cent. BC. Kutaisi is mentioned also by Vallimachus of Cyrene (3rd cent. BC). Evidence on “Kutaisi” is found in the Argonautica of Apollonius of Rhodes (3rd cent. BC). Here mention is made of “Kutaisi”, i. e. Aea (Aia). Procopius (BG,VIII,14) identified the Ky(u)taya of Greek written sources with his contemporary fortress “Kotatisi” on the bank of the Rioni. On the basis of archaeological material and written sources the view 220

has become established in the specialist literature on the identity of Ky(u)tayaKotatisi-Kutaisi.

The village of Vartsikhe lies in the course of the Rioni. Materials of the Classical and medieval periods are attested. Special interest in Vartsikhe undoubtedly attaches to the remains of an early-medieval city-fortress, known in Byzantine written sources under the name of Rhodopolis (Procopius, BG, VII (IV); Agathias, IV, 15). The remains of an ancient fortress are attested on the promontory at the confluence of the Rioni and the Khanistsqali. The aboveground wall proved to date to the period of the late Middle Ages, while the walls dating from the early Middle Ages are buried underground. Split-stone, cobblestones, lime mortar, bricks and tiles were used as construction material.

The archaeological material, brought to light at Vartsikhe, is largely represented by pottery and glass and iron wares. The pottery includes fragments of household, table-ware and kitchen ware. Remains of imported pottery have also been discovered.

Study of adjacent territories is attached major attention in ascertaining the genesis of the settlements of the city-fortress of Vartsikhe. Here remains of Classical period settlements have been brought to light – evidenced particularly intensively two hundred metres to the south of the city, on Giorgobiani hill. Attested here are fragments of stone walls built in dry masonry and fragments of plaster; a beam structure was apparently erected on this. The remains of the structure are dated – with the aid of the pottery – to the pre-Hellenistic period. Remains of such settlements are noted on the territory around the Giorgobiani hill. Thus, the environs of Vartsikhe were settled already in the Classical period, while by the early medieval period the settlement is concentrated within the city-fortress.

Of the archaeological sites, uncovered in the Rioni valley, the ancient city site of Vani boasts the longest history of study. It lies on the left bank of the Rioni, in the river Sulori valley, on the hill Akhvledianis-gora. Excavations on this hill have been under way for a long time. Vast material has accumulated and proceedings have been published (for the bibliography, see the collected papers “Vani”). In the past, the rise of an urban-type settlement on the Akhvledianis-gora hill was apparently facilitated by the ancient settlements 221

whose remains have been discovered in large numbers at Vani and its environs. The Akhvledianis-gora hill in the 5th-4th cent. BC was evidently a place of residence of the local Colchian nobility. Various crafts also concentrated here. Concentration of handicrafts at definite centres and, accordingly, the emergence of a market, constitutes one of the principal features of the urbanization of society [Lordkipanidze, O. 1977:19].

The last stage of the existence of Vani involved the entire Akhvledianisgora hill, fortified with thick walls and steep slopes. The thickness of the defensive wall reaches almost three metres, and it is built of rectangular cut stones of large sizes. The ruins of the city gate have survived on the northern side of the former city site. Remains of a cultic structure are found here. At the distance of one hundred metres a fairly large complex of structures of cultic purpose has come to light. The archaeological material of the 3 rd-1st cent. BC, found on Akhvlediani-gora, attests to the fact that at that time use was made at Vani of the achievements of Hellenistic engineering.

Westward of the city site of Vani, approximately at the distance of one kilometre, in the village of Zedatsikhe Sulori, ruins of a fortress have survived on the top of the mountain. The mountain is protected by natural steep slopes, and the road linking it with Vani leads to it from the south-east. Excavations inside the fortress revealed cultural layers of Early Medieval and Hellenistic periods. Interesting material came to light –remains of architectural details: fragments of a cornice, a fragment of a column with cannelures, etc. The remains of a wall of the Hellenistic period in the fortress of v. Zedatsikhe Sulori, as well as the architectural details and pottery point to the existence here of a settlement in Hellenistic times as well. It undoubtedly had some connection with the city of Vani, and was possibly destroyed together with it [Mitsishvili, M.1977].

Within 8 km of Vani, in v. Mtisdziri, remains of ancient settlements are traceable on the hills “Adeishvilisgora”, “Naktsevigora”, “Nabambevisgora”, and on the territory contained between these. In this locality archaeological material of the Classical period and early medieval periods was attested. At Mtisdziri, the defensive structure merits special attention: clay, wood and stones were the basic construction material in erecting the structure. The 222

building is rectangular in shape, with two facilities: 26.88m2 and 13.44m2. The socle is 2.60 m wide. We may be dealing here with a variety of wooden structures mentioned in the works of Xenophon and Vitruvius. At Mtsidziri, along with local pottery, a small quantity of imported ceramic ware was discovered (Chian, Attic, Mendean, Sinopean). The archaeological remains of Mtisdziri are closely related to synchronous remains of entire Colchis. By its geographical location Mtisdziri held a strategically advantageous place. In the Early Classical and Hellenistic periods Mtisdziri represented a fortified point within the defensive system of the city of Vani and its environs [Gamkrelidze, G. 1982].

Along the course of the Rioni, within 2 km of Mtisdziri, lies the village of Dablagomi, situated on hillocks at the bank of the Rioni. To date the inner territory as well as the adjoining hills: Natsikhvari, Nasakirevi and Nasaqdrevi have been studied. Almost over the entire area of Dablagomi fragments of plaster have been found, some bearing imprints of wood. The remains of the structure are preserved comparatively better on the Nasaqdrevi hill. The upper layer dates from the 7th-5th cent. BC. At Dablagomi the large number of jar burials evokes special interest. They are arranged on the slopes of the hillocks of Nasakirevi and Natsikhvari. At Dablagomi, on the west slope of the Natsikhvari hill, a rich burial, covered with a tile, came to light. Its study revealed that it dates from the 3rd cent. BC [Tolordava, V. 1977: 48-54, 78].

Remains of a settlement â&#x20AC;&#x201C; typologically and structurally similar to those of Dablagomi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; were discovered within the distance of one kilometre, at v.

Dapnari; the chronological limits: 4th-3rd cent. BC. Apart from this hill, archaeological remains are in evidence on the Chais-gora and Tsqvetili hills.

Cultural layers of a settlement were investigated on this territory. The dwellings appear to have been built on the terraces of the hills. Large quantities of plaster with imprints of wood and charred beams were brought to light on these terraces. On the Chais-gora hill the remains of a furnace for smelting iron were found [Kighuradze, N. 1976].

Remains of a settlement resembling Mtisdziri, Dablagomi and Dapnari have been discovered at Sajavakho, near Dapnari. Colchian pottery of the 6 th223

2nd cent. BC has come to light here. Excavattions at Sajavakho have so far not been carried out.

It is in the 6th-4th c.c. B.C. that a fairly stable and consolidated archaeological culture is evidenced on the territory of modern West Georgia, i.e. ancient Colchis. The following are the most typical features of Colchian culture in the 6th-4th c.c. B.C. - A system of settlements situated on natural hillocks or artificial mounds, surrounded by one or two ditches; the citadels fortified with a wooden paling built on the edges of an artificial defensive ditch are also evidenced. Also, there is a specific custom of burying of the common people. There is found peculiar artifacts - pottery: Pithoi with hatched surface; jugs, with the shape of to conuses attached by bottom; basins with flat bottom and slanting walls. Also unique goldsmithery - diadems with a torque and rhombic plaques, earrings and specific rings, openwork or bi-conic pendants, etc. During the excavations there is witness wide range of silver coins of various face-values, known in the scientific literature under the name of Colchian coins or Kolkhuri-tetri. In West Georgia archaeological studies have shown the predominance of wooden architecture throughout Colchis from the end of the 2rd millennium B.C. to the 4th c. B.C. inclusive. Such are the houses at the Namarnu, Anaklia, Simagre, Nosiri, Pichori settlements and etc.

Ancient Greek literature has preserved evidence on the individual branches of Colchian manufacture. The manufacture was the basis of the economic and political power of Colchis. The broad scale of iron manufacture is directly attested by the exceptionally numerous finds of most diverse objects used in everyday economic life and in war â&#x20AC;&#x201C; axes, hoes, knives, ploughshares, daggers, sickles, spears, blades and many others. In West Georgia 6 th-4th c.c.

B.C. during the existence of a major Colchian political entity, there is a peculiar structure of Colchian settlements, also there are type of burial sites and religious cults and manufactures (iron metallurgy and goldsmithery) characteristic for only Colchian culture. All the elements of material culture just listed above, clearly fits in a well-defined territorial limits corresponding to the boundaries within which ancient Colchis was placed in the geographical conception of the ancient Greeks [Lordkipanidze,O.1979].

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On the basis of the above-cited archaeological and written sources, as well as geographical data, it may be presumed that the Rioni valley was densely populated in the period under study. Judging by the archaeological material discovered in the Rioni valley, the level of economic development of the local population was high. In the period under study this was one of the developed regions in Colchis, forming a definite integral whole from the economic and geographic viewpoints. However, its political status differed at various times.

The archaeological remains, uncovered in the Rioni valley, are closely linked with synchronous remains of entire Colchis, forming an organic part of this common archaeological culture. In the period under discussion life in the Rioni valley obviously continued uninterruptedly, though characterized by varying intensity. By its natural conditions and geographic position the Rioni valley held an advantageous place in terms of communications and strategy.

The natural relief was used successfully for building living and defensive structures. In building fortified dwelling structures use was primarily made of beams, clay and occasionally stones. Archaeological investigation has shown that log structures with clay plastering were characteristically practised in the Rioni valley, as well as in entire Colchis.

In them – in terms of design and material – a definite genetic link is observable with the preceding periods of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages (see: [Apakidze, D. 1991:7-75]). The geographical environment, the geopolitical situation and economic activity created the preconditions for the rise on the territory of Western Georgia (with its centre in the Rioni valley) of the Colchian state, towards the end of the 6th cent. BC. According to the archaeological data of the middle course of the Rioni River, from the end of the 4th cent.BC qualitatively new elements coexist with ancient ones. The changes concern the burial custom (jar burials). In the subsequent centuries a new construction material – tile – appears here, pottery suffers considerable typological changes.

From the 3rd cent. BC buffer “city-states” – Dioskurias- Sukhumi, Gyenos- Ochamchire, Phasis-Poti and Kobuleti-Pichvnari – develop between Classical countries and inner Colchis in the Colchian Black Sea littoral, while the hinterland Colchis is subjected to the political and economic influence of 225

the Iberian Kingdom. The skeptuchies: Sairkhe, Kutaisi and Vani were under this influence (according to Strabo, XI, II, 18). Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, appeared on the political horizon from the end of the 2nd cent. BC, laying his hand on the coastal cities. The policy of the Iberian kingdom, under whose influence inner Colchis was, was probably changeable with respect to the Pontic kingdom, as evidenced by Georgian written sources and the recent archaeological materials (for details, see: [Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: 86-97; Gamkrelidze, G. 1989: 59-69].

Following the defeat of Mithridates VI, Colchis was invaded by Pompey, appointing Aristarchus as ruler of the country. Colchis was divided into skeptuchies (see Strabo); it was not turned into a Roman province. Historical sources say nothing about Pompey leaving part of his troops in Colchis. In the strategic respect western Colchis was of special significance for Rome.

Successful struggle for dominance in the Northern Black Sea region and in the East was impossible without complete influence on the Black Sea littoral of Colchis.

One of most interesting and important towns of Colchis was Phasis and is generally localized somewhere near the present day Poti town and adjacent to it territories (pl. III). Study of history of Phasis town has been continuing for about a century and a half but scantiness of written records and archaeological evidences makes it almost impossible to th row a light on certain problems connected with it.

Phasisi town is mentioned by the following authors: Pseudo Skylax (4th c. BC), Asia, 81. Aristotle, Fragment 46, Plato “Phedon” 109(b), Heraklides Lembos, “Phasians’ Politia” 18, Hippocrates, “About Airs, Waters and Men” 15, Theocritus, “Idyle” 13.24, Strabo, “Geography” 11. 2t.16.17. 3t.4. Pseudo Plutarch “About the Names of Rivers and Mountains...” Phasisi5.1. Gaius Plinius Secundus “Natural History” 6. 1.

13. 52, Pomponius Mela “Description of the world” 1. 108, Arrian F. “The Black Sea Periplus” 9. 10. ch 1, Claudius Ptolemaeus “Geographic Guidebook” 5. 9T. 2, Pseudo-Orpheus “Argonautica” p. 3, Themistios “Words” 27, Castorious so called Tabula Peutingeriana 10–11, Ammianus Marcellinus “History”22.8t.24, an anonimous author “Euxinus Pontus 226

Periplus ...”44(3). Zosimos“A new History”1. 32. Stephanos from Bizantium “Ethnica” Phasis(22). Agathias “About the Reign of Justinian”3. 19.20.21; 4.23.

Menander“History”fragment 3ch, Epiphanius from Constantinople “Life of Andrew” chapter – “Svaneti, Fusta, Djiketi”(58-81). Theophanes Chorography “Chorography ...” about Phasian episcope Kviros(103). Georgius Cedrenus “A Historical Review …” about Phasian episcope Kviros(28). Basil from Sophene“The List of Holy Patriarches”,27, Niketas Choniates“Chronicle” Port Phasis(132). Archangelo Lamberti “Description of Samegrelo Region” [Lamberti, A. 1938: 172]. J. Chardin “Journey in Persia and Other Oriental Countries”(258) etc.

An important and the oldest information about Phasis belongs to Pseudo-Scylax (periplus “Asia”81). The most important information about the localization of Phasis town belongs to Strabo (b etween the turn of 1 st BC – 1 st AD): “There is a town of the same name at the Phasis river. It is Colchians’ trading post surrounded with the river (Rioni), a lake (Paliastomi) and the Sea” (Strabo “Geography” 11.2.17). It is fairly apparent that the description completely coincides with the present day locality of Poti town.

Noteworthy information belongs to a high-ranking Roman official Flavius Arrian (2 nd century) to whom belongs an inspective report “The Black Sea Periplus”. F. Arrian wrote: “The fortress (Phasis) itself which accommodates four hundreds of best warriors seemed to me almost inaccessible. As to the security of the area it is very convenient for visitors. The town walls are encircled with wide double moats. There were clay walls with timber towers on them some time before but now both of them the walls and the towers are built of baked bricks. Their foundations are quite firm and there are battering machines on the walls.

In whole everything is arranged so that nobody is able to come nearer and siege the garrison stationed there. The harbor is safe for ships and so are the adjacent territories settled with retired military men and merchants.” (Arrian “Periplus …”9).

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A 4 th -century BC silver bowl inscribed in Greek (about the inscription see below) was found at Phasis which is quite frequently mentioned in Greco – Roman and Byzantine written records but the information is rather controversial because in most cases the data are taken from one and the same source. According to the traditional simplified scheme of the written records Phasis was founded at the area, anciently settled by Kartvelian (Georgian) population, by Ionian Milesians in order to contact with the locals through a trading postemporium [Inadze, M. 1982:119-124].

According to archaeological evidences Phasis has supposedly left far behind all the other Late Bronze – Early Iron period settlements such as: Namarnu, Dziguri, Siriachkoni, Okhodje, Nandevu, Sagvichio (Zurgani, Konsha), Nagmipidji, Chaladidi (Zurga, Sabazho, Chkhari), Guripuli, Naokhvamu (Reka village), Ergeta etc. [see Djibladze, L. 2001, 34- 38 and the map], adjacent to Poti and Paliastomi because it occupied a more convenient area from communication point of view (the Rioni – Phasisi river delta) and it appeared easier to become an urban centre.

Some scholars suppose that a celebrated scientist Hippocrates had himself visited the neighboring areas of the Phasisi river [Kaukhchishvili, T. 1965: 8] and included some very important pieces of information about the journey in the adjacent territories of Poti – Paliastomi in his work “About Airs, Waters and Places:” “… I tell you about people who live in Phasis;…”.“… People have dwellings built in swamps. They are built of timber and rush. People walk little. They sail up and down to town (probably to Phasis) or to emporium in their boats because there are many channels there” (Hippocrates, About Airs …15). The passage shows that people living in down stream of the Rioni – Phasisi river went to a special trading post – Phasis emporium. Hippocrates as if stresses the fact that in the area within the Phasisi river delta (i f it is Phasis town) there is the locals’ trading post and not a Greek type town – polis.

Normally concentration of trading at special areas points to the presence of a protourban centre. It seems quite possible that the goods were even distributed from the area after Greeks come there (e.g. the Antique period 228

imported pieces found at the fortress and the settlements lying along the Rioni river) which implies the birth of more or less permanently functioning market and this in its turn is one of the princip al characteristic feature of an urban settlement.

It is quite possible that a protourban centre had already existed at the estuary of the river Phasisi when Greeks first came to the area (let’s recall to our mind the Late Bronze – Early Iron period settlements), and perceived it as a town and a trading post (emporium). Greeks had come into contact with the trading settlement and in the course of time there emerged an area inhabited with them. The main reason for the contacts with the natives was either export, or local raw materials instead of imported luxury goods (fine pottery, adornments, metal ware, aromatic ointments etc) which is perfectly borne out by written records and illustrated by the archaeological evidences dating from the period after the 5th century BC. Thus coastal emporii were mutually convenient for both the locals and the foreigners. In the course of time Greek colonies established at Phasisi underwent symbiosis and transformation in the result of the contacts with the natives which in its turn were determined with the local biological, geographic and social habitats [Gamkrelidze, G. 1993:3–45].

Phasis gradually transformed into a buffer, ethnically mixed polis type town with probable rural areas around it after disintegration of the Colchis kingdom in the 3 rd century BC. In this connection there is Heraklides’(2 ndcentury BC) very important information about Phasis Politia which implies the presence of certain statehood there [Gamkrelidze, 1993:46–87].

Another information belongs to a considerably later period (5 th century) anonymous author who mentions the Caucasian Iberians in the context with Phasis in his “Periplus” and goes on: “There is a Hellenic town, so called Phasis, founded by Milesians at the mouth of the river, on the left bank of the Phasis (river) and as it is said there come together people speaking 60 different languages among which there are even Indians and Bactrians” (Arrian, Anonymous author, 3).

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But these somehow summary written records probably concern to the period after the 3rd century BC. A so called Great Greek colonization of the 8th – 7th centuries BC did not touch Phasis town.

The archaeologically traced settlements (see the list above) at the lower stream of the Rioni – Phasisi river clearly testify to this fact. There are not found any imported pieces belonging to the period of “colonization”.

As to the 6th – 5th centuries BC, the import is very little – about hundred pieces of pot shards. This is why it is early and absolutely groundless to speak about some kind of intensive Greek “colonization”. As to the written records, they enable me to suppose the presence of only a small Greek trading settlement (something like an emporium) at or within Phasis town, or in the Rioni river delta in the 5th century BC, for instance, something like a Genoese factory existing at Poti – Phasis in the 14 th – 15 th centuries. It is a very important fact that there are not observed any traces of great changes anywhere in Colchis in archaeological culture (pottery, metallurgy, architecture, ideology, burial rites etc.) during the 8 th –6 th and even the 4 th centuries BC. The natives kept living traditionally at the same territory and there is not seen any sign of Greek influence in their everyday terms.

In spite of the fact that the locality of ancient Phasis is in this or that way fixed by the Antique period written records (see Strabo, Arrian), the problem remains still unsolved because the town of the Classical and Hellenistic periods is not archaeologically traced yet though there are found the remains of the Early Byzantine period Phasis (see b elow) [Gamkrelidze, G. 1987: 97–117; Gamkrelidze, G. 2002:101].

Now I want to offer twelve different points of view about the localization of Phasis town.

1. Dubois de Montpereux considered that the Roman period Phasis lay between Chaladidi village and Poti town, namely, in the south of the latter (present day airport) he had found remains of a fortress and thought that it was Arrian’s Phasis [Montpereux, F. D. 1839: 63 –80].

2. F. Brun thought that Phasis town was in the south – east section of lake Paliastomi [Brun, F. 1880:250].

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3. N. Shafranov thought that Phasis was situated at the south side of lake Paliastomi, at the estuary of the Supsa river [Shafranov, N. 1880:3].

4. According to L. Elnitskii Phasis was at the left bank of the Rioni river estuary, approximately at the area of the present day sea port [Elnitskii, L. 1938: 319].

5. M. Berdznishvili thought that Phasis lay at the left bank of the Rioni river, near Patara (small) Poti. As to the Phasisi of Arrian’s times he agrees with Dubois de Montpereux [Berdznishvili, M. 1942: 19 – 20].

6. B. Kuftin considered that Arrian’s Phasis lay at the estuary of lake Paliastomi, at the Pichori river banks [Kuftin, K. 1950, 116].

7. According to N. Khoshtaria the ancient and the Roman – Byzantine period Phasisi was situated at the area of the modern Poti town.

8. N. Lomouri agrees with Dubois de Montpereux but thinks that it not the Phasis mentioned by Arrian, but it is the Phasis of Agathias times (6 th century AD).

9. G. Grigolia thinks that Phasis should be searched for at the east side of lake Paliastomi where the Pichori river flows into the lake [Grigolia, G. 1973: 54].

10. A palaeogeographer Dj. Djanelidze considers that Phasis town should be searched for along the Rioni river, in 6 km distance from the sea, at the territory around Patara (small) Poti and Chaladidi vil lage [Djanelidze, Dj. 1973: 5 –16].

11. Ot. Lordkipanidze and T. Mikeladze had coordinated all the existing information gleaned from the written sources and archaeological evidences and came to a conclusion that different period towns known under name of Phasis should be explored through the researches of those archaeological sites which are lying at the estuary of the Rioni river, at the territory among Kvemo (lower) Chaladidi and coastal Grigoleti and Kulevi villages [Lordkipanidze,O. Mikeladze,T. 1973: 33].

12. The next opinion belongs to me. I think that the 3 rd–7 th century Phasis is the same as “Natekhebi” settlement found in the south part of Poti town, in the west section of lake Paliastomi. I suppose that a certain part of Phasis town among Kulevi, the Rioni, Pichori and Supsa rivers 231

was often covered with water (or appeared in a swamp of peats) in the result of local geomorphologic changes and this is why the town was dislocated from one place to another at different times but so that it remained within the confines of the area just mentioned [Gamkrelidze,G. 1987: 97 –117; Gamkrelidze,G. 2002:101].

Phasis town always was one of the most important transit points of sea and river ways or land routs. Gold, iron, timber, flax, flax oil, honey, wine and later oil etc was taken abroad through the town port. The name of a bird “pheasant” so common in European languages is derived from “Phasis” and quantites of “Phasian birds” were taken to foreign countries from these areas. Importance of Phasis as a transit and trading town increased greatly in the Hellenistic and Roman periods.

A Roman commander Pompey while leaving Iberia (Caucasian) met the navy commander Servilius at Phasis. Servilius’s fleet controlled the town from the sea. Gradual increase of Roman influence over the eastern Black Sea lands resulted in stationing of their garrison at Phasis. Emperor Hadrian sent Flavius Arrian to Phasis in 134. He had inspected the readiness of the garrison, all the fortification systems and wrote an appropriate description. A Latin stamp deserves a special interest from this point of view. It probably belonged to the garrison stationed at Phasis [Shpaidel, M. 1985: 134 – 140]. There is a mention of Phasis castellum during the reign of Emperor Constantine I. A high school of rhetoric’s functioned at Phasis in the 4th century. Phasis belonged to Lazika (a new Colchis kingdom) in the 4th century. One of the crucial battles between Byzantine and Iran took place at Phasis in 542 – 562 when Byzantine – Lazika united troops defeated Iranians. There was an episcopate subject to Constantinople in the 6th – 8th centuries at Phasis.

Phasian bishop Theodore’s signature is on the resolution of the Ecumenical Counsel that took place in 553. One more Phasian bishop Kviros became Alexandrian Patriarch. A bit later there Phasis was the residence of Lazikan Metropolitan. A Genoese trading station functioned at Phasis in the 14th – 15th centuries (see the previously cited written records).

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Archaeological researches at Poti – Phasis and adjacent territories began long ago. E. Dubois de Montpereux had found remains of a fortress in the east of Poti (present day airdrome) at the site “Nadjikhuri” in 1834 and considered that it was the Phasis mentioned by Arrian. He even made a drawing of the fortress. N. Khoshtaria made surface surveys of Poti adjacencies in 1953. A team of Poti archaeological expedition of Iv. Djavakhishvili Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography investigated the neighborhoods of the town. There were made geologic boring in 1961 – 5. Later the same expedition explored Nadjikhuri site in 1969. One more expedition (director T. Mikeladze) studied archaeological problems of Phasis in 1971 – 80. Beginning from 1985 the Centre for Archaeological Sciences (Academy of Sciences of Georgia) continued expeditions at Poti. This time the Black Sea hydro archaeological expedition found the remains of a settlement dating from the 3 rd – 7 th centuries in lake Paliastomi.

The oldest artifacts have been found at Natekhebi site, in the west part of Lake Paliastomi, within clay and peats deposits. This is a profiled ring-base of a black-slip Attic container dating from the 4 th century BC and an underside of Rhodos amphora dating from the 3rd century BC. A pair of Colchian Tetri – a 2nd type didrachm and several smaller nominals (displayed at the State Museum) dating from the 5 th century BC were found at a neighboring area of Poti town (more precise topography is absent). Pot – shards identical of Sinopean pottery and dating from the 2 nd – 1 st centuries BC were found at the depth of 6 m while boring the soil at the crossroads of Pirveli Maisi and Kavkasia streets. A 4 th century BC Sinopean and Heraclea Pontica amphorae were found in the sea at Maltakva and the Supsa River.

Traces of a settlement were uncovered near Poti at Kvemo (lower) Chaladidi village (right bank of the Rioni river, 1.5 km northwards) roadside in N. Kipiani’s farm-yard. The hill occupied 1800m2 . It consisted of following layers: clay and sand mixture, yellowish clayey soil, remains of burnt structure – plastering and pieces of timber. Middle and lower layers are dating from the Late Bronze – Early Iron periods.

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The settlement yielded pots, basins, and bowls decorated with characteristic handles and bosses on them, mainly blackish in color.

Their bodies are decorated with slanting incisions of wavy, rhomb – like ornaments. There was also found a mould, a quern, a spindle-whorl, flint sickle bushes etc. Archaeological excavations were carried out at Kvemo (lower) Chaladidi village, near “Sabazho” (customs) site, in A. Beridze’s farm – yard. Unearthed settlements yielded burnt pieces of timber and plastering, pottery, a mould and bellows of a melting furnace [Mikeladze, T. 1978: 33 –40].

Another settlement “Simagre”, supposedly a rural area of Phasis town, was found in the east part of Sakorkio village. The plot belongs to P. Patsia. It is on the left bank of the Rioni river. The hill occupies an area of 3 300 m 2 and only 200 m 2 has been excavated. A lower layer (depth 60 cm) yielded timber structures. The settlement consists of several building levels. The artifacts found there are dating from the 6 th – 5 th centuries BC. The structures are rectangular, built like log cabins.

There are also found remains of hurdle fences. The excavators have managed to fix floors of the log cabins. One of them measured 112 m 2 and contained partitions. The logs were inserted in one another. There have survived six rows of log walls. The pottery of “Simagre” settlement is dating from the 6 th – 5 th centuries BC. Most of the wares are manufactured locally and typologically are similar in all the uncovered levels. At the same time they are characteristic to the 6 th – 5 th century BC Colchian artifacts: jars, clay cisterns, pots and their lids, drinking vessels, pitchers with tubular handles, tumblers, dishes, basins, cone shaped spindle-whorls, bronze knives, iron lance heads, hoes, knives, hooks, bit wears, oblonged querns, wooden deepers, cornelian and agate beads, and a gold triangular pendant decorated with a granulated meander. A group of imported pottery consists of Chios, Lesbos and Samian amphorae, Ionian table wares basins, oil-lamps and kylixes, Attic black-slip and black-figured kylixes. 5 th – 4 th century BC plastered log structures were uncovered in 9 km distance from the sea, along the left terrace of the Rioni river. There were found Colchian wares – pots, 234

tumblers, lids, jugs with tubular handles. The Hellenistic period pieces were found in the south of “Simagre” settlement. These were pot -shards of rimmed clay cisterns and Colchian amphorae, also the undersides of Sinopean amphorae [Mikeladze, M. 1978: 50 –78].

A pair of concave sided, Early Medieval, locally manufactured amphorae and rectangular bricks with two crossing grooves were found at Poti arboretum, in the north-east of the airport. Pieces of bricks and tiles, pot-shards of an amphora with corrugated exterior, Emperor Hadrian’s (117 – 138) silver didrachm minted in Caesarea town were found next to Poti airport inside a trench made in the north of Nadjikhuri site.

Remains of a cemetery and a structure built of stone, brick and lime mortar were uncovered in the north-east of Simagre settlement (distance 300m), on the left bank of the Rioni river. Bricks with crossing grooves, single-handled pitchers, mugs, two-handled pots, and basins also were found there. The pottery is made of well worked clay and baked in pale brown color. The finds are dating from the Early Medieval period.

The Early Medieval period pot-sherds (pointed saucers of clay cisterns, basins and concave sided amphorae) came to light while building a bridge across the Kaparchina river in the south-east part of Poti town, at lake Paliastomi. A corrugated amphora was found at the left estuary of lake Paliastomi (the Thkorina river). Pot-shards of the Early Medieval period came to light at the mouth of the Pichori river which also flows into lake Paliastomi. Another group of pot-shards of the same period were uncovered at “Nadjikuri” (discovered by Dubois de Montpereux), present Poti airdrome. The group consisted of bricks with crossing grooves and pot-shards of corrugated pottery. One more collection of the Early Medieval period pot-shards (of clay cisterns, corrugated amphorae etc) were unearthed in the south-west of “Nadjikhuri”, where the river Shavi flows into lake Paliastomi.

There are several artifacts bearing Greek and Latin inscriptions connected with Phasis: A silver chalice (diameter -21 cm) with swelling inwards underside. It comes from Kuban so called Zubov kurgan. The chalice is decorated with a snake’s and deer’s heads. A Greek inscription 235

runs round the rim - AΠΟLLΩΝΟΣ· НГЕМОNOΣ· ЕIMI· TOM· ΦАΣI –. “It belongs to Apollo the leader who is in Phasis”. The inscription is made in Ionian dialect of the Greek language and is palaeographically dated to the 4th century [Lordkipanidze, O. 2000: 7 – 11; Tsetskhladze, G. 1994:199 –216].

A stamped tile with Latin inscription emerged among the ruins of Tsikhisdziri castellum (now in the National Museum, Tbilisi): - VEX [illatio] FA[siana]. The tile is considered to be made for the garrison stationed at Phasis in the 2nd century [Shpaidel, M. 1985:140]. A chalice bearing a Georgian secular inscription was found at Poti, near lake Paliastomi (now at the Kutaisi Museum of History, #3788).

A special hydro archaeological exploratory expedition was organized at the Centre for Archaeological Studies (Academy of Sciences of Georgia) in 1985 (Director G. Gamkrelidze). The team had to investigate the Black Sea coastal areas of Georgia and first of all create a special hydro archaeological map of quite a large territory. Besides making the map the team had to reconsider all the existing written records, geographical and geomorphologic data and collate all of them from hydro archaeological point of view. Poti town and neighboring areas seem the most interesting and such circumstances had determined the first steps of the team. Remains of a dew stone wall was uncovered in the south part of lake Paliastomi, at the end of the Kaparchina river, at “Naeklesiari” area, but the pot shards picked there did not allow the scholars to date the site and the pieces properly.

Remains of a 3 rd – 8 th century settlement were uncovered in a distance of 0.5 km from lake Paliastomi estuary (Maltakva) at “Natekhebi” area where the lake forms a bay. As soon as we began the explorations there emerged a question – was the pottery brought by the river Rioni or were they the remains of a settlement. Further researches showed that it was a settlement according to a number of sound features: First – large quantities of pottery gathered at a certain area. Second – several amphorae vertically dug into the soil. Third – remains of a burial. Fourth – several test-pits yielded the same pottery as picked on the bottom of the 236

lake. The remains of “Natekhebi” settlement occupy an area of about 900 m2 . The bottom of the lake is covered with sand (about 300 m towards the centre), layers of clay and peats. At some of the areas the peats are covered with sand. It is not at all excluded that there may be artifacts of earlier periods beneath the clay and peats. Lake Paliastomi occupies a n area of 18 km 2 . The levels of the Black Sea and the lake are equal. The rivers flowing into the lake come from swampy areas and the deepest among them is the Pichori.

Geomorphologists believe that a lake – Laguna Paliastomi as a seaborn relic. In ancient times there was a estuary of the Rioni river [Dzvelaia, M. 1973: 25 – 33]. It seems quite natural that seafarers used the estuary as a very convenient harbor and then continued their way via Paliastomi sailing upstream the Rioni River – a very popular transit trading seaway.

Dubois de Montpereux offered an interesting interpretation of “Paliastomi”. He explained the toponym through the old Greek language – “an old estuary” – PALAIOS -STOMA. Karl Koch agreed with him [Koch, K.; Spenser, O. 1981: 173]. There are cases when some of Greek written records mentioned two words together - io // ó (liman, estuary). It is clear that the terms mentioned above have several, somehow synonymic, meanings. It is also a very interesting fact that one of the meanings of the word - óω – is a castellum.

Pottery predominates among the artefacts uncovered at “Natekhebi” settlement excavated in lake Paliastomi which together with other archaeological evidences (archaeotopographic, glass wares and metal pieces etc) help to create an impression about the life of ancient settlers of “Natekhebi” and their trade contacts. Pot-shards found in Paliastomi (“Natekhebi” settlement) may be grouped this way: – building material, container and household wares.

Building material consists of bricks and tiles. The bricks are 3 – 5 cm thick. They are of the same size as those picked at the Early Medieval period towns of west Georgia – Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava, Nokalakevi, Mtisdziri, Vashnari, Kobuleti – Pichvnari, 237

Tsikhisdziri, Gonio ets. The tiles are flat with their sides turned up (solen – like). The height of the turned up side is 3.5 – 5 cm, thickness of the tile – 1.5 – 2.5 cm. They are made of reddish-brown clay with some (limestone, quartz) inclusions. Among the shards some belong to flat imported tiles, and their clay is like Sinopean clay. Together with the bricks and tiles there were found the remains of logs and burnt plastering.

It seems quite possible that log cabins, plastered with clay and roofed with tiles, were built onto a ground floor built of bricks. Flavius Arrian noted: “Earlier the walls were made of clay with timber towers standing on them at Phasis town but now the walls and the towers both are built of bricks” [Arrian, F. 1961:40].

Amphorae container make the majority, or even the main part of the containers uncovered at “Natekhebi” settlement. These locally produced concave sided amphorae are very close to those found at Nokalakevi.

Normally such amphorae are common at the Late Antique – Early Medieval sites of west Georgia such as Gantiadi village, Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava, Mtisdziri, Tsikhisdziri, Varditsikhe, Kobuleti – Pichvnari.

Household pottery consists of basins, jugs, pots and mortaris. The pots are plain, broad-bodied and short-necked. Their rims are everted, clay is 6 – 8 mm thick, undersides are with concentric lines, diameter – 7 – 10 cm. Basins make the majority of “Natekhebi” settlement kitchen pottery. They are mostly with rounded, low sides and flat undersides.

There were also found rim and side pieces of mortaris (clay is 8 – 10 mm thick). The clay of the mortaris is brownish with limestone, mica and quartz inclusions and it means that they were produced locally. Such mortaris are common at Varditsikhe, Vani, Bichvinta, Ochamchire, Gudava, Nokalakevi, Mtisdziri etc. In addition to above mentioned household containers there were found clay cisterns with concentric, relief lines around their bodies and flat undersides. Their clay is dark brown, 16 – 19 mm thick.

A quantity of imported pottery (25%) found at “Natekhebi” settlement enables me to create a general impression about the contacts 238

between the natives and the foreigners. These are imported amphorae, red slip basins and glass wares. The clay of the amphorae is like Sinopean – it is pale grayish with a violet shade. There are also underside, side, and handle pieces of the amphorae with corrugated bodies. There are several groups of amphorae made of clay like Sinopean. Such amphorae come from Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava, Tsikhisdziri, Tsebelda etc. Reddish-brown amphorae make another group among “Natekhebi” household pottery. They are made of well-worked clay and have medium size. Similar amphorae have been found at Bichvinta, Tsikhisdziri, at the agora of Athenae. It is also possible that they are of the Mediterranean origin. The settlement yelded also semispherical undersides of corrugated amphorae with small warts on their tips. They are made of reddish -brown clay. Such undersides come from Bichvinta, Tsebelda, Sokhumi and Tsikhisdziri. There are also undersides of Samian amphorae which are common at Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Tsikhisdziri, Tsebelda, Nokalakevi and Varditsikhe. The latter is quite far from the Black Sea coastal area.

There is a group of brown-burnished amphorae container among the ones found at “Natekhebi” settlement. The clay of such vessels contains fine inclusions of mica. These amphorae have tubular necks and rollers around their rims. Their handles are horizontally attached at their rims. In form they are similar of those found in the 2 nd – 3 rd century layers of the northern Black Sea towns, but are rather infrequent at Georgian Black Sea coastal sites. There were also uncovered several pot-shards of redslip ware at the settlement. They are plain with the rims curved inwards.

Their well-worked brownish clay, with fine inclusions of mica, is baked evenly. A red slip has survived perfectly. Such wares are common in the 4 th – 5 th century layers of west Georgian sites such as: Gonio, Tsikhisdziri, Ochamchire, Sokhumi, Bichvinta, Vashnari, Nokalakevi, Kutaisi, Tsebelda, Mtisdziri etc. It is important to note that large quantities of such pottery have been found at coastal towns of the country (e.g. Sokhumi, Bichvinta etc).

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Glassware’s make one more group of containers found at the settlement. These mostly are pedestal led goblets. In addition to them there were scraps of some unidentified glass vessels and also pieces of a window pane. The glass is transparent, pale greenish though there are sky-blue pieces too. Such glass is unearthed at Tsebelda, Gudava, Mtisdziri, Sokhumi, Nokalakevi etc. Similar pedestalled goblets are dating from the 4 th – 8 th centuries and plenty of them are found at coastal settlements of the Mediterranean and Black seas. They are also found in regions far from the seas – in the Asia Minor, Caucasia and Near East.

Stemmed glass goblets come from Mtskheta, Urbnisi, Rustavi, Zhinvali, Tbilisi, Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Tsebelda, Ochamchire, Gudava, Tsikhisdziri, Vashnari, Mtisdziri, Vardistsikhe and the other Early Medieval period settlements. They differ in form and color. The ones found at coastal settlements seem comparatively similar.

There were remains of a pit tomb in the north-east underwater part of “Natekhebi” settlement. The tomb yielded a concave sided amphora with a broken rim. The amphora was lidded with an underside of another one.

The amphora contained burnt bones of poultry and a pig. An individual was next to the amphora. The pit tomb also contained a bronze pin (length 7.7 cm), three bow-shaped bronze pins with long, sharp tips (length 4.3 cm, 4.3 cm and 5.2 cm) dating from the 6th century, a rectangular, flat piece of lead, a pedestalled glass goblet (pedestal diameter 4.3 cm), a Byzantine 20 nummi copper coin with a letter “K” on the reverse, while the obverse is illegible. The coin is minted during the reign of Justinian II (565 – 578). Another copper coin of emperor Constantius II (337 – 361) was uncovered in the west part of “Natekhebi” settlement. Archaeological material of “Natekhebi” settlement is in the Poti town Site Museum storage [For more detailed information see Gamkrelidze, G. 1987,98–117; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:30–48; Gamkrelidze, G. 1990:215-219; Gamkrelidze, G.1992:101-119; Gamkrelidze, G. 1990:223-236].

At the present stage of study “Natekhebi” settlement discovered under the waters of lake Paliastomi may be dated to the 3rd – 8th 240

centuries. As to the pit tomb found there, it may belong to the 6th century. The artifacts found at the settlement point to a close par allelism to other contemporaneous sites of west Georgia (Kutaisi, Mtisdziri, Vashnari, Tsebelda etc) and especially to Bichvinta, Sokhumi, Ochamchire, Gudava and Nokalakevi. It seems fairly possible that “Natekhebi” settlement structures are the remains of the Byzantine period Phasis described by Agathias and Procopius of Caesarea as lying at the estuaries of the rivers Pichori, Shavi and Kaparchina. The town was probably dislocating because of certain geomorphologic changes [For more detailed information see Gamkrelidze 1987: 97 – 117; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: 211-216; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: 30 – 48].

The localization of Phasis town is as if strictly fixed by the authors of Greek and Latin written records – the town lay at the left bank of the Phasisi river delta and after this they mention a lake (probably Paliastomi). Such description completely coincides with the present day locality of Poti town. This is why all the scholars note that Phasis town is to be searched for at Poti and adjacent territories [see: Berdznishvili, M. 1942, 3 – 21; Grigolia, G. 1973, 36 – 55, Lordkipanidze, O. Mikeladze,T. 1973, 17 – 36; Gamkrelidze,G. 1993]. In spite of the circumstances like this Phasis of the Classical – Hellenistic periods is not yet discovered and the reason for it is a very complicated palaeogeomorphological situation existing in the area [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 5 – 16, 21 – 33; Dzvelaia, M. 1973; Djanelidze, Ch. 1980: 21 – 64]. From geomorphologic point of view Kulevi – Poti – Ureki seaside is as if a missing link in a Georgian coastal context (330 km in length). The fact of global regression and transgression of the Black Sea with regard to Phasis seems more than obscure. The problem of local dynamics of the coastal shelf remains still uncertain. Very often geomorphologists rely upon archaeologists’ information and make their own inferences according the locations of the settlements. As to me, I am sure that this problem needs an all – embracing investigation but first of all the geomorphologists should tell us what the coastal dynamics was like and where exactly the Rioni flew into the sea. They should also take into consideration global (regression 241

and transgression of the sea) and local (hill – wash or ballast brought by the rivers, also old beds of the Rioni, Pichori, Khobi and Supsa rivers swampy and peaty territories) data.

It seems preferable to use properly deciphered space photos in palaeogeomorphological investigations in order to clarify once and for ever where exactly the Phasisi – Rioni flew into the sea and how the Late Bronze – Early Iron and Antique period settlements were related with the river. Unfortunately air photos appeared absolutely useless in the case like this. It is also important to note that the Rioni river has been carrying an enormous amount of ballast since the periods mentioned above and it seems quite natural to suppose that the river delta is dislocated and vast areas are under water today.

There are series of settlements along Kulevi – Poti – Ureki coastal areas: the Late Bronze – Early Iron period ones at the estuary of Khobi river, at Kulevi village, in the north of Poti town. A 6 th – 4 th century BC one at the Tsiva river, at the estuary of the Supsa river, in the south of Poti town. Here belong “Natekhebi” settlement too which i s in lake Paliastomi, at the same Poti where a 4th century BC pot-shard of a blackslip container and a base-ring of a Rhodosian amphora (see above) was found.

It is important to note that an area of about 200 m width was covered with the sea during 1872 – 1965 [Kekelia, J. 1981: 505 – 508]. It seems so that Phasis town sank in the sea. This fact is amply illustrated. The information offered by geographers – says that a so called Phanagorian regression in the Black sea finished at approximately between the turn of BC and AD and began its transgression [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 5 – 16; 1980: 148 – 159]. In the result the level of the sea became about 3 m higher and covered all the then settlements [Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: 16].

Similar process developed in the northern [Blagovolin, N. Shcheglov, A. 1968: 15 – 27] and southern (e.g. Sinope) Black Sea lands where a certain number of the Antique period towns were covered with water.

A geomorphological situation of Poti – Grigoleti shelf is too complicated. The sea is muddy and it is extremely difficult to see 242

anything in it at the estuary of the Rioni river south ramification. The river carries silt which forms under water dunes during the storms.

Accordingly if imagine that the process has been going on for centurie s it will be easier to suppose that the remains of Phasis town are covered with the thickest layer of sand.

Good sized pot-shards of concave sided amphorae were found during hydro archaeological researches in a distance of 25 m from the beach in the sea. An early period Sinopean amphora (rim diameter - 12cm) with tubular neck (15 cm high), solid handles (ovoid in section) on the shoulder was uncovered near the Supsa river canyon in the sea. Another Heraclea Pontica amphora dating from the 4th century BC wa s found again in the sea at Maltakva.

So, collation of the present day geomorphological and topoarchaeological information enables me to conclude that the Classical and Hellenistic period Phasisi is to be searched for on the land and in the sea within the radius of approximately 12 km or more precisely in the triangle of Poti – Kulevi – Supsa and Chaladidi – Sakorkio. Because of local geomorpgological changes ie accumulation of ballast (carried by the rivers), dislocation of peats, extremely moistened soil, change of the sea level etc a part of Phasis town was probably covered with water from time to time. This is why the town was often dislocated within the confines of the just mentioned territorial triangle (see Fig.I,II,III).

References: Arrian, F. 1961: mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo, n.keWaRmaZe, Tb. Apakidze, D. 1991: Центральная колхида в эпоху бронзы-..., Тб.

Berdznishvili,M.1969: q. fazisis ist.-Tvis, Tb. Blagovolin,N. Shcheglov,A. 1968: Колебания уровня морья по данным геоморфологических исслед. в Крыму. Известия АНР, гео., №2, с.15-27.

Boltunova, A. 1979: Эллинские апоикии и местное население Колхиды. Материалы I симпозиума, Цхалтубо 1979, Тб., с. 256-274.

Brun,F.1880: Восточный берег Черного моря,Черномор. II, Одесса.

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Braund, D. 1994: Georgia in Antiquity, Clarendon press, Oxford.

Djanelidze, Ch. 1973: fasisis geograf..., Tezisebi, Tb., gv. 5.

Djibladze, L. 2001: dasavleT..., arq. kc-is Ziebani, # 8, gv. 34-38.

Dzvelaia, M. 1973: kolxeTis dablobi, Tb. Djaparidze, V. 1977: Zv. vardigora, Zeglis megobari,#46, gv.43-50.

Dundua, G. 1987: Нумизматика античной Грузии, Тб.

Djanelidze, Ch. 1980: Палеогеография Грузии в голоцене, Тб.

Elnitskii, L. 1938: Из ист. геог. Колхиды. ВДИ, № 2, с. 315-320.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zv. namosaxlarebi, Tb. Gamkrelidze, G. 1987: wyalqveSa..., saq. mecn. akad. "macne," #1, gv.98-117.

Gamkrelidze, G. 2002: kolxeTi, "logosi", Tb. Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: azo-farnavazis ist., "macne," # 3, gv. 86.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1989: miTridate..., saq.mecn.akad. "macne", #2, gv.59-69.

Gamkrelidze,G. 1993: ist.-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani, Tb. Gamkrelidze,G.2003: fasisis..., iberia-kolxeTi, #1, Tb.,gv.170-185.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, изд. АНГ Тбилиси.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1985: Экспедиция на Палеостоми, АО, Мос., с.567-569.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1990: работы в… - Материалы Vсимпозиума, Тб., с.215-219.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: Hydroarchaeology in the Georgian Republic, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, v.21, N 2, p 101-119.

Gamkrelidze, G.1998:Ein Rhyton Götterdarstellung aus der Kolchis, Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, B. 30, S.211-216.

Grigolia, G. 1973: fasisis lok..., ses. mox., 1973 gv.36-55.

Inadze, M. 1982: aRmosavleT SavizRvis. berZnuli kolonizacia, Tb. Kaukhchishvili, T. 1965: hipokrates cnobebi saq. Sesaxeb, Tb. Kaukhchishvili, T. 1957: straboni; cnobebi saqarTveloze, Tb. Kaukhchishvili, T. 1969: heraklide... ;aRmosavluri filol., Tb. Kaukhchishvili, S. 1961: georgika, I(berZnuli teqstiT), Tb. Kekelia, J. 1981: fasisis geogra. aspeqtebi, sma, moambe, #2, gv. 505.

Koch, K.; Spenser, 1981: cnobebi saq.-ze, gamo. l. mamacaSvilma, Tb. K.Ts - Kartlis Tskhovreba, hereinafter, 1955: The Life of the Georgian Kings and of their Fathers and Ancestors from the Earliest Times”; s. yauxCiSvilma),I, Tb. Kuftin, B. 1950: Материалы к арх. Колхиды, т. I., Тб.

Kvirkvelia, G. 1987: Раскопки им. Габашвили г. Кутаиси, ПАИ, с. 62 Kiguradze,N. 1976: Дапнарский могильник, Тб.

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Kacharava, D. 1991: The town of Phasis as Described in Graeco-Roman and Byzantine Literary in Sources 1–14, Tbilisi.

Lamberti, Arkandjelo 1938: lamberti arq., samegrelos, Tb. Latyshev B., 1904-1906: Scythica et Caucasica; II, St.-Petersbourg.

Lordkipanidze, O. 1977: Ванское городище, сб. Вани, III, Тб., с.159-175.

Lordkipanidze, O.; Mikeladze T. 1973: fasisis ist.-arqeologi..., sesiis Tezisebi, Tb., gv.17-36.

Lordkipanidze, O. 2000: Phasis. The river and city in Colchis, Stuttgart.

Lordkipanidze, O. 1979: Древняя Колхидa, Тбилиси, Maruashvili, L. 1970: saqarTvelos fizikuri geografia, t.II, Tb. Mikeladze, T. 1978: arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba rionze, Tb.,1978.

Micishvili, M. 1977: cixesuloris gaTxrebis Sedegebi,vaniIII,gv.43-51.

Musxelishvili, D. 1986: Некоторые проблемы критики грузинских средневековых источ., Известия АН Грузии, №3, с. 57-70.

Montpereux, Frederik Dubois 1839: Voyage autour du Caucase,v.III. Shafranov, N. 1880: Где была греческая колония Фазис,Кавказ, 71, с.3.

Spaidel, M. 1985: kavkasiis sazRvari...,saq.mecn.akad. macne, #1,gv. 134.

Tolordava, V. 1977: arq. gaTxrebi dablagomSi 1974. vaniII, gv.71-80.

Tsetskhladze, G. 1994: The Silver Phiale Mesomphalos from the Kuban, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 13, 199–216, Oxford.

Tsetskhladze, G. 1998: Die Griechen in der Kolchis, Amsterdam.

Figures: Fig. I – The Map of Classical and Early Medieval Archaeological sites of West Georgia (Colchis); Fig. II - The Map of Late Bronze- Early Iron Age Archaeological sites of Colchis; Fig. III - The Map of Classical and Early Medieval Archaeological sites In the vicinity of town Poti.

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ON THE EVOLUTION THE COLCHIAN AMPHORAE (the 4th cent. BC to the 3rd cent. AD) A study of these ties between the Greek world and Colchis (Western Georgia) are of interest not only as regards the history and Archaeology of Old Georgia, but also as regards the Greek world and its relations with the Pontus Euxinus (Black sea) seaboard. In the Hellenistic epoch, one of the commercial routes connecting East and West lay through Old Georgia. This route ran from India as far as the Caspian Sea, then through the Caucasus along the riv. Kur, across the Lixiis cedi pass, down the Black sea at the city Phasis and the stretched across the sea to the cities in Asia Minor and on the Black sea seaboard. Imported amphorae in Colchis, the eastern Black Sea area in western Georgia, emerge as commercial containers from the second half of the 6th cent. BC. Amphorae made at urban centers of the Black and Mediterranean Seas are attested here [Puturidze, R. 1976:79-90].

The manufacture of local â&#x20AC;&#x153;Colchian amphoraeâ&#x20AC;? (resp. brown-clay) began from the second half of the 4th cent. BC. By this period, Colchian amphorae resemble their Sinopean counterparts. In the numerous archaeological finds of Colchian amphorae of western Georgia, different typological variants are noticeable in terms of form, capacity and clay.

[Puturidze, R. 2003:98-109; Puturidze, R. 1977:68-71; Lordkipanidze, O. 1966:137-140; Kakhidze, A. 1971:55-63; Lordkipanidze, G. 1970:81-82; Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: 69-98; Brashinski, I. 1980:pl. XXIII; Vnukov, S. Tsetskhladze, G. 1991:170-185; Khalvashi, M. 2002:10-20, and others]. There is a difference chronologically as well. Colchian amphorae appear to have been manufactured at many sites on the territory of western Georgia.

Amphorae of local production from the second half of the 4th cent. BC to the 8rd cent. AD were made subsequently too with various modifications (Fig.IV).

In 1950 archaeologist B. Kuftin was the first who put forward an idea about the possibility of producing amphorae in West Georgia (Colchis).

Archaeologist R. Puturidze was the first who began studying of amphorae. R. Puturidze had treated the Late Classical and Hellenistic period concave sided amphorae and regarded them as manufactured in 249

Colchis. In 1959 R. Puturidze had gained herself at the archaeological sites and Georgia’s museums and paid a special attention to the concave sided amphorae from the Kutaisi, Poti and Vani museums.

I. Zeest, speaking about Bosphorus’ ceramic container had singled out one group among the Hellenistic period amphorae and called them “brown clay amphorae” produced somewhere in the southern Black Sea lands. O. Lordkipanidze orally stated opinion and wrote that the Hellenistic period brown clay amphorae were pottered in Colchis. A. Kakhidze too had agreed with the opinion and divided Pichvnari amphorae of this type into two groups: Colchian comparatively high amphorae of brown clay with cylindrical ring-bases and Colchian shorter ones with button-like ring-bases. O. Lordkipanidze believed that the Colchian origin of brown clay amphorae has been borne out by not only their wide distribution in Colchis or with close similarity of the local clay used for manufacturing of native pottery but also by the signs made on them before baking which are like those made on Colchian pithoi. I. Zeest agreed with Georgian archaeologists about the possibility of producing brown clay amphorae in Colchis and stressed how important it was to localize the manufacturing centre. G.Tsetskhladze had made numbers of petrographic analyses and contributed to the study of the problem. He has published a number of his own papers and some more in co -authorship with other scholars. He has rendered great services to the problem of dating of Colchian amphorae found in the northern Black Sea lands. He had singled them out and then dated them properly.

Find of burning kilns together with pot shreds of brown clay amphorae, other pottery and tiles around them once again proved that amphorae were made in Colchis not only in the Hellenistic period but even later and they had various forms and shapes, even more, they were produced at many Colchian sites. Excavations of Vani town were exclusively productive and important from the point of view of Colchian amphorae, which made it easier to date them better according to their find spots and accompanying artifacts. Most of them had completely been restored. In the result we have got a full picture of alterations in their 250

forms and shapes beginning from the later half of the 4th century BC and until the 1st century BC when the town was perished. Many dozens of shreds of Colchian amphorae were found in the suburb of Vani town.

Native amphorae dating from the 2nd â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1st centuries BC are found in abundance at Vani town that enables me to suppose that they had almost completely displaced other kinds of such vessels. They had been found in the ruins of the town and many of them were even restored. It appeared that they slightly differ from one another that make it possible to suppose that either they were made at different local workshops, or they were made by different potters. Signs engraved on unbaked surfaces of necks, handles and seldom on bodies of these amphorae (but not on all of them) first appeared in the Late Hellenistic period. About 40 different signs made on the amphorae have been found at Vani town.

In general, typological-chronologically, Colchian Amphorae present the following picture: Colchian Amphorae of the second half of the 4 th cent. BC to the first half of the 3rd cent. BC resemble Sinopean ones; however, the surface of the clay is coarser, and the color brownish. Light-brownish specimens also occur. The body of local, Colchian Amphorae is egg-shaped, close to cylindrical; the handles are equally curved and oval in section (Fig.I, fig. 1-4).

Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd cent.-1st cent. BC develop a concavity in the belly; the neck is cylindrical and comparatively short; clay on the surface is coarse and of brownish hue; light-brown specimens also occur (pl.II, fig.2-4).

In general, one of the principal characteristics of Colchian Amphorae is a spiral at the bottom (Fig.III), the so-called rosette-like in some researchersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; terminology. Such spirals are not characteristic of foreign Amphorae. The clay structure of Colchian Amphorae is nappy-porous. The clay contains whitish and blackish small-fragment specks. Admixtures occur of diabase and basalt; pyroxenites, quartz, mica, iron (III) hydroxide, etc. Mineralogical-petrographic analysis of the clay has been carried out, demonstrating its identity with local, Colchian clays of different regions [see Morchadze, T. 1979:81; Poporadze, U. Paradashvili, I. Akhvlediani, D. Gasitashvili, A. 2006: 220-224].

Some specimens of Colchian Amphorae of the 2 nd-1st cent. BC bear signs (e. g. see Fig.V, fig. 2). Perhaps they were made by the potter to indicate the 251

capacity of the vessel or the number of specimens made. The signs on Colchian Amphorae resemble those made on locally made wine pithoi and tiles. It should be noted also that in one local amphora, brought to light at Vani, the surface is treated in the same way as local wine pithoi – horizontal bands or vertical lines [Puturidze, R. 1977:68-69]. Kilns for firing pottery have been discovered in Colchis, where fragments of amphorae have been attested along with those of other types of ceramic wares. A kiln of this type has been found near the village of Gvandra (Abkhazia), dating from the 3rd cent. BC. A similar kiln came to light on the “Red Beacon” settlement site near Sukhumi. Remains of a kiln have been studied on a settlement site south-west of v. Gulripshi.

Colchian amphorae of the 2nd cent. BC and 1st cent. BC have a special spiral at the bottom. The cylindrical foot assumes mushroom-like rounded shape and the end is thickened. The walls of Colchian amphorae of this period are relatively thin. Some scholars even call it button-like. The body of the amphora has more concavity; scholars believe that this concavity is connected with transportation on land. The concavity would easier hold the rope and it would be easier to load it on a horse or ass. The capacity of Colchian amphorae ranges from 13 to 22 liters.

Amphorae with ribbed neck and concave body of the 2 nd-3rd cent. AD must be a continuation of the subsequent period of Colchian amphorae of the 2nd-1st cent. BC; they have an elongated body, almost equally curved handles and a spiral at the bottom. Their walls are relatively thinner, and they have a rib on the neck, at the place of attachment of the handles. Amphorae of this type have been found at Bichvinta, Sukhumi, Eshera, Tsebelda, Poti (Paliastomi), Ureki, Kobuleti Pichvnari, Tsikhisdziri, Gonio, etc (Fig.IV, 3); [Khalvashi, M. 2002:10-20].

From the 3rd-4th cent. AD a new type of Colchian amphora with concave body and spiral at the bottom develop. The handles of these amphorae are sharply curved in the upper part, and the body is narrower and elongated.

Some specimens have low corrugation on the body. The handles lose its oval shape in section, becoming flatter (Fig.IV, 4). Colchian amphorae have been discovered in large numbers on settlement sites of the 2nd-1st cent. BC all over the territory of historical Colchis. There is almost no former settlement 252

site here with such amphorae not coming to light. It is almost unanimously acknowledged in the specialist literature that these amphorae are of local, Colchian, manufacture. Colchian Amphorae are attested at the following points: Eshera, Sukhumi, Ochamchire, the River Inguri valley, the area adjoining Poti, v. Ureki, the interfluve of the Supsa-Natanebi, v. Tsikhisdziri, Pichvnari near Kobuleti, v. Makhvilauri, Batumi, v. Gonio, v. Bukistsikhe, v.

Gurianta, v. Dapnari, v. Dablagomi, v. Mtisdziri, the environs of Kutaisi, v.

Sagvichio, Vani and its environs, and others. Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd-1st cent. BC have come to light at various settlement sites of the northern Black Sea area, namely Gorgippia, , Cyteus, Cepoi, Naples (Scythian), Chersonesus, Donuzlav, Belyaus, Karatobe, Cercinitides, etc [Vnukov, S. Tsetskhladze, G. 1991:170-185].

A high relief stamp is fixed on the upper part of the handle of the Colchian amphora discovered in the lower layer of “Natekhebi”(in Poti). The handle is of oval section; the clay brownish, with whitish and blackish noticeable in it; the surface is coarse-nappy-porous. The stamp is circular (diam.: 1.9 cm), with an equal-beam cross in it; the stamp is an epigraphic; the cross is slanted in relation to the handle (Fig.V, fig. 1).

Until quite recently, circular stamped Colchian amphorae were unknown to scholarship. At present cross stamps placed within a circle have been brought to light, resembling one another: from Poti, Pichvnari-Choloki, former city site of Vani. To date nine specimens are known in all. One piece is attested by oral communication. The stamps of this type are attested on a wine jar of local production. A cross placed within a circle may have been a sign of a prominent person of authority of some urban settlement or region of Colchis.

The product of the ceramic workshops under him was branded with such an emblem. “Vani”, “Kobuleti-Pichvnari” or Phasis may have been such an urban centre. The raw material and manufacture of Colchis were exported onto the international market via the city of Phasis. It is not ruled out that these brands belonged to a king’s official who was charged with control of the manufacture of amphora-containers and was responsible for the quality of the commodities to be transported in them. Bearing in mind the well-known brands of 3rd cent. BC Colchian amphorae from Dioscurias-Eshera, with the 253

name of the city inscribed [see Puturidze, R., 2003; pl. I, 2], then a brand with a cross may be taken for an emblem of some other city, e. g. the trading city of Phasis. This city was an important trade centre [Lordkipanidze, O. 2000; Gamkrelidze, G. 2003:170-185; Braund, D. 1994:102-103; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:6-29, and others], (Fig.I). It is mentioned by the following authors: pseudo-Scylax (4th cent. BC), Aristotle , Plato, Heraclides Zembos, Hipocrates, Theocritus, Strabo, pseudo-Plutarch, Pliny, Gaius Secundus (Elder), Pomponius Mela, Flavius Arrian, Plutarch, Claudius Ptolemaios, pseudoOrpheus, Themistios, Castorius, Ammianus Marcellius, Zosimus, Stephanus Byzantinus, Agathias, Theophanes the Chronograph, George Cedrenus, and others [see Gamkrelidze G. 2003:170-173].

The city of Phasis was one of the principal points of the sea and river transit commercial route of Asia-Europe. Through the city of Phasis iron, timber, flax, linseed oil, honey, wax, wine, etc. were exported abroad [Lordkipanidze, O. 1966:117-120; Gamkrelidze, G. 1992:6-18].

Thus, on the basis of the recent archaeological evidence discovered in Western Georgia or Colchis, as well as by recourse to and consideration of other artifacts we may conclude that from the second half of the 4 th-to the 2nd cent. BC inclusive amphorae were made in Colchis, on which proprietary, trade brands were stamped, as was the practice in Mediterranean and Black Sea urban centre. I believe these stamps constitute the proprietary (legal) emblem of an urban centre (e.g. Phasis) of Colchis or of some person of advanced position who was in control of the manufacture of amphorae and assumed responsibility for the quality of the products, exported in these commercial vessels (containers). This, in its turn points to the higher level of development of the Colchian society of the period and to the quality of its integration in advanced urban centre of the Mediterranean and Black Seas.

References: Brashinski, I. 1980: Греческий керамический импорт на нижнем Дону, Лен.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1982: centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi, Tb. Gamkrelidze, G. 2003: q. fasisis... , - iberia-kolxeTi,#1, gv. 170-185.

Gamkrelidze, G. 1992: К археологии долины Фасиса, Тб.

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Gigolashvili, E.; Kacharava, D.; Puturidze, R.; 1979: vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze 1970-1977. arq. masalis katalogi, vaniIV, Tb., gv.41-114.

Kakhidze, A. 1971: keramikuli tara fiWvnaridan, kreb. samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi, II, Tb., gv. 28- 66.

Khalvashi, M. 2002: keramikuli tara goniodan, baTumi.

Lordkipanidze, M. 1975: kolxeTis V- III ss. sabeWdavi-beWdebi, Tb. Lordkipanidze, O. 1966: antikuri samyaro da Zveli kolxeTi, Tb. Lordkipanidze, G. 1970: К истории древней Колхиды, Тб.

Monakhov, S. 1999: Греческие амфоры в Причерноморье, изд. СУ, Саратов.

Morchadze, T. 1979: morCaZe T. Sida qarTlis keramika, Tb. Poporadze, N.; Paradashvili, I.;...2006: keramikis mineralogiuri-petrografiuli kvleva _akc-s, Ziebani # 17-18, gv. 220-224.

Puturidze, R. 2003: amforebis warmoeba kolxeTSi - iberia-kolxeTi,#1, 98.

Puturidze, R. 1977: Колхидские амфоры из Вани, - КсИА, №151, Мос., с. 68- 71.

Vashakidze, N. 1971: gurianTis..., kreb. samxreT-das. saq. Zeglebi,II,gv.5- 27.

Vnukov, S.; Tsetskhladze, G. 1991: Колхидские амфоры Северо-Западного Крыма.

- сб. Памаятники железного века в окрестностях Евпатории, изд. Мос. университета, с. 170-185.

Figures: Fig. I - 1-4 Colchian Amphorae from Kobuleti – Pitchvnari settlement; Fig. II - 1,2, 4 - Colchian Amphorae from Vani; 3 - Colchian Amphora from Grigoleti settlement; 5 - Colchian Amphora from Poti Natekhebi settlement; Fig. III - Bases of Colchian Amphorae from the Hellenistic period settlements of West Georgia; Fig. IV – 1. Colchian Amphorae of the 3rd c. BC.; 2. Colchian Amphorae of the 2nd -1st cc. BC.; 3. Colchian Amphorae of the 1st – 3rd cc. AD.; 4. Colchian Amphorae of the 4 th -8th cc. AD.; Fig. V – 1. Stamped handles of Colchian Amphorae of the Hellenistic period; 2. The inscriptions on the Colchian Amphorae of the Hellenistic period.

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SemoklebaTa ganmarteba bamS – baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis Sromebi iberia-kolxeTi – saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000772/. macne – saqarTvelos mecn. akademiis sazogadoebriv mecn. ganyofilebis Jurnali mska – masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis arqeologiisaTvis mski – masalebi saqarTvelos da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis sdsZ – samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebi smam – saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe ssmm – saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi – saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oT. lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centris gamocema (yofili akc-s Jur.) Zm – Zeglis megobari АГСП – Античные государства Северного Причерномория ВДИ – Вестник древней истории КСИА – Краткие сообщения института археологии МИА – Материалы и исследования по археологии СССР ПАК – Проблемы античной культуры СА – Советская археология САИ – Свод археологических источников САНГ – Сообщения Академии наук Грузии AJA – American Journal of Archeology AS – Anatolian studies BSA – The annual of Ahe British school of Athens

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About the author gela gamyreliZe. ist. mecn. doqtori, prof. saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mTavari mecnier-TanamSromeli. amave muzeumis arqeologiis centris samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare. Jurnal “iberia-kolxeTis’’ mT. redaqtori. 1997-2006ww.-Si antikuri periodis arqeologiis ganyofilebis xelmZRvaneli. daibada 7.01. 1951w.

TbilisSi. daamTavra Tsu-s ist. fakulteti. 1979w. daicva i.m. kandidatis, xolo 1990w. ist. mecn. doqtoris xarisxi. monawileobda vanis, mTisZiris, foTis, biWvinTis, quTaisis, TeTriwyaros, vales da sxv. arqeologiur eqspediciebSi. 19972001ww.-Si aSS-s teqsasis Statis universitetis arqeologiis institutTan saerTaSoriso arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvaneli saqarTvelos zRvispireTS. ikvlevs antikuri xanis da adreuli Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriaarqeologias. kerZod, arqeologiuri Zeglebis statistikur-tipologiur klasifikacias; urTierTobebs antikur da iranul samyarosTan; Zveli saqarTvelos istoriaze biogeogaremos gavlenas; samxedro istorias (SeiaraRebas, fortifikacias). CamoTvlil problematikaze gamoqveynebuli aqvs 96 naSromi, aqedan 12 wigni.ix. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/. *** GELA GAMKRELIDZE, Doctor of historical sciences, Prof., Leading scientist of the Centre of Archaeology of Georgian National Museum. He is the editor-in-chief of the Journal Iberia– Colchis (Researches of Georgia in the Classical period); see - http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll /0001/000772/. He was born in Tbilisi in 7.01.1951. In 1973 he graduated Tbilisi state university.

In 1979 he defended Ph.D. thesis and in 1990 DHS dissertation. He participated in Vani, Mtisdziri, Poti, Namakhvami, Vale and other archeological expeditions. In 1979 he explored terms of Mtisdziri settlement. He has discovered the settlement near city Poti-Phasis. He has been studying issues related to the history and archeology of the Georgian Classical period and early middle ages. In particular, relationship of Iberia and Colchis with Greek, Roman and Iranian world; typological classification and topographical archeology of settlements; influence of bio-geo environment on the process of historical development of community in Georgia; the military history of Iberia-Colchis (armament and fortification). He has published 12 books and 89 scientific essays dedicated to the above-mentioned problems. He is an authority on the history and archeology of Georgian Classical period and early middle ages. seehttp://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0001/000499/.& http://www.nplg.gov.ge/bios/en/00000291/.

Address: Centre of Archaeology of Georgian National Museum.

14, D. Uznadze str. Tbillisi, 0102, GEORGIA. e-mail: gamkr.gela@gmail.com.

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