კავკასიის არქეოლოგიის საკითხები / Problems of the Archaeology of Caucasus by Georgian National Museum

kavkasiis arqeologiis sakiTxebi

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi

siZveleTa dacvisa da Seswavlis centri `TrialeTi~

Tbilisi 2021

krebuli eZRvneba istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor gela gamyreliZis dabadebidan 70-e wlis iubiles. saredaqcio kolegia da avtorebi ulocaven baton gelas saiubileo TariRs da warmatebas usurveben.

mT. redaqtori goderZi narimaniSvili

redaqtorebi: zurab bragvaZe marine kvaWaZe nino SanSaSvili vaxtang SatberaSvili

siZveleTa dacvisa da Seswavlis centri - TrialeTi

Sinaarsi gela gamyreliZe - narimaniSvili g., kvaWaZe m., SanSaSvili n............................... 7 gela gamyreliZe 70 - bragvaZe z. .................................................................................... 12 gela gamyreliZis naSromebi....................................................................................................18 statiebi Akhundov T. I. Ethnical Traditions of the Mugan steppe in the 5th – 3rd Millennia BC.........................................................................................26 Ахундов Т. И. Этнотрадиции Муганской степи в V-III тыс. до н.э..................35 Бадалян Р., Арутюнян А. Куро-араксское поселение Гехарот (Некоторые результаты раскопок 2013 – 2015 гг.).............................................45 Badalyan R., Harutyunyan A. Excavations of the Early Bronze Age layer at Gegharot settlement (2013 - 2015)..........................................................................54 Narimanishvili G., Shanshashvili N. House and Household in South Georgian Highlands (Trialeti) in 5th – 4th cc. B.C......................................66 narimaniSvili g., SanSaSvili n. saxli da saxl-kari Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (TrialeTi).................................................................................................................73 Narimanishvili G., Kvatchadze M., Poporadze N., Seskuria O. White beads of Trialeti Bronze Age ........................................................................92 narimaniSvili g., kvaWaZe m., foforaZe n., seskuria ol. TrialeTis brinjaos xanis TeTri feris mZivebi.....................................................96 bragvaZe z. sairxis skeptuxia.............................................................................................107 Bragvadze Z. Sairkhe’s Skeptukhia.......................................................................115 gagoSiZe d. brinjaos patera dedoflis goris sasaxlidan............................119 Gagoshidze D. Bronze Patera from the Palace of Dedoplis Gora. ......................123 gogoWuri g., SatberaSvili v. moxatuli keramikaN norios namosaxlaridan...........................................................................................................128 Gogochuri G., Shatberashvili V. Painted Pottery from Norio Settelment....................................................................................................135 TamazaSvili q. liTonis nivTebis gamosaxulebebi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze............................................................................ 146 Tamazashvili K. Images of Metal Objects on Kura-Araxes Culture Ceramic Ware.................................................................149

kaWarava d. brinjaos WurWeli vanisN#24 samarxidan........................................ 155 Kacharava D. Bronze Vessels from Grave N 24 in Vani.......................................160 kaxiZe a., kaxiZe e. fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV s. berZnuli nekropolisis bolodroindeli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi.......................................................................167 Kakhidze A., Kakhidze E. Results of Recent Researches at the Pichvnari 4th century BC Greek necropolis..................................................179 mindiaSvili g. leCxumis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis. ................................187 Mindiashvili G. For the Archaeological Study of Lechkhumi.............................194 mindoraSvili d., murvaniZe b., gogoWuri g. arqeologiuri Ziebani marneulis municipalitetSi................................................................................................203 Mindorashvili D., Murvanidze B., Gogochuri G. Archaeological Searches in Marneuli Municipality.......................................................................................211 nikolaiSvili v. dedaqalaqobisdroindeli `didi mcxeTa~.............................. 228 Nikolaishvili V. Great Mtskheta - Ancient Capital................................................235 patariZe m., miqelaZe d. aristarxe mmarTveli kolxeTisa................................ 238 Pataridze M., Mikeladze D. Aristarchus, the Ruler of Colchis (numismatic research)............................................................................................249 fircxalava m. winareantikuri xanis kolxuri keramikis erTi jgufi vanis naqalaqaridan......................................................................................259 Pirtskhalava M. The Set of the Pre-ancient Colchian Pottery from the Vani Archaeological Site.........................................................................257 fuTuriZe m. TrialeTis kultura – cvlilebebi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze da misi mizezebi......................................................164 Puturidze M. The Trialeti Culture – Changeovers at the Turn of the III - II Millenniums BC................................................................................278 SanSaSvili n. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis kvlevis problemebi......................284 Shanshashvili N. Problems of Study of the Kura-Araxes Culture........................ 293 jalabaZe m. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi gadaWril goraze - Sedegebi da perspeqtiva..............................................................................................................................302 Jalabadze M. Archaeological excavations at Gadachrili Gora – results and perspective........................................................306 jiblaZe l., CxartiSvili n. brinjaos anTropomorfuli figura muxranidan...................................................................................................................... 318 Jibladze L., Chkartishvili N. Bronze Anthropological Figurine from Mukhrani Village...................................................................................................322

gela gamyreliZe rTulia srulyofilad Seafaso adamianis mier ganvlili gza. amocana ufro rTuldeba rodesac gamorCeul adamianze wer, adamianze romlis interesebis sfero didia, Tvalsawieri ki farTo. gela gamyreliZem profesiuli arCevani istoriis dargs daukavSira. man erudicia da ganaTleba saqarTvelos ucnobi, an naklebad Seswavlili istoriis kvlevas moaxmara da araerTi mniSvnelovani gamokvlevis avtoric gaxda. istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, profesor gela gamyreliZis samecniero moRvaweobaze, miRweul warmatebebze, naSromebi da mis mier ganxorcielebuli proeqtebi miuTiTeben. Cven sxva kuTxiT gvsurs gagacnoT is.

dauRalavma da mousvenarma bunebam, Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli axalgazrda gela gamyreliZe mTebze aiyvana. RmerTebTan axlos misvlis survili iyo es, Tu dedamiwis Rrublebidan danaxvis wadili, dRemde CvenTvis gamocanad rCeba. erTi cxadia, rom alpinizmma mis cxovrebaSi didi roli iTamaSa – mravali adamianis erT gundad moqmedebis princi pi misi cxovrebis Tanamgzavri gaxda, rac mis samecniero muSaobaSic aisaxa. gela gamyreliZe saTaveSi edga or did proeqts, romelTa ganxorcielebas mravali mecnieris

Sewonasworebulma Sromam Seuwyo xeli. Sedegad momzadda da gamoica Sesa niSnavi krebulebi `qarTlis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni~ da `saqarTvelos arqeologiis narkvevebi (Zv.w. V – ax.w. V saukuneebSi)~.

Tanadgomasa da urTierTndobaze iyo damyarebuli misi meore gataceba – wyalqveSa arqeologia. sruliad axalgazrda gela gamyreliZem mTis mwvervalebidan zRvis siRrmeebs miapyro mzera. legendaruli fazisis Ziebam Savi zRvisa da paliastomis tbis fskerze Caiyvana. man araerTi eqspedicia moawyo, da didi energiac Sealia, antikuri xanis kolxeTis umniSvnelovanesi qalaqis moZiebas.…Znelia rodesac moqmedebaSi xar SezRuduli – jer komunisturi karCaketiloba, Semdeg ki Raribi qveynis moqalaqeoba geRobeba win. adamianis SesaZleblobebs da ideebs ar, an ver miyveba xan ideologia, xanac materialuri baza. gela gamyreliZem mTeli cxovreba miuZRvna saqarTvelos warsulis kvlevas. swored samSoblosadmi usazRvro siyvarulma miiyvana gela gamyreliZe

erovnul moZraobaSi. samSoblos siyvaruli ki mSoblebis eTer arjevaniZis da aleqsandre gamyreliZisagan daebeda. qveynis damoukidebloba, demokrati uli ganviTareba da eris keTildReoba iyo is mizani, romelic gela gamyreliZes amoZravebda. igi erovnul moZraobaSi Tavdauzogavad moqmedebda da erovnul suliskveTebas arasodes Ralatobda.

arqeologis baris, savele angariSebis da samecniero statiebis miRma xSirad imaleba romantiuli da Tavgadasavlebis moyvaruli da, kargi gagebiT, avantiuristuli suli. uSiSari raindis vaJi, alpinisti da wyalqveS CaZiruli uZvelesi qalaqebis maZiebeli, romantikosi da skrupulozuri mecnieri, saqarTvelos uZvelesi warsulis mkvlevari da samSobloze Seyvarebuli, is, 1989 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZolebis rigebSi idga. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan ufro kargad Cans is warmatebebi Tu lafsusebi, rac Cven gvqonda erovnuli moZraobis dros. Tumca, 80-iani wlebis miwuruls eris winaSe dasmuli mTavari amocana warmatebiT davZ lieT – samSoblos damoukidebloba mopovebul iqna. miuxedvad imisa, rom Semdeg iyo mZime omebi, samoqalaqo dapirispireba da samoqalaqao omi, gvyavda da gvyavs uZlieresi, ucbieresi da kacTmoZule `didi~ mezobeli, qveynis damoukidebloba SenarCunebuli iqna. imperia mainc ver aRudga win verc Cvens da verc Tavisuflebis moyvare sxva erebs, de-

mokratiuli ganviTarebis gzaze. am Seuqcevad procesSi Tavisi mokrZalebuli wvlili gela gamyreliZemac Seitana. gela gamyreliZem daarsa da dRemde redaqtorobs Jurnals, romelsac man simbolurad `iberia-kolxeTi~ uwoda. codnis da gamocdilebis gaziareba arasdros ezareba baton gelas. gansakuTrebulia misi damokidebuleba axalgazrda Taobis mimarT. Savi zRvis aRelvebul talRebsac SeeWida ori mozardis gadarCenis mizniT da gamarjvebulic gamovida. SemdegSi iyo saxelmZRvaneloebi da popularuli naSromebi, magram gamorCeulad mainc popularuli Jurnalis - `aia~ - gamocemis dawyeba unda gamovarCioT, romelic uSualod mozard Taobaze iyo gaTvlili. gela gamyreliZis naSromebi qarTveli eris istoriisa da kulturis Seswavlas eZRvneba. mniSvnelovania misi naSromebi, romlebic qarTveli eris damoukideblobisa da TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas exeba. bevri ram SeiZleba iTqvas gela gamyreliZis samecniero naSromebis mniSvnelobaze. Tumca, erTi ram xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, is rom qveynis erTianobis idea yovelTvis gasdevs mis yvela statiasa Tu monografias. saqarTvelos istorias batoni gela msoflio istoriis fonze ganixilavs yovelTvis da es iyo da aris mizezi imisa, rom igi bevrs mogzaurobs im qveynebSi, romelTa istoria ase Tu ise saqarTvelosTan iyo dakavSirebuli.

ar SeiZleba ori sityva ar vTqvaT mis ojaxze, SesaniSnav da lamaz qalbaton naTela jabuaze, romelic ganuyreli gverdSi dgomiT aZlierebs da amxnevebs gela gamyreliZes. Svilebi sandro da quji misi ocnebis gmirebi arian, SviliSvilebi lizu da niko ki, gela gamyreliZis sicocxles axangrZliveben da siZlieres mateben. kidev didxans sicocxle da araerTi warmateba batono gela. momaval, saiubileo Sexvedramde. goderZi narimaniSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori. marine kvaWaZe, istoriis doqtori. nino SanSaSvili, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati.

gela gamyreliZe 70 cnobil qarTvel mecniers, istorikoss da arqeologs gela gamyreliZes 70 weli Seusrulda. 70 weli sakmarisi droa imisTvis, raTa Sefasdes adamianis mier ganvlili cxovrebiseuli gza da saTando faqtebis damowmebiT dadgindes, ramdenad swored icxovra adamianma da ra Semata im saqmes, risTvisac xeli moukidebia. jer kidev Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi swavlis periodidan gela gamyreliZem or sayvarel saqmianobas miuZRvna sakuTari cxovreba. esenia alpinizmi da arqeologia. miuxedavad imisa, rom mis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli kavkasionisa da pamiris ramdenime mwvervalze asvla, ufro mniSvnelovani simaRleebi mecnierebaSi daipyro. rodesac adamiani alpinizmiT da arqeologiiT xar gatacebuli, e.i. Tavgadasavlebs eZeb da cdilob sainteresod icxovro. da Tu am yvelafers mogzaurobisadmi dauokebeli survilic emateba, ganvli li 70 wliT ukmayofilo namdvilad ar unda iyo da SegiZlia Tamamad Tqva, rom sainteresod gicxovria. miT umetes, rodesac gverds gimSvenebs mosiyvarule ojaxi, saTno meuRle, vaJkaci Svilebi da babuze Seyvarebuli SviliSvilebi. Tu am yvelafers megobrebis siyvaruls da kolegebis pativiscemas daamateb, meti raRa ginda kacs sruli bednierebisaTvis.

gela gamyreliZe iyo didi arqeologis, akademikos oTar lorTqifaniZis erT-erTi pirveli aspiranti da misi xelmZRvanelobiT sakmaod adreul asakSi daicva sakandidato disertacia da pirveli monografiac sakmaod axalgzrdam gamosca. am wigns, „centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi“, romelic Soreul 1982 wels gamoqveynda, dRemde ar daukargavs mecnieruli Rirebuleba da samagido naSromia yvelasTvis, vinc ikvlevs kolxeTis istorias da arqeologias. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, mis mier gaTxrili da Seswavlili Zeglis, mTisZiris Sedegebis analizis mniSvneloba vanis qveynisa da zogadad, kolxeTis istoriisTvis. Semdeg iyo fazisis saZiebo samuSaoebi da im drois qarTuli arqeologiuri sinamdvilisTvis namdvili garRveva da sruli nou hau - wyalqveSa gaTxrebi Savi zRvis Selfsa da paliatomis tbaSi. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom gela gamyreliZe gvevlineba saqarTveloSi wyalqveSa arqeologiis erT-erT pionerad da isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom mis Semdeg am saqmes, erT an or SemTxvevas Tu ar CavTvliT, TiTqmis aravin gahyolia. man didi dro Sealia fazisis Ziebas da am Temaze ramdenime sayuradRebo naSromic Seqmna. baqos navTobis („medeas zeTi“) antikur samyaroSi transportireba fazisis gavliT rom xdeboda, esec pirvelma man daasabuTa. vanis eqspediciaSi miRebul did gamocdilebas, ra Tqma unda, ukvalod ar Cauvlia. akademikos oTar lorTqifaniZis mier Seqmnili vanis arqeologiuri skola gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli akademizmiTa da saqmisadmi maRalprofesiuli damokidebulebiT. swored akademizmi da maRali profesionalizmi gamoarCevs gela gamyreliZis samecniero naSromebs. misi yvela (TiTqmis!)

statia Tu monografia wakiTxuli maqvs da Tamamad SemiZlia vTqva, rom yvelaze rTul samecniero problemebze dawerili misi naSromebic ki saocrad advilad ikiTxeba da grZnob, rom kargi qarTuli eniT dawerils kiTxulob,, rac dasamali araa da arc Tu xSiri movlenaa Cven saqmeSi. kacma rom Tqvas, cnobili filologis, aleqsandre gamyreliZis Svilisgan naklebsac ar unda elode, radgan ginda Tu ara, genetika mainc Tavisas Svreba. qarTuli arqeologiis istoriasac gela gamyreliZem miuZRvna ramdenime gamoklvleva. „qarTuli arqeologiis kvaldakval“ albaT yvela qarTvelma arqeologma unda waikiTxos, radgan igi Seicavs did informacias saqarTveloSi arqeologiis Casaxva-ganviTarebis Sesaxeb da imas warmoaCens, rasac mivaRwieT istoriis manZilze. es wigni Taviseburi samadlobelia yvela im adamianis mimarT, vinc CvenSi idga arqeologiis saTaveebTan da vinc safuZveli Cauyara erovnul profesiul arqeologias. gela gamyreliZem gansakuTrebuli amagi dasdo kolxeTis arqeologiis Seswavlas. misi wignebi „kolxeTi“ da „kolxologiuri narkvevebi“ warmoa-

dgens naTqvamis mkafio dasturs. kolxeTis paralelurad misi yuradRebis miRma ar darCenila iberiis istoriisa da arqeologiis problemebi. Zalze mniSvnelovania misi kvlevebi, romlebic Seexeba romisa da iberia-kolxeTis samxedro-politikuri urTierTobebis sakiTxebs da zogierTi maTgani sruliad axleburad aris gaazrebuli. am bolo wlebSi gamoqveynebuli naSromebidan udaod aRsaniSnavia vrceli fundamenturi narkvevi „romanuli globalizacia da iberia-kolxeTi“. masSi siRrmiseulad da rac mTavaria, axleburad aris gaazrebuli Zveli qarTuli saxelmwifoebis roli saerTo romaul globalur konteqstSi da naCvenebia is inovaciebi, rac romis imperiasTan urTierTobebiT gaCnda qarTul materialur kulturaSi. saerTod, gela gamyreliZis naSromebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia arqeologiuri masalis istriul WrilSi gaazreba da zogadad, arqeologiis mniSvneloba saxelmwifoebriobis genezisis Seswavlis saqmeSi. misi erT-erTi ukanaskneli gamokvlevac „saxelmwifoebriobis dasabami saqarTveloSi da arqeologia“ swored am problemas eZRvneba da avtoris swori SeniSvniT, arqeologiuri konteqstis gareSe sakmaod gaZneldeba iseTi urTulesi sakiTxis kvl e va, rogorsac warmoadgens saqarTveloSi saxelmwifos warmoqmnis peripetiebi. gela gamyreliZe gvevlineba rogorc ramdenime didi samecniero proeqtis organizatori da xelmZRvaneli. misi uSualo xelmZRvanelobiT ganxorcielda proeqtebi `Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi~, „iaraR-saWurveli Zv.w. V - ax.w. IV saukuneebis saqarTveloSi“ (ori tomi), „baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani, samxreT kavkasiis milsadeni da arqeologia saqarTveloSi“, `qarT-

lis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni“. amJamad misive xelmZRvanelobiT mimdinareobs aseve mniSvnelovani proeqti, romlis mizani Zv.w. V - ax.w. V saukuneebis saqarTvelos arqeologiis Sesaxeb vrceli monografiis gamocemaa. calke unda aRiniSnos gela gamyreliZis iniciativiT dafuZnebuli samecniero Jurnali „iberia-kolxeTi“, romelmac sakmao popularoba moipova saqarTvelosa da ucxoeTSi da dRemde rCeba antikuri da adremedievisturi epoqis erTaderT periodul gamocemad saqarTveloSi. Jurnalis popularobasa da avtoritetze metyvelebs is faqtic, rom misi yvela nomeri ganTavsebulia onlain portalze `antikuri samyaro~ (AWOL). misive iniciativiT daarsda saymawvilo arqeologiuri Jurnali „aia“ da mas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba, raTa momaval Taobebs Seayvaros saqarTvelos uZvelesi istoria da kultura. msoflios samecniero wreebSi saqarTvelos Zveli istoriisa da kulturis popularizacias emsaxureba misi monografiebi _ „Archaelogy of the Roman period of Georgia (Iberia-Colchis) essay and catalog“ da „I Romani nella terra del Vello d’Oro. La Colchide e l’Iberia in età romana“. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom jer-jerobiT mainc qarTveli avtorebis naSromebi arc Tu bevri gamodis dasavleT evropul enebze, gela gamyreliZis am naSromebs SeuZliaT dainteresebul mkvlevarebs naTeli warmodgena Seuqmnas kolxeTis da iberiis arqeologiis irgvliv. gela gamyreliZis moRvaweoba imiTacaa saintereso, rom igi mudam siaxlis ZiebaSia da arasdros sjerdeba miRweul Sedegs. bevri siaxle Semata man qarTul arqeologiur mecnierebas. mis saxels ukavSirdeba arqeologiur literaturaSi iseTi terminebis Semotana, rogorebicaa „bio-eko garemo“, „topoarqeologia“, „kolxur-iberiuli xana“ da sxv. ise gamitaca misi mecnieruli memkvidreobis mimoxilvam, TiTqmis araferi miTqvams gela gamyreliZis samsaxureobrivi karieris Sesaxeb. arada, jer kidev sakmaod axalgzarda iyo, rodesac arqeologiuri kvlevis centrSi axalmSeneblobebis arqeologiis ganyofilebis gamge gaxda. Semdeg iyo antikuri arqeologiis gayofilebis xelmZRvaneli, arqeologiuri kvelvis centris direqtoris moadgile samecniero dargSi da erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis samecniero sabWos Tavmjdomare. Tumca, is simarTlec unda iTqvas, rom administraciul Tanamdebobebze yofna arasdros xiblavda, radgan wuxda xolme, biurokratiuli saqmeebi didi dros marTmevso. amis miuxedavad, misi samecniero naSromebis raodenoba orass aWarbebs, romelTagan 15 monografiaa. uaRresad wignieri adamiania gela gamyreliZe. samecniero literaturis garda mas aqvs kidev erTi gataceba da esaa mxtvruli literatura. am ramdenime wlis winaT TviTonac mosinja kalami mxatvrul prozaSi da dawera mSvenieri istoriul-saTavgadasavlo romani „odiSeli aznauri quji tfilisSi“. moqmedeba XII saukunis saqarTveloSi viTardeba da mkiTxvels elis bevri saintereso Tavgadasavali. ai, TiTqos davasrule gelasadmi miZRvnili es mcire narkvevi da sakuTar Tavs vekiTxebi, vTqvi ki yvelaferi? rame xom ar gamomrCa? imdenad mraval-

mxrivi adamiania gela gamyreliZe, rom ar aris gamoricxuli, raRac marTla gamomrCa misi mdidari biografiidan. da Tu es asea, imedi maqvs momitevebs da Cveuli RimiliT Semindobs. 70 wliani barieric gadalaxulia. Tumca, win kidev araerTi mwvervalia dasapyrobi. winamdebare krebulis avtorebis saxeliT kidev didxans sicocxles, janmrTelobas da axali mwvervalebis dapyrobas vusurveb Zvirfas megobars da ufros kolegas. momaval Sexvedramde batono gela, 80 wlisTavze!

zurab bragvaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidati, profesori

gela gamyreliZis naSromebi wignebi / Monographs:

centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi. mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1982, 176 gv., 15 tab. К археологии долины Фасиса. Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 1992, 240 стр., 52 таб. istoriul-topoarqeologiuri Ziebani. mecniereba, Tbilisi, 1993, 98 gv., 2 tab. kolxologiuri narkvevebi, II, arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, Tbilisi, 2002, 262 gv. Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi (antikuri periodi). arta nuji, Tbilisi, 2005, 231 gv., 38 tab. (Tanaavtori). romis samxedro-politikuri eqspansia saqarTveloSi. sauniversiteto gamom cemloba, Tbilisi, 2006, 191 gv., 13 tab. (Tanaavtori). In the path of Georgian archaeology. Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, 2009, 144 pages. omi da SeiaraReba iberia-kolxeTSi. sulakauris gamomc., 2010, Tbilisi, 214 gv. Researches in Iberia-Colchology. Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, 2012, 277 pages. I Romani nella Terra del Vello d’Oro (La Colchide e l’Iberia in età romana). Rubbettino. 2012, Roma, 145 pages. (co-author: Livio Zerbini). Archaeology of the Roman period of Georgia (Iberia-Colchis): essay and catalog. 2012, Tbilisi, 139 pages. http://www.dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/40056/1/Archaeo logyOfTtheRomanPeriodOfGeorgia.pdf qarTlis cxovrebis topoarqeologiuri leqsikoni. sulakauris gamomc., Tbi lisi, 2013, 740 gverdi (Tanaavtor. z. bragvaZe, d. mindoraSvili da sxv.). iaraR-saWurveli Zv.w. V – ax.w. IV ss-is saqarTveloSi, t. I, Tbilisi, 2018, 296 gv. (Tanaavt. v. SatberaSvili, m. fircxalava da sxv.). iaraR-saWurveli Zv.w. V – ax.w. IV ss-is saqarTveloSi, t. II, (katalogi), Tbilisi, 2018, 267 gv. (Tanaavt. v. SatberaSvili, m. fircxalava da sxv.), http://dspace.nplg.gov.ge/bitstream/1234/266882/1/IaragSachurveliDzv.C.VAx.C.I VSaukunisSaqartvelos hiKatalogi_Tomi_II.pdf statiebi / Articles & Essays:

1976 - mTisZiris yanw-ritonis ikonografiisaTvis. - Zeglis megobari, # 41, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, gv. 17-27, 1 tab. Итоги работ Ванской археологической экспедиции 1974г. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1974 году (соавтор), Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 41-49, 5 таб. 1977 - mTisZiris arqeologiuri Zeglebi. – vani, t. III, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 58-78, 15 tab.

masalebi XIX s-is meore naxevaris arqeologiis istoriisaTvis saqarTveloSi. - istoriis, arqeologiis da eTnografiis institutis saistorio krebuli, t. VIII, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 288-309. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sof. mTisZiris midamoebSi. - arqeologiuri Ziebani (axalgazrda mkvlevarTa I samecniero sesiis masalebi), mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv.74-88. К изучению древнеколхидских оборонительных сооружений. – Моамбе ( Сообщения Академии наук Грузии), № 2 (88), Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с.501-509. 1978 - vanis mTisZiris axalaRmoCenili adreuli Sua saukuneebis nageboba, - macne, istoriis, arqeologiis ... seria, #3, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 109-128, 1 tab. 1979 - Древние поселения в среднем течении р. Риони (Автореферат канд. диссертации), -Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 20 с. Итоги работ Ванской археологической экспедиции 1975г. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1975 году, (соавтор), Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 67-78, 4 таб. Итоги работ Ванской археологической экспедиции 1976г. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1976 году, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с.137149, 6 таб. (соавтор). 1980 - Работы Ванской археологической экспедиции 1977г. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1977 году, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 146159, 7 таб. (соавтор) 1982 - adreSuasaukuneebis samSeneblo keramika adeiSvilebis goridan. - arqeologiuri Ziebani (axalgazrda mkvlevarTa II da III samecniero sesiebis masalebi), mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 115-128. 1983 - antikuri (berZnuli) importi vansa da mis midamoebSi. – vani, t. VII, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 7-136, 62 tab. (Tanaavtori) 1984 - Основные итоги работ археологической экспедиции Абхазии в 1981г. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1981 году, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с.28-38. (соавтор). 1985 - antikuri xana Tu iberiul-kolxuri xana. - saqarTvelos arqeologiuri sakiTxebi, III, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 123-129. azo-farnavazis droindeli kolxeTis istoriisaTvis. - macne, istoriis, arqeologiis ... seria, #3, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 86-99. 1986 - Вопросы развития подводной археологии в Грузии. - Моамбе ( Сообщения Академии наук Грузии), Мецниереба, Тбилиси, №3 (122), с. 657-664. 1987 - Работы причерноморской подводно-археологической экспедиции в 1985г. - Полевые археологические исследования, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 60-67. 3 таб. Экспедиция на оз. Палеастоми. - Археологические открытия, Наука, Москва, с. 626-629. wyalqveSa arqeologiuri eqspediciis kvleva-Zieba q. foTis midamoebSi. macne, istoriis, arqeologiis ... seria, #1, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 97-119.

1988 - Работы гидроархеологической экспедиции. - Археологические открытия, Москва, Наука, с. 523- 529. wyalqveS moqceuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi. - Zeglis megobari, sabWoTa saqarTvelo, Tbilisi, # 4, gv. 44-57, 1 tab. 1989 - miTridate evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi. - macne, istoriis, arqeologiis ... seria, #2, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 5969, 1 tab. 1990 - Travaux hydroarcheologiques de localisation de l’ancienne Phasis, - Le Pont-Euxin vu par les Crecs, Annales Litteraires de l’Universite de Besançon, 427, Paris, p.223-229. On the history of the inception and development of archaeology in Georgia. Centre for Archaeological Studies. Tbilisi, 13 pages. From Colchian mythology (Ochopintre, a Pan- t y p e god), Centre for Archaeological Studies. Tbilisi, 14 pages. Underwater archaeology in the Colchian littoral. Centre for Archaeological Studies. Tbilisi, 12 pages. Историко-Топоархеологические вопросы Колхиды V в. до н.э. – V в. н.э. (Автореферат диссертации ученой степени доктора Исторических наук), Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 50 ст. Гидроархеологические работы в зоне предпологаемого расположения древнего Фасиса. - Причерноморье в VII-Vвв. д.н.э., V симпзюм в Вани; Мецниереба, Тбилиси, 1990, с. 215-227, 1 таб. RvTaebis qandakeba vanidan. - Zeglis megobari, #1, saqarTvelo, gv. 52-58, 1 tab. 1991 - О работе причерноморской гидроархеологической экспедиции. - Полевые археологические исследования в 1986 г., Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 77-79, 5 таб. Рекомендации по составлению отчетов. - Полевые археологические исследования, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 112-119. Указатель археологических памятников, раскопанных на территории Грузии в 1952-1986гг. - Полевые археологические исследования, Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с. 114-128 (соавтор). saqarTvelos arqeologia (rva tomad), t. I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 12-45. (Tanaavtori) 1992 - Hydro archaeology in the Georgian Republic (the Colchian littoral), - The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, New-York, 1992, vol, 21, # 2, pp.101-119, 7 Fig. 1995 - ebrauli menoras gamosaxuleba saqarTvelodan. – qarTuli xelovneba, samSoblo, Tbilisi, # 1-3, gv. 125-129, 1 tab. 1996 - kolxur-mosuinikuri koSkis rekonstruirebis cda. - Zeglis megobari, # 1 (92), Tbilisi, # 1, gv. 25-29, 4 tab. hidroarqeologiuri kvleva paliastomsa da Sav zRvaSi. - guria, mxaris

kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, t. I, mecniereba, Tbilisi, gv. 148-159, 4 tab. qarTuli arqeologiis istoriidan (organizaciuli ganviTarebis gza). arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 35 gv. 1997 - О работе причерноморской гидроархеологической экспедиции, Полевые археологические исследования в 1988г., Мецниереба, Тбилиси, с.79-87, 3 таб. kolxi medeas saxe soxumis steladan, - Zeglis megobari, #4 (99), Tbilisi, gv. 3-19, 4 tab. 1998 - Ein Rhyton mit Götterdarstellung aus der Kolchis, - Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, Band 30, Berlin, 1998, S. 211-219, 2 Abb. foTi-fasisis topoarqeologiisaTvis. arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 31 gv. 2 tab. 1999 - biogeogaremos zegavlenis Sesaxeb Zveli kolxeTis istoriaze. - samegrelo-kolxeTi, Tbilisi, gv. 12-29. dimitri meRvineTuxucesiSvili (1815-1878), antikuri xanis ufliscixis pirveli gaTxrebi (meRvineTuxucesiSvilis axalaRmoCenili suraTiT). - Ziebani, #4, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 91-98. q. foTis istoriisaTvis. - samegrelo-kolxeTi, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 122- 129. 2000 - dimitri baqraZe (1826-1890), arqeologiis istoriidan; - Ziebani, #5, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 2000, gv. 96-99. erTi keramikuli nivTis interpretaciisaTvis adeiSvilebis goris nagebobidan (sanaTi). - Ziebani, #6, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 54-59, 2 tab. 2001 - navTobis transportirebis Sesaxeb fasis-foTSi (arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT). - antikuri xanis kolxeTis sakiTxebi; Ziebani, damatebani, IV, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv.2639, 2 tab. 2002 - Zur Identifikation der Kolcherin Medea auf einem Stelenrelief von Suchumi, - Mitteilungsbatt des Internationalen Kaukasiologischen Forschungsinstisutes - Amira, VI, Montreal-Tbilisi., S. 20-37, 1 Taf. kolxologia (kulturul-istoriuli narkvevebi), 2, arqeologouri kvlevis centris gamocema. Tbilisi, 264 gverdi, versia brZolis siuJetiani vercxlis ritonis Sesaxeb zemo raWis sof. gomidan. - Ziebani, #10, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 39-49, 2 tab. 2003 - qalaq fasisis adgilmdebareobis da definiciis sakiTxisaTvis. - iberia-kolxeTi, #1, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 170-189, 3 tab. antikuri xanis arqeologiis ganyofilebis mokle istoria. - iberia-kolxeTi, #1, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 3-7.

2004 - iberiul-kolxuri xanis saqarTvelos samxedro saqmis istoriis wya roebi. - Zveli istoria, V, Tbilisis universitetis gamocema, 2004, gv. 50-79. saqarTvelos arqeologiis istoriidan. diogene, Tbilisi, 25 gverdi, 3 sur. On the History of Archaeology in Georgia (Part I). - Journal of Georgian Archaeology, Centre for Archaeological Studies. Tb., 2004, # 1, pp. 208-218. 2005 - naosnobis istoriisaTvis antikuri periodis aRmosavleT SavizRvis pireTSi. - iberia-kolxeTi, #2, arqeologiuri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 181-189, 3 tab. qsenofonti kolxur-mosinikuri saomari tradiciebis Sesaxeb (falanga, mosuini). - Zveli istoria, VI, Tbilisis universitetis gamocema. Tbilisi, 2006 - Stamps of Roman Military Units from the Eastern Black Sea Littoral (Colchis), - Ancient West and East, Brill, Leiden-Boston. vol.5, #2, pp. 225-238. Tab.1. (co-author), К историко-археологическому изучению Западной Грузии в эпоху античности, - Сб. Археология Кавказа, №1, изд. Инст. Археол. Грузии, с. 165-179. Version about Proto Jews and One More Diaspora in Georgia. - Works of D. Baazov Museum of Jews in Georgia, vol. IV, Tbilisi, pp. 26-37. sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis modeli (biogeogaremo da sociogaremo); - guria, mxaris kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, t. IV, arqeologouri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv.145-168. 2007 - saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiis problematika da perspeqtivebi. - iberia-kolxeTi (saq. klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani), #3, arqeologouri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, 2007, gv. 5-18. th nd 2008 - About the military-political situation in Georgia in the 4 cent. BC – 2 cent. AD (Written Sources and Archaeological evidence). - Iberia-Colchis (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and early Medieval Period), # 4, Tbilisi, pp. 144-158. recenzia giorgi dunduas wignze `qarTuli numizmatika~ - iberia-kolxeTi (saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani), #4, arqeologouri kvlevis centris gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 130-139, (Tanaavtori), 2009 - The Process of Globalistic Romanization and Ancient Georgia. - Iberia-Colchis, # 8, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, pp. 183-192. The land of Colchis and the city of Phasis (Towards a historical-archaelogical study of western Georgia in the Classical period). - Iberia-Colchis (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and early Medieval Period), # 5, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, pp. 175-194.

On the evolution the colchian amphorae (the 4th cent. BC to the 3rd cent. AD). - Iberia-Colchis, # 5, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, pp.195-203. Two silver rhytons from west Georgia (Mtisdziri & Gomi). - Iberia-Colchis, # 5, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, 2009, pp. 204-214. 2010 - The Development Archaeology in Georgia. - Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines, Tbilisi, 2010, pp.15-51. Colchian amphora with stamp from Poti-Phasis. - Iberia-Colchis, # 6, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, pp. 186-198. Оборонительное сооружение IV в. дo н.э., из с. Мтисдзири в контексте сведений Kсенофонта и Bитрувия - kulturul-saistorio Ziebani (miZRvnili prof. g. lorTqifaniZis xsovnisadmi), Tbilisi, gv. 53-81. anepigrafikuli jvriandamRiani kolxuri amfora foTi-fasisidan. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, #19, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 176-189. 2011 - Sinopean Amphoras with Greek Graffiti in the Context of the Town of Phasis. - Iberia-Colchis, # 7, National Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi, p. 175-194. berZnul grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq foTi-fasisis konteqstSi. - Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, #20, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gamocema, Tbilisi, gv. 172-181. romanizaciis globalisturi procesi da iberia-kolxeTi. - saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, t. B (2), Tbilisi. gv. 76-91. 2013 - iberiis samefo da romanizaciis procesi. - goris muzeumis arqeologiuri macne, #1, Tbilisi, gv. 99-121. xis kolxuri arqiteqtura da misi socialuri arsis Sesaxeb. - guria, mxaris kvlevis Sedegebi, t. VII, Tbilisi, gv. 65-79. 2014 - Petroleum transportation in Georgia according to the archaeological data. - Iberia-Colchis (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), #10, Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi, p.197-200. 2015 - grafitoiani sinopuri da kolxuri amforebi qalaq foTi-fasisis kon teqstSi. – onlain arqeologia # 2, gv.106-124. 2016 - Geschichte der archäologischen Forschung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert; Die vor-und frühgeschichtlichen Funde aus Georgien; Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte Staatliche Museen zu Berlin; Bestandskataloge Band 13. S. 21-34. arqiteqturisa da mSeneblobis Sesaxeb Zvel saqarTveloSi (Zv.w. VI – ax.w. VIss.). - iberia-kolxeTi (saqarTvelos klasikuri da adreme dievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani), #12, gv. 5-67, (Tanaavtori). 2018 - Typological Analysis of Weapons from Georgian Archaeological Sites of Classical Period (Spears, Battle-axes), - BULLETIN of the Georgian national

academy of sciences, vol. 12, no.4. p. 172 – 179. (co-author) For the military history of Georgia of the classical period. - Iberia-Colchis (Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period), Tbilisi, #14. 177-211. 2019 - saxelmwifoebriobis dasabami saqarTveloSi da arqeologia. - iberia-kolxeTi (saqarTvelos klasikuri da adremedievuri periodis arqeologiur-istoriuli kvlevani), saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis gamocema, #15, Tbilisi, 9-40. http://museum.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=95

samecniero-popularuli statiebi Popular Scientific Articles pirveli qarTveli arqeologi; gaz. „literaturuli saqarTvelo“, Tbilisi, 1981, 27.II. 10. saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis istoriidan; Jur. `ciskari~, Tbilisi, 1982, #8, 137-145. sof. mTisZiris arqeologiuri Zeglebi; `qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia~, t. 6, Tbilisi, 1983, 672. wyalqveSa arqeologiis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi; gaz. `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1983, 8. VII. 12. wyalqveSa arqeologiuri eqspedicia; `literaturuli saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1986, 7.X. 14. saqarTvelos arqeologiis nakvalevze; saqarTvelos erovnuli mu zeumis samecniero-popularuli almanaxi - aia, #1, Tbilisi, 2008. wyalqveSa arqeologia da fasisis saidumlo; saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis samecniero-popularuli almanaxi - aia, #1, Tbilisi, 2008, Rvinis sasmisebi saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalidan; saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis samecniero-popularuli almanaxi - aia, #1, Tb., 2008. saxelmZRvaneloebi/Textbooks: saxelmZRvaneloebi/ Textbooks: maswavleblis wigni, saqarTvelos istoriaSi, logos presi, (Tanaavtori), Tbilisi, 2008, 120 gverdi. saqarTvelos istoria, 9 klasis saxelmZRvanelo, logos presi, (Tanaavtori z. kiknaZe). Tbilisi, 2008, 505 gverdi. История Грузии (учебник, 9 класса), Логос прес, Тбилиси, 2009, 585 стр. (соавтор. М. Сулгуладзе, Г. Анчабадзе). Gürcüstan tarixi (co-author G. Anchabadze). Tbilisi, 2010, 578 pages (in Azerbaijanian). istoria, 7 klasis saxelmZRvanelo, (zogadi istoria), logos pres., Tbi li si, 2019, 169 gverdi (Tanaavtorebi m. sulgulaZe, z. kiknaZe).

Tufan Isaac oglu Akhundov The Archaeology and Ethnography Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan, Baku) Ethnical Traditions of the Mugan steppe in the 5th – 3rd Millennia BC The Mugan steppe is an independent ecological niche, whose eastern part is located in the southeast of the Azerbaijan Republic and western part is located in an adjacent territory of the Republic of Iran. Studies carried out in the Eastern Mugan make it possible to trace the process of development and change of traditions within this territory, starting from the 5th millennium BC. We have no full information of Western Mugan sites; however, indirect data concerning the development of landscapes allow us to think it was inhabited a bit earlier than the Eastern one was. Generally speaking, the Mugan steppe is interesting for that it is located at the junction of the Southern Caucasus and the Middle Asia and has almost always been the most suitable section of interconnections at the line of their contact. Archaeological studies have revealed that the Eastern Mugan started being settled in the middle of the second half of the 5th millennium BC. They were the bearers of Late Neolithic ethnical tradition we call the Mugan Neolithic tradition. In the series of Southern Caucasus’s Neolithic traditions, the Mugan Neolithic tradition is the youngest one, primarily due to the change of geo-climatic processes of development of Southern Caucasian plains. In the eastern part of the Mugan plain, conditions favoring the development of Neolithic traditions occurred a bit later than that in the rest plains of the Southern Caucasus. That was a narrow ridge strip locked by not high spurs of the Bravar ridge in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east, and cleaved by a number of small rivers and dry banks going down from the mountains toward the sea. At present, there have been registered more than 20 remnants of Neolithic settlements in the Mugan (eastern) plain. Excavations were carried out at two of them (Alikomektepe and Polutepe), whereas one settlement – Fettepe – was explored by stratigraphic prospect hole. The rest sites were investigated only visually. The collected lifted material proves that they are wholly identical to materials obtained as a result of the excavations and indicates that they belong to a single archaeological tradition of the Mugan Neolithic. The remnants of settlements have been conserved in the form of tepe located most often at the edge of shore terraces or in the form of a shore cape. Their area oscillates from 0.25 hectares to 6 hectares per one tepe. In some cases, the remnants of settlements are situated on practically smooth portions of a plain, with no visible traces of water arteries. However, study of geomorphological processes in the Mugan plain indicates that, at a time when these settlements were in operation, near them there were passing water arteries, which are currently overlapped by later alluvial sediments that partially covered the lower part of the tepe as well. The thickness of Neolithic cultural sediments on the three excavated settlements oscillates from 4 meters (Alikomektepe) to 6 meters (Polutepe). At Alikomektepe, hilly remnants of a settlement located on the Right Southern Bank of River Indjachay, in the territory of settlement Uchtepe, were later used for the Middle Bronze, antic and medieval graves. The remains of a Neolithic settlement at Polutepe located 1 kilometer east of Alikomektepe, on the same Bank of River Indjachay, were later inhabited, for a short period

of time, by the bearers of the Kura-Arax and post-Kura-Arax burial mound traditions, used for Middle Bronze graves with glazed ceramics and settled for a long period of time in the 9th-11th centuries AD. Within a considerable part of a river shore strip adjacent to the two settlements above, there are often found Early Iron materials; however, this period is no way presented on the very remnants of the settlements. Neolithic sediments on settlement Fettepe located 4 kilometers north of Polutepe are overlapped only by a thin medieval (9th -11th centuries AD) layer; however, just 200 meters west of it, behind the supposed water artery, there are located the remnants of Leylatepe settlement Alkhantepe. Not far from the visually investigated settlement Pashatepe located 5 kilometers west of Polutepe, also on the Right Bank of River Indjachay represented only by Neolithic sediments, there are remnants of a Middle Bronze settlement with decorated ceramics. All the rest known Neolithic settlements of the Mugan plain are single-layer ones. Architectural remains have been found on the excavated sites. They include rectangular, oval, and round buildings of tile brick. A rectangular brick is laid mostly on a thin clay mortar. However, there have also been found buildings where the bricks were laid with no clay mortar between them. The walls are overwhelmingly one-brick thick, with bricks put along the length. However, there have also been revealed remains of walls with two longitudinal bricks thickness and, in one case, with two transversely put bricks thickness. In the upper thickness of cultural sediments of settlement Polutepe, no remnants of brick buildings with expressed “construction” horizons have been found; however, there has been detected an insignificant quantity of fragments of burnt brick, which makes it possible to think light-construction buildings were also used in the Neolithic architecture of the Mugan plain. In the studied settlements of bearers of the Mugan Neolithic tradition, there have also been detected the remnants of their graves. They were put onto various sections of cultural layers in inexpressive not deep hollows. The dead bodies were put in to various extents writhed positions on their right or left side, rarer on the back. The age distribution of the dead bodies was also not stable. There were the graves of either adults or infants. In the majority of cases, the dead bodies and their graves were covered by dark red ochre. Some of those buried, including infants, had the accompanying implements, most often a small cup or various beads. Along with that, the number of those buried is too small compared to the period of the settlement’s existence, which makes us think the Mugan Neolithic tradition bearers had other forms of treating the dead bodies as well. The archeological tradition is most of all determined by the ceramic production that to a significant extent reflects the tradition’s ethnical essence and identity. For Mugan Neolithic sites, there is typical a great saturation of ceramic discoveries several times exceeding the traditions of other Caucasian regions. These hand-made ceramic works of clay with vegetative admixture, usually covered with a quality engobe and burnt evenly, rather well. The surfaces were smoothed, some were glazed. There prevailed engobe of various tints of brown; however, there also were lots of specimens of other colors, ranging from whitish to brown-black. The upper thickness of layers of settlement Polutepe revealed fragments of large wicker cups. The wicker prints are well preserved on the whole outside surface, except for a 3-5-centimeter strip at the upper cut, over the wicker edge. Unlike the rest Neolithic traditions of the Caucasus, the Mugan Neolithic is generally speaking typical for the existence of a substantial number of decorated ceramic works. The decorations were put onto an engobe surface, including that of wicker vessels. Depending on a form and functional

designation, a decoration was put onto an inner or outer surface or on both. Sometimes, especially in the case of miniature vessels, the surface was preliminarily painted before it was decorated. A decoration was usually put before the surface was burnt with brown or dark brown or rarer red paint. In single instances, they used the yellow color. Seldom, there are found fragments of vessels painted in red after they were burnt. Decoration motifs are geometrical. They are mostly drooping hollow or poured triangles, rarer rhombs, stairs, etc. They made vessels of different sizes, ranging from miniature 5-6-centimeter (diameter) “saucers” to vessels with the diameter and height exceeding 1.2 meters, with their crock 4-5 centimeters thick. Except for small bowls, the dishes are flat-bottomed. The bottom’s transition to the wall could be sharply expressed or, on contrary, be soft, with a slightly concave middle. Depending on their form and functional designation, there were either wide-bottom or narrow-bottom vessels. The bottoms of the latter were sometimes thickened in the form of a small heel, and their outer surface bore the prints of a concentric wicker. As for forms, there were outlined small semi-spherical bowls, flat-bottomed bowls, whose sizes oscillated from miniature ones to large ones with diameters exceeding 50 centimeters, wide-bottomed kazans (pots) with slightly turned ledges, large barrel-shaped vessels narrowing to the bottom and edge, or almost cylindrical vessels. These vessels had no handles. Only kazans were equipped with small handles that apparently were attached a certain magical importance. Among them, there were often found specimens modeled in the form of head of an animal or female or male sexual organs. The crowns were mostly inexpressive, while the edges were simply smoothed roundly. However, there have also been found vessels with their smoothed edges formed as a thickened cylinder, or vessels with a slightly bent upper edge of the wall. Narrow-neck vessels with the cylindrical neck and expressed shoulder are a form of a vessel typical for the Mugan Neolithic. They are usually equipped with a loop-shaped handle (also typical for the Mugan area) linking the neck’s edge to the vessel’s shoulder. There is a single specimen of a cup equipped with the same handle. At Polutepe, there are often found cylindrical cauldron-shaped vessels with a groove in the basement. Apart from having decorations, the Mugan Neolithic tradition ceramic items were decorated with various kinds of models that were probably also attached a magical importance. They were mostly little nipples under the edge. They had different numbers of little nipples, ranging from a single one to a chain going all over the upper section of a vessel, regardless from the latter’s form. There were rarer found little nipples fastened, in different combinations, to a vessel’s shoulder, closer to its upper edge. There were also models in the form of squint and straight sleepers, or in the form of a crescent with its edges up, or in the form of small rings. Apart from vessels, Mugan Neolithic settlements revealed fragments of flat disk-shaped braziers, lids, and small trihedral cones. The latter are sometimes painted red and, probably, represented certain individual or family altars. The making of such quantity, quality, and variety of sizes and forms of ceramic products is hard to imagine without respective kilns. Archaeological studies in settlements Alikomektepe and Polutepe revealed several dozens of kilns used to burn the ceramic materials. They are of three forms, all are two-tier ones. In terms of quantity, there prevail kilns with a stretched groove dug in the ground and overlapped at the level of horizon by a wattle and daub platform, a ground of the upper chamber. Several pairs of holes are stretched from the kiln chamber’s longitudinal walls toward both sides onto the surface into the upper chamber contoured by a tile-brick wall and, probably, overlapped

by a tile-brick vault. On its both ends, the kiln chamber had oval-expanded edges stretched to a horizon outside the upper chamber’s walls. The burning chambers of these kilns were 2.4 meters long and 1.8 meters wide, though the majority of chambers were smaller. Settlement Polutepe also revealed kilns of a more complex construction of a square form where the holes were interconnected and separated under the upper ground and led onto the surface throughout the chamber’s perimeter. Finally, on settlement Polutepe, there have been investigated small kilns, of which there has been preserved only the lower tier in the form of a round hollow with an attached little groove. Their total length was around 0.8 meters. In cultural layers of Alikomektepe, there have been found round “platforms” with the diameter of 0.4-0.6 meters placed in the form of crocks of ceramic vessels. They were made of relatively thick crocks, with their ribs put one to one throughout the crock’s height, put into clay mass. The formed surface was slightly concave to the center. At Alikomektepe, at its lowest horizon, there have been found anthropomorphous figures of unbaked clay. At Polutepe, also mostly in the lowest layers, there have been found unbaked stylized figures of women. In addition, there has been detected a small number of zoomorphic figures. For all Neolithic sites of this region, there is typical a large number of clay cannon bullets, found in either single specimens or accumulations of several dozens. The existence of a large number of bone and horn things is typical for the Neolithic. Of no exception are the Mugan Neolithic settlements where a large number of bone things and a smaller number of horn things were found as well. As for functional designation, there prevail pricks made mostly of tubular bones of sheep and goats. In the majority of cases, for this purpose there was used a longitudinally split bone with the epiphysis head remained or removed, and the contrary end pointed. Rarer, the end of a tubular bone was sidelong cut off and pointed. There are very many polishers. They are of two kinds. Some of them are made of a tubular bone, one end of which is sidelong cut off as the working surface. However, there prevail knifeshaped polishers made of a longitudinally cut shoulder bone of sheep and goats. Apart from the above-described ones, other items found on the settlements included bone poniards, stone ranges, “scoops” made of shoulder bone of sheep and goats, hoe-shaped tools, beads, etc. Various stone rocks were used to make the tools. For the making of blade tools, there was overwhelmingly used local grayish flint that, as it appears from the number of production waste and the very tools, was worked out straight in the settlement. Much rarer, there was used obsidian, sources of which have not been detected in the region. There were many grain graters and sandstone graters, and various river stone tools. There were also stone cups and axes. The economy of Mugan Neolithic bearers was based upon the production of cereals and maintaining various kinds of domestic animals, as well as hunting and fishing. The bearers wore soft shoes, kept dogs in the settlement. As has been noted above, the Mugan Neolithic tradition represents a comparatively late stage of the Neolithic. There are some insignificant differences in some aspects of this tradition in its different sites and cultural layers; however, there are no particularly expressed differences. The whole thickness of layers is homogenous. In our opinion, this tradition was primarily formed outside the Mugan steppe. It was brought to this area by the already formed group of migrants, who came here from the west. That was a homogenous ethnical mass that almost simultaneously founded at least dozens of settlements and almost simultaneously left the historical arena. The Mugan Neolithic tradition appears to date back to the end of the third quarter of the 5th millennium-the boundary of the 5th-4th millennia and, probably, the early 4th millennium BC.

In the second half of the 4th millennium BC, penetrating the Mugan steppe from the west were the bearers of the Ubeyd tradition that went far beyond the metropolis. At present, in the Southern Caucasus, there have been registered several dozens of their sites known in references as the Leylatepe tradition. Still, there are known only two settlements of this tradition on the Mugan plain. However, there are separate findings and sites at the steppe’s borders and in adjacent mountains indicating that the bearers of this ethnical tradition explored this region well enough in the last third of the 4th millennium BC. The first settlement of this tradition on the Mugan plain – settlement Misharchay IV – was found at the Bank of the dried old River Misharchay. Currently, it is covered by buildings of an expanded town Jalilabad. The second settlement – settlement Alkhantepe – was studied through archaeological excavations. It is located 4 kilometers north of settlements Alikomektepe and Polutepe and 200 meters west of settlement Fettepe. The site’s territory has for long years been used for agricultural needs and ploughed from time to time. This is the steppe’s practically smooth horizontal section that as if is slightly refracted toward the eastern and northern sides. The settlement has practically no ground topographic signs. Its area, calculated by a system of a prospect holes, is equivalent to approximately 4 hectares. It has been identified that the settlement was founded on a sloping river bed of a small water artery. It is a single-layer settlement; at the excavated site, it consists of seven construction horizons that in some sections diverge into sub-horizons with remains of buildings typical for each horizon, and is wholly attached to the Leylatepe tradition. The layer’s thickness gradually increases towards the river bed from 0 meter at the far west edge to 3.0 meters in the settlement’s center. Furthermore, the slope increases sharply, and the modern channel (the river-bed) goes to under the ground waters. On the whole, the thickness of Alkhantepe cultural sediments diverges into two series of construction horizons, though the archeological materials are identical within the while thickness. The lower series of horizons, 1.7-1.8 meters thick, includes the remnants of round and rectangular semi-dugouts and dugouts, whose inner walls are sometimes made of tile-brick layer. Here, there were also located altar platforms, remnants of pits, production kilns, hearths, and remnants of brick walls that, probably, separated economic-production areas one from another. The upper series of horizons was amorphous. There were neither dugouts nor brick constructions nor production kilns there. In its lower part, within the thickness of about 0.8 meters, it included the remains of ash spots and ash-filled hollows. In one of horizons here, it became possible to clean out the remains of two ground wattle and daub rectangular buildings. In the center of each of the buildings, there was built in a round hearth in the floor. Some 0.4-0.5 meters of the modern horizon, there was excavated a “platform” covering more than 100 square meters of the excavated area. It consisted of a frame made of wooden beams crossing under the right angle and forming approx. 0.7 meters/0.7 meters squares. The rectangular (4-6 centimeter-10 centimeter) beams were put on a rib and laid on the same level despite the crossing. The space stretching to the beams’ height – 10 centimeters – was trampled with ground, without the existence of any materials. Archaeological materials above the platform were identical to the materials in lower horizons. The studies have identified that the difference between the structures of the lower series and the upper series of sediments resulted from tectonic shifts, traces of which have been preserved in the lower series of horizons as crackles filled with sulfuric throws. The settlement, at least its surveyed section, was desolated for a short period of time. Even duck’s eggs were found at the

investigated section. At a later stage of the settlement’s being inhabited, they began building light ground wattle and daub buildings. What’s the designation of the wooden “platform” we don’t know. The remnants of similar “platforms” were detected at prospecting holes located 30 meters and 60 meters of the main excavated area. Studies at settlement Alkhantepe revealed 13 graves. Those buried represented all ages, ranging from infants to adults and, depending on their belonging to a certain horizon, were at different levels of cultural layers. No specific burial pits have been detected, perhaps, because of the cultural layer’s morphology. The infants, except for a single one, were buried in jugs. Teens and adults were buried in ground, writhed to various extents. No specific orientation of the graves has been identified. In one case, the dead body was put in a position writhed on the stomach. The examination of cultural sediments within an area subject to excavating works revealed and subsequently led to a study of different production kilns of various forms and constructions, depending on their specific functional designation. They include the remnants of two kilns pertaining to metallurgy and metalworking. Domestic hearths were cleared out at different levels of cultural sediments. In many cases, they represented red-burnt round and oval 3-8-centimeter thick clay mass layers, with their surface polished. Of exception are hearths on the smeared floors of wattle and daub buildings. They are also round but enter the horizon. In one case, a hearth had vertical walls and a flat bottom; in another one, it had a concave surface. Apart from the hearths above, there were detected remnants of hearths preserved in the form of red-burnt oval-rectangular clay mass identical to the ones above but halved into two parts by a not tall transversal ledge. In some cases, it became possible to clear out a well-polished higher ledge restraining the hearth from one of its longitudinal sides. At Alkhantepe, they also used open fires, whose traces have been preserved as burnt spots on the surface of a respective horizon. Altar platforms were also excavated at the site. They are round, with a smeared surface slightly concaved toward the middle, with up to 1.24 centimeter diameter. They were 4 to 10 centimeters thick burnt. In two cases, a crown of a small funnel-shaped ceramic vessel was built in the center of the platform’s circle. In one case, a 12-diameter, 21-centimeter deep hollow was located in the middle of the circle. Its walls were burnt through and so was the circle’s surface. The cultural sediments revealed round “platforms” put in an order similarly to the crocks of ceramic vessels detected at Alikomektepe. From settlement Alkhantepe there was gathered a considerable collection of ceramic, bone, lithic, and metallic findings. The ceramic implements are quite diverse but, generally speaking, are typical for the Leylatepe tradition. In accordance with the technical-technological typology applied for this tradition at present, they are also subdivided into two classes: “quality ceramics” and “rough ceramics.” The quality ceramics include items made of clay with vegetative admixture and shallow sand admixture, and rarer of clay without visible admixture. A substantial part of dishes of this class is made using the rotating wheel. Noteworthy is that small vessels were usually fully made on wheel, while, as concerning the production of other vessels, especially large ones, the wheel was used only in order to form or correct the already formed necks and crowns. There were also found lots of modeled vessels. The surfaces of the items, depending on their form and designation, were in majority of cases covered by engobe from one side or both sides. The quality of engobe usually depended

on the designation of a vessel. Engobe could be thin or thick, or massive. They used white, greenish-white, yellowish-white and ochre engobe (the latter had various tints and degrees of saturation). Black, grayish, and brownish engobe was used rarer. The ceramic vessels were usually evenly burnt throughout the surface; specimens with scorched areas were found rarer. The walls of small vessels are almost always well burnt throughout the thickness. The crocks of large vessels often have black cores of different thickness. They were burnt in kilns with well-regulated thermal mode, under a high temperature. Materials gathered from settlement Alkhantepe have illustrated that the specific weight of flat-bottomed ceramic vessels of this tradition is much higher than the earlier supposed one; this especially concerns small- and medium-sized vessels, regardless from their form. Leading groups of the quality ceramics of settlement Alkhantepe are: Round-bottomed vessels with sub-spherical body; jugs with a funnel-shaped crown; twonecked round-bottomed vessels; two-part bowls with a horizontal rib; strainers; pots with an inner groove on the neck; and round-bottomed and flat-bottomed cups. Apart from the groups of ceramic vessels above, settlement Alkhantepe revealed lots of fragments of different vessels of the quality ceramics, not represented in series, including an open vessel with a fuse, beaks of vessels, massive flat-bottomed ups on a ring tray, and a high bellshaped leg of a vase. There were also found various ceramic things, particularly, not tall ringshaped trays for round-bottomed vessels, etc. The class of quality ceramics may also be inclusive of several fragments of decorated vessels and crocks of black and dark-gray vessels, often with their surface polished. The surfaces of vessels, mostly of quality ceramic vessels, often have different cut and pricked signs, sometimes one in combination with the other one. Among the quality ceramics findings, there is a small number of various loop-shaped handles of vessels, and an “envelope” for tokens. The “rough ceramics” is distinguished for a smaller variety of forms. They can be subdivided into “domestic” ceramics and “hearth” ceramics. “Domestic ceramics” represents hand-formed gray-yellow, brown and even black items with rough inorganic admixture (wood, rough sand, grinded obsidian, pyrite, and quartzite). These items are baked to various degrees of quality, but on the whole, are of rather good quality. Their crock is a bit fragile. They are wide-necked and narrow-necked egg-shaped jugs with a round or flat bottom and not tall neck. Gray-yellow vessels have their outer surface polished. The outer surface of brown vessels is often fine smeared, a bit polished and is of black-brown color, slightly polished. Apart from jugs, this group also consists of different cups, whose form is insignificantly different from that of quality ceramics cups. This group includes the fragments of rough dark brown-gray vessels, with their surface decorated with pricks under the neck. The “hearth ceramics” includes vessels formed of massive clay mass with large inorganic admixtures and, probably, with an admixture of dung. They have a roughly polished uneven surface and, for separate exceptions, are badly baked; the color of the burnt surface oscillates from gray to brown-black. This group includes round braziers with not tall ledges. In the upper part of the ledge of some vessels, there were made, before the item was baked, through holes that belt the brazier. At some other specimens, the ledge covers only three fourths of the brazier’s radius; moreover, opposite the item’s open part, the ledge is slightly concaved or has a massive inner modeling. The braziers

have thin, convex bottoms well-polished from the inner side and baked. From the outer side, they often bear the traces of mat where they were formed, and have no traces of fire. However, they were most often made on the ground. The outer sides of their ledges are too smoked. Apart from braziers, the hearth ceramics represents different hearth trays. They have the form of a tall truncated cone or a pyramid. In the settlement, there were found a fragment of a feminine figure and terracotta statuettes of animals, ceramic distaffs, and a semi-spherical seal. Lithic tools on settlement Alkhantepe were made of various rocks. Cutting tools were overwhelmingly made of grayish flint, while obsidian was used rarely. There are typical either blades or flakes, often with second working. For the reasons of production, there was often used sandstone, of which there were made numerous oval grain graters with one or two working surfaces, and solid sandstone, of which there were made fragments and whole specimens of lithic disks or squares with a two-sided drilled center. There are lots of striking tools made of solid shallow stone pebbles and small pebble-stones. There were also found lithic distaffs and miniature onyx vessels. Bone tools collected from Alkhantepe are not numerous. Like on other Leilatepe tradition sites, bone was rarely used for the reasons of production. Bone implements are mostly pricks and distaffs. Pricks, usually made of tubular bones of sheep and goats, have a triangle or triangle-resembling flat head transiting into a pointed rod. They are “Alkhantepe type” pricks typical for Leilatepe tradition sites. Distaffs are made of heads of epiphyses of large animals. Sometimes, the upper hill of the cut epiphysis was also slightly cut so there was formed a plain, in the center of which there was drilled a hole. The study of the site’s layer revealed a lot of slags (waste of metallurgic production) and hardened splashes of a liquid metal, production kilns, and metalworking tools. In addition, there were found metallic items, mostly in fragments. However, their number, despite the organized metallurgic and metalworking production here, was not large. There were found only blades of two poniards, a small heavy chisel, several unbroken and fragmented awls, small fragments of unidentifiable tools made of a copper-based metal, as well as a lead pendant. The analysis of metals and production waste from settlement Alkhantepe has revealed that the copper-based metal had substantial additives of other metals, which, along with data indicating on the existence of metallurgy on the rest sites of the Leilatepe tradition, allows making four conclusions. First, this tradition, in terms of its technical-cultural level, refers to the Metal Age; second, its bearers possessed the skills of metallurgic production and metalworking; third, they could produce metal with various additives, i.e. bronze; and fourth, their appearance on the Caucasus was followed by the development of local Early Bronze metallurgy. Thus, in the Southern Caucasus, there was made the first step toward the region’s transition to Metal Age; a step that, however, was not developed further. The second, more successful step on this path was made by the bearers of the Kura-Arax tradition later. The period of operation of settlement Alkhantepe or, if we take a wider look, of the Leilatepe tradition in the Mugan area linked to the tradition’s late stage dates back to the 33rd-32nd centuries BC. A gap of around 600 years is noticed between the bearers of the Mugan Neolithic and that of the Leilatepe tradition in this territory. There are no traces of link between those bearing the Leilatepe tradition and the bearers of the Kura-Arax tradition who substituted the former on this territory. The traces of the Kura-Arax tradition bearers who settled the Mugan area after the Leilatepe bearers have been preserved in the form of cultural sediments on the surface of natural hills or on

the surface of hilly remnants of Mugan Neolithic settlements. The ways Kura-Arax penetrated the Mugan area have not yet been identified. Archaeologically, there was studied only settlement Misharchay-1. It is located on the Left (northern) Bank of River Misharchay and has been preserved in the form of an 18-meter high, some 160-meter (diameter) round hill. In the base of the hill’s southern slope, there was laid the prospecting hole that revealed that the lower, 4.5-meter layers are remnants of a Kura-Arax settlement. Here, there were found remnants of a potter’s furnace made of tile brick, rectangular buildings with rounded corners made of tile bricks put in two rows with floors smeared with yellow clay. Behind the rounded corners, there were cleared out pole hollows. The layer revealed a material typical for many Kura-Arax settlements. They are hearths in the form of massive ceramic cups with broad massive crowns, and horseshoe-shaped trays for a one-handle hearth. There were found many fragments of ceramic vessels. The vessels were made by hand, by ribbon method of clay baked to various extents, with sand added. Their surfaces, depending on the type of the vessel, are covered with engobe and polished from one side or both sides. The lower horizons are baked reddish, brown and dark brown, without a lining. In the upper horizons, under the existence of rare gray specimens, there prevail black-polished specimens, sometimes, on a pink lining. There are found fragments of vessels formed on the cloth basis. Except for a specimen with a relief spiral, no ornament was found on the vessels. In terms of form, they are wide-necked jugs with two semi-spherical handles, jugs with cylindrical necks with handles on the base, and jugs with three handles on the body. There are many cups and bowls of different sizes. They include massive specimens without handles and more elegant specimens with an inner ledge at the edge, and a loop-shaped handle. There are many fragments of lids and various cups equipped with loop-shaped handles. There was also found a tray for vessels. There are lots of bone and stone tools. They are flint cutters with bitumen remains, lots of oval and rook-shaped graters, and tops of pins. There are also bone pricks, an awl with an ear, and an epiphysis distaff. There were collected many pure yellow clay bi-conic cannon bullets. There are also models of wheels and figures of animals available. On the whole, the whole complex of the Kura-Arax layer of settlement Misharchay-1, like, probably, the Kura-Arax bearers’ inhabiting the Mugan area can be dated back to the early centuries of the 3rd millennium BC. The second half-the end of the 3rd millennium BC were noticed in the Mugan steppe by the bearers of burial mound traditions of the post-Kura-Arax tradition of early Middle Bronze settled cattle-raisers, who were actively penetrating this area from through the Southern Caucasus. Their traces are presented by many burial mounds, as well as settlements and sites at hilly remnants of settlements of the Neolithic (Polutepe) and Kura-Arax (Misharchay-1) traditions. Appearing on this territory in the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC were already the bearers of Middle Bronze traditions involving the decorated ceramics.

Туфан Исаак оглу Ахундов

Институт Археологии и Этнографии Национальной Академии Наук Азербайджана (Азербайджан, Баку)

Этнотрадиции Муганской степи в V- III тыс. до н.э. Муганская степь - самостоятельная экологическая ниша, восточная часть которой, находится на юго-востоке Республики Азербайджан, а западная на смежной территории Республики Иран. Исследования проведённые на Восточной Мугани, позволяют проследить процесс развития и смены традиций на этой территории, начиная с V тыс. до н.э. Полноценной информации о памятниках Западной Мугани у нас нет, но косвенные данные по развитию ландшафтов допускают заселение её несколько раннее Восточной. В целом, Муганская степь интересна тем, что находится на стыке Южного Кавказа и Передней Азии и почти всегда была самым удобным участком взаимосвязей на линии их соприкосновения. Археологические исследования показали, что заселение Восточной Мугани началось в середине второй половины V тыс. до н.э. Это были носители этнотрадиции позднего неолита, выделяемой нами под названием «Традиция Муганского неолита». В ряду неолитических традиций Южного Кавказа Традиция Муганского неолита самая молодая, что в первую очередь связано с динамикой геоклиматических процессов развития южнокавказских равнин. На восточной части Муганской равнины условия благоприятные для хозяйства неолитических традиций возникли несколько позже остальных равнин Южного Кавказа. Это была узкая подгорная полоса, зажатая с запада невысокими отрогами Браварского хребта, а с востока Каспийским морем, рассечённая множеством небольших речек и суходолов, спускающихся с гор в сторону моря. На сегодняшний день на Муганской (восточной) равнине зафиксировано более 20-ти остатков поселений эпохи неолита. На двух из них (Аликёмектепе и Полутепе) проведены раскопки, одно поселение (Фeттепе) исследовано стратиграфическим шурфом. Все остальные памятники обследованы лишь визуально. По собранному подъёмному материалу, они всецело идентичны материалам, полученным в результате раскопок и, указывают на принадлежность их к единой археологической традиции, Муганского неолита. Остатки поселений сохранились в виде тепе в большинстве случаев, расположенных на краю береговых террас, или в виде берегового мыса. Площадь их колеблется от 0,25 га до 6 га. В некоторых случаях остатки поселений находятся на практически ровных участках равнины, без видимых следов водных артерий. Но изучение геоморфологических процессов на Муганской равнине, указывает, что во время функционирования этих поселений рядом с ними также проходили водные артерии, к настоящему времени перекрытые последующими аллювиальными отложениями, частично покрывшими и нижнюю часть тепе. Толщина культурных отложений эпохи неолита на трёх раскопанных поселениях от 4 м. (Аликёмекепе) до 6 м. (Полутепе). На Аликёмектепе, холмообразные остатки поселения расположенного на правом южном берегу реки Инджачай, на территории села Учтепе, позже были использованы для среднебронзовых, античных и средневековых погребений. Остатки неолитического поселения на Полутепе, расположенного в 1 км. к востоку от Аликемектепе на том же

берегу реки Инджачай, позже было кратковременно обжиты носителями Кура-араксской и пост-кура-араксской курганной традиций, использовалось для погребений среднебронзовой традиции с расписной керамикой и долговременно заселено в IX-XI в н.э. На значительном пространстве прилегающей к этим двум поселениям полосы речного берега, часто попадаются материалы эпохи раннего железа, но на самих остатках поселений, этот период никак не представлен. Неолитические отложения на поселении Фeттепе, расположенном в 4 км к скверу от Полутепе перекрыты лишь тонким средневековым (IX-XI в н. э) слоем, но буквально рядом в 200 м к западу от него, за предполагаемой водной артерией находятся остатки лейлатепинского поселения Алхантепе. Недалеко от визуально исследованного поселения Пашатепе, расположенного в 5 км. К западу от Полутепе также на правом берегу реки Инджачай, представленного только отложениями неолита, находятся остатки среднебронзового поселения с расписной керамикой. Все остальные известные неолитические поселения Муганской равнины однослойные. На раскопанных памятниках выявлены остатки архитектуры. Она представлена прямоугольными, овальными и круглыми строениями, сложенными из сырцового кирпича. Кирпич прямоугольной формы выложенный, в основном, на тонком глиняном растворе. Но выявлены и строения где кирпич, вероятно, был выложен влажным без связующего раствора. Стены в подавляющем большинстве толщиной в один кирпич, положенный вдоль её длины. Но выявлены и остатки стен толщиной в два продольных, а в одном случае, в два поперечно выложенных кирпича. В верхней толще культурных отложений поселения Полутепе, с выраженными «строительными» горизонтами остатков кирпичных строений не было, но в незначительном количестве попадали фрагменты обожжённого турлука, что допускает предположение применения в неолитической архитектуре Муганской равнины и строений из лёгких конструкций. На исследованных поселениях носителей традиции Муганского неолита выявлены и остатки их погребений. Они совершались на различных участках культурных отложений в плохо выраженных неглубоких выемках. Покойники укладывались в различной степени скорчено на правом или левом боку, реже скорчено на спине. Ориентация покойников также не стабильна. Тут имеются и погребения взрослых людей, и погребения младенцев. В большинстве случаев покойники и могила посыпались красно-бордовой охрой. Некоторые погребённые, в том числе и младенцы, имели сопровождающий инвентарь, чаще небольшую чашечку, различные бусы. Вместе с тем, количество погребённых слишком мало по сравнению со временем существования поселения, что предполагает наличие у носителей традиции Муганского неолита и других форм обращения с покойниками. Более всего определяющим археологической традиции является керамическая продукция, в значительной степени отражающая их этническую суть и самобытность. Для памятников Муганского неолита характерна большая насыщенность керамических находок, в разы превышающая традиции других регионов Кавказа. Она формована от руки из глины с растительной примесью, обычно покрыта качественным ангобом и равномерно, достаточно хорошо обожжена. Поверхности заглажены, а некоторые слегка залощены. Преобладает ангоб различных тонов кофейного цвета, но немало и образцов других цветов, от беловатого до буро-чёрного.

В верхней толще отложений поселения Полутепе встречаются фрагменты крупных чаш формованных в плетёной форме. Отпечатки плетения хорошо сохранились на всей внешней поверхности, за исключением 3-5 сантиметровой полосы у верхнего среза, наращенного над краем плетёной формы. В отличие от других неолитических традиций Кавказа, в целом, для Муганского неолита характерно наличие существенного количества расписной керамики. Роспись наносилась по ангобированой поверхности, в том числе сосудов формованных в плетёной форме. В зависимости от формы и функциональному назначению роспись наносилась на внутреннюю или внешнюю поверхность, или на обе поверхности одновременно. Нередко, особенно на миниатюрных сосудах, поверхность до росписи предварительно окрашивалась. Роспись обычно наносили до обжига коричневой или бурой, реже красной краской. В единичных случаях использовали жёлтый цвет. Изредка встречаются и фрагменты сосудов окрашенных в красный цвет после обжига. Мотивы росписи геометрические. Это, в основном, свисающие полые или залитые треугольники, реже ромбы, лесенка и.т.д. Изготовляли сосуды различного размера, от миниатюрных «блюдец» диаметром 5-6 см. до сосудов диаметром и высотой свыше 1,2 м., толщина черепка которых достигала 4-5 см. Посуда за исключением небольших пиал плоскодонная. При этом переход днища в стенку мог быт резко выражен или наоборот мягким со слегка вогнутой серединой. В зависимости от формы и назначения имеются как широкодонные, так и узкодонные сосуды. Донья последних, порой, слегка утолщены в виде каблучка, а на их внешней поверхности имеются отпечатки концентрического плетения. По формам выделяются небольшие полушарные пиалы, плоскодонные чаши, размер которых колеблется от миниатюрных до крупных диаметром свыше 50 см, широкодонные «казаны» со слегка заходящими бортами, крупные бочкообразные сосуды суживающиеся к донышку и закраине или почти цилиндрической формы. Ручки на них отсутствуют. Только «казаны» снабжались ручками – кулачками, которым, по всей видимости, придавалось некое магическое значение. Среди них часто попадаются образцы, моделированные в форме головы животного, женских и мужских половых органов. В основной массе венчики не выражены, а закраины просто округло сглажены. Но встречаются и сосуды, у которых уже намечается оформление уплощённых закраин утолщённых валиком или сосуды со слегка отогнутым верхним краем стенки. Характерной для Муганского неолита формой сосуда являются узкогорлые сосуды с цилиндрической шейкой и выраженным плечом. Они обычно снабжены массивной также характерной для Мугани петлевидной ручкой, соединяющей закраину горловины с плечом сосуда. В одном экземпляре найдена и чаша, снабжённая аналогичной ручкой. На Полутепе часто встречаются цилиндрические котлообразные сосуды с желобком-сливом в основании. Наряду с росписью, керамическая продукция традиции Муганского неолита украшалась также различные налепами, которым вероятно также придавалось магическое значение. Это главным образом сосочки под закраиной. Количество их различно, от одной до цепочки опоясывающей верхний срез сосуда, не зависимо от его формы. Реже встречаются сосочки, прикреплённые в различных сочетаниях на плечо сосуда, ближе к верхнему краю. Имеются также налепы в виде косых и прямых шпалок, в форме полумесяца концами вверх и небольших колец. Помимо сосудов на поселениях Муганского неолита найдены фрагменты плоских дисковидных жаровен, крышек и небольших трёхгранных конусов. Последние иногда окра-

шены в красный цвет и, возможно, представляли собой некие индивидуальные или семейные алтари. Изготовление такого количества, качества, разнообразия размеров и форм керамической продукции трудно представить без соответствующих печей. Археологическими исследованиями на поселениях Аликёмектепе и Полутепе выявлено несколько десятков печей для обжига керамики. Они представлены тремя формами. Все двуярусное. По количеству преобладают печи с вытянутым топочным жёлобом, вырытым в грунте и перекрытым на уровне горизонта кирпично-глинобитной площадкой - подом верхней камеры. Несколько пар продухов из топочной камеры выведены от её продольных стен в обе стороны на поверхность в верхнюю камеру, которая была оконтурена стенкой из сырцового кирпича и, вероятно, перекрывалась сырцово-кирпичным сводом. С обоих концов топочная камера завершалась овально-расширенными пандусами, выведенными на горизонт за пределы стен верхней камеры. Размеры обжигательных камер этих печей достигали 2,4 м в длину и до 1,8 м в ширину, хотя большая часть была меньше. На поселении Полутепе выявлены и печи более сложной конструкции квадратной формы, продухи которых, соединяясь и разделяясь между собой под верхним подом, и выводились на его поверхность по всему периметру камеры. И наконец, на поселении Аликёмектепе были исследованы небольшие печи, от которых сохранился лишь нижний ярус в форме округлой выемки с отходящим от него небольшим желобком. Общая длина их была около 0,8 м. В культурных отложениях Аликёмектепе были выявлены круглые «площадки» диаметром 0,4-0,6м, выложенные черепками керамических сосудов. Они сложены из относительно толстых черепков, плотно, ребром один к одному на всю высоту черепка встроенных в глиняную массу. Образованная поверхность имела незначительную вогнутость к центру. На Аликёмектепе, в самом нижнем горизонте были найдены антропоморфные фигурки из необожжённой глины. На Полутепе, также, в основном, в нижних слоях найдены необожжённые стилизованные фигурки женщин. Кроме того найдено небольшое количество зооморфных фигурок. Для всех памятников неолита этого региона характерно большое количество глиняных пулек для пращи, которые попадаются как штучно, так и скоплениями в несколько десятков. Эпохе неолита в целом присуще наличие большого количества предметов из кости и рога. Не исключено и поселения Муганского неолита, где также найдено большое количество костяных, в меньшей степени роговых изделий. По функциональному назначению преобладают проколки, в основном, сделанные из трубчатых костей мелкого скота. В большинстве случаев для этого использовали продольно расщепленную кость с сохранением или удалением эпифизной головки и заострением другого конца. Реже конец трубчатой кости косо срезался и приострялся. Очень много лощил. Они двух видов. Одни сделаны из трубчатой кости, один конец которой косо срезан в качестве рабочей поверхности. Но преобладают ножевидные лощила сделанные из продольно срезанной лопаточной кости мелкого скота. Помимо описанных, на поселениях найдены костяные кинжалы, обоймы для каменных вкладышей, «совки» из лопаточной кости крупного скота, мотыгообразные орудия, бусы и т. д. Для изготовления орудий также использовали различные породы камня. В качестве пластинчатых орудий в подавляющем большинстве это местный сероватый кремень, ко-

торый, судя по количеству производственного отхода и самих орудий, обрабатывался непосредственно на самом поселении. Значительно реже использовали обсидиан, источники которого отсутствуют в регионе. Много зернотёрок и тёрочников из плотного песчаника, различных пестов из речного камня. Имеются ступки и каменные чаши, топоры. Хозяйство носителей Муганского неолита основывалось на возделывании злаков, содержании различных видов домашних животных, охоте и рыболовстве. Они носили мягкую тупоносую обувь, имели на поселении собак. Как уже сказано выше, «Традиция Муганского неолита» представляет относительно позднюю стадию этой эпохи. Незначительные различия в некоторых элементах этой традиции в различных её памятниках и уровнях культурных отложений наблюдается, но особо выраженных различий нет. Она во всей толще отложений однородна. Мы думаем, что первичное сложение этой традиции происходило за пределами Муганской степи. Она была привнесена на эту территорию в уже сложившемся виде мигрантами, продвинувшимися сюда с запада. Это была единая этническая масса, почти одновременно основавшая не менее десятка поселений и почти одновременно ушедшая с исторической арены. Возраст Традиции Муганского неолита укладывается в конец третьей четверти V - рубежа V-IV, возможно, начало IV тыс. до н.э. Во второй половине IV тыс. до н.э. на Муганскую степь с запада продвинулись носители Убейдской традиции, выплеснувшиейся из метрополии далеко за её пределы. На Южном Кавказе на сегодняшний день зафиксировано несколько десятков их памятников, вошедших в литературу под названием Лейлатепинской традиции. На Муганской равнине пока известно только два поселения этой традиции. Но имеются отдельные находки и памятники на границах степи и в прилегающих горах, указывающие, что носители этой этнотрадиции в последней трети IV тыс. до н.э. достаточно основательно освоили этот регион. Первое поселение этой традиции на Муганской равнине – поселение Мишарчай IV было найдено на берегу усохшей старицы реки Мишарчай. В настоящее время оно перекрыто строениями разросшегося города Джалилабад. Второе поселение - поселение Алхантепе исследовано археологическими раскопками. Оно находится 4 км к северу от поселений Аликёмектепе и Полутепе и в 200м. к западу от поселения Феттепе. Территория памятника многие годы используется под сельскохозяйственные нужды и периодически распахивается. Это практически ровный горизонтальный участок степи, который на памятнике как бы слегка преломляется в восточную и северную стороны. Наземных топографических признаков поселение практически не имеет. Площадь его определённая системой рекогносцировочных шурфов приблизительно равна 4 га. Определено, что поселение было основано на пологом берегу русла небольшой водной артерии. Оно однослойное, в месте раскопа состоит из семи строительных горизонтов, на некоторых участках распадающихся на под-горизонты, с характерными для каждого остатками строений и всецело относится к Лейлатепинской традиции. Толщина слоя постепенно утолщается в сторону русла от 0 на дальнем западном краю до 3,0 м в центре поселения. После этого уклон резко увеличивается и современного канала (русла реки) уходит под грунтовые воды. В целом, толща культурных отложений Алхантепе распадается на две пачки строительных горизонтов, хотя археологический материал во всей толще идентичен. Нижняя пачка горизонтов, толщиной 1,7-1,8 м. включает остатки круглых и прямоугольных полуземлянок и землянок, стены которых в некоторых случаях с внутренней стороны

обложены кладкой из сырцового кирпича. Тут же находились алтарные площадки, остатки хозяйственных ям, производственных печей, очаги, остатки кирпичных стен, вероятно, отгораживающих отдельные хозяйственно-производственные участки. Верхняя пачка горизонтов, была аморфна. Ни землянок, ни каких либо кирпичных строений, ни каких либо производственных печей в ней не было. Она в нижней части на толщину около 0,8 м включала в себя остатки зольных пятен и выемок, заполненных золой. Тут в одном из горизонтов удалось расчистить остатки двух наземных турлучных строений прямоугольной формы. В центре каждого строения был устроен впущенный в пол круглый очаг. В 0,4-0,5 м от современного горизонта была расчищена «платформа» покрывающая более 100м2 площади раскопа. Она состояла из рамы сложенной из пересекающихся под прямым углом деревянных брусьев, образующих квадраты размерами в среднем 0,7м х 0,7 м. Брусья прямоугольного сечения /4-6 см х 10 см/ были положены на ребро и не смотря на пересечение все лежали в одном уровне. Пространство на высоту брусьев /10 см/ было утрамбовано грунтом, без наличия каких либо материалов. Выше платформы археологический материал слоя также был аналогичен материалам нижележащих горизонтов. В результате исследований выяснилось, что разница в структуре нижней и верхней пачек отложений результат тектонических подвижек, следы которых сохранились в нижней пачке горизонтов в виде трещин заполненных выбросами серы. Поселение (как минимум исследуемый участок) было на непродолжительное время заброшено. На исследуемом участке даже найдена кладка яиц утки. При последующем обживании этой территории стали возводить лёгкие наземные турлучные строения. Предназначение деревянной «платформы» нам не ясно. Остатки аналогичных «платформ» были выявлены в шурфах на расстоянии 30 и 60 м от основного раскопа. При исследованиях на поселении Алхантепе было выявлено 13 погребений. Погребённые представляли все возрасты, от младенцев до взрослых людей и в зависимости от принадлежности к тому или иному горизонту находились на различных уровнях культурного слоя. Определённых ям для погребений практически выявить не удалось, что, видимо, связано с морфологией культурного слоя. Младенцы за одним исключением были захоронены в кувшинах. Подростки и взрослые в грунте, в различной степени скорченности. Определённой ориентации погребений также не было. В одном случае взрослый покойник был положен на животе. При изучении культурных отложений на территории охваченной раскопочными работами были выявлены и исследованы различные производственные печи, различающиеся между собой по форме и конструкции, отвечающим их функциональному назначению. Среди них имеются остатки двух печей связанных с металлургией и металлообработкой. На различных уровнях культурных отложений расчищены бытовые очаги. Во многих случаях они представляли собой прожжённые докрасна слои глиняной массы круглого и овального плана, толщиной 3-8 см., с заглаженной поверхностью. Исключение очаги на обмазанных полах турлучных строений. Они так же круглого плана, но впущены в горизонт. В одном случае очаг имел вертикальные стенки и плоское дно, во втором он имел вогнутую поверхность. Наряду с указанными, встречены остатки очагов сохранившихся в виде прожжённой докрасна овально-прямоугольной в плане глиняной массы аналогичной вышеуказанным, невысоким поперечным бортиком разделённые на две половины. В некоторых случаях

удалось расчистить хорошо заглаженный более высокий борт, ограничивающий очаг с одной из продольных сторон. На Алхантепе пользовались и открытыми кострами, следы которых на поверхности соответствующего горизонта сохранились как прожжённые пятна. На памятнике были расчищены и алтарные площадки. Они круглого плана со слегка вогнутой к середине обмазанной поверхностью, диаметром до 1,24 см. Толщина их прожига 4 – 10 см. В двух случаях в центре круга в площадку был встроен венчик небольшого керамического сосуда воронкообразной формы. В одном случае в центре круга находилась выемка диаметром 12 и глубиной 21 см. Стенки её как и поверхность круга были сильно прожжены. В культурных отложениях были выявлены круглые «площадки» выложенные аналогично выявленными на Аликёмектепе черепками керамических сосудов. На поселении Алхантепе была получена значительная коллекция керамических, костяных, каменных и металлических находок. Керамические изделия весьма разнообразны но, в целом, характерны для лейлатепинской традиции. В соответствии с технико-технологической типологией, принятой к настоящему времени для этой традиции, они так же разделяются на два основных класса: « качественная керамика» и « грубая керамика». Качественная керамика формована из глины с растительной примесью и примесью мелкого песка, реже - из глины без видимых примесей. Значительная часть посуды этого класса изготовлена с использованием круга - вращающегося устройства. Причем небольшие сосуды обычно полностью изготавливали на круге, тогда как для производства других, особенно крупных изделий, круг использовали только для формовки или подправки уже сделанных горловин и венчиков. Обнаружено и немалое количество лепных сосудов. Поверхности изделий, в зависимости от формы и назначения, в большинстве случаев покрыты ангобом с одной или обеих сторон. Причем его качество обычно зависело от назначения сосуда. Ангоб мог быть тонким и плотным или рыхлым, массивным. Использовали белый, зеленовато-белый, желтовато-белый и охристый ангоб, причем последний имел цвета различных тонов и насыщенности. Реже употребляли чёрный, сероватый и коричневатый ангоб. Керамика обычно равномерно обожжена по всей поверхности, реже встречаются образцы с подпалинами. Стенки малых сосудов почти всегда хорошо обожжены на всю их толщину. Черепки крупных изделий часто имеют черноватую сердцевину различной толщины. Обжиг проводился в печах с хорошо регулируемым тепловым режимом при высокой температуре. Материалы поселения Алхантепе показали, что процент плоскодонной керамики для этой традиции значительно выше предполагаемого ранее, особенно у сосудов мелких и средних размеров независимо от их формы. Ведущими группами качественной керамики на поселении Алхантепе являются: Круглодонные сосуды с подшаровидным туловом, кувшины с воронкообразным венчиком, двугорлые круглодонные сосуды, двучастные пиалы с горизонтальным ребром, цедилки, горшки с внутренним желобком на горловине, круглодонные и плоскодонные чаши. Помимо описанных групп керамической посуды на поселении Алхантепе найдено много фрагментов разнообразных сосудов качественной керамики, не представленных сериями, в том числе открытый сосуд со сливом, носики от сосудов, массивные пло-

скодонные чаши на кольцевом поддоне, высокая колоколовидная ножка вазы. Обнаружены и различные керамические предметы, в частности, невысокие кольцевидные подставки для круглодонных сосудов и т. д. К классу качественной керамики можно отнести несколько фрагментов расписных сосудов и черепки сосудов черного и темно-серого цветов, часто с залощенной поверхностью. Нередко на поверхности изделий, главным образом качественной керамики, встречаются различные прорезанные и колотые знаки, в некоторых случаях в сочетании одного с другим. Среди находок качественной керамики имеется небольшое количество различных петлевидных ручек сосудов, «конверт» для токинсов. «Грубая керамика» отличаются меньшим разнообразием форм. Их можно разделить на группу «бытовой» и на группу «очажной» керамики. «Бытовая керамика» серо-желтого, бурого и даже черного цветов, формована от руки из глины с грубой неорганической примесью (дресва, шамот, крупный песок, растертый обсидиан, пирит или кварцит). Обжиг этих изделий различной степени качества, но в целом достаточно качественный. Черепок несколько хрупкий. Это широкогорлые и узкогорлые кувшины яйцевидной формы с круглым или плоским днищем и невысокой шейкой. У серо-жёлтых сосудов внешняя поверхность заглажена. У сосудов бурого цвета внешняя поверхность часто тонко обмазана, слегка залощена и имеет черно-бурый цвет, порой слегка залощённый. Помимо кувшинов для этой группы характерны также различные чаши, форма которых мало отличается от чаш качественной керамики. К этой группе можно отнести фрагменты грубоватых сосудов темного буро-серого цвета, поверхность которых под шейкой украшена наколами. «Очажная керамика» формована из рыхлой глиняной массы с крупными неорганическими добавками и, видимо, с примесью навоза. Они имеют грубо заглаженную шероховатую поверхность и, за отдельными исключениями, плохо обожжены, причем цвет обжига варьирует от серого до буро-черного. Данная группа включает круглые жаровни с невысокими бортиками. На некоторых изделиях в верхней половине бортика до обжига сделаны сквозные отверстия, опоясывают жаровню. У других экземпляров бортик охватывает лишь три четверти окружности жаровни, причем напротив открытой части изделия бортик слегка вогнут или имеет массивный внутренний налеп. Жаровни характеризуются тонкими и выпуклыми днищами, которые хорошо заглажены с внутренней стороны и обожжены. С внешней стороны они нередко имеют отпечатки циновки, на которой их формовали и не имеют следов огня. Однако, чаще их изготавливали непосредственно на грунте. Их борта с внешней стороны сильно закопчены. Помимо жаровен очажная керамика представлена различными очажными подставками. Они в форме высокого усечённого конуса или пирамиды. На поселении обнаружены фрагмент женской фигурки и статуэтки различных животных, выполненные из терракоты, керамические пряслица, полушарную печать. Каменные орудия на поселении Алхантепе изготовляли из различных пород. Режущие инструменты в подавляющем большинстве выполнены из сероватого кремня, обсидиан встречается редко. Характерны как пластины, так и отщепы, нередко с вторичной обработкой. В производстве часто использовали плотный песчаник, из которого сделаны многочисленные овальные зернотерки с одной или двумя сработанными поверхностями и плотный

пористый песчаник, из которого выполнены фрагменты и целые экземпляры каменных дисков или квадратов с двухсторонним сверлением по центру. Широко представлены ударные орудия из плотных мелкозернистых галек и мелких булыжников. Обнаружены также каменные пряслица и миниатюрные сосуды из оникса. Костяных изделий на Алхантепе немного. Как и на других памятниках лейлатепинской традицией, кость в производстве использовали редко. Изделия из нее представлены главным образом заколками и пряслицами. Заколки, обычно изготовленные из трубчатых костей мелкого рогатого скота, имеют треугольную или приближенную к треугольной форме плоскую головку, переходящую в заостренный стержень. Эти заколки «алхантепинского типа», характерные для памятников лейлатепинской традиции. Пряслица выполнены из головок эпифизов крупных животных. Порой верхний бугорок срезанного эпифиза также слегка срезали, в результате чего образовывалась плоскость, в центре которой высверливали отверстие. При исследовании памятника в слое выявлено много шлаков (отходы металлургического производства) и застывшие брызги жидкого металла, производственные печи и орудия металлообработки. Кроме того, найдены металлические изделия, в большинстве случаев во фрагментах. Однако их количество, несмотря на организованное металлургическое и металлообрабатывающее производство, невелико. Обнаружены лишь лезвия двух кинжалов, небольшая массивная стамеска, несколько целых и фрагментированных шильев, небольшие фрагменты неопределимых предметов, сделанные из медного в основе металла, а также свинцовая подвеска. Анализы металлов и отходов производства с поселения Алхантепе выявили наличие в их медной основе существенные добавки других металлов, что наряду с данными о наличии металлургии на других памятниках лейлатепинской традиции позволяет сделать четыре вывода. Во-первых, эта традиция по техно-культурному уровню относится к эпохе металла, во-вторых, ее носители обладали навыками металлургического производства и металлообработки, в-третьих, они уже умели производить металл с различными присадками, то есть бронзу, в-четвертых, с их появлением на Кавказе начинает развиваться местная металлургия начала эпохи бронзы. Таким образом, на Южном Кавказе был сделан первый шаг к переходу этого региона в эпоху металла, не получивший, однако, дальнейшего развития. Второй, более удачный шаг на этом пути был сделан позднее носителями куро-араксской традиции. Время функционирования поселения Алхантепе или если взять шире Лейлатепинской традиции на Мугани связанного с поздним этапом этой традиции, относится к XXXIII– XXXII вв. до. н. э. Между носителями Муганского неолита и лейлатепинской традицией на этой территории отмечен хиатус в около 600 лет. Нет следов контакта Лейлатепинцев и со сменившими их на этой территории носителями кура-араксской традиции. Следы носителей куро-араксской традиции, расселившихся на Мугани, после Лейлатепинцев, сохранились в виде культурных отложений на поверхности естественных холмов или на поверхности холмообразных остатков поселений Муганского неолита. Пути проникновения кура-аракса на Мугань пока не установлены. Археологически исследовано только поселение Мишарчай-1. Оно находится на левом (северном) берегу реки Мишарчай и сохранилось в виде округлого холма высотой 18 м

и диаметром в основании около 160 м. В основании южного склона холма был заложен разведочный раскоп, определивший что, нижние 4,5 метровые отложения представляют остатки кура-араксского поселения. Тут были выявлены остатки гончарной печи из сырцового кирпича, строения прямоугольной формы с закруглёнными углами, выложенные из сырцового кирпича, уложенного в два ряда с полами обмазанным жёлтой глиной. За округлёнными углами расчищены выемки от жердей. В слое найден материал, характерный для многих кура-араксских поселений. Это очаги в виде массивных керамических чаш с широкими массивными венчиками и подковообразные подставки для очага с одной ручкой. Найдено много фрагментов керамической посуды. Она изготовлена вручную, ленточным методом из различной степени отмученой глины, с добавлением песка и шамота. Поверхности в зависимости от типа сосуда покрыты ангобом и залощены с одной или обеих сторон. Цвет обжига в нижних горизонтах красноватый, светло коричневый и бурый без какой либо подкладки. В верхних горизонтах, при наличии редких серых образцов преобладают чернолощёные образцы порой на розовой подкладке. Найдены фрагменты сосудов формованных на тканевой основе. Орнамент за исключением образца с рельефной спиралью отсутствует. По формам это широкогорлые кувшины с двумя полусферическими ручками, кувшины с цилиндрическими шейками в основании которых имеются проёмные ручки, кувшины с тремя ручками на корпусе. Много чаш и мисок различного размера. Тут и массивные образцы без ручек, и более изящные образцы с внутренним бортиком у закраины и петлевидной ручкой. Много фрагментов крышек и различных кружек, снабжённых петлевидными ручками. Найдена подставка для сосудов. Имеется немало орудий из кости и камня. Это вкладыши из кремнистых пород с остатками битума, много овальных и ладьевидных зернотёрок, ступок и пестов, навершия булав. Имеются костяные проколки, игла с ушком и пряслице из эпифиза. Собрано много пулек биконической формы для пращи, сделанных из чистой жёлтой глины. Имеются модели колёс и фигурки животных. В целом, весь комплекс кура-араксского слоя поселения Мишарчай 1, как видимо и обитание носителей этой традиции на Мугани можно отнести к первым векам III тыс. до н.э. Вторая половина-конец III тыс. до н.э. отмечены на Муганской степи носителями курганных традиций пост-кура-араксских традиций подвижных скотоводов начала эпохи средней бронзы, активно продвигающихся сюда через Южный Кавказ. Их следы представлены многими курганными захоронениями, а также поселениями и стоянками на холмообразных остатках поселений неолитической (Полутепе) и куро-араксской (Мишарчай 1) традиций. В начале II тыс. до н. э. на этой территории уже появляются носители среднебронзовых традиций с расписной керамикой.

Бадалян Рубен, Арутюнян Армине Институт археологии и этнографии НАН РА (Армения, Ереван) Куро-араксское поселение Гехарот (Некоторые результаты раскопок 2013 – 2015 гг.). В 2013-2015 гг. совместная армяно-американская экспедиция, действующая в рамках Проекта ArAGATS (со-руководители – Р.С.Бадалян и А.Т.Смит), продолжила раскопки поселения бронзового века Гехарот на стыке Цахкаовитской равнины и Памбакского хребта (табл.I), на высоте около 2100 м над уровнем моря. Работы велись на западной террасе (раскоп Т-31), на западном (раскопы Т-28, Т-30, Т-36) и восточном (раскопы Т-34 и Т-35) краях вершины холма (табл.II). Настоящее сообщение представляет основные результаты исследования раннебронзового (РБ) слоя в раскопе Т-30 площадью 88 кв.м. Как показали раскопки предыдущих лет, культурный слой на вершине холма представлен в целом слоями раннего и позднего бронзового (ПБ) веков, каждый из которых в свою очередь содержит два строительных горизонта. Однако конкретные проявления этой принципиальной стратиграфической схемы различны на разных участках поселения, что обусловлено как крутизной склона и геологическими характеристиками холма, так и многослойным характером памятника и неоднократными разрушениями и реконструкциями, имевшими место на протяжении жизни поселения. В частности, сохранность и мощность РБ слоя на вершине холма варьирует в значительных пределах, определяемых в первую очередь масштабом и характером застройки поселения в ПБВ. Поскольку ПБ постройки возводились на некотором расстоянии от стен, охватывающих вершину холма и террасу, в этом пространстве, шириной до 3,5 – 5,5 м, в западной части раскопов Т-17, Т-18, Т-23, Т-26, Т-28, Т-30, РБ слой представлен в основном двумя горизонтами с более или менее полно сохранившимися конструкциями. В верхней же по склону части раскопов Т-21 и Т-26, занятой ПБ постройками, зафиксированы лишь участки полов верхнего РБ горизонта со скоплениями фрагментированных керамических сосудов, залегающими в основном в виде линз непосредственно под ПБ полами. Однако в соседних раскопах Т-28 и Т-30 верхний горизонт РБ слоя содержит остатки построек. Описание верхнего горизонта РБ слоя в раскопах Т-26, Т-28 и частично Т-30 приведено в отчетной статье, представляющей результаты раскопок 2008, 2010, 2011 гг.1 Ниже представлены результаты раскопок верхнего (2013 г.) и нижнего (2013-2015 гг.) РБ горизонтов раскопа Т-30 (табл.III-1).

Верхний горизонт. Основным элементом верхнего горизонта в раскопе Т-30 является раскопанное в 2011 г. помещение, в интерьере которого главное место принадлежало очагам 29 и 32. В 2013 г. непосредственно к востоку от них был расчищен фрагмент глинобитной площадки площа1. Ruben Badalyan et al, A Preliminary Report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 Investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. 46, (Berlin, 2014). pp.149-222.

дью 1.40 х 1.20 м, ограниченной с востока небольшой (длина 1.45 м, ширина 0.28 м) однорядной стеной (?) 3015. Западный край площадки с круглыми углублениями (диаметром 12 см) изрезан в виде треугольников и овалов, напоминая орнамент на раннебронзовой керамике (табл.IV-1). С запада перед площадкой открыт очаг (локус 49). Это обмазанная глиной округлая яма диаметром 25 см и глубиной 11 см с тремя внутренними выступами, придающим очагу вид трилистника. На поверхности выступает бордюр шириной 7-8 см, окаймленный плоским внешним кругом шириной 10-15 см. Вся конструкция прокалена, уплотненный внешний круг обрамляет горелая глинисто-песчаная оранжевая земля. В очаге найдены зерна исключительно обычной мягкой пшеницы и остатки колосьев2. Очаг залегает на стене 3011, которая безусловно принадлежит нижнему слою (см. далее), но, очевидно, была использована в интерьере позднего помещения, образуя фасад немного поднятой над уровнем пола площадки. Обнаруженные в помещении три очага принадлежат различным типам и для каждого из них можно предположить специфичные функции, органически сочетающиеся в интерьере одного помещения. Первый из очагов (локус 29) овальной формы размерами 50 х 90 см, вероятно, имел свод и, таким образом, представлял собой печь. Второй очаг (локус 32) представлял собой лишь выкопанную в толще пола и обмазанную глиной яму диаметром 30 см и глубиной 12 см, без какой-либо деталировки и декоративного оформления. Внутренний же проем очага 49 имеет выраженную форму трилистника; в целом очаг отличается от предыдущего сравнительно тщательной отделкой. Иными словами, если первые два очага имели безусловно утилитарное назначение, то последний мог быть также сакральным обьектом. Об этом же, возможно, свидетельствует характер палеоботанических находок; в рассматриваемом очаге зафиксированы, очевидно, пшеничные колосья, в то время как в бытовых очагах (например, очаг помещения нижнего РБ горизонта в раскопе Т-28 - локус 54) содержатся, как правило, зерна пшеницы, полбы, ячменя без остатков колосьев, и семена сорняков. Можно предположить, что все вышеперечисленные элементы составляли единый ансамбль, в котором своеобразная “ритуальная” площадка с глинобитными инсталляциями и очагом представляла собой “алтарь” на небольшом (10-15 см) возвышении в восточной части помещения. Северной стеной вышеописанного помещения является либо двурядная в плане стена из мелких камней (3009), либо параллельный ей Г-образный фрагмент стены (3014а-б) из крупных (42-50 х 33-45 х 20 см) камней длиной 3.9 м, шириной 0.5 м. К северу от стены 3014а на глубине 1.64 - 1.70 м был открыт пол из желтой глинистой земли толщиной около 10 см с двумя очагами (локус 87) - небольшими углублениями диаметром 25 и 30 см, глубиной 4 - 6 см, обмазанными глиной. Фрагмент пола с очагами сильно прокален и уплотнен. Материалы верхнего горизонта в раскопах Т-28 и Т-30 представлены в основном фрагментами керамических сосудов (табл.V), принадлежащих “карнут-шенгавитскому” комплексу второго периода куро-араксской культуры. Скорее всего, к этому же горизонту относится обсидиановый черенковый наконечник стрелы с зазубренным лезвием (длина 3,6 см, вес 1,7 г), найденный под камнями стены 3006 (табл.V-5). Горизонт РБ II в раскопе Т-30 подстилается слоем коллювиального гранитного песка толщиной 15-20 см, стерильным либо содержащим лишь небольшое количество сильно 2. Ботанический материал определен Р.Овсепяном.

фрагментированной керамики. Слой отчетливо виден в разрезах как под стенами РБ II 3012 и 13 и поверх стены РБ I 2811a (табл.IV-3), так и под стеной 3014а (табл.IV-4). Таким образом, стратиграфическая ситуация на участке полностью аналогична таковой, зафиксированой в предыдущие годы как на том же западном краю вершины3, так и на западной террасе4, где клиновидный глинисто-песчаный слой, увеличивающийся к подножию (до 60 см), перекрывал нижележащий горизонт РБ I.

Нижний горизонт. Комплекс построек нижнего горизонта РБ в раскопе Т-30, погибший в результате сильного пожара и сохранивший in situ интерьер, состоит из трех помещений (табл.III2). Площадь юго-восточного прямоугольного помещения (1а), ограниченного однорядными стенами 3010, 3011 и 3017 и примыкающего к южной стене (3016) помещения 2, составляет 3,5 х 2,4 м. Стены помещения шириной 0,35 - 0.5, сложенные из плоских фрагментов гранита размером 53 х 46 х 6/8 см, 60 х 30 х 28 см, 40 х 32 х 6 см, сохранились в высоту на два - три ряда кладки высотой от 25-30 до 50 см. В кладке стены 3010, ограничивающей помещение с юга, использован плоский базальтовый камень (62 х 22/30 х 8/10 см) с округлой вершиной; в 15-18 см от вершины, по бокам имеются небольшие симметричные выемки, придающие камню некоторую антропоморфность (табл.IV-2). С одинаковым успехом в камне можно предположить как “идол”, так и молотилку. В центре западной стены 3017 помещена опрокинутая крупная базальтовая ступка (диаметр – 40 см, высота – 22 см, диаметр отверстия 20 см) с проломленным дном, в северной части стены - базальтовая зернотерка. Под камнями северной оконечности стены залегали фрагменты керамики. Нижние ряды кладки стен обмазаны глиной. Пол помещения, глиняная обмазка которого сохранилась лишь местами под стенами, залегает на слое гранитного песка толщиной 35-40 см, нивелирующем поверхность скального массива холма. Помещение заполнено обожженной черно-оранжевой землей, насыщенной крупными фрагментами обугленных веток и бревен5 (зафиксирован фрагмент длиной 95 см и шириной 7 см). В северо-восточном углу, образованном стенами 3016 и 3011, на глубине 2.12 – 2.23 м на полу in situ были сконцентрированы фрагментированные керамические сосуды, в том числе крупный карас, миска и кувшин, две керамические крышки, керамический прямоугольный столик с полушаровидной ручкой в центре, керамическая подковообразная очажная подставка (табл.IV-7). Возле этой группы находилась крупная овальная зернотерка (37 х 21 х 12.5 см) с ладьевидным курантом (37 х 14 х 5 см). Еще одна крупная подпрямоугольная зернотерка (44.5 х 29 х 7.5 см) с ладьевидным курантом (32 х 14 х 3.5 см) и небольшой целый сосуд открылись у стены 3017. Все зернотерки на полу перевернуты. 3. Ruben Badalyan еt al, A Preliminary Report, 161, Fig.8. 4. Ruben Badalyan еt al, Village, fortress, and town in Bronze and Iron Age Southern Caucasia: A preliminary report on the 2003 - 2006 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 40, (Berlin, 2008), 49, Fig. 4a. 5. Результаты антракологического анализа углей из аналогичных контекстов в раскопах Т-17 и Т-18 см. Funy Jude еt al, Wood resource management based on charcoals from the Bronze Age site of Gegharot (central Armenia). Quaternary International. Environments and Societies in the Southern Caucasus during the Holocene. Volume 395, 2016, 31-44.

Под стеной 3011 была открыта цилиндрическая яма диаметром 80 х 88 см, глубиной 60-65 см, вырытая в гранитном кореннике и покрывающем его 35-40 см слое песка. По ее северному и западному краям сохранился участок глинобитного бордюра шириной 16 см. Яма содержала лишь незначительное количество фрагментов сильно обожженной керамики и крупные плоские камни. К юго-востоку от ямы залегали четыре базальтовые зернотерки и куранты, также перевернутые рабочей поверхностью вниз, роговое орудие, несколько мелких каменных орудий – базальтовые и пемзовые терочники и лощила, каменный пест/молоток или наковальня, дно крупного сосуда. Флотация локуса дала образцы мягкой голозерной пшеницы, немного полбы и ржи. Ячмень не зафиксирован. К югу от ямы раскопан небольшой сосуд, вокруг которого были рассыпаны карбонизированные зерна. Сосуд содержал исключительно голозерную пшеницу (по всей вероятности, гексаплоидную мягкую пшеницу), без единого ячменного зерна; семена сорняков составляли лишь 1.7%. Юго-западное помещение 1б представляет собой прямоугольный участок площадью 2,0 х 4 м между параллельными стенами 3017 и 3018 и ограничивающей участок с юга стеной 3019. Возможно, стена 3018 является частью террасы, охватывающей на этом участке западный край вершины. Пол помещения, залегающий в целом на 20-25 см ниже пола помещения 1а, имеет крутой уклон. Вся площадь помещения завалена обожженными глинисто-песчаными блоками, возможно, кирпичами (размеры: 40 х 22 х 5/12 см) с оранжевой поверхностью толщиной 2 см, четко видимой в разрезе, и черной сердцевиной. Подобным образом выглядит керамика, обожженная при сильном огне с доступом кислорода. Промывка блоков показала отсутствие в них органики. Под ними было обнаружено более 10 целых и фрагментированных ладьевидных, овальных, подпрямоугольных терочных плит и курантов разных размеров, большей частью сконцентрированных вокруг ступки в стене 3017 (табл.IV-5,6). Часть зернотерок растрескалась и разрушилась под воздействием сильного огня. Возле стены 3017, внутри глинобитного блока/кирпича, найден бронзовый наконечник стрелы с четырехгранным, суживающимся к концу, черенком и округлой, с заостряющимся концом, головкой (длина 8,4 см, вес 7,2 г) (табл.VI-7). Среди фрагментов керамических сосудов на глубине 2.53-2.56 м были сгруппированы девять вкладышей серпов из халцедонового кремня, гематитового кремня, кремнистой брекчии и яшмы6 (табл.VI-3). Рядом с зернотерками залегали два черенковых обсидиановых наконечника дротика (табл.VI-1: длина – 13.8 см, ширина – 5.7 см, ширина черенка – 2.3 см, вес 136,2 г; табл.VI-2: длина – 12.2 см, ширина – 4 см, ширина черенка – 2.4 см, вес 61,7 г,). В помещении найдено также несколько костяных и каменных орудий. Флотация локуса дала лишь крайне малочисленные, спорадические находки зерен ячменя, пшеницы, полбы и ржи. Помещение 2 представляет собой постройку прямоугольной формы (2.7-2.85 х 3.35-3.45) с закругленными углами. Строение опоясывает стена 3016, сложенная в один ряд из некрупных гранитных камней (25/32/50 х 17/32 х 12/15 см), сохранилась в высоту 2-3 рядов кладки. Один из камней южного участка стены напоминает “идола”, найденного в стене 3010. На одной боковой грани камня выдолблена выемка, вторая грань отбита. Дверной проем не 6. Определения пород проведены в лаборатории литологии ИГН НАН РА кандидатом геолого-минералогических наук Ж.О.Степанян.

зафиксирован, но, скорее всего, он был именно в южной стене, общей с помещением 1а, где один из плоских камней уложен непосредственно на грунт, очевидно, в качестве порога. Помещение было завалено камнями разрушенных стен, после удаления которых на глубине 2.15 – 2.25 м открылся покрытый фрагментированной керамикой пол (табл.VII-1). По всей видимости, по всему периметру стен стояли сосуды различных размеров; часть их содержала зерно, другая – возможно, какие-то жидкие продукты, к тому же способные увеличить температуру горения, т.к. большинство артефактов подверглось воздействию сильного огня, из-за чего часть фрагментов превратилась в керамическое крошево, не подлежащее восстановлению. Земля в локусе обожженная, везде раскопаны обугленные фрагменты древесных сучьев и ветвей (табл.VII-4). Наиболее крупные из них, в том числе фрагмент длиной 95 см и диаметром около 7 см, безусловно являлись элементами строительных конструкций (опорных столбов либо балок перекрытия), часть же, диаметром до 3 см, перекрытая развалами керамических сосудов, очевидно представляла собой вязанки хвороста. Центральное место в помещении занимает очаг (локус 96) оригинальной конструкции, залегающий на глубине 2.20 – 2.35 м. Его центр занимает врытый в грунт цилиндрический, немного расширяющийся к верху керамический очаг диаметром 30 см, глубиной 10 см, с орнаментированным бортиком и тремя мысовидными выступами (табл. VII-2; табл.VIII-12). Вокруг очага обмазан глиной круг диаметром 81-86 см, несколько заглубленный в пол и завершающийся высоким бордюром шириной 15 см. В северной части внешний круг расширяется, образуя “ушко” с прямоугольным углублением, от которого наружу ведет сужающаяся канавка (6 х 3 см) (табл.VII-3). В 50 см к северу от конструкции среди фрагментов небольшого сосуда найдено керамическое сопло в форме усеченного конуса с конусовидным же сквозным отверстием (длина 8,3 см, диаметр основания 45 мм, диаметр узкой части - 16 мм, диаметр отверстия - 16 - 6,5 мм) (табл.VI-5). Сопло точно помещается в канавке. Возле очага обнаружено семь кремневых вкладышей (2 концевых, 5 срединных) серпа, еще несколько - на его северном бортике (табл.VI-4). На юго-восточном бортике раскопаны сильно обожженные хрупкие фрагменты керамики, в том числе прямоугольной формы, что позволило предположить наличие какого-то артефакта в виде подставки/столика. Однако состояние находки не позволяет определить форму предмета. Под фрагментами также открылось скопление зерен. В юго-восточном углу помещения расположена яма, прослеженная с уровня пола постройки РБ II, но функционировавшая, безусловно, еще в ранний период. Яма глубиной около1,5 м имеет ассиметричную колоколовидную форму (верхний диаметр - 0,6 см, диаметр дна на глубине 3.72 м - 0.9 х 0.95 м); вырытая в слое песка ее верхняя часть укреплена по северо-западному контуру камнями, с глубины 2.55 м она прорезает гранитный коренник. Яма была заполнена обожженной землей, содержащей куски угля и кермические фрагменты, в том числе с отпечатками ткани. В заполнении ямы зафиксированы зерна ячменя и пшеницы, высокая концентрация сорняков. Вдоль восточного фаса стены 3016, начиная с края ямы, расчищены развалы крупных и мелких сосудов. Среди фрагментов крупного караса найдена миска с мелкими гальками, частью сработанными (терочники, лощила), и крупные куски обсидиана. Подобное же скопление галечных орудий и галек, кусков обсидиана обнаружено в северной части помещения (табл.VII-5). Вместе с ними in situ находился дацитовый ретушированный остроконечник среднепалеолитического облика7 (табл.VII-6; табл.VI-10). 7. Аналогичное дацитовое орудие найдено в 2008 г. в позднебронзовом слое в раскопе Т-21.

В юго-западной части постройки раскопаны фрагменты крупного караса красного цвета. Черепки прокалены настолько, что вся земля вокруг превратилась в красно-серо-зеленый пепел. Под фрагментами залегали вместе девять целых и фрагментированных костяных пряслиц (табл.VII-7). Здесь же обнаружены еще четыре пряслица по отдельности, два орудия из базальтового андезита и риолита и плоское туфовое грузило8 (табл.VII-8), дисковидная керамическая крышка с крупной ручкой, две костяные проколки (табл.VI8). Среди фрагментов сосудов в северной части помещения были рассыпаны обугленные зерна хлебных злаков. Скопления состоят в основном из зерен пленчатого ячменя (до 92.499.4%); отличается образец, взятый у северного бордюра очага, содержащий, наряду с ячменем (70%), также мягкую пшеницу (30%). Кучки зерна зафиксированы также под двумя крупными крышками, одна из которых перекрывает черный обожженный круг (один из макрообразцов содержал 99.1% пленчатого ячменя и менее 1% пшеницы). В помещении найдено также несколько украшений – пастовая (?) цилиндрическая бусина длиной 0,7 см и две подвески из просверленных клыков (canine) животных семейства псовых (табл.VI-9). Подобные подвески, наиболее ранние образцы которых на территории Армении представлены на неолитическом поселении Акнашен9, происходят также из РБ погребений N 37 Элара10, N 38 Амиранис-гора11, N 1 Загли I в Кобанском ущелье12, поселенческих слоев Шенгавита13 и Сос Хюйюка14; предполагаемая датировка последних, обнаруженных вне стратиграфического контекста, марткопским периодом, определяется наличием аналогий также в инвентаре курганов Марткопи NN 1,4 и Магаро15. Керамика помещений 1а, 1б и 2 представлена типичными для “элар-арагацского” комплекса (РБ I) формами (табл.VIII) и полностью аналогична образцам из других помещений горизонта. Это в основном среднего размера двуручные горшки и небольшие одноручные горшки/кубки с биконически корпусом и низким цилиндрическим или же незначительно расширяющимся к верху горлом, глубокие миски, дисковидные крышки с широким наклонным бортом и полушаровидной ручкой в центре. Крупные сквозные полушаровидные 8. Аналогичные в целом предметы обнаружены, например, на поселениях Анушаван (Ruben Badalyan, Pavel Avetisyan, Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia. I. Mt.Aragats and its Surrounding Region. BAR International Series 1697. 2007. Pl.II,1), Карнут (раскопки Р.Бадаляна 1983 г., фонды Музея истории Армении, инв. N 2934/89), Шенгавит (Акоп Симонян, Шенгавит. Рядовое поселение или ранний город? – Ушардзан (памятник), 8, (Ереван, 2013). иллюстр.7-1 (на арм.яз.); Шенгавит. Каталог археологических материалов из коллекций Музея истории Армении. Составители Бадалян P., Овсепян С., Хачатрян Л. Ереван, Музей истории Армении, 2015, N 435), Кети (Петросян Л.А. 1989. Раскопки памятников Кети и Воскеаска. Ереван. Судя по тексту, предмет найден в помещении 1 поселения Сгнахнер /с.21/, однако в подписи под рис.4 указано соседнее поселение Горнер). Кетийский и шенгавитский образцы без видимых причин названы идолами. 9. Ruben Badalyan et al, The Settlement of Aknashen-Khatunarkh, a Neolithic Site in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): Excavation Results 2004-2009. - TÜBA-AR, 13, 2010, Fig.14-1, p.198. 10. Эмма Ханзадян, Элар-Дарани. (Ереван, 1979.), с. 43, рис.56 (на арм.) . 11. Тариел Чубинишвили, Амиранис-гора. Материалы к древнейшей истории Месхет-Джавахети. (Тбилиси. 1963), Таб. X-11 (на груз.яз.). 12. Вячеслав Ростунов Погребальный обряд древнего и средневекового населения Северного Кавказа. (Орджоникидзе, 1988) с.23, 28, рис.16,6. 13. Симонян, Шенгавит, иллюстр. 8-6. 14. Antonio Sagona, Claudia Sagona, Hilmi Özkorucuklu, Excavations at Sos Höyük 1994. Anatolian Studies, XLV, 1995, 213, Fig.15:3,4. 15. Otar Dzhaparidze, 1993. Über die Ethnokulturelle Situation in Georgien gegen Ende III Jahrtausend v. Chr. – In: Marcella Frangipane, et al (Eds.). Between the Rivers and over the Mountains. Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata. 1993, Roma. Abb.6; Джапаридзе Отар, К этнокультурной истории грузинских племен в III тысячелетии до н.э. (Раннекурганная культура) (Тбилиси, 1998), рис.3-15, табл. III, рис.16-122, табл.XIX, рис.46. (На груз. яз.),

ручки на сосудах посажены на переходе горла в корпус. Орнамент встречается редко и преимущественно представляет собой помещенные на противоположной ручке стороне корпуса две мелкие ямки симметрично центральному продолговатому налепу. Для этого комплекса типичен также орнамент в виде двойной спирали со стилизованным изображением птицы между волютами, выполненный высоким рельефом (табл.VIII-11). Вышеописанный керамический комплекс характеризуется доминированием сосудов со светло- и темнокоричневой (7.5YR 6/4, 7.5YR 5/3, 4/3, 7.5YR 5/6), красно-коричневой (2.5YR 5/4), желтовато-красной (5YR 5/6) и красно-желтой поверхностью (7.5YR 6/6); темно-серые (10YR 4/1) и черные (Gley 1 2.5/N) цвета поверхности встречаются значительно реже. Основная масса керамики РБ I раскопа Т30 представлена образцами со сравнительно тонким хрупким черепком. По данным петрографического анализа, формовочная масса содержит большое количество средне- и крупнозернистой минеральной примеси (от 16 - 20% до 50%), среди которой выделяются блестки слюды (биотита) и полевые шпаты, редко шамот (5-9%). На поверхности иногда отмечены мелкие продолговатые поры, характерные для выгоревшей органики, которая, однако, отсутствует в самой глинистой массе. Сосуды тщательно заглажены, покрыты тонким слоем мелкозернистой жидкой глинистой массы и залощены. Венчики горшков, кубков, мисок залощены изнутри. Обжиг неравномерный, из-за чего наблюдается большой разброс в цветовой гамме и темные пятна на поверхности. В результате воздействия высокой температуры при пожаре фрагменты одного и того же сосуда часто радикально отличаются цветом. Подкладка керамики ранней группы в основном повторяет цвет поверхности; излом часто одноцветный, реже отмечается более темная/светлая по тону или серая сердцевина. Чернолощеная керамика с красной, коричневой или серой подкладкой и плотным гомогенным черепком, подобная характерной для последующего (РБ II) периода, представлена лишь отдельными образцами. Керамика вылеплена спирально-ленточным или кольцевым способом и часто обломана вдоль спаев. При анализе керамики выявлены следующие технологические приемы формовки: наложение широких лент внахлест и крепление лент стык в стык. Эта техника, впервые в общих чертах описанная Э.Ханзадян16, зафиксирована, наряду с Гехаротом, также в синхронных (в рамках КА I) поселениях Цахкасар17, Чобарети18, Овчулар-тепеси19 и среди поздних куро-араксских материалов Гехарота20. При наложении лент отмечены внутренние и внешние налепы и дальнейшее примазывание, в результате чего черепок в изломе часто имеет двух- или трехслойную структуру. В некоторых случаях под сколом между слоями отмечен отпечаток ткани (табл.V-6), использованного при формовке. При креплении стык в стык площадь соприкосновения пре

16. Эмма Ханзадян, Культура Армянского нагорья в III тыс. до н.э. (Ереван, 1967), с.69 (на арм.яз). 17. Inessa Hovsepyan,. Some technical and technological specifics of Early Bronze Age ceramics of Tsaghkasar-1 site (Armenia). – В: Habitus 1: Studies in Anthropology and Archaeology (Materials of international conference of young scientists «Ethnology and archaeology of Armenia and neighboring countries». (Yerevan, 2014) table VI. 18. Kakha Kakhiani et al, Archaeological Investigations at Chobareti in southern Georgia, the Caucasus. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 50, 2013, 27, Fig.52. 19. Catherine Marro, Veli Bakhshaliyev, Remi Berthon, On the Genesis of the kura-Araxes phenomenon: New evidence from Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan). Paléorient 40.2, 2014, 146, Fig.13. 20. Armine Hayrapetyan, Some Technical Aspects of the Pottery of the Early Bronze Age Site of Gegharot (Armenia). – In: Karen Rubinson, Adam Sagona (Eds). Ceramics in Transitions. Chalcolithic Through Iron Age in the Highlands of the Southern Caucasus and Anatolia. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Supplement 27, 2008. pp. 71-86.

дыдущей и последующей лент (или расформованных жгутов21) мала, торцы выпукло-вогнутые (позитив - негатив). Таким способом выделаны сосуды с более плотным черепком с хорошим обжигом (в основном черно-лощеная керамика), формовочная масса которых тщательно обработана и содержит незначительное количество песчаных примесей. Несмотря на то, что ранняя керамика не имеет четких резких переходов от корпуса к днищу, трехчастность керамики уже диагностируется и большинство сосудов обломано вдоль линий спаев по основанию горла и центру корпуса. Для вышеописанного комплекса получено шесть радиоуглеродных дат (табл.IX). Для помещений 1а и 1б образцы угля с полов помещений взяты от фрагментов бревен, для помещения 2 - от веток из-под развалов керамических сосудов вокруг очага. Еще две синхронные даты – АА 102807 и АА 102809 - получены для образцов угля за пределами помещений, вне очевидного стратиграфического контекста. Все даты, при максимальном диапазоне 3300 – 2900, синхронизируются в пределах 3100 – 2900 гг. до н.э. Наряду с помещениями РБ I в раскопах Т-17 и Т-18, исследованными в 2006 г. на том же западном краю вершины22, вышерассмотренные постройки предоставляют исключительно полную и детальную картину жизни и хозяйства древних обитателей Гехарота. Помещения 1а, 1б и 2 представляются не только стратиграфически и планиграфически, но и функционально единым комплексом, материал которого, сохранившийся in situ, позволяет составить представление о характере и назначении каждого помещения. Наличие под стеной 3017 фрагментов керамики и использование в ее кладке крупных каменных орудий (зернотерка, ступка, молотилка/”идол”) свидетельствует о постепенном формировании комплекса. Помещения 1а и 1б, очевидно, представляли собой пристройки, огороженные дворики, возможно, с легким перекрытием, опирающимся на столб; во всяком случае, стены 3011 и 3017 вряд ли являлись несущими. Вероятно также использование в их кладке глиняных блоков. Показательно отсутствие в помещениях стационарных очагов, компенсируемое переносной керамической подковообразной очажной подставкой в помещении 1а. Помещение 2 отличается сравнительно более капитальным обликом и наличием стационарного очага. Оригинальность конструкции последнего и находка сопла, назначением которого является подача воздуха для получения высокой, не требующейся в повседневном быту, температуры, а также запасов топлива, предполагают его специфическое назначение и тем самым специфику помещения. Очевидно, что сопло, также как и тигель из помещения Т-17/18, ассоциируются, прежде всего, с плавкой металла, однако иных свидетельств металлообработки в комплексах не зафиксировано. Обработка вторичных продуктов скотоводства документируется находкой тринадцати пряслиц, сконцентрированных в помещении 2. В комплексе в раскопе Т-30 прежде всего обращают на себя внимание материалы, связанные с обработкой зерновых культур. Как отмечалось выше, в помещениях 1б и 2 обнаружено по три-четыре (судя по количеству концевых вкладышей) серпа. В помещениях 1а и 2 вокруг крупных и мелких сосудов было рассыпано большое количество зерна, в основном пленчатый ячмень и немного мягкой пшеницы (соответственно 87,5% и 12,5% в помещении 1 и 86,1% и 13,9% в помещении 2). Наконец, показательным является кон21. Игорь Глушков, Керамика как археологический источник. Новосибирск. 1996, с. 38. 22. Рубен Бадалян, Адам Смит 2008. Поселение Гехарот: основные результаты раскопок 2005 – 2006 гг. В: Аветисян П.С., Калантарян А.А., Бадалян Р.С. (ред.), Культура Древней Армении XIV: материалы республиканской научной конференции: Ереван, изд-во «Гитутюн» НАН РА (на арм.яз.), с.45-68.

центрация терочных плит и курантов в помещениях 1а и 1б и полное отсутствие таковых, несмотря на повсеместно фиксируемые россыпи зерна, в помещении 2. Возможно, комплексу принадлежала особая роль в социальной жизни поселения. Если все зафиксированные в комплексе зернотерки использовались более или менее одновременно, а не отражают накопление вышедших из обращения орудий, то представляется, что количество терочных плит и курантов в помещениях 1а и 1b требовало большего, нежели могла обеспечить одна семья, числа рабочих рук, а их производственные возможности заведомо превосходили потребности одной семьи. В синхронных помещениях, где также найдено большое количество зерна и серпы, зафиксировано лишь по одной зернотерке (например, помещения в раскопах Т-17 и Т-18). Иными словами, масштаб деятельности, реализуемой в комплексе, представляется не столько семейным, сколько (суб)общинным. Обращает на себя внимание также более или менее стандартный размер (емкостью примерно 0,65 - 0,8 л, что соответствует 500 - 600 г зерна) однотипных в целом сосудов (табл. VIII-3,14,15), содержащих зерно. Вероятно, сосуды этого типа использовались (были предназначены ?) для порционной расфасовки зерна (сосуд аналогичной формы и размера из помещения РБ I в раскопе Т-18 также содержал зерно23). Очевидно, комплекс осуществлял функции не только хранения и переработки, но и, возможно, распределения зерна. Впрочем, абсолютная гомогенность содержимого одного из сосудов из помещения 1а (100% пшеницы), отсортированность и исключительная чистота зерна (сорняки составляют лишь 1,7%), возможно, указывает на некие агротехнические мероприятия (посевной материал ?). В целом, на основании материалов Гехарота можно констатировать ярко выраженный земледельческий характер расположенных на высоте около 2100 м над уровнем моря куро-араксских, именно КА I, поселений. Вышеописанная стратиграфическая ситуация в раскопе Т-30 и на поселении в целом свидетельствует о дискретном характере РБ поселения Гехарота. Перекрывающий нижний РБ горизонт клиновидный глинисто-песчаный коллювиальный слой, образовавшийся вследствие естественных процессов эрозии, отражает хиатус, последовавший за гибелью в пожаре раннего поселения. Естественное смещение вследствие этого планов раннего и позднего поселений относительно друг друга планиграфически выражено взаимным перекрыванием конструкций нижнего и верхнего горизонтов. Так, в раскопе Т-28 стена верхнего горизонта 2809 перекрывает очаг нижнего горизонта 54, печь 29 верхнего горизонта возведена поверх стены 3016 помещения 2, наконец, стена верхнего горизонта 3014а проходит поверх очага 96 помещения 2 (табл. II-1). Все это демонстрирует отсутствие генетической связи между ранним и поздним РБ поселениями Гехарота. Возможно, отмеченный выше хиатус между двумя РБ горизонтами поселения Гехарот отражает не только частную ситуацию и историю конкретного памятника, но и значительно более глубокие и масштабные историко-культурные процессы - дробление сравнительно гомогенного раннего куро-аракса (РБ I) и смену его мозаикой локальных вариантов позднего куро-аракса (РБ II)24. Дискретный характер “куро-араксского” феномена отражен также преимущественно однослойным характером как ранних, так и поздних поселений25. 23. Рубен Бадалян, Адам Смит, 2008, с.47, табл.II,3. Следует отметить, что сосуды этого типа составляют значительную часть керамики “элар-арагацского” комплекса и в большом количестве встречаются в погребениях (например, Элар, Талин, Дилижан). 24. Ruben Badalyan, Adam Smith, Lori Knatchadourian. Project ArAGATS: 10 Years of Investigations into Bronze and Iron Age Sites in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. TÜBA-AR, 13, 2010, p.266. 25. Ruben Badalyan, New data on the periodization and chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture in Armenia. Paléorient, 40/2, 2014. pp.71-92.

Badalyan Ruben, Harutyunyan Armine Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography (Armenia, Yerevan) Excavations of the Early Bronze Age layer at Gegharot settlement (2013 - 2015). Abstract This report presents the main results of investigation of the Early Bronze Age layer at Gegharot settlement in 2013-2015. A complex of three-sectioned rectangular stone buildings with a total area of about 26 m2 was opened at the trench T-30 on the western edge of the hill. The discovered materials - a large number of grains, sickle blades, about 20 ground stones and grinders - suggest that its inhabitants were primarily engaged in processing various cereals. The scale of the activities carried out in the complex was more (sub)communal than familial. Perhaps the complex played a special role in the social life of the settlement. While it is clear that grain storage and processing took place at the site, it is likely that grain distribution occurred as well. Based on materials from Gegharot we can identify a pronounced agricultural character of Kura-Araxes settlements, namely KA I, situated at an altitude of about 2100 m above sea level. The stratigraphic situation in the trench T-30 and in the settlement as a whole demonstrates the discrete nature of the Kura-Araxes layer and the absence of a genetic link between early and late EB settlements of Gegharot. Perhaps the hiatus between the two EB horizons reflects not only the particular situation and history of a specific site, but also more extensive historical and cultural processes: the fragmentation of the relatively homogeneous early Kura-Araxes (EB I) and its replacement with mosaics of local variants of the late Kura-Araxes (EB II).

Bibliography: Badalyan Ruben, “New data on the periodization and chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture in Armenia”. Paléorient, 40/2, (2014): 71-92. Badalyan Ruben, Avetisyan Pavel, “Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia. I. Mt. Aragats and its Surrounding Region”. BAR International Series 1697, (Oxford: Archaeopress, 2007). Badalyan Ruben, Harutyunyan Armine, Chataigner Christine, Le Mort Françoise, Chabot Jacques, Brochier Jacques-Elie, Balasescu Adrian, Radu Valentin, Hovsepyan Roman, “The Settlement of Aknashen-Khatunarkh, a Neolithic Site in the Ararat Plain (Armenia): Excavation Results 2004-2009”. - TÜBA-AR, 13, (2010): 198, Fig.14-1. Badalyan Ruben, Smith Adam, Knatchadourian Lori. Project ArAGATS: 10 Years of Investigations into Bronze and Iron Age Sites in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. TÜBA-AR, 13, 2010. p.266. Badalyan Ruben, Smith Adam, Lindsay Ian, Khatchadourian Lori, Avetisyan Pavel. Village, fortress, and town in Bronze and Iron Age Southern Caucasia: A preliminary report on the 2003 - 2006 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, 40, 2008. p.49, Fig. 4a. Badalyan RUBEN, SMITH Adam, Lindsay Ian, Harutyunyan Armine, Greene Alan, Marshall Maureen, Monahan Belinda, Hovsepyan Roman, with contributions by Meliksetian Khac h a t u r, Pernicka E r n s t , Haroutunian S a m u e l , A Preliminary Report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 Investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. 46, 2014, Berlin : Dietrich Reimer Verlag pp.149-222. Dzhaparidze Otar, Über die Ethnokulturelle Situation in Georgien gegen Ende III Jahrtausend v. Chr. – In: Frangipane Marcella, Hauptmann Harald, Liverani Mario, Matthiae Paolo, Mellink Machteld. (Eds.). Between the Rivers and over the Mountains. Archaeologica Anatolica et Mesopotamica Alba Palmieri Dedicata. Roma. 1993, Abb.6. Hayrapetyan Armine, Some Technical Aspects of the Pottery of the Early Bronze Age Site of Gegharot (Armenia). – In: Karen S.Rubinson, Antonio Sagona (Eds). Ceramics in Transitions. Chalcolithic Through Iron Age in the Highlands of the Southern Caucasus and Anatolia. Ancient Near Eastern Studies. Supplement 27, 2008. pp. 71-86. Hovsepyan Inessa, Some technical and technological specifics of Early Bronze Age ceramics of Tsaghkasar-1 site (Armenia). – В: Habitus 1: Studies in Anthropology and Archaeology (Materials of international conference of young scientists “Ethnology and archaeology of Armenia and neighboring countries”. Yerevan, 2014, table VI. Jude Fany, Marguerie Dominique, Badalyan Ruben, Smith Adam, Delwaide Ann, Wood resource management based on charcoals from the Bronze Age site of Gegharot (central Armenia). Quaternary International. Environments and Societies in the Southern Caucasus during the Holocene. Volume 395, 2016. 31-44. Kakhiani Kakha, Sagona Adam, Sagona Claudia, Kvavadze Eliso, Bedianashvili Giorgi, Massager Erwan, Martin Lucie, Herrscher Estelle, Martkoplishvili Inga, Birkett-Rees Jessie, Longford Catherine. Archaeological Investigations at Chobareti in southern Georgia, the Caucasus. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, 50, 2013, 27, Fig.52. Marro Catherine, Bakhshaliyev Veli, Berthon Remi. On the Genesis of the kura-Araxes phenomenon: New evidence from Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan). Paléorient 40.2, p.146, Fig.13.

Sagona Antonio, Sagona Claudia, Özkorucuklu Hilmi, 1995. Excavations at Sos Höyük 1994. Anatolian Studies, XLV, 2014. p.213, Fig.15:3,4. Бадалян Рубен, Смит Адам, Поселение Гехарот: основные результаты раскопок 2005 – 2006 гг. В: Павел Аветисян, Калантарян А.А., Рубен Бадалян (ред.), Культура Древней Армении XIV: материалы республиканской научной конференции: Ереван, изд-во «Гитутюн» НАН РА, 2008. с.45-68. (на арм.яз.) Глушков Игорь, Керамика как археологический источник. Новосибирск. 1996, с. 38. Джапаридзе Отар, 1998. К этнокультурной истории грузинских племен в III тысячелетии до н.э. (Раннекурганная культура) (На груз. яз.), Тбилиси, рис.3-15, табл. III, рис.16-122, табл.XIX, рис.46. Каталог археологических материалов из коллекций Музея истории Армении. Составители Бадалян Рубен, Овсепян С., Хачатрян Л. Ереван, Музей истории Армении, 2015, N 435 Симонян Акоп, Шенгавит. Рядовое поселение или ранний город? – Ушардзан (памятник), 8, 2013. иллюстр.7-1 (на арм.) Петросян Левон, Раскопки памятников Кети и Воскеаска. Ереван. 1989. Чубинишвили Тариел, Амиранис-гора. Материалы к древнейшей истории Месхет-Джавахети. Тбилиси. 1963, Таблица X-11. (на груз.яз.) Ростунов Вячеслав, Погребальный обряд древнего и средневекового населения Северного Кавказа. Орджоникидзе, 1988, с.23, 28, рис.16,6. Ханзадян Эмма, Культура Армянского нагорья в III тыс. до н.э. Ереван, 1967, с.69 (на арм. яз.). Ханзадян Эмма, Элар-Дарани. Ереван, 1979. с. 43, рис.56 (на арм. яз.).

III

VII

VIII

Goderdzi Narimanishvili, Nino Shanshashvili Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) House and Household in South Georgian Highlands (Trialeti) in 5th – 4th cc. B.C.

In the 5th – 4th centuries B.C. Trialeti used to be densely populated area in South Georgia. First studies of the sites of this period were conducted by B. Kuftin, who, in 30s’ and 40s’ of 20th century, excavated cemeteries in villages Beshtasheni, Kushchi, Karyak, Dash-Bash and Avranlo1. Contemporary settlements of those cemeteries were not discovered for a long time. Only in 1998 Trialeti Archaeological Expedition discovered the settlement of 5th and 4th cc. B.C. near the village Darakoi and on the mountain Ai-Ilia. Later three settlements (Darakoi, Ai-Ilia, Sakdrioni) were partly excavated2. Choosing household in Trialeti was mainly determined by a landscape and natural conditions. In the 1st mill. B.C. in Trialeti we see at least two landscape types – mountain valleys and forest. Such landscape is different from the recent landscape conditions of the region, which is characterized by poorness of forest biotypes. Basing on palynological data, in the last 15000 years on Tsalka plateau 10 different phases of landscape development were distinguished. 15th – 6th cc. B.C. coincides with the eighth phase, when happens warming of climate. Warming continued till 5th c. B.C. when a cold spell of subatlanic period started, which also was of a global character. Period from the 5th c. B.C. is characterized by a worsening of natural conditions, which continued for several centuries3. It must be mentioned, that from the 5th c. B.C. number of archaeological sites in the region start to decrease. Important is that in the end of the 1st mill. B.C. we find just two settlements (Beshtasheni and Santa). Worsening of the climate conditions is well shown in the palynospectre of Ai-Ilia mountain settlement. There is no warm-lower plants like lime-tree between trees and we see decrease of number of sowing seeds as well as there is not cultivated vine at all. Cattle-breeding had have a main role in the household4. Paleozoological and paleobotanical analysis shows us that that the conditions of the functioning of the Trialeti 1st mill. sites and the conditions of the landscape in resent are different. Landscape of Trialeti determined a choice of area of household. Recent settlements are situated on the banks of the rivers or on the law slopes, where, on one side there are pastures and hayfields and on the other side arable lands. 1. Boris Kuftin, Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti (Archaeological Excavation in Trialeti). Tbilisi: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1941;Boris Kuftin, Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Tsalkskom raione (Archaeological excavation in Tsalka region). Tbilisi: Izdatelstvo akademii nauk gruzinskoi ssr, 1948. 2. Goderdzi Narimanishvili, „Darakois namosaxlari da samkhret kavkasiis akemeniduri khanis istoriis zogierti sakitxi“ (Daraqoi Settlement and some Patterns of History of Achaemenid Epoch Transcaucasus). Iberia-Colchis. Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period. 5 (2009): 94-125. 3. Eliso Kvavadze et al. „Pozdnepleistocenovaya i golocenovaya istoria razvitia landshaftov Tsalki (Ujnaya Gruzia) po palinologicheskim dannim ozernikh i pochvennikh obrazovanii (Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of Landscapes of Tsalka Plateau (Soutern Georgia), based on Palynological Analysis of Lake and soil Formations) Problems of Paleobiology, II (2007),Georgian national Museum:12-22. 4. Eliso Kvavadze and Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “The palaeolandscapes of the Tsalka Plateau in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene”, in Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceihan and South Caucasian pipelines, editor in-chief Gela Gamkrelidze. (Tbilisi, Georgian National Museum, 2010), 580.

The oldest settlements also were placed on the banks of the rivers. Palynological research shows us that the half of the fields surrounding the settlements were used as arable lands and the other half as a pastures. Near the settlements there were growing silver birches, nut-trees and hazel nut-trees. In the region there were forests or big copses where oaks, alder-trees and elms were grown. Settlements in the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. were situated on the second or the third terrace from the river, but rarely people lived on the lowest, the first terrace. In 2003-2008 5th – 4th cc. B.C. Darakoi, Sakdrioni and Ai-Ilia settlements were studied by Tsalka-Trialeti Archaeological expedition5. Darakoi settlement. Village Darakoi is situated in Kvemo Kartli on the southern slopes of Trialeti mountain range, in Tsalka Municipality, north-east from Tsalka town in 15 km. Darakoi settlement occupied 2.5 hectares and only 300 square meters were excavated, where 9 houses, 20 storage pits and 2 pits for grain were discovered. Walls of the houses were built with crude or lightly treated stones. Length of the walls of Darakoi houses is 5 -7 meters and width 4 – 6 meters. The houses had a flat roof, which was based on a wooden pillars standing along the walls and in the center of the room. Interior of the excavated houses in Darakoi is simple. One part of the floor was paved with basalt slabs and another part was plastered with clay. The Altar was placed in the center of the room or attached to the wall. There were discovered two types of altars in the settlement. One type is clay made and another one is constructed from the stones. The best preserved altar is from the house # 1. It has prolonged form with length 2.72. m width 1.12 m and height 0.48 m. The altar is constructed form stones and clay and its surface is plastered with clay. A shelf (bench) is attached to the altar form the northern side. The shelf (bench) is set against the western wall. Similar benches were discovered in every room. In the part where the floor is paved with stone slabs is placed a bed, its length is 2.5 m and width 1.2 m. Bed is constructed form the more massive stones than those of the floor slabs. In the corner of the room there is placed two-leafed oven for bread baking. The best preserved oven was discovered in house # 5. Length of its façade is 1.3 meters, height 0.75 meters and width 0.9 meters. The oven is made of stone slabs with clay mortar and is covered with big stone stab which is placed on three vertical stone slabs. Floor in the fire-chamber and baking place is plastered with clay. Cut of the baking place show us that the lower level was filled with clay and pebble. This level was plastered with clay and covered with ceramic pieces of different sizes and forms. In the oven there were three levels of thermo-insulation. Darakoi houses were renewed. During the renovation the damaged part of wall was left in its place and the new wall was built at the expanse of the interior. As it seems the floor was renovated in the same time. The main part of the discovered materials are clay vessels. Only several metal objects were discovered on the site. During the excavations many agricultural tools were discovered, what indicates the high level of agricultural development of the population. In every house there were discovered hand-mills, grind stones and mashers made of tuff, basalt and cobblestone. Darakoi settlement contained two cultural layers and several horizons. Upper layer is represented with cult buildings, living houses and storages as well as several storage pits. Big part of storage pits is in the lower layer. The upper layer of the settlement, basing on the materials discovered in houses and storage pits, is dated form the middle of the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. and the lower layer is dated form the 6th c. B.C. Sakdrioni settlement is situated south from the Darakoi settlement, on the opposite side of Tsalka reservoir. The settlement is situated on a slope which sets against the right bank of Ktsia 5. Narimanishvili, „Darakois namosaxlari“, 94-125.

river form the northern side. Settlement is situated on 1520 meters above sea level, west form the village Sakdrioni (Edi Kilisa in the past). The length of the settlement on the east-west line is 1000 meters and on the north-south one 800 meters. Three buildings were excavated on the settlement. Houses are built form big and middle sized basalt stones. There are preserved 5-6 rows of the walls. Floors of the buildings are plastered with clay or paved with big stone slabs. At the western wall of the house #1 were discovered two full skeletons of sacrificed piglets, one was placed on a bench (altar?) and another one in a nearby hollow. At the necks of the piglets clay pendants were discovered. At the eastern wall of the same house a strongly damaged oven, its proportions are 0.8 X 0.8 meters. On the oven a small oil-lamp was discovered and fragments of pen like vessel were found near it. Four storage pits were excavated in the house. Along with the ceramics in the houses were discovered: obsidian nucleus, pendant made form a phalanx of a small cattle, bronze bracelet, bronze ring, clay pendant, obsidian flakes, cobblestone grind stones and basalt hand-mills. Osteological materials indicate that that the main food of the local population used to be meat and animal products. Here were discovered remnants of bones of different animals like chicken, pig, sheep, goat and cattle and well as fish bones. Sakdrioni settlement contains two cultural layers and several horizons. Upper layer belongs to the Hellenistic Period (3rd – 1st cc. B.C.) and the lower one is dated from the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. Ai-Ilia settlement is situated in Trialeti in 3 km west from the village Beshtasheni, on Ai-Ilia mountain range. This range lies between Beshtasheni and Santa villages along the Tsalka reservoir. On the top and slopes of the mountain “cyclopean” stronghold, settlement and man-made terraces are situated. The “cyclopean” stronghold is surrounded by a Late Bronze Age settlement. West form the stronghold the oldest layers were discovered; they do belong to the Late Mesolithic or Early Eneolithic periods. A big architectural complex of 5th – 4th cc. B.C. is situated in the southern part of the top of the mountain, in 150 meters south from the “cyclopean” stronghold and 200 meters east from the Early Eneolithic site. Supposed length of the complex was 70 meters and width 25 meters. Complete area of the building is 1700 – 1800 square meters. Complex contains 15 storages (number of the storages was determined only by visual observation), 8 of them are well preserved and another 7 ones are strongly damaged. It is important to mention the regular disposition of the complex planning. The complex was built according to one, preliminarily worked out plan. From the all four sides it is surrounded by massive 4 – 5 meters thick walls. Thickness of the walls between the storages reaches 2 – 3 meters. Wall are built from big, partly treated basalt stones. One sided laying is constructed from several rows of horizontally placed stones. Room between the side stones was filled with small stones and as it seems with mud as well. Exactly this is the main difference between the building technique of Ai-Ilia big complex and Trialeti “cyclopean” buildings which are built with dry masonry. There are not discovered any remnants of other buildings near the complex. In 2005 one storage was excavates, it is 9.0 meters long and 9.0 meters in width. Preserved height of the walls reaches 1.5 – 1.8 meters. The house had a flat roof, which was based on stone walls and four pillars in the center of the house. Floor of the house used to be plastered with clay. Along the northern wall of the room, in its central part, a bench with high back was constructed form the big stone slabs. The bench is places 0.5 meter far from the northern wall and is separated from the floor with one stepped podium. Length of the bench is 3.5 meters and the width reaches 1.75 meters. Width of the sitting place is 0.8 meter and the height of the back reaches 0.4 – 0.5 meter.

Height of the sitting place form the podium is 0.4 – 0.45 meter, the height of the podium from the floor level is 0.2 – 0.25 meter and its width 0.95 meter. It is possible for four, maximum five persons to sit on the bench. Along the eastern and western walls there are narrow “benches” or “chairs” constructed from stone slabs. Unlike the central bench they are directly attached to the walls and do not have podiums and backs. Persons who sit on these benches have to lean against the wall and place their feet on the floor. These benches are similar to each other, their length is 4.7 meters and width 0.4 – 0.6 meter. On each one 7 – 8 persons can sit in the same time. North-western and south-eastern corners of the room are constructed differently. In the north-western corner a short bench with back is placed, in the opposite, north-eastern corner an oven is constructed. Bench in the north-western corner lies ling the western wall, its length is 2.25 meters and the height of the back reaches 0.5 meter. This bench does not have a podium. Three or four persons can sit on it in the same time. Direct extension of this bench along the wall is another bench without back. In the north-eastern corner of the room, there is constructed a big oven with two sections. Both sections are built with big basalt slabs. The oven was covered with one big basalt slab. Thermo-insulation of the oven was made with high quality clay and pieces of ceramics. Chimney was built inside the wall, thus could not be seen from the interior. Length of the oven is 1.8 meter, its deep 1.5 meter and the height supposedly was 1.0 – 1.1 meter. From the south an ash box is attached to the oven. The length of the box is 1.1 meter, width 0.8 meter and its height reaches 0.5 meter. A sitting bench is attached directly to the oven and the ash box. As we have mentioned, on the top of the Ai-Ilia mountain there was built only one complex and not a settlement. It is important that the building, which we have excavated is different from other contemporary buildings not only in Trialeti or Kvemo Kartli, but also in whole South Caucasus. This fact indicates the different function of the site. Today it is hard to discuss the function of Ai-Ilia complex, because its main part is not studied yet. Though, it must be mentioned that the interior of the room is directed to the bench at the northern wall, which dominates the whole interior. The inner space is organized in the way that the central part of the room is totally free. Benches along the walls are directed to the centre of the room, where supposedly, the main actions had place. Basing on the abovementioned facts we can say that the room was not used as a living space. We believe that the building, which was excavated in 2005 used to be place of public meetings. Special sitting places and benches along the walls indicate that some number of people used to gather here. It is important to mention that the organization of the interior indicate the existence of complex social hierarchy. It seems, that in the society, which used to gather in Ai-Ilia complex, the highest rank holds persons who set on the beeches with podium and back at the northern wall, persons with next, lower rank set on the bench with back at the north-western corner, person who hold third place in the hierarchy set on the benches at the eastern and western walls. It hard to say why there were no benches at the southern wall, what was placed there or who used to occupy this place. Also it is hard to say wat was the function of the center of the room. Excavation of only one room of Ai-Ilia complex does not answer many questions. Though the discovered materials and the received information is very important for study of history of Trialeti and South Caucasus of 5th – 4th cc. B.C.

*** Basing on the data received form the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. settlements in Trialeti we can say that the settlements of this period occupied 2 – 5 hectares. Houses were placed on a low terrace (Darakoi, Sakdrioni). Living area used to be represented with one big room. Interior of the houses was simple. In one corner an oven used to be constructed, along one of the walls there was a bed made from clay or stones and the floor was plastered with clay. Ceramics discovered in the houses is kitchenware and the number of household vessels is small. It must be mentioned, that in each house was constructed small or middle sized altar. As it seems some rituals were conducted in the houses. One part of the houses (Ai-Ilia, Darakoi house # 1) used to be places for public meetings. In these houses long benches are constructed along the walls. As it seems Darakoi house used to be some kind of chapel, in the center is placed a big altar and a fire was burnt on it. In the building excavated in Ai-Ilia complex no altar was discovered, neither there were found fragments of ceramic vessels (they were used only in thermo-insulation of the oven). Though it was place for public meetings for sure. Its exact function, supposedly, will be defined after complete excavation of the complex. Interesting information about household of 5th – 4th cc. B.C. Trialeti was received after paleozoological and palynological studies. If was find out that main food of the Darakoi population used to be meat and animal products. Here were discovered remnants of bones of different animals like chicken, pig, sheep, goat buffalo and cattle and well as bones of wild animals like fox, badger, bear, roe deer and stag. Also there were discovered several bones of a bird, lower jaw of a field vole and one fish bone. Discovery of donkey and horse bones in the settlement indicate that these animals were used as a draught animal. Also it is interesting that a skeleton of a dog was discovered in the cultural layers of the settlement. Settlements which we excavated do not answer the question: where and in what conditions were the animals kept, but we can say that they were far from the houses. Palynological research indicate the intense agricultural activities of Darakoi population. Several breeds of wheat, barley, rye, oat, millet and Italian millet used to be sowed there. Though the most popular was wheat. Population did also cultivate a flax. Palynological spectrum did not find any sign of vine-growing or gardening. Along with arable farming a cattle breeding seems to be well developed there. This fact is indicated by discovery of big amount of weeds typical for pastures and dung mushrooms as well as leather beetles, indumenta of moth larva and sheep fleece. Composition of palynological complex and heart wood cells of trees and plants show us that in the discussed period a forest was growing around Darakoi. The forest was manly composed from pine-trees, but also included oaks, maples, and elms. Along the rivers alders were growing. Palynological study showed us that in this period the climate was not too warm, which made difficult to develop vine-grooving and gardening. Most of the artifacts discovered in the settlements Darakoi, Sakdrioni and Ai-Ila, are pottery. Ceramics is distinguished by its abundance and diversity. One group of ware is made of well-sedimentary clay, thin-walled and produced on a potter’s wheel. It is black. The second group of ceramics is also made of well-sedimentary clay and is thin-walled. This pottery is red. The surface of the ware of this group is well processed, polished, or decorated with relief ornament. Part of this pottery is painted in red, or ornamented. Among the materials discovered in Ai-Ilia, Darakoi and Sakdrioni settlements a special attention must be payed to the red-clay pottery. Part of this pottery is painted or ornamented in red. Spread of “triangle ware” style pottery in Kartli is explained by the influence of Achaemeniad Iran.

At the Darakoi settlement, like the sites of 5th-4th cc. BC of Kartli (Iberia), the specific, kettle-like vessels, typical for the Iranian world were found, the red colored and ornamented pottery begins to spread at the same period. The vast majority of pottery found at the settlements is painted in red. Among the materials discovered in Darakoi settlement, special attention deserves vessels, painted and ornamented in red. Theywere produced under influence of pottery “painted with triangles”, which was spread on the territory of Achaemenid Iran. The oldest specimens of painted ceramics on the territory of Georgia were found on the sites of Kura-Arax culture6. At the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. painted pottery widely spread on the sites of Trialeti culture7. In the later period, for almost a thousand years, there is no signs of such pottery. After a long pause in the territory of Kartli painted pottery appeared in the Achaemenid era and in the 4th – 3rd centuries. B.C. spread so widely, that in scientific literature this period is defined as the era of painted ceramics8. Since the 2nd century B.C. number of this ceramics start to decrease and in the 2nd century A.D. practically disappears. The vessels, painted in red, discovered at Darakoi and Sakdrioni settlements is similar to the style of the triangles. Archaeologists believe, that the pottery painted with triangles, appears in Kartli from the 5th or 4th centuries B.C. The opinion of scientists is divided on the origin and the ways of distribution of painted pottery. We believe that, the spread of this ornament on the territory of Kartli was determined by two conditions. Distribution of pottery painted and or ornamented in red is certainly a consequence of relations with Achaemenid Iran9. Although local production of such ceramics was contributed by the gray and black ware, which existed in the era of the Late Bronze - Early Iron. These ware was ornamented with glossy or scratched triangles. In our opinion, painted, as well as red ceramics in Kartli appears during the Achaemenid era, when the Achaemenids paid special attention to strengthening the northern borders of the young empire. In our opinion, the spread of Achaemenid culture in the South Caucasus started after 522521. B.C, when the military activity of the Achaemenids in this direction reached its climax. As it seems in 515 B.C. when Darius captured Thrace and began a campaign in Scythia, the political influence of Achaemenid Iran in the South Caucasus had already been established. It was in this period of time that settlements appeared at the villages of Sakdrioni, Darakoi and on Mount 6. Shanshashvili, Nino and Narimanishvili, George, “Painted Pottery of the Kura-Araxes Culture from the South Caucasus” in International Symposium on East Anatolia South Caucasus Cultures. Proceedings, I (2015), edited by Mehmet Işikli and Birol Can. Cambridge:132-144. 7. Japaridze, Otar, Arkeologiuri gatxrebi Trialetshi (Archaeological Excavation in Trialeti).(Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1969) 122-147. 8. Gagoshidze, Iulon, Samadlo. Arkheologicheskie raskopki.(Samadlo. Archaeological Excavations) (Tbilisi: Metsniereba,1979) 90. 9. Goderdzi Narimanishvili, Keramika Kartli V-I vv. do n.e. (Keramiks of Kartli V-I cc. B.C.) Tbilisi:Metsniereba, 1991. Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Iberia da Iranuli samkaro” (Iberia and Iranian World). Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia” (1993). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 39-41. Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Agmosavlet amierkavkasia da iranuli samkaro dzv.ts. V-I ss. (Eastern Transcaucasus and Iranian World in V-I cc. B.C.) II Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia” (1994). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 19-22. Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Darius’s campaign to Scythia and Eastern Transcaucasus.” III Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia” (1995). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 17-20. Goderdzi Narimanišvili, “Die Keramik Kartlis (Iberiens) in achaimenidischer und postachaimenilischer Zeit“. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 32 (2000): Berlin. 227-242. Goderdzi Narimanishvili and Vakhtang Shatberashvili, `Red-Painted Pottery of the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid Periods from Caucasus (Iberia): Stylistic Analysis and Chronology.” Ancient Near Eastern Studies XLI (2004):120-166.

Ai-Ilya Mountain., which existed until the middle of the 4th century. B.C. The stratigraphy of Darakoi settlement and the stylistic-typological analysis of Kartli ceramics showed that the upper layer of the Darakoy settlement dates from the 5th and the middle of the 4th centuries B.C, and the lower layer dates from the 6th century B.C. The artifacts found in the settlements of Sakdrioni, Darakoi and Ai-Ilya clearly indicate that the painted pottery in Kartli appears if not at the end of the 6th century. B.C, then in the early 5th century B.C. already was in use. Existence in South Caucasus of strong settlements and strongholds (Erebuni, Benyamin, Karajamirli, Sari-Tepe, Gumbati, Tsikhia-Gora etc.) and other sites, where many Achaemenid and Achaemenid style artifacts were discovered indicates a cultural, economical and political influence of Achaemenid Iran. Achaemenid influence is clearly noticeable in Trialeti settlements dated to the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. There in the houses, along with the foreign red and painted pottery, appears new elements of the interior. As it seems religion and beliefs started to change that which had an effect on everyday life.

goderZi narimaniSvili, nino SanSaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

saxli da saxl-kari Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi (TrialeTi) Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi TrialeTi samxreT saqarTvelos mWidrod dasaxlebul mxares warmoadgenda. am epoqis Zeglebi pirvelad Seswavlil iqna b. kuftinis mier, romelmac XX s. 30-40-ian wlebSi gaTxara samarovnebi sof. beSTaSenSi, kuSCiSi, kariakSi, daS-baSSi da avranloSi. sinqronuli namosaxlarebi didxans ar iyo cnobili. mxolod 1998 wels TrialeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam sof. daraqoisTan da ai-ilias mTaze aRmoaCina Zv.w. V-IV ss. namosaxlarebi. sam namosaxlarze (daraqoi, ai-ilia, saydrioni) arqeologiuri gaTxrebic Catarda. TrialeTSi samosaxlos SerCevas mniSvnelovnad ganapirobebda landSafti da bunebrivi pirobebi. Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi TrialeTSi sul mcire ori landSafturi ti pi - mTis velebi da tye arsebobda. amgvari landSafti ki mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba regionis Tanamedrove landSafturi pirobebisagan, romelic tyis biotipebis aSkara siRaribiT xasiaTdeba. palinologiur monacemebze dayrdnobiT, walkis platoze ukanaskneli 15000 wlis ganmavlobaSi landSaftis ganviTarebis 10 etapi gamoiyo. Zv.w. XV-VI ss. Seesabameba merve etaps, rodesac xdeba klimatis daTboba. klimatis daTboba grZeldeba Zv.w. V saukunemde, rodesac daiwyo subatlanti kuri periodis aciveba, romelic aseve globalur xasiaTs atarebda. Zv.w. V saukunidan dawyebuli periodi xasiaTdeba klimaturi pirobebis mkveTri gauaresebiT, romelic ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom regionSi arqeologiuri Zeglebis raodenoba Zv.w. V saukunidan TandaTan mcirdeba. niSandoblivia, rom Zv.w. I aTaswleulis miwurulis mxolod ori namosaxlaria (beSTaSeni, sanTa) mikvleuli. klimaturi pirobebis gauareseba kargadaa naCvenebi ai-ilias mTis namosaxlaris palinospeqtrebSi. xe-mcenareebs Soris ar aris siTbos moyvaruli iseTi mcenare, rogoricaa cacxvi, naklebia saTesi marcvleuli da saerTod ar aris kulturuli vazi. meurneobaSi wamyvani roli ekuTvnis mesaqonleobas. paleozoologiuri da palinologiuri analizi gviCvenebs, rom TrialeTis Zv.w. I aTaswleulis dasaxlebebis funqcionireba da Tanamedrove periodis landSafturi pirobebi garkveulwilad Secvlilia. TrialeTis landSafti samosaxlo sivrcis SerCevasac ganapirobebda. dRes arsebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebi mdinareTa napirebze, dabal ferdobebze isea ganTavsebuli, rom maT erTis mxriv saZovari da saTibi, meore mxriv ki saxnav-saTesi farTobebi akravs.

uZvelesi dasaxlebebic mdinareTa napirebze yofila ganTavsebuli. palinologiuri kvleva gviCvenebs, rom dasaxlebis axlomdebare mindvrebis naxevari saxnav-saTesad, nawili ki saZovrad gamoiyeneboda; namosaxlaris siaxloves izrdeboda aryis xeebi, kakali da Txili; regionSi ki iyo tyeebi an didi koromebi, sadac muxa, muryani da Tela izrdeboda. Zv.w. V-IV ss-is samosaxloebi ZiriTadad mdinarispira meore an, ufro maRal, mesame terasazea gamarTuli. Tumca, iSviaTad, uSualod mdinareul pirvel terasazec ucxovriaT. 2003-2008 wlebSi walka-TrialeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam Seiswavla Zv.w. V-IV ss-iT daTariRebuli daraqois, saydrionis da ai-ilias namosaxlarebi. daraqois namosaxlari. sofeli daraqoi mdebareobs qvemo qarTlSi, TrialeTis qedis samxreT ferdobze, walkis munici palitetis teritoriaze, qalaq walkidan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, 15 km-ze. daraqois namosaxlari ikavebda 2.5 ha-s. gaiTxara 300 kv.m farTobi, romelzec ganlagebuli iyo 9 saxli, 20 sameurneo ormo da 2 xaro. saxlebis kedlebi agebuli iyo daumuSavebeli, an odnav damuSavebuli qviT. saxlebis kedlebis sigrZe 5-7 m udris, xolo sigane 4-6 m. kedlebSi SemorCenilia wyobis 2-8 rigi, romlebic aSenebulia didi da saSualo zomis qvebisgan. kedlebis SemorCenili maqsimaluri simaRle 1.8 m udris. saxlebs banuri gadaxurva hqondaT, romelic eyrdnoboda xis boZebs. sayrdeni boZebi idga kedlebis gaswvriv da Senobis centrSi. daraqoiSi gaTxrili saxlebis interieri martivia. iatakis erTi nawili bazaltis filebiT aris mogebuli, meore nawili ki – Tixatkepnilia. sakurTxeveli dgas Senobis centrSi, an kedelTanaa midgmuli. namosaxlarze gaTxrili sakurTxevlebi ori ti pisaa. nawili TixiTaa agebuli, meore nawili ki Sedgenilia qvis filebiT. yvelaze ukeT SemorCenilia sakurTxeveli #1 saxlidan. mas wagrZelebuli forma aqvs, romlis sigrZe 2.72 m, sigane 1.12 m, simaRle ki 0.48 m-is tolia. sakurTxeveli qviTa da TixiTaa nagebi. zedapiri alizis xsnariTaa Selesili. sakurTxevels CrdloeTidan Taro (`merxi~) ebjineba, romelic dasavleT kedelzea midgmuli. Taroze riyis qvis sanayebi iyo dawyobili. msgavsi Taroebi yvela saxlSia dadasturebuli. saxlebis im nawilSi, sadac iataki qvis filebiTaa mogebuli, dadasturebulia sareceli, romlis sigrZe 2.5 m, sigane 1.2 m-ia. is nagebia gacilebiT ufro masiuri qvebiT, vidre iatakis filebia. Senobebis kuTxeSi ganlagebulia puris sacxobi organyofilebiani Rumlebi. yvelaze ukeT SemorCenilia Rumeli #5 saxlidan. misi fasadis simaRle 0.75 m, sigane ki 0.9 m-ia. Rumeli nagebia qvis filebiT Tixis xsnarze. gadaxuruli iyo qvis erTiani filiT, romelic eyrdnoboda vertikalurad Cadgmul qvis sam filas. sacecxle da sacxobi ganyofilebebis iataki TixiTaa molesili. Rumelis sacxob nawilSi gakeTebuli Wrili gviCvenebs, rom qveda done TixiT da riyis wvrili qviTaa Sevsebuli. es done gadalesi-

lia aliziT, romelzec sxvadasxva zomis da formis keramikis fragmentebia dawyobili. RumelSi am teqnikiT gakeTebuli Termoizolaciis sami done dafiqsirda. daraqois saxlebi araerTxel iyo ganaxlebuli. rekonstruqciis dros Zveli kedlis dazianebul nawils adgilze tovebdnen da interieris Semcirebis xarjze agebdnen axal kedlebs. rogorc Cans, amave drosaa ganaxlebuli iatakic. namosaxlarze aRmoCenili artefaqtebis umravlesobas Tixis WurWeli warmoadgens; liTonis iaraRi mcire raodenobiT aRmoCnda. namosaxlaris gaTxrisas mravlad iqna aRmoCenili sameurneo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli iaraRebi, rac soflis meurneobis maRal ganviTarebaze miuTiTebs; yvela saxlSi dafiqsirda xelsafqvavebi, sanayebi da sasresebi. isini ZiriTadad tufis, bazaltis da riyis qvisaganaa damzadebuli. daraqois namosaxlari or kulturul fenas da ramdenime samSeneblo horizonts Seicavs. zeda fena sakulto, sacxovrebel, sameurneo nagebobebsa (xaroebi) da sameurneo ormoebis nawiliTaa warmodgenili. qveda fenas sameurneo ormoebis didi nawili miekuTvneba. namosaxlaris zeda fena, saxlebSi, sameurneo ormoebsa da xaroebSi aRmoCenili masalebis mixedviT Zv.w. V-IV ss Sua xanebiT TariRdeba. qveda fena ki Zv.w. VI s-s miekuTvneba. saydrionis namosaxlari mdebareobs daraqois namosaxlaris samxreTiT, walkis wyalsacavis mopirdapire mxares, md. qciis marjvena napirze. reliefi, romelzec ganlagebulia namosaxlari, warmoadgens qanobs, romelic daferdebulia CrdiloeTisaken da md. qciis marjvena napirs ebjineba. namosaxlari zRvis donidan 1520 m-is simaRleze mdebareobs, dRevandeli sof. saydrionis (Zveli edi-qilisa) dasavleTiT, md. qciis marjvena napirze. aRmosavleT-dasavleTis xazze misi sigrZe udris 1000 metrs, CrdiloeT-samxreTis xazze 800 metrs aRemateba. namosaxlarze gaiTxara sami Senoba. saxlebi nagebia didi da saSualo zomis bazaltis fleTili qvebiT. SemorCenilia kedlis wyobis 5-6 rigi. nagebobebs aqvs Tixatkepnili da brtyeli masiuri qvebiT mogebuli iataki. #1 saxlis dasavleT kedelTan gaiTxara Sewiruli ori goWis sruli ConCxi, erTi moTavsebuli iyo baqanze (sakurTxeveli ?), xolo meore iqve ar se bul CaRrmavebaSi. goWebis yelTan dafiqsirda Tixis sakidebi. amave saxlis aRmosavleT kedelTan dafiqsirda Zlier dazianebuli Rumeli, romlis zomebia: 0.80 X 0.80 m-ze. Rumelze aRmoCnda mcire zomis Wraqi, iqve dafiqsirda kecisebri WurWlis fragmentebi. saxlSi gaiTxara 4 sameurneo ormo. keramikis garda saxlebSi aRmoCnda: obsidianis nukleusi; wvrilfexa saqonlis falangisagan damzadebuli sakidi; samajuri, brinjaosi, mrgvalganivkveTiani, rkalgaxsnili; brinjaos rgoli, sakidi Tixis, obsidianis anatkecebi, riyis qvis sasresebi da bazaltis xelsafqvavebi. osteologiuri masala miuTiTebs, rom namosaxlarze mcxovrebTa ZiriTad sakvebs warmoadgenda xorci da mecxoveleobis sxva produqtebi, razec

metyvelebs aq aRmoCenili Sinauri cxovelebis mravalricxovani Zvlovani naSTi. namosaxlarze dadasturebulia: qaTami, Rori, cxvari, Txa da msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli da Tevzis mala. saydrionis namosaxlari or kulturul fenas da ramdenime samSeneblo horizonts Seicavs. zeda fena elinistur epoqas (Zv.w. III-I ss) miekuTneba. qveda fena ki Zv.w. V-IV ss TariRdeba. ai-ilias namosaxlari mdebareobs TrialeTSi, sof. beSTaSenis dasavleTiT, 3 km-is dacilebiT, ai-ilias qedze. mTis Txemi da ferdobebi ukavia `ciklopur~ simagres, namosaxlars da xelovnur terasebs. `ciklopur~ simagres garSemo gvianbrinjaos xanis dasaxleba akravs. `ciklopuri~ simagris dasavleTiT mikvleuli uZvelesi fenebi gvianmezoliTur, Tu adreneoliTur xanas miekuTvneba. Zv.w. V-IV ss didi arqiteqturuli kompleqsi ai-ilias mTis Txemis ukidures samxreT nawilSi mdebareobs. is `ciklopuri~ simagris samxreTiT 150 m-is da adreneoliTuri xanis sadgomis aRmosavleTiT 200 m-is dacilebiT aris gamarTuli. kompleqsis savaraudo sigrZe 70 m-ia, sigane 25 m. nagebobebis mTliani farTobi 1700-1800 kv. m-ia. kompleqsi 15 saTavsos Seicavs (saTavsoTa raodenoba mxolod vizualuri dakvirvebis Sedegadaa garkveuli), romelTagan 8 kargadaa SemorCenili, 7 ki Zlieraa dazianebuli. aRsaniSnavia kompleqsis gegmarebis regularuli xasiaTi. kompleqsi winaswar SemuSavebuli, erTiani gegmis mixedviT aris agebuli. mas oTxive mxridan masiuri 4-5 m sisqis kedlebi sazRvravs. saTavsoTa gamyofi tixrebis sisqe ki 2-3 m-ia. kedlebi bazaltis didi zomis nawilobriv damuSavebuli lodebiTaa amoyvanili. calpira wyobebi horizontalurad dalagebuli qvebis ramdenime rigisgan Sedgeba. sapire qvebs Soris arsebuli sivrce mcire zomis qvebiT da rogorc Cans, talaxiTaa Sevsebuli. swored es ukanaskneli ganasxvavebs ai-ilias didi kompleqsis mSeneblobis teqnikas TrialeTis `ciklopuri~ nagebobebisagan, romlebic mxolod mSrali wyobiTaa nagebi. kompleqsis maxloblad sxva nagebobebis kvali ar SeimCneva. 2005 wels gaiTxara erTi saTavso, romlis sigrZe da sigane 9.0 m-s, kedlebis SemorCenili simaRle ki 1.5 – 1.8 m-s udris. saxls brtyeli gadaxurva hqonda, romelic eyrdnoboda qviT nageb kedlebs da saxlis centrSi mdgar xis oTx boZs. nagebobis iataki Tixatkepnilia. saTavsos CrdiloeT kedlis gaswvriv, mis centralur nawilSi, qvis filebiT mowyobilia grZeli merxi, maRali sazurgiT. merxi CrdiloeTi kedlidan 0.5 m-iTaa daSorebuli. iatakidan ki gamoyofilia erTsafexuriani podiumiT. merxis saerTo sigrZe 3.5 m-ia, mTliani sigane 1.75 m-s udris. dasajdomis sigane 0.8 m-ia, sazurges simaRle 0.4-0.5 m-ia. dasajdomis simaRle podiumis iatakidan 0.45-0.5 m-ia. TviT podiumis simaRle iatakis donidan 0.2-0.25 m-s udris, sigane ki 0.95 m-ia. am merxze oTxi, maqsimum xuTi personis ganTavsebaa SesaZlebeli.

aRmosavleT da dasavleT kedlis gaswvriv qvis filebiTa da kvadrebiT mowyobilia viwro `merxebi~, Tu `skamebi~. centraluri merxisagan gansxvavebiT, isini uSualod kedlebzea midgmuli. maT ar aqvT calke formirebuli sazurge da podiumi. am merxebze ganTavsebulma personebma sazurged kedeli unda gamoiyenon, fexebi ki pirdapir iatakze moaTavson. kedlebis gaswvriv gamarTuli merxebi erTmaneTis msgavsia. maTi sigrZe 4.7 m-ia, sigane 0.4-0.6 m-s udris. TiToeulze 7-8 personis ganTavseba iqneboda SesaZlebeli. gansxvavebuladaa mowyobili saTavsos Crdilo-dasavleTi da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kuTxeebi. Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi mokle, zurgiani merxia mowyobili, mis sapirispiro, Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi ki Rumelia gamarTuli. Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi mowyobili zurgiani merxi dasavleT kedels miuyveba. misi sigrZe 2.25 m-ia, sazurges simaRle 0.5 m-s udris. am merxs podiumi ar gaaCnia. am merxze sami an oTxi personis ganTavsebaa SesaZlebeli. zurgiani merxis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens kedlis gaswvriv gamarTuli uzurgo merxi. nagebobis Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi ki organyofilebiani, didi Rumelia gamarTuli. orive ganyofilebis kedlebi bazaltis didi filebiT aris Sedgenili. Rumeli gadaxuruli yofila bazaltis erTi filiT. Rumelis Termoizolacia maRali xarisxis TixiTa da Tixis WurWlis natexebiT iyo mowyobili. sakvamle mili kedelSia amoyvanili ise, rom interieridan ar Cans. Rumelis sigrZe 1.8 m-ia, siRrme 1.5 m, simaRle 1.0-1.1 m. unda yofiliyo. samxreTidan midgmuli aqvs bazaltis TiTo filiT gamarTuli sanacre. misi sigrZe 1.1 m-ia, sigane 0.8 m. simaRle 0.5 m-s udris. Rumelsa da sanacrezea uSualod midgmuli dasajdomi merxi. rogorc aRvniSneT, ai-ilias mTis Txemze erTi kompleqsia ganlagebuli da ara intensiuri namosaxlari. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens mier gaTxrili nageboba gansxvavdeba ara marto TrialeTSi da qvemo qarTlSi gaTxrili saTavsebisagan, aramed centraluri kavkasiis Tanadrouli saxlebisagan, rac am Zeglis gansxvavebul funqciaze unda miuTiTebdes. dRes Znelia msjeloba ai-ilias kompleqsis funqciaze, radgan Zeglis didi nawili Seuswavlelia. Tumca, xazgasasmelia, rom saTavsos Sida sivrce orientirebulia CrdiloeTis kedelTan gamarTuli zurgiani merxisken, romelic dominirebs mTel interierSi. Sida sivrce isea organizebuli, rom saTavsos centraluri nawili sruliad Tavisufalia. kedlebis gaswvriv gamarTuli merxebi isea orientirebuli, rom maTi yuradReba saTavsos centrisaken aris mimarTuli, sadac albaT ZiriTadi moqmedeba mimdinareobda. yovelive zemoTqmuli naTlad aCvenebs, rom saTavso arasacxovrebeli sivrces warmoadgens. Cveni azriT, 2005 wels gaTxrili nageboba sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgils warmoadgenda. gansakuTrebuli dasajdomi adgilebi da kedlebis gaswvriv gamarTuli skamebi miuTiTeben, rom am SenobaSi ikribeboda adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba. aucilebelad unda aRiniSnos, rom interieris mowyo-

ba rTul socialur ierarqiaze miuTiTebs. Cans, rom sazodoebaSi, romelic ai-ilias kompleqsSi iyrida Tavs, maRali mdgomareoba ekavaT CrdiloeTis kedelTan gamarTul zurgian da podiumian merxebze msxdom personebs, Semdegi adgili Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi gamarTul zurgian merxze msxdomT ekavaT, ierarqiis mesame rigs aRmosavleT da dasavleT kedlebTan arsebul skamebze msxdomni ikavebdnen. rTuli saTqmelia, ratom ar iyo samxreT kedelTan skamebi gamarTuli da vin an ra ikavebda am adgils. aseve rTulia imis Tqma, Tu am scenarSi ra adgili ekava saTavsos centrs. ai-ilias kompleqsis mxolod erTi saTavsos gaTxra ar iZleva bevr kiTxvaze pasuxs. Tumca, mopovebuli masalebi da informacia metad mniSvnelovania Zv.w. V-IV ss. TrialeTis da kavkasiis am epoqis istoriis Sesaswavlad. daskvna. TrialeTis Zv.w. V-IV ss namosaxlarebze mopovebuli monacemebis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodis dasaxleba 2 – 5 ha farTobs moicavda. saxlebi dabal terasebze idga (daraqoi, saydrioni). sacxovrebeli farTobi warmoadgenda erT did saTavsos. saxlebis interieri martivia. kuTxeSi gamarTulia Rumeli, erT-erTi kedlis gaswvriv TixiT an qviT mowyobilia sareceli, iataki Tixatkepnilia. saxlebSi aRmoCenili keramika ZiriTadad samzareulo da sufris WurWels warmoadgens, sameurneo WurWeli ki praqtikulad ar gvxvdeba. xazgasasmelia isic, rom yvela saxlSi mcire an mozrdili sakurTxevelia gamarTuli. rogorc Cans, ritualebis nawili saxlebSi imarTeboda. saxlebis erTi nawili (ai-ilia, daraqois # 1 saxli) sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgilebs warmoadgenda. am saxlebSi, kedlebis gaswvriv grZeli dasajdomi merxebia gamarTuli. daraqois saxli samlocvelo unda yofiliyo. mis centrSi didi sakurTxevelia gamarTuli, romelzec cecxli enTo. ai-ilias kompleqsis gaTxril saTavsoSi sakurTxeveli ar dafiqsirda. saTavsoSi arc Tixis WurWlis natexebi aRmoCnda (isini mxolod Rumelis TermoizilaciaSi dafiqsirda). Tumca, is namdvilad sazogadoebrivi TavSeyris adgils warmoadgenda. misi funqcia, albaT, kompleqsis srulad gaTxris Semdeg gairkveva. TrialeTis Zv.w. V-IV ss-is soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb saintereso Sedegebi mogvca paleozoologiurma da palinologiurma kvlevam. gairkva, rom daraqois namosaxlarze mcxovrebTa ZiriTad sakvebs warmoadgenda xorci da mecxoveleobis sxva produqtebi. amaze metyvelebs aq aRmoCenili Sinauri cxovelebis mravalricxovani Zvlovani naSTi. namosaxlarze dadasturebulia: qaTami, Rori, cxvari, Txa, kameCi da msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli. agreTve gareuli cxovelebis naSTebic: mela, maCvi, daTvi, Sveli da keTilSobili iremi, aseve dafiqsirebulia romeliRac frinvelis ramdenime wvrili Zvali, memindvrias qveda yba da Tevzis erTi mala. namosaxlarze virisa da cxenis Zvlebic dafiqsirda, rac mowmobs maT gamoyenebas gamwev Zalad. garda amisa, daraqois namosaxlaris kulturul fenebSi aRmoCnda ZaRlis ConCxi. Cvens mier gaTxrili dasaxlebebi ar iZleva pasuxs kiTxvaze, Tu sad da ra pirobebSi hyavdaT Sinauri cxovelebi. Tumca, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqoneli saxlebdan moSorebiT yavdaT.

palinologiuri kvleva miuTiTebs, rom daraqois mosaxleoba intensiur miwaTmoqmedebas eweoda. iTeseboda ramodenime jiSis xorbali, qeri, Wvavi, Svria, fetvi da Romi. upiratesoba ki mainc xorbals hqonda. mosaxlebas selic mohyavda. palinospeqtrma mebaReobisa da mevenaxeobis aranairi kvali ar gamoavlina. memindvreobis garda mecxoveleobac sakmaod kargad yofila ganviTarebuli. amaze metyvelebs saZovrebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sarevelebi da nakelis sokos sakmaod didi raodenoba. tyaviWamia xoWos, CrCilis matlis bususebis da cxvris bewvis aRmoCena aseve mecxoveleobis arsebobis maCvenebelia. palinologiuri kompleqsis da xemcenareTa merqnis ujredebis Semadgenloba mowmobs, rom daraqois midamoebSi ganxilul periodSi tye iyo gavrcelebuli. tyis SemadgenlobaSi fiWvi Warbobda. aq, rogorc Senarevi, maRalmTis muxa, maRalmTis nekerCxali, wifeli da Tela izrdeboda. mdinaris piras murynarebi iyo gavrcelebuli. palinologiuri monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom ganxilul periodSi klimati arc Tu ise Tbili iyo, rac mebaReoba-mevenaxeobis ganviTarebas xels uSlida. daraqois, saydrionis da ai-ilias namosaxlarebze aRmoCenili keramika mravalricxovnebiT da mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. WurWlebis erTi jgufi damzadebulia kargad ganleqili Tixisgan, is Txelkedliania da Carxzea damzadebuli; gamomwvaria Savad. meore jgufis keramikac damzadebulia kargad ganleqili Tixisgan; is Txelkeciania da wiTladaa gamomwvari. am jgufis keramikis zedapiri kargadaa damuSavebuli, gaprialebulia, an Semkulia reliefuri ornamentiT. ai-ilias, daraqois da saydrionis namosaxlarebze mopovebuli masalebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs wiTelkeciani keramika, romelTa nawili SeRebili an moxatulia wiTeli saRebaviT. qarTlSi samkuTxedebis stilis keramikis gavrceleba aqemeniduri iranis gavleniT aris axsnili. daraqois namosaxlarze, iseve rogorc qarTlis (iberiis) Zv.w. V-IV ss Zeglebze gvxvdeba iranuli samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri, Caidniseburi WurWeli. vrceldeba wiTeli saRebaviT SeRebili da moxatuli Tixis WurWeli. moxatuli keramikis uZvelesi nimuSebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze mtkvararaqsis kulturis Zeglebze gvxvdeba. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi moxatuli keramika sakmaod gavrcelebulia samxreT kavkasiaSi. SemdgomSi, daaxloebiT aTasi wlis manZilze is aRar gvxvdeba. am didi pauzis Semdeg, qarTlis teritoriaze moxatuli keramika aqemenidur xanaSi gamoCnda da Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi imdenad gavrcelda, rom am periods moxatuli keramikis xanasac uwodeben. Zv.w. II saukunidan moxatuli keramikis raodenoba TandaTan mcirdeba da ax.w. II saukunisaTvis is praqtikulad qreba. daraqois da saydrionis namosaxlarebze napovni wiTeli saRebaviT moxatuli keramika e.w. samkuTxedebis stilis keramikas Seesabameba. samkuTxedebiT moxatuli keramikis gamoCenas qarTlSi mecnierebi Zv.w. V, an IV saukunidan varaudoben. azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa moxatuli keramikis warmomavlobisa da gavrcelebis Sesaxebac. Cveni azriT, am ornamentis qarTlis teritoriaze

damkvidrebas ori piroba gansazRvravda. wiTelkeciani keramikis wiTeli saReba viT moxatva da SeRebva uTuod aqemenidur iranTan urTierTobis Sedegia, Tumca samkuTxedebis stilis farTod gavrcelebas da adgilobriv warmoebas xeli Seuwyo gvianbrinjao-rkinis xanaSi qarTlSi damkvidrebulma nacrisfrad, an Savad gamomwvari keramikis Semkobis adgilobrivma samkuTxedebis stilma, romlisTvisac nakawri, an naprialebi badiseburi ornamentiT, an iribi xazebiT Sevsebuli samkuTxedebia damaxasiaTebeli. vfiqrobT, rom moxatuli da saerTod wiTelkeciani keramika qarTlSi aqemeniduri epoqis im monakveTSi unda gavrcelebuliyo, rodesac aqemenidebma axlad Camoyalibebuli imperiis CrdiloeTi sazRvrebis gamagrebas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmes. aqemeniduri kulturis gavrceleba samxreT kavkasiaSi Zv.w. 522-521 wlebis Semdeg unda dawyebuliyo, rodesac aqemenianTa samxedro aqtivobam am mimarTulebiT piks miaRwia. rogorc Cans, Zv.w. 515 wlisaTvis, rodesac darios I-ma Trakia daipyro da skviTiaSi laSqroba wamoiwyo, aqemeniduri iranis politikuri gavlena samxreT kavkasiaze ukve damyarebuli iyo. swored am periods unda emTxveodes dasaxlebebis gaCena saydrionSi, daraqoisa da ai-ilias mTaze, romlebmac Zv.w. IV saukunis Sua xanebamde iarsebes. am namosaxlarebis stratigrafia da keramikis stilistur-tipologiuri analizi miuTiTebs, rom am namosaxlarebis zeda fena Zv.w. V s-iT da Zv.w. IV s-is Sua xanebiT TariRdeba, qveda fena ki Zv.w. VI saukunes miekuTvneba. saydrionis, daraqois da ai-ilias namosaxlarebze mopovebuli artefaqtebi aSkarad miuTiTebs, rom moxatuli keramika qarTlSi Zv.w. VI saukunis miwuruls Tu ara Zv.w. V saukunis dasawyisSi ukve unda Semosuliyo qarTlSi. samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze dafiqsirebuli mZlavri namosaxlarebi da sasimagro sistemebi (erebuni, beniamini, yarajamirli, sari-Tefe, gumbaTi, cixia-gora da sxv.) da sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebi, romlebic mravlad Seicaven aqemenidur, an aqemeniduri stilis artefaqtebs aqemeniduri iranis kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri gavlenis maCvenebelia. aqemeniduri iranis gavlena kargad SeiniSneba TrialeTis Zv.w. V-IV saukunis soflebSic, sadac ucxo, wiTeli da moxatuli keramikis garda saxlebis interierSi Cndeba axali elementebi. rogorc Cans, garkveulwilad icvleba religia, rwmena-warmodgenebi, wes-Cveulebebi, rac yoveldRiur yofa-cxovrebaze aisaxa.

Bibliography: Gagoshidze, Iulon. Samadlo. Arkheologicheskie raskopki. (Samadlo. Archaeological Excavations) Tbilisi: Metsniereba,1979. Japaridze, Otar. Arkeologiuri gatxrebi Trialetshi (Archaeological Excavation in Trialeti).Tbilisi: Metsniereba, 1969. Kvavadze, Eliso; Narimanishvili, Goderdzi; Konor, Simon. „Pozdnepleistocenovaya i golocenovaya istoria razvitia landshaftov Tsalki (Ujnaya Gruzia) po palinologicheskim dannim ozernikh i pochvennikh obrazovanii (Late Pleistocene and Holocene History of Landscapes of Tsalka Plateau (Southern Georgia), based on palynological Analysis of Lake and soil Formations) Problems of Paleobiology, II (2007),Georgian National Museum:12-22. Kvavadze, Eliso and Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. “The palaeolandscapes of the Tsalka Plateau in the Late Pleistocene and Holocene”, in Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceihan and South Caucasian pipelines, editor in-chief Gela Gamkrelidze. (Tbilisi, Georgian National Museum, 2010), 573-606. Kuftin, Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti (Archaeological Excavation in Trialeti). Tbilisi: Publishing House oft he Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR, 1941. Kuftin, Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Tsalkskom raione (Archaeological excavation in Tsalka region). Tbilisi: Izdatelstvo akademii nauk gruzinskoi ssr, 1948. Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. Keramia Kartli V-I vv. do n.e. (Keramiks of Kartli V-I cc. B.C.) Tbilisi:Metsniereba, 1991. Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. “Iberia da Iranuli samkaro” (Iberia and Iranian World). Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia”(1993). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 39-41. Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. “Agmosavlet amierkavkasia da iranuli samkaro dzv.ts. V-I ss. (Eastern Transcaucasus and Iranian World in V-I cc. B.C.) II Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia”(1994). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 19-22. Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. “Darius’s campaign to Scythia and Eastern Transcaucasus.” III Scientific Session “World cultural and historical process and Georgia”(1995). Abstracts. Tbilisi, 17-20. Narimanišvili, Goderdzi. „Die Keramik Kartlis (Iberiens) in achaimenidischer und postachaimenilischer Zeit“. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 32 (2000):. Berlin.227-242 Narimanishvili, Goderdzi. „Darakois namosaxlari da samkhret kavkasiis akemeniduri khanis istoriis zogierti sakitxi“ (Daraqoi Settlement and some Patterns of History of Achaemenid Epoch Transcaucasus). Iberis-Colchis. Researches on the Archaeology and History of Georgia in the Classical and Early Medieval Period. 5 (2009): 94-125. Narimanishvili, Goderdzi and Shatberashvili, Vakhtang `Red-Painted Pottery of the Achaemenid and Post-Achaemenid Periods from Caucasus (Iberia): Stylistic Analysis and Chronology~. Ancient Near Eastern Studies XLI (2004) :120-166. Shanshashvili, Nino and Narimanishvili, George. “Painted Pottery of the Kura-Araxes Culture from the South Caucasus” in International Symposium on East Anatolia South Caucasus Cultures. Proceedings, I (2015), edited by Mehmet Işikli and Birol Can. Cambridge:132-144.

1. Map of Caucasus with markings of sites dated from the 5th – 4th cc. B.C. kavkasiis ruka Zv.w. V – IV ss. Zeglebis aRniSvniT. 2. Darakoi settlement: General view from the north; daraqois namosaxlari. saerTo xedi CrdiloeTidan.

1. Darakoi settlement. In the foreground house #5. daraqoi namosaxlari. wina planze #5 saxli. 2. Darakoi settlement. Houses ## 1-7, Plan. daraqoi. ##1-7 saxlebi. gegma.

III

Darakoi settlement: 1. House #1, Plan; 2. View of house #1 from the north. daraqois namosaxlari: 1. #1 saxli. gegma; 2. #1 saxlis xedi CrdiloeTidan.

Darakoi settlement: 1. House #1, altar. 2. House #5, altar, drawing. daraqois namosaxlari: 1. #1 saxli. sakurTxeveli; 2. #1 saxli. sakurTxeveli. Canaxati.

Darakoi settlement: 1. House #5; 2. House # 5, stratigraphy of the oven; 3. House # 5, oven, reconstruction. daraqois namosaxlari: 1. #5 saxli; 2. # 5 saxli. Rumelis stratigrafia; 3. # 5 saxli. Rumeli. rekonstruqcia.

Sakdrioni settlement: 1. General plan; 2. House #1, plan and cut. saydrionis namosaxlari: 1. gengegma; 2. #1 saxli. gegma da Wrili.

VII

Sakdrioni settlement. 1,2. Altar and sceletons of two piglets; 3. House #1, details. saydrionis namosaxlari. 1.2. sakurTxeveli da ori goWis ConCxi; 3. #1 saxli. detalebi.

VIII

Ai-Ilia settlement: 1. General Plan. 2. House # 1, plan. ai-ilias namosaxlari: 1. gengegma; 2. # 1 saxli. gegma.

Ai-Ilia settlement: 1. House #1, bench and oven at the northern wall, view form the north-west. 2. House #1, view form the north-west, in the background Tsalka reservoir. ai-ilias namosaxlari: 1. #1 saxli. CrdiloeT kedelTan gamarTuli savarZeli da Rumeli. xedi samxreT-aRmosavleTidan; 2. #1 saxli.

Ai-Ilia settlement: 1. House # 1, oven, reconstruction. 2. House # 1, bench and oven at the northern wall. ai-ilias namosaxlari: 1. # 1 saxli. Rumeli. rekonstruqcia; 2. # 1 saxli. CrdiloeT kedelTan gamarTuli merx da Rumeli.

Goderdzi Narimanishvili, Marina Kvatchadze Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Nodar Poporadze, Olga Seskuria Georgian Technical University (Georgia, Tbilisi) White beads of Trialeti Bronze Age Trialeti is one of the historic regions of Georgia. It is located in the central part of South Caucasus, on the high mountain plateau, in the North-East part of Minor Caucasus (Pl. I). The intensive archaeological study of Trialeti has begun from the 30-ies of the XX century under B. Kuftin’s guidance. He studied numerous sites and based on the obtained data developed the periodization and chronology of archaeological sites of Caucasian Bronze Age. Since 1989, archaeological research has been carried out by the Center for Archaeological Research of Georgian National Museum (the head – G. Narimanishvili). This time, the object of our research is the beads made of white mineral. In Trialeti such kind of beads, dated back to the III millennium BC, are confirmed on the Early Bronze Age sites of Kura-Araxes culture1 in Early Bronze Age. They are presented as small size cylinders. Mainly, the beads of the same shapes are found in the assemblages of Middle and Late Bronze Ages2. The white beads discovered at the sites of the first half of the 1st millennium BC are distinguished by the diversity of shapes and ornaments; along with already existing beads of cylindrical shapes, triangular and rhomboid shape artifacts are found. So-called domino-like beads were discovered in the same period. In Trialeti the white colour beads are found on most of these sites3. In the scientific literature is mainly indicated that white beads are made from paste4. Rarely, they are considered to be bone items5. B. Kuftin first described the white beads, including the so-called domino-like items and considered that one of the kinds of talc was used for their manufacture6. Sapar-Kharaba cemetery is one of the most interesting archaeological sites of Trialeti in Late Bronze Age, which dates back to the XV-XIV centuries BC7. The beads made of quartz group 1. Nino Shanshashvili, “Sites of the Kura-Araxes Culture in Trialeti”, in Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines, ed. Gela Gamkrelidze (Tbilisi, 2010), 294-297; Lamara Zhorzhikashvili and Elguja Gogadze, Pamyatniki Trialeti v epokhu rannei i sredneu bronzi (Monuments of the Trialeti in the Early and Middle Bronze Age) (Tbilisi, 1974), 36, 39-40. 2. Zhorzhikashvili and Gogadze, Pamyatniki Trialeti, 83-98; Goderdzi Narimanishvili et al “Die Grabungskompanie in Zalka 1990-1992”, Archäclogische Geländearbeiten in Georgien 1989-1992 (2004), 123-128; Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Saphar-Kharabas samarovani” (Saphar-Kharaba Burial Ground), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology, 17-18 (2006), 92-126. 3. Boris Kuftin, Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti (Archaeological Excavations in Trialeti) (Tbilisi, 1941), 56-57; Boris Kuftin, Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Tsalke v 1947 godu (Archaeological Excavations in 1947 in the Tsalka district). (Tbilisi, 1948), 10; Medea Menabde and Tsisana Davlianidze, Trialetis samarovnebi (Trialeti Cemeteries) (Tbilisi, 1968); Tsisana Davlianidze, kvemo kartlis kultura dz.ts. I aTastsleulis pirvel nakhevarshi (Lower Kartli (Trialeti) Culture in the Second half of the Ist Millenium BC). (Tbilisi, 1983); Narimanishvili et al, “Die Grabungskompanie in Zalka”, 125-126. 4. Menabde and Davlianidze, Trialetis samarovnebi; Davlianidze, Kvemo Kartli. 5. Vladimer Nikolaishvili and Eduard Gavasheli, Narekvavis arqeologiuri dzeglebi (Narekvavi Archaeological Sites) (Tbilisi, 2007), 39, 173. 6. Kuftin, Trialeti, 56-57. 7. Narimanishvili, “Saphar-Kharaba”, 92-103; Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Trialeti in the 15th and 14th centu-

minerals (cornelian, agate, sardonyx), faience and glass are discovered there, one part of which shows a definite similarity to Mediterranean analogous artefacts8. The white colour small size beads of cylindrical shape were also discovered on this cemetery. Eli-Baba cemetery dates back to the VII-V centuries. Among the beads and jewelry found there the most numerous are white colour beads (Pl. I,2; II,1-6). Cylindrical, triangular, rhomboid and rectangular shape beads are attested at this beads9. The cylindrical beads are presented as the tubules of different length, from which a part has a plain surface and a part is decorated with grooved lines or small-sized concentric circles; on some tubules the small cylinders located in several queues are attached from four sides; on the sides of cylindrical beads of small height different number of grooves are located and they have flower-like shape. Except of cylindrical tubules, rectangular transverse tubules are met, the edges of which are decorated with indirect notches. The beads of rhomboid and triangular shapes are decorated with small circles with notches on their sides; also the items with smooth surface are found. Rectangular beads have a parallelepiped shape. The both surfaces of such type beads are decorated with one or two small sized circles, while longitudinal and transverse sides –with notches; conditionally they were named as domino-like beads. The types of beads, which we have already mentioned are attested on most of the sites of Trialeti; Avranlo is one of them. Cemetery was studied in 1947 by Kuftin and is dated back to middle ages of the 1st millennium BC. Like white beads found on Eli-baba cemetery, ones found on Avranlo are distinguished with variety (Pl. III). Except Trialeti, white color beads, including separate samples of the so-called domino-like ones are discovered on the excavated sites on the territory of both East and West Georgia, which are dated back to VIII-VII centuries10. Such types of beads are discovered in Armenia, on the territory of historic Tashiri, which borders Trialeti from the south. In Armenia these beads are dated back to XI-VI centuries11. Several items of domino-like beads are found on the territory of Azerbaijan at Palidlin necropolis12. ries BC”, in Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi- Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines, ed. Gela Gamkrelidze (Tbilisi. 2010), 312. 8. Rebecca S. Ingram, Faience and Glass Beads from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun, Ma thesis, Texas A&M University (2005). Marina Kvachadze and Goderdzi Narimanishvili, “Late Bronze – Early Iron Ages Beads from Trialeti”, Aegean World and South Caucasus, (Tbilisi, 2016), 180-209 9. Narimanishvili et al, “Die Grabungskompanie in Zalka”, 125-126; Bidzina Murvanidze, “Eli-Babas samarovani” (The Eli-baba Burial Graund), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology, 15-16, (Tbilisi, 2005), 147-163; Marina Kvachadze, “Mdzivebi Eli-Babas samarovnidan” (The Beads from Eli-Baba Cemetery). Iberia-Colchis, 8, (Tbilisi, 2012), 116-126. 10. Kuftin, Trialeti, 56-57; Elguja Gogadze et al, ”Nosiri-Mukhurchis arqeologiuri eqspediciis savele kvleva 1974-1975” (The Field Research of the Nosiri-Mukhurcha Archaeological Expedition in 1974-1975), Archaeological Expeditions of Georgian National museum V, (1977), 60-78; Nikolaishvili and Gavasheli, Narekvavi; Otar Japaridze, Shida Kartlis udzvelesi istoria (The Ancient History of Shida Kartli). (Tbilisi. 2009), 167, 190-192; Revaz Papuashvili, “Kolkhuri kolektiuri samarkhebis datarigebisatvis” (For Dating of Colchian Collective Burial Grounds), Journal of Archaeology, V ( 2010), 32-43, Tab. III, 84. 11. Kuftin, Trialeti, 56-57; Telemak Khachatyan, Drevnaya kultura Shiraka (Ancient Culture of Shirak) (Yerevan, 1975); Hayk Avetisyan, Pavel Avetisyan, Culture of the Ararat Plain XI - VI centuries BC (Yerevan, 2006), (In Armenian); Arutiun Martirosyan, Armenia v epokhu bronzi i rannevo jeleza (Armenia in the Bronze and Early Iron Age) (Yerevan, 1964); Nora Engibaryan, Urartian Burials from Noratus. - Abstracts of the conference dedicated to the results of field archaeological work in the Republic of Armenia in 1989-1990. (1991), 68 (in Armenian); Levon Petrosyan, Raskopki v Keti i Voskeask (Excavations in Keti and Voskeask), Yerevan, 1989. Pavel Avetisyan et al, “Newly discovered archaeological monuments of Armenia”, HandesAmsorya. (1998), 1-12, tab. 14, (in Armenian). 12. Gidaiat Jafarov, Diana Jafarova. “Predvaritelnie rezultati polevikh issledovanii Karabakhskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspedicii” (Preliminary Results of Field Research of the “Karabakh Archaeological Expedition”),

Also several items of domino-like beads are found in Turkey, at Karagonduz cemetery, which is located at the east coast of Vani Lake. This site is dated back to Urartu Age13; several domino-like beads are exhibited at Ankara Museum, but the place of their discovery is not known. Thus, the so-called domino-like beads are mainly distributed in the central part of the South Caucasus: in Georgia – historic Trialeti and in north part of modern Armenia – the territory of historic Tashiri. In the specified Territory the so-called domino-like beads are discovered in large numbers and are distinguished by the diversity of shapes. The researchers place the domino-like beads in a large period of time and generally date them to XI-V centuries. Although B. Kuftin noted that the beads of such type existed only in a short period of time14. We also consider that the manufacturing the beads of such types took place in a short period of time. Supposedly their manufacturing center was located in the north-east part of Minor Caucasus, in particular in Trialeti. Based on the results of researches carried out on Eli-Baba and Knole cemeteries in recent years and a new re-understanding the cemeteries previously excavated in Trialeti give us the basis to attribute these beads and the complexes containing them to VII-VI centuries. Proceeding from this, we considered it necessary to find out from which material the above-mentioned artefacts were manufactured. For the mineralogical research one small size bead of cylindrical shape was selected from Sapar-Kharaba cemetery (inv. N192), and some fragments of two beads of cylindrical shape and two domino-like beads (inv. N797, 798, 949, 1045) were chosen from Eli-Baba cemetery (Pl. IV, 1b-d). Mineral analysis of beads found in Trialeti were carried out at the Department of Applied Geology of the Georgian Technical University (the head – Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences N. Poporadze), there were carried out mineral analysis of beads found in Trialeti. The sequence of the conducted researches is the following: after visual inspection, there was applied a polarization microscope as the beads of small sizes and fine-grained phases containing them made it difficult to identify doubtlessly talc and enstatite. The univocal result (phases) was recorded by the X-ray diffraction analysis of beads samples, as well as by the data of optical-photometry. The optical-photometric, X-ray phase, chemical and X-ray fluorescent analyses were conducted on the experimental material and based on it, the interesting results were obtained. Some samples are really represented almost by talc (Pl. IV, 3a), in some samples along with talc the enstatite phase is noted (Pl. IV, 3b) in various percentage ratio and in some – only enstatite (Pl. IV, 3c). It turned out that in certain grains of one bead the independent phases of talc and enstatite are noted, two phases are observed together in one grain in different numbers, so that chemical content of grains practically does not change. There was expressed a doubt that natural material of talc was subjected to thermal processing at different temperatures. The initial phase was talc and under temperature impact it transformed into denser material (enstatite). Macroscopically, the samples are mostly of white color, fine-grained and equigranular. As the material was fine-grained it was impossible to determine certain phases microscopically. According to results of the X-ray diffraction analysis the presented material corresponds to enstatite and talc (Pl. IV, 2a). As the result of the conducted X-ray fluorescent analysis show the chemical composition of the beads are practically the same. An average value of the conducted analysis is represented in Table (Pl. IV, 1a). Archaeological Research in Azerbaijan. (Baku, 2011), 93-94. 13. Veli Sevin, An Early Iron Age Cemetery (Istanbul, 1996), 42. 14. Kuftin, Trialeti, 56-57.

According to the data of optical photometry it is presented by pyroxene (enstatite) and talc. The next sample is mostly represented only by enstatite according to X-ray diffraction analysis (Pl. IV, 2b). The research of visually identical experimental samples by means of optic, X-ray diffraction and optic photometry methods gives us the opportunity to explain the simultaneous presence of talc and enstatite phases by the thermal effect on talc. So, the following experiment was carried out: in normal conditions the X-ray picture of talc completely corresponds to talc (Pl. IV, 4a). Then the X-ray picture of the sample heated at 600o C was taken (Pl. IV, 4b), in which an independent phase of enstatite along with talc occurred. After heating of a new sample at 9000o C it turned out that the amount of talc phase was drastically reduced, while that of enstatite – increased (Pl. IV, 4c). Consequently it turned out that talc mineral was used as a raw material for the beads, which in the process of manufacturing was subjected to different temperature regimes. By heating talc above 5000oC it gradually transforms into enstatite and the higher is temperature, the more transformation takes place and sometimes it fully transforms into enstatite. In Georgia a talc stone is mainly related to the Lopaniskhevi and Cheratkhevi (khevi – the ravine) (the left tributary of river Suramula, Khashuri region) serpentine ultramafic rocks in the peripheral part of the river Dzirula in contact with other rocks15. In nature talc is found as talc stone (admixture of carbonate or chloride) or as purer talcite, which is fine-grained talc rock and contains 90% of talc. There are two types of talc: dense - steatite and shale-like – talc shale. Steatite appears to be a massive diversity of talc. It is hidden crystal-like, white, light green, dark green, slightly yellowish, or grey color talc. Because of a low density, while touching it seems to be fatty. The name – steatite comes from it. The ores of industrial value, by their origin, are related to ultrabasites and magnesium carbonate rocks (dolomite, magnesite). Talk is formed from ultramafic rocks (peridotites, serpentines, etc.), under the influence of hydrothermal solutions, the contact-metasomatic changes in flinty carbonated rocks and the metamorphism of clay rocks. The small-sized deposit of steatite is located in the gorges of the riv. Bzhineura (the left tributary of the riv. Dzirula) and Lopanistskali (the right tributary of the riv. West Prone, the municipality of Znauri and Kareli). Talc deposits of White Field, Kvashava and Cheshura (Lopaniswyali gorge) practically are very important. Among more or less changed serpentine talc is found in the form of certain veins and nest-like bodies. There are two types of talc in Georgia: light gray color and greenish steatite. The deposit mainly consists of gray variety, green variety is found in negligible quantity (about 10%). Iron-containing steatite is used for manufacturing of jewelry, switchboards, tables, jewelry boxes, the handles for tobacco pipes, also it is a perfect material used in applied arts. Thus, on the territory of the South Caucasus the white color beads in small numbers are met from the Early Bronze Age, and its wide production takes place in the middle of the first millennium BC.

15. George Maghalashvili, Non-metallic mineral ores Indastrial Types (Tbilisi, 2000).

goderZi narimaniSvili, marine kvaWaZe,, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi) nodar foforaZe, olRa seskuria saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

TrialeTis brinjaos xanis TeTri feris mZivebi TrialeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriuli mxarea. is mdebareobs samx reT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, maRalmTian platoze, mcire kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi (tab. I,1). TrialeTis intensiuri arqeologiuri kvleva XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo b. kuftinis xelmZRvanelobiT. man araerTi mniSvnelovani Zegli Seiswavla da am monacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava kavkasiis brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis periodizacia da qronologia. 1989 wlidan TrialeTSi arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g. narimaniSvili). amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens TeTri feris masalisa Tu mineralisagan damzadebuli mZivebi. TrialeTSi aseTi saxeobis mZivebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, adrebrinjaos xanidan mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebze gvxvdeba. isini mcire zomis cilindrebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. ZiriTadad aseTive formis mZivebi gvxvdeba Sua da gviani brinjaos xanis kompleqsebSi. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevaris Zeglebze aRmoCenili TeTri feris mZivebi formebisa da ornamentebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva; ukve arsebuli cilindruli formebis mZivebis gverdiT gvxvdeba samkuTxa da rombisebri formis artefaqtebi. amave xanaSi Cndeba e.w. dominoseburi mZivebi. TrialeTSi TeTri feris mZivebi or aTeulamde Zeglzea aRmoCenili. samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad aRniSnulia, rom TeTri feris mZivebi pastisagan aris damzadebuli, iSviaTad maT Tvlian Zvlis nivTebad. b. kuftinma pirvelma aRwera TeTri feris mZivebi, maT Soris e.w. dominosebri mZivebi da miiCnia, rom maT dasamzadeblad talkis erT-erTi saxeobaa gamoyenebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod miviCnieT gagverkvia Tu ra masalisgan mzaddeboda aRniSnuli artefaqtebi. mineralogiuri kvlevisaTvis safar-xarabas samarovnidan SeirCa erTi mcire zomis cilindruli mZivi (inv. #192), xolo eli-babas samarovnidan ori cilindruli formisa da ori dominoseburi mZivis fragmenti (inv. # 797, 798, 939, 1045) safar-xarabas samarovani TrialeTis gvian brinjaos xanis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso arqeologiur Zegls warmoadgens, romelic Zv.w. XV-XIV ss_iT TariRdeba. aq aRmoCenilia kvarcis jgufis mineralebis (sardioni, aqati, sardoniqsi), faiansisa da minisagan damzadebuli mZivebi, romelTa erTi

nawili garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTis analogiur artefaqtebTan. aqve aRmoCnda TeTri feris mcire zomis cilindruli formis mZivebi. eli-babas samarovani TariRdeba Zv.w. VII-V ss-iT. aq mopovebul mZiv-samkauls Soris yvelaze mravalricxovania TeTri feris mZivebi – dominoseburi, cilindruli, samkuTxa, rombisebri da marTkuTxa formis mZivebi (tab. I,2; II,1-6). zemoTaRwerili ti pis mZivebi TrialeTis umetes Zeglebzea aRmoCenili; erT-erTi maTgania avranlos samarovani, romelic 1947 wels Seiswavla b. kuftinma da Zv.w. I aTaswleulis SuaxanebiT daaTariRa. eli-babas samarovanze mopovebuli mZivebis msgavsad, avranlos analogiuri artefaqtebi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva (tab. III). TrialeTis garda, TeTri feris mZivebi da maT Soris e.w. dominosebri mZivebis calkeuli egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaTxril Zeglebze, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba aseTive ti pis mZivebi aRmoCenilia somxeTSi, istoriuli taSiris teritoriaze, romelic TrialeTs samxreTidan esazRvreba. somxeTSi es mZivebi Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. azerbaijanis teritoriaze dominosebri mZivebis ramdenime egzemplari dafiqsirebulia palidlinis nekropolze. ramdenime cali dominoseburi mZivia cnobli CvenTvis TurqeTis teritoriidan: karagonduzis samarovanze, romelic mdebareobs vanis tbis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan, Zegli TariRdeba urartuli xaniT, da ankaris muzeumis gamofenaze warmodgenilia ramdenime dominosebri mZivi, romelTa aRmoCenis adgili ar aris cnobili. amrigad, e.w. dominosebri mZivebi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samxreT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi: saqarTveloSi _ istoriuli TrialeTisa da Tanamedrove somxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi – istoriuli taSiris teritoriaze. aRniSnul teritoriaze e.w. dominosebri mZivebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili da formaTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. dominosebr mZivebs mkvlevarebi drois did monakveTSi aTavseben da zogadad Zv.w. XI-V saukuneebiT aTariReben, Tumca b. kuftini aRniSnavda, rom am ti pis mZivebi arsebobda mxolod drois gansazRvrul mokle monakveTSi. Cvenc migvaCnia, rom am ti pis mZivebis warmoeba drois mokle monakveTSi mimdinareobda. aseve vfiqrobT, rom maTi sawaroo centri mcire kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, kerZod TrialeTSi mdebareobda. ukanasknel wlebSi eli-babasa da knoles samarovnebze Catarebuli kvle vebis safuZvelze, da TrialeTSi adre gaTxrili samarovnebis xelaxali gaazreba safuZvels gvaZlevs, „dominosebri“ mZivebi da maTi Semcveli kompleqsebi Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT unda daTariRdes. aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod CavTvaleT gagverkvia, Tu ra masalisgan mzaddeboda zemoxsenebuli artefaqtebi. mineralogiuri kvlevisaTvis SeirCa safar-xarabas samarovnidan cilindruli formis erTi mcire zomis mZivis (inv. # 192) da eli-babas samarovnidan ori cilindruli formis da ori dominoseburi mZivis fragmenti (inv. ## 797, 798, 949, 1045) (tab. IV, 1b-d).

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis gamoyenebiTi geologiis departamentSi (xelmZRvaneli geologia-mineralogiis mec. doqt. n. foforaZe) Catarda TrialeTSi mopovebuli mZivebis mineralogiuri analizi. Catarebuli kvlevis Tanmimdevroba aseTia: vizualuri daTvalierebis Semdeg, polarizaciuli mikroskopiT sargeblobisas, mZivebis mcire zomebisa da maTi Semadgeneli fazebis wvrilmarcvlovnebis gamo calsaxad identificireba, rogorc talkisa da enstatitisa, gaZnelebulia. analizis erTmniSvnelovani Sedegi (fazebi) dafiqsirda mZivis nimuSebis rentgenofazuri analiziT da optikuri fotometriis monacemebiT. sakvlev masalaze Catarda optikur-fotometruli, rentgenofazuri, qimiuri da rentgenofluorescentuli analizi, romelTa safuZvelze saintereso Sedegebia miRebuli. zogierTi nimuSi, marTlac, TiTqmis mTlianad talkiTaa warmodgenili (tab. IV, 3a), zogSi talkTan erTad enstatitis faza gvxvdeba sxvadasxva procentuli TanafardobiT (tab. IV, 3b) da zogic TiTqmis mTlianad enstatitiTaa warmodgenili (tab. IV, 3c). gairkva, rom erTi mZivis calkeul marcvlebSi gvaqvs talkis an enstatitis damoukidebeli fazebi, aseve erT marcvalSi orive faza erTad sxvadasxva raodenobiT, ise rom marcvlebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba praqtikulad ar icvleba. gaCnda eWvi, rom talkis bunebriv masalas Catarebuli aqvs Termuli damuSaveba sxvadasxva temperaturaze. sawyisi faza iyo talki da temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT igi ufro mkvriv masalad (enstatiti) gardaiqmna. nimuSebi makroskopulad, ZiriTadad, TeTri ferisaa, wvril da Tanabarmarcvlovani. mikroskopSi calkeuli fazis gansazRvra erTmniSvnelovnad SeuZlebelia maTi wvrilmarcvlovnebis gamo. rentgenostruqturuli fazuri analizis saSualebiT, warmodgenili masala, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba enstatits da talks (tab. IV, 2a). mZivebis rentgenofluorescentuli analiziT maTi qimiuri Sedgeniloba praqtikulad erTnairia. analizis monacemebis gasaSualoebuli mniSvneloba warmodgenilia cxrilSi (tab. IV, 1a). optikuri fotometriis monacemebiT masala warmodgenilia piroqseniTa (enstatitiT) da talkiT. vizualurad erTnairi sakvlevi nimuSebis optikuri, rentgenostruqturuli da optikuri fotometriis meTodebiT kvlevam saSualeba mogvca zogierT nimuSSi talkisa da enstatitis fazebis erTdroulad arseboba agvexsna talkze temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT. amdenad, Catarebuli iqna eqsperimenti: Cveulebriv pirobebSi gadaRebuli talkis nimuSis rentgenograma mTlianad talks Seesabameba (tab. IV, 4a). Semdeg gadaviReT 600°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma, sadac ukve talkTan erTad gamoCnda enstatitis damoukidebeli faza (tab. IV, 4b). axali nimuSis 900°C temperaturaze gaxurebis Semdeg gadaRebul rentgenogramaze talkis fazis raodenoba katastrofulad Semcirebulia, xolo enstatitisa _ gazrdili (tab. IV, 4c). aqedan gamomdinare, aRmoCnda, rom mZivebis nedleulad gamoyenebulia minerali talki, romelsac damzadebis

procesSi gamowvavdnen sxvadasxva temperaturaze. talki 5000C-ze zemoT gaxurebiT TandaTan gardaiqmneba enstatitad da rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT meti raodenobiT gadadis igi enstatitSi da zogjer mTlianad enstatitad gardaiqmneba. saqarTveloSi talkis qva, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia lopanisxevisa da WeraTxevis (suramulas marcxena Senakadi, xaSuris raioni) serpentinizebul ultrafuZe qanebTan _ Zirulis masivis periferiul nawilSi, sxva qanebTan kontaqtis zonaSi. bunebaSi talki gvxvdeba talkis qvis (karbonatis an qloritis minareviT) an ufro sufTa talkitis saxiT. talkiti wvrilmarcvlovani talkiani qania, Seicavs 90%-mde talks. arCeven talkitis or saxesxvaobas: mkvrivs _ steatitsa da fiqlebrivs _ talkian fiqals. steatiti talkis masiuri saxesxvaobaa. igi farulkristaluri, TeTri, Ria mwvane, muqi mwvane, odnav moyviTalo, an nacrisferi talkia. dabali simagris gamo, Sexebisas gveCveneba cximovanad, aqedanaa misi saxelwodebac _ steatiti. steatitis samrewvelo mniSvnelobis sabadoebi warmoSobiT dakavSirebulia hi perbazitebTan da magniumian karbonatul qanebTan (dolomiti, magneziti). talki warmoiqmneba magniumiT mdidar ultrafuZe qanebze (peridotitebi, serpentinitebi da sxv.) hidroTermuli xsnarebis zemoqmedebiT, kaJiani karbonatuli qanebis kontaqtur-metasomaturi cvlilebebiT, Tixiani qanebis metamorfizmiT. steatitis mcire zomis budobi cnobilia md. bJineurasa (Zirulas marcxena Senakadi) da lopaniswylis (dasavleT frones marjvena Senakadi, znaurisa da qarelis munici p.) xeobebSi. praqtikulad mniSvnelovania TeTri mindvris, qvaSavasa da WeSuras (lopaniswylis xeoba) talkis budobebi. met-naklebad Secvlil serpentinitebs Soris talki gvxvdeba calkeuli ZarRvebisa da budisebri sxeulebis saxiT. CvenSi talki ori ti pisaa: Ria nacrisferi da momwvano steatiti. budobi, ZiriTadad, nacrisferi saxesxvaobisgan Sedgeba, mwvane saxesxvaoba umniSvnelo raodenobiTaa (10%-mde). rkinis Semcveli steatiti sanaxelavo qvaa. misgan amzadeben samkauls, gamanawilebel dafebs, magidebs, zardaxSebs, Cibuxis tarebs. igi saucxoo masalaa gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi. amrigad, samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze mcire zomis TeTri feris mZivebi Cndeba adreuli brinjaos xanidan da misi farTo warmoeba xdeba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi.

Bibliography: Avetisyan, Hayk, and Avetisyan, Pavel. Culture of the Ararat Plain XI - VI centuries BC. Yerevan, 2006 (In Armenian). Avetisyan, Pavel, Engibaryan, Nora, and Sarkisyan, Hamlet. “Newly discovered archeological monuments of Armenia”, Handes Amsorya, 1-12, tab. 14, Fig. 40 (1998) (in Armenian). Davlianidze, Tsira. Kvemo Kartlis kultura dzv. ts. II atastsleulis meore nakhevarshi (Lower Kartli (Trialeti) Culture in the Second half of the IstMillenium BC.), Tbilisi, 1983. Engibaryan Nora. “Urartian Burials from Noratus”, Abstracts of the conference dedicated to the results of field archaeological work in the Republic of Armenia in 1989-1990, (Yerevan, 1991), 68 (in Armenian). Gidaiat Jafarov, Diana Jafarova. Predvaritelnie rezultati polevikh issledovanii Karabakhskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspedicii (Preliminary Results of Field Research of the “Karabakh Archaeological Expedition”). Archaeological Research in Azerbaijan. Baku 2011. Gogadze Elguja, Pantskhava Leila, and Darispanashvili Mikheil. ”Nosiri-Mukhurchis arqeologiuri eqspediciis savele kvleva 1974-195” (The Field Research of the Nosiri-Mukhurcha Archaeological Expedition in 1974-1975), Archaeological Expeditions of Georgian National museum V, 1977, 60-78. Ingram, Rebecca S. Faience and Glass Beads from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun, Ma thesis, Texas A&M University (2005). Japaridze Otar. Shida Kartlis udzvelesi istoria (The Ancient History of Shida Kartli (Inner Kartli)).Tbilisi, 2009. Khachatyan Telemak. Drevnaya istoria Shiraka (Ancient Culture of Shirak). Yerevan, 1975. Kuftin Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti (Archaeological Excavations in Trialeti). Tbilisi, 1941. Kuftin Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v 1947 godu v Tsalke (Archaeological Excavations in 1947 in the Tsalka district). Tbilisi, 1948. Kvachadze Marina. “Mdzivebi Eli-Babas samarovnidan” (The Beads from Eli-Baba Cemetery), Iberia-Colchis 8, 2012, 116-126. Kvachadze Marina, and Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Late Bronze – Early Iron Ages Beads from Trialeti”, Aegean World and South Caucasus. Tbilisi 2016, p.180-209 Maghalashvili George. Non-metallic mineral ores Indastrial Types, (Tbilisi, 2000). Martirosyan Arutiun. Armenia v epokhu pozneu bronzi i pannego jeleza (Armenia in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age). Yerevan, 1964. Menabde Medea, and DavlianidzeTsira. Trialetis samarovnebi (Trialeti Cemeteris). Tbilisi, 1968. Murvanidze Bidzina. “Eli-Babas samarovani” (The Eli-baba Burial Graund), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology. # 15-16, Tbilisi, 2005, 147-163. (in Georgian). Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Sapar-kharabas samarovani” (“Saphar-Kharaba Burial Ground”), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology. # 17-18, Tbilisi, 2006, 92-126. (in Georgian). Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Trialeti in the 15th and 14th centuries BC”, Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines. Tbilisi. 2010, 312-369. Narimanishvili Goderdzi; Makharadze Zurab; Shanshashvili Nino; and Melikidze Shalva. “Die Grabungskompanie in Zalka 1990-1992”, Archäclogische Geländearbeiten in Georgien 1989-1992. Tbilisi, 2004, 123-128.

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Nikolaishvili Vladimer, and Gavasheli Eduard. Narekvavis arkeologiuri dzeglebi (Narekvavi Archaeological Sites). Tbilisi, 2007. Papuashvili Revaz. “Kolkhuri kolektiuri samarkhebis datarigebisatvis” (For Dating of Colchian Collective Burial Grounds), Journal of Archaeology V, Tbilisi. 2010. 32-43 (in Georgian). Petrosyan Levon. Raskopki v Keti i Voskeask (Excavations in Keti and Voskeask). Yerevan. 1989. Sevin Veli. An Early Iron Age Cemetery. Istanbul, 1996. Shanshashvili Nino. “Sites of the Kura-Araxes Culture in Trialeti”, Rescue Archaeology in Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines. Tbilisi. 2010, 161-184. Zhorzhikashvili Lamara, and Gogadze Elguja. Pamyatniki Trialeti v epokhu rannei i sredneu bronzi (Monuments of the Trialeti in the Early and Middle Bronze Age). Tbilisi. 1974 (in Russian).

Illustrations: I - 1. Location of Trialeti; Eli-baba cemetery: 2. Burial 38, inv. 798; 3. Burial 56, inv. 938. II - Eli-baba cemetery: 1. Burial 38, inv. 802; 2. Burial 38, inv. 799; 3. Burial 38, inv. 797; 4. Burial 38, inv. 796; 5. Burial 38, inv. 800; 6. Burial 56, inv. 939. III - Avranlo cemetery: 1,2. Burial 3, inv. 33-65: 37; 3. Burial 10, inv. 33-65: 70; 4. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:5; 5. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:4; 6,7. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:7; 8-10. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:6. IV - 1, a. Chemical composition of beads; b. The bead from Sapar-kharaba cemetery (inv.192); c,d. The beads from Eli-baba cemetery (inv. 1045, 797) IV - 2, a. X-ray pattern of bead from Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 797; b. X-ray pattern of bead from Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 949. IV - 3, a. X-ray pattern of talc bead (Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 1045); b. X-ray pattrn of talc and enstatit phases (Sapar-kharaba cemetery, inv. 192); c. X-ray pattern of enstatit (Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 798). IV - 4, a. X-ray pattern of a natural sample; b. X-ray pattern of a natural sample heated at 600°C temperature; c. X-ray pattern of a natural sample heated at 900°C temperature.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I – 1. TrialeTis mdebareoba; mZivebi eli-babas samarovnidan: 2. samarxi #38, inv. 798; 3. samarxi #56, inv. 938. II – mZivebi eli-babas samarovnidan: 1. samarxi #38, inv. 802; 2. samarxi #38, inv. 799; 3. samarxi #38, inv. 797; 4. samarxi #38, inv. 796; 5. samarxi #38, inv. 800; 6. samarxi #56, inv. 939. III – mZivebi avranlos samarovnidan: 1,2. samarxi #3, inv. 33-65: 37; 3. samarxi #10, inv. 33-65: 70; 4. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 5; 5. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 4; 6,7. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 7; 8-10. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 6. IV - 1,a. mZivebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %; talkis mZivebi: 1,b. safar-xarabas samarovnidan (inv. #192); 1,c,d. eli-babas samarovnidan (inv. #1045, 797). IV - 2,a. eli-babas samarovnis mZivis rentgenograma (inv. #797); 2,b. eli-babas samarovnis mZivis rentgenograma (inv. #949). IV - 3,a. talkis mZivis rentgenograma (eli-babas samarovani, inv. # 1045);

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3,b. talkisa da enstatitis fazebis rentgenograma (safar-xarabas samarovani, inv. #192); 3,c. enstatitis rentgenograma (eli-babas samarovani, inv. #798). IV - 4, a. talkis bunebrivi nimuSis rentgenograma; 4,b. talkis 600°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma; 4,c. talkis 900°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma.

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zurab bragvaZe saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

sairxis skeptuxia werilobiTi wyaroebiT (straboni) da arqeologiuri monacemebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze navaraudebia ramdenime qveynis (skeptuxiis) arseboba1. Tumca, eWvs gareSea, rom vanis garda, aRniSnuli problemis kvlevis saqmeSi arc erT sxva Zegls jer-jerobiT ar moucia iseTi xelSesaxebi masala, rogorc sairxes. Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebi sairxeSi warmodgenilia mdidruli samarxebiT, saritualo moedniT da namosaxlari fenebiT. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am periodSi sabaduris borcvi warmoadgenda adgilobrivi aristokratiis saZvales2. samarxeuli inventaris detaluri Seswavlis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda am mosazrebis Semdgomi ganviTareba da kolxeTis erTian socialur-politikur sistemaSi sairxis rolisa da funqciis garkveva. am konteqstSi savsebiT viziareb Sexedulebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom skeptuxiebis warmoqmna kolxeTis samefos Tavdapirvel etapzeve moxda da es RonisZieba miznad isaxavda marTva-gamgeobis mowesrigebas3. analogiur viTarebas vxvdebiT leonti mrovelis cnobaSi farnavazis mier qarTlis samefos saerisTaoebad dayofis Sesaxeb4. adreantikuri xanis kolxeTis skeptuxiebi Tavisi genezisiT iberiis saerisTaoebis msgavsni iyvnen da kolxeTSic, iseve rogorc iberiaSi, sagamgeo erTeulebad dayofas safuZvlad edo teritoriuli princi pi. Zveli kolxeTis politikuri viTarebis amsaxveli werilobiTi wyaroebis simwire saSualebas ar iZleva amomwuravad ganvaviTaroT es varaudi, magram erTi mxriv, arqeologiuri monacemebi da meore mxriv, qarTuli saistorio tradiciis (leonti mroveli) cnoba SedarebiT mogviano xanis qarTlis samefoSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sesaxeb, iZleva safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTsa da iberiaSi saqme unda gvqondes administraciuli dayofis msgavs movlenebTan. skeptuxiebis gaCenas TavisTavad Tan sdevda am sagamgeo centrebis warmoqmna-ganviTarebac. aRniSnuli centrebi skeptuxiis SigniT Tavis garSemo aerTianebdnen garkveul miwa-wyals, romelic politikurad da ekonomikurad damokidebuli iyo am centrebze. skeptuxiis mTavar centrebs upiratesi roli unda SesrulebinaT rogorc qveynis Sida politikur marTvaSi, aseve - sagareo savaWro urTierTobebSic. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom calkeuli skeptuxiebis 1. gela gamyreliZe, `miTridate evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, ... seria, 2 (1989), 59. 2. jurxa nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, (Tbilisi, 1990), 22-90. 3. meri inaZe, `kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe (1961), 783-790. 4. qarTlis cxovreba (Tbilisi, 1955), 24.

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mTavari centrebi amavdroulad mTavri religiuri da savaWro-gamanawilebeli datvirTvis mqone dasaxlebebic iyvnen (vani, sairxe). ase rom, Cemi azriT, araerTi safuZveli arsebobs, romlis mixedviTac Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis sairxe warmovidginoT, rogorc kolxeTis samefos erT-erTi administraciuli erTeulis (skeptuxiis) centri da importis gamanawilebeli mTavari kera aRmosavleT kolxeTSi. sairxis adgilobrivi gvarovnuli aristokratia aRWurvili unda yofiliyo administraciuli uflebebiT, rac qmnida socialuri gancalkevebisa da kolx warCinebulTa kidev ufro gamdidrebis mtkice safuZvels, ramdenadac samefos mier boZebul administraciul funqcias mohqonda axali Semosavali, romelic ganisazRvreboda rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT, aseve oqrosa da vercxlis Zvirfasi nivTebis saxiTac5. am mxriv sayuradReboa sabaduris goris Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis samarxeuli inventari. Zv.w. V saukunes sairxeSi miekuTvneba ori mdidruli samarxi, #13 (Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli naxevari) da #5 (Zv.w. V saukunis meore naxevari). Tavisi garegnuli formiT, mexuTe samarxi tovebda grandiozul STabeWdilebas. masSi dakrZaluli iyo sami micvalebuli da xuTi cxeni. samarxeul masalas warmovadgen calk-calke, TiToeul micvalebulTan mimarTebaSi, radgan rogorc qvemoT Sevecdebi vaCveno, am faqts gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sairxis sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis dadgenis saqmeSi. pirvel micvalebulTan aRmoCnda grexilrkaliani vercxlis diadema da cvaraTi Semkuli mTvariseburi formis oqros sayureebi. meore micvalebuls aRmoaCnda vercxlis diadema, oqros ori sayure, arwivis ori oqros firfita da lekiTosi. mesame micvalebuls ekuTvnoda vercxlis diadema, vercxlis samajurebi, oqros sakidi, oqros sayureebi, mZivi da verZis Tavebis oqros yelsabami6. mexuTe samarxis nivTebidan yuradRebas iqcevs micvalebulTaTvis vercxlis diademebis Cayolebis faqti7. Tumca, igi ar aris erTaderTi samarxi, romelSic gamovlenili iqna es artefaqtebi. oqros diadema aRmoCenilia mecamete samarxSi (tab. II,1). diademebis Cataneba Zv.w. V saukunis kolxeTis sazogadoebaSi dawinaurebul pirTaTvis gankuTvnili wesia. analogiuri situacia dadasturebulia vanis meTerTmete samarxSic8. samecni ero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mTavar micvalebulTan erTad dakrZaluli qalebi warmoadgendnen pirad moaxleebs da Sesabamisad, socialurad uuflebo adamianebs9. magram is garemoeba, rom maTac mTavari micvalebulebis msgavsad Catanebuli aqvT diademebi, unda mianiSnebdes, rom maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs ekonomikurad da socialurad sakmaod dawinaurebuli fenis warmomadgenlebTan. aRniSnuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, dakrZalvis es Taviseburi wesi unda aixsnas misi sakulto xasiaTiT. dakrZalvis am ritualis Sesrulebis 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

oTar lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~. vani, III (1977), 16. nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 30-37 nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 36 lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~, 16 meri inaZe, `sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis,... seria 4(1986), 43.

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dros yvelaferi xdeba uzenaesi RvTaebis-RmerTebis didi dedis saxeliT da emsaxureba mis Semdgom ganaxlebas da gaZlierebas10. ase rom, sairxis mexuTe samarxSi dakrZaluli Tanmxlebi micvalebulebis saxiT saqme unda gvqondes warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic qalRvTaebis msaxurebisTvis iyvnen Sewirulni. am mosazrebas garkveulwilad mxars uWers strabonis cnobac anatidas taZrebSi qalRvTaebisTvis qalwulTa Sewirvis Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda am RvTaebisadmi samsaxurs11. imisaTvis, raTa erT aspeqtSi gaviazroT Zv.w. V_IV saukuneebis kolxeTis warCinebulTa wreSi arsebuli diferenciacia da ierarqiuli gansxvavebuloba, aucilebelia ganvixiloT sairxis sabaduris goris danarCeni mdidruli samarxebis inventari. Zv.w. IV saukunis pirvel naxevars miekuTvneba #8 da #10 samarxebi. meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli iyo ori micvalebuli. samarxSi aRmoCnda asze meti yvavilis formis oqros firfita, oqros sayureebi, xaris gamosaxulebiani oqros medalioni, oqros yelsabamebi, oqros beWdebi, oqros balTa, oqros samajurebi, oqros CamCa da kovzi, vercxlis fiala da sura12. sairxeSi gaTxrili Zv.w. IV saukunis samarxebidan SedarebiT ukeT iyo SemorCenili merve samarxis miwiszeda nageboba (tab. I,1). samarxi orkameriani iyo. CrdiloeTis kameraSi dakrZalul sam micvalebuls aRmoaCnda vercxlis sakisre rolebi da naxevarmTvariseburi formis oqros sayureebi. samxreTis kameraSi idga didi zomis brinjaos situla. aqve, aRmoCnda vercxlisa da oqros samajurebi, oqros sayure, oqros sakidebi, kolxuri monetebi, sabeWdavi beWdebi da lekiTosis fragmentebi13. sairxis mdidruli samarxebi nagebia xis morebiT, didi zomis rkinis lursmnebiT, qvis mSrali wyobiT da yvela maTgani daculia qvayrilebiT14. aRmosavleT kolxeTSi arsebuli qonebrivi diferenciaciis mowmobaa iTxvisisa da modinaxes adreantikuri xanis samarxebi, romlebic inventaris mxriv mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sabaduris goris mdidruli kompleqsebisgan. modinaxeze am epoqis oTxi samarxia aRmoCenili da maTi aRnagoba araerTgvarovania. gvxvdeba qvayriliani, qvis kedlebiani da iatakmokirwyluli samarxebi, romlebSic dakrZalulia TiTo micvalebuli. samarxeuli artefaqtebi ZiriTadad keramikaa, Tumca gvxvdeba oqrosa da vercxlis nivTebic da monetebi15. safiqrebelia, rom modinaxeze dakrZalulTa saxiT saqme unda gvqondes mwarmoebel fenasTan, romelTa Semosavlis nawili warmoadgenda didebulTa sakuTrebas. arqeologiuri konteqstidan gamomdinare, aseTi didebulebi unda yofiliyvnen sairxeSi, sabaduris goris mdidrul samarxebSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi. aqedan ki im azris gamotana SeiZleba, rom Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi sairxe, rogorc skeptuxiis mTavari centri, Tavis garSemo aerTianebda dasavleT saqarTvelos ukiduresi aRmosavleTi mTis wina zo10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

inaZe, `sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi~, 45. TinaTin yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia (Tbilisi 1957), 198. nadiraZe, sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 88-90. nadiraZe, sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 45-46 giorgi maxaraZe da manana wereTeli, sairxe, (Tbilisi 2007), 43. jurxa nadiraZe, yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, (Tbilisi, 1975), 90-117.

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lis mosaxleobasac, romelTac modinaxeze gamovlenili samarxebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mwarmoebeli bunebis miuxedavad, arc Tu dabali adgili unda sWerodaT Zveli kolxeTis socialur ierarqiaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar gamoiricxeba ufro dabali sazogadoebrivi fenis arsebobac. gansxvavebul socialur wres miekuTvneba iTxvisis Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis mdidrul samarxebSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi. maT inventarSi yuradRebas i pyrobs saomari culi, isrispirebi da raRa Tqma unda, vercxlis diadema da atikuri Savlakiani kilki, romelzedac amokawrulia misi mflobelis vinaoba16. iTxvisis #2 samarxi imdenad imsaxurebs yuradRebas, ramdenadac yvrilis xeobis zemo welze jer-jerobiT erTad-erTi iaraRiani samarxia, xolo masSi dakrZaluli micvalebulis warCinebulobaze metyvelebs vercxlis diadema. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, diadema saxelisuflebo insigniaa da misi daniSnuleba ar Semoifargleba mxolod dakrZalvis ritualSi monawileobiT17. am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebi, axla ki aRvniSnav, rom iTxvisis aRniSnul samarxs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebis ierarqiuli kibis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. kolxeTis samefos mosaxleobis Sinagani struqturis ganviTarebasTan erTad kidev ufro Rrmavdeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi fenebis warmoqmnis procesi. izrdeba moTxovnileba mwarmoebel Tu meomar saqmeSi daspecialebul adamianebze. xSiri omianobis pirobebSi TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba miwaTmoqmedisa da meomris funqciebis SeTavseba, rac esoden axasiaTebs winare antikuri xanis kolxeTs. gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis daxasiaTebisas g. meliqiSvili aRniSnavda, rom axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan laSqrobebSi monawileobis miReba iqca SeZlebuli meTemeebis privilegiad da am gziT isini TandaTan yalibdebian mxedrebis samxedro fenad, maTgan iqmneba samxedro razmebi da iniSnebian samxedro moxeleebi18. bolo aTwleulebis arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom analogiuri fena kolxeTSic arsebobda da am process aqvs sakmaod Rrma fesvebi. mimaCnia, rom swored iTxvisSi aRmoCenili samarxiT SeiZleba davadasturoT varaudi Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis kolxeTSi meomari zedafenis arsebobis Sesaxeb. naTqvams mxars uWers vanSi da dablagomSi mikvleuli meomrebis samarxebic. iTxvisis warCinebuli mxedari SesaZloa, skeptuxiis SigniT skeptuxis Semdeg meore pirsac warmoadgenda. mas rom raRac msgavsi funqcia eqneboda, dasturdeba iTxvisis samarovanze rigiTi ormosamarxebis aRmoCenis faqtiTac19, rac miuTiTebs, rom igi ar iyo uzenaesi mmarTveli aristokratiis sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, TumcaRa sazogadoebaSi unda sWeroda dawinaurebuli ad16. iulon gagoSiZe, ìTxvisis samarxi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 15 (1976), 31-45. 17. inaZe, sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, 43. 18. giorgi meliqiSvili, àx.w. pirveli saukuneebis qarTlis socialur-ekonomikuri da saxelm wifoebrivi wyobilebis sakiTxebi~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi (Tbilisi 1970), 580. 19. iulon gagoSiZe da sxvebi, ìTxvisis samarovani~, arqeologiuri Jurnali, 4 (2006).

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gili. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo paralelebs warmoadgens vanis qveynis farglebSi aRmoCenili dablagomisa da mTisZiris samarxebi. rogorc varaudoben, maTSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi garkveul rols asrulebdnen vanis qveynis sasoflo raionebis marTva-gamgeobaSi20. aqedan ki, im zogadi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom vanisa da sairxis skeptuxiebSi sagamgeo xelisufleba diferencirebuli iyo. ase rom, Cemi azriT, iTxviss zustad iseTive funqcia unda hqonoda sairxis qveynisTvis, rogorc mTisZirs da dablagoms vanis skeptuxiisTvis. axla mokled Sevexebi sairxis mmarTveli zedafenis, sagvareulo aristokratiis, socialur-politikur arss. mimoxiluli samarxeuli artefaqtebidanac Cans, rom dakrZalul micvalebulTa Soris qonebrivi gansxvaveba aSkaraa da am mxriv es samarxebi araerTgvarovania. sxvadasxvanairia sakuTriv samarxebis aRnagobac. magaliTad, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi or-or kameriani nagebobebia, maSin rodesac meaTe samarxs aqvs mxolod erTi kamera. sxvadasxvanairia mTavar micvalebulTaTvis Cayolebuli Tanmxlebi pirebis raodenobac da Tu mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebis mTavar mic valebulebTan erTad sam-sami piria dakrZaluli, meaTe samarxSi - mxolod erTia. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sairxis didebulebi miekuTvnebian kolxeTis uzenaes mmarTvel zedafenas da maT xelSi Tavmoyrilia sasuliero da saero funqciebi. is realobac unda aRiniSnos, rom sabaduris goraze dakrZalul warCinebul pirTa Sorisac SesaZlebeli xdeba ierarqiuli safexuris gamoyofa da am TvalsazrisiT interess iwvevs samarxTa aRnagoba da inventaris Tavisebureba. am mxriv calke unda gamoiyos mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi. Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis kolxeTis samefoSi Zireuli Zvrebi xdeba. viTardebian da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikaveben nayofieri miwebiT garSemortymuli sataZro Temebi21, romlebic TavianT garSemo aerTianeben garkveul miwa-wyals da amiT mtkice safuZvels qmnian marTva-gamgeobaSi hegemonobis misaRwevad. amdenad, qurumTa zedafena xdeba skeptuxiis SigniT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmmarTveli Zala. sairxis sabaduris goris mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi gvixataven am viTarebis amsaxvel situacias. samive samarxi mozrdili nagebobaa da maTSi adamianebis garda dakrZaluli arian cxenebic. cxenebis Sewirvis SemTxvevas da samarxTa aRnagobas kvlevis am etapze eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, radgan rodesac erTi da igive sagvareulo aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa SigniT arsebul ierarqiis dadgenas vcdilobT, daxmareba SeiZleba gagviwios swored am faqtma. am kuTxiT mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebis upiratesoba danarCen samarxebTan SedarebiT aSkarad Cans. aSkaraa gansxvaveba samarxeuli inventaris mxrivac. magaliTad, meaTe samarxSi ar gvxvdeba xsenebuli kompleqsebisTvis 20. gela gamyreliZe, `mTisZiris arqeologiuri Zeglebi~, vani, III, (Tbilisi, 1977): 66 21. inaZe, sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, 43.

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damaxasiaTebeli saxelisuflebo insigniebi (diademebi). TviT meaTe samarxis agebulebac (mxolod erTi dasakrZalavi kamera) mianiSnebs, rom masSi dakrZaluli pirovneba socialuri statusiT Camouvardeba mexuTe, merve da meaTe samarxebis didebulebs. SedarebisTvis aRvniSnav, rom meaTe samarxis moculoba udrida sul 4m2-s (tab. I,2), maSin rodesac mexuTe da merve samarxebis farTobi iyo 20 m2 , xolo mecamete samarxis - 16 m2. erTi gvaris SigniT samarxTa gansxvavebuli aRnagoba da farTobi unda aixsnas maTSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebis socialur-politikuri statusiT. am Tvalsazriss erTgvarad mxars uWers cxenebis TanadakrZalvis faqtic. mexuTe da merve samarxebSi xuT-xuTi cxeni iyo darZaluli, xolo mecamete samarxSi - sami. cxenebis Sewirva ukavSirdeba moqalaqeTa uflebriv mdgomareobas da meaTe samarxSi cxenis Cauyoleblobis faqti ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi movlena. mTavar micvalebulTan erTad Sewiruli erTad-erTi micvalebulic (maSin rodesac mexuTe da merve samarxebSi sami-sami qalia Sewiruli), unda mianiSnebdes, rom meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli pirovneba ver amaRlda mmarTvelis statusamde da is garemoeba, rom mas ar aRmoaCnda saxelisuflebo insignia, niSandoblivi Cans. diademebiT iyvnen Semkulni mexuTe samarxis mTavar micvalebulTan erTad dakrZaluli qalebi. gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs mTavar sasuliero da religiur xelisuflisadmi nebiT Sewirul RvTiT STagonebul qalebTan, romelTac Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebaSi ekavaT sakmaod dawinaurebuli mdgomareoba. amitom am sakiTxze sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb, mxolod aRvniSnav, rom mexuTe samarxSi Cayolebul qalebs diademebiT Semkobis uflebas rTavda sairxis umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi samsaxuri. amis sapirispirod, meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli qalisTvis, rogorc Cans, aseTi privilegia xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. amrigad, sairxis mmarTvel zedafenaSic SesaZlebeli xdeba diferenciacia. mimaCnia, rom skeptuxiis umaRles xelisuflebas sabaduris goraze dakrZaluli pirvel, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebSi dakrZaluli warCinebuli pirovnebebi axorcielebdnen. gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia mecamete samarxSi dakrZaluli mTavari micvalebuli. mecamete samarxi yvelaze adreuli kompleqsia sabaduris goraze da saerTod, yvelaze adreuli mdidruli samarxia kolxeTis arqeologiaSi. oqros diademis garda, aq aRmoCenilia, albaT, Zvel kolxeTSi dadasturebuli yvelaze TvalsaCino saxelisuflebo insignia; esaa ski ptra, romelic xelSi ekava micvalebuls. igi warmoadgens rkinis ovalurTavian artefaqts (tab. II,2) da vizualurad sakmaod hgavs egvi ptis faraonebis oqros ski ptrebs. gaTxrebis procesSi gamoCnda, rom igi dafaruli iyo molurjo qsoviliT. samwuxarod, qsovilis SenarCuneba ver moxerxda. oqros diademis da ski ptris aRmoCena erT samarxSi eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom aq dakrZaluli pirovnebis saxiT davinaxoT skeptuxiis umaRlesi xelisufali. sainteresod gamoiyureba amave samarxSi aRmoCenili kilikze amokawruli berZnuli grafitoebi - monograma da warwera (tab.

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II,3). isini dawvrilebiT Seiswavla T.yauxCiSvilma. monogramasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari aRniSnavda, rom is SeiZleboda yofiliyo EP marcvliT dawyebuli nebismieri sakuTari saxeli22. Tumca, imis gamo, rom kolxeTis onomastikoni saerTod ar aris Seswavlili, Znelia dadgena am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs adamianis sakuTar saxelTan, Tu romelime RvTaebis saxelwodebasTan23. gansakuTrebul sirTules iwvevs meore grafitos wakiTxva. T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, aq SeiZleba saqme gvqondes iranuli warmoSobis qalis sakuTar saxelTan24. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kilikze amokawruli qalis saxeli swored im pirovnebis saxelia, romelic dakrZalulia mecamete samarxSi da romelic gvevlineba rogorc skeptuxTa Stos yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, ara mxolod sairxeSi, aramed zogadad, kolxeTSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sairxis mecamete samarxi yvelaze adreuli mdidruli samarxia kolxeTis masStabiT. rac Seexeba meaTe samarxSi dakrZalul pirovnebas, misi saxiT saqme unda gv qo ndes skeptuxiis mmarTveli sagvareulos warmomadgenelTan, romlis funqcias ar warmoadgenda xelisuflebis uSualo ganxorcieleba. es viTareba mianiSnebs, rom skeptuxias ganagebdnen erTi sagvareulos konkretuli warmomadgenlebi, xolo am samarovanze ikrZalebodnen am aristokratuli ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebic. am realobidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sairxis uzenaesi mmarTveloba moqceuli iyo erTi ojaxis xelSi da igi memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. am faqtis dasturad SeiZleba gamodges sabaduris gorazed aRmoCenili meoTxe, meeqvse da mecxre samarxebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mecxre samarxis aRmoCenis faqti. igi sagangebod iyo CaSvebuli merve samarxis qvayrilSi (tab. II,4), rac mianiSnebs am or samarxSi dakrZalul pirTa aSkara naTesaobaze. Zvel kolxeTSi rom skeptuxiis umaRlesi mmarTveloba Tavmoyrili iyo erTi sagvareulos (erTi ojaxis) xelSi, kargad dasturdeba vanis meoTxe samarxis magaliTzec, sadac dakrZalulia mcirewlovani gogona25. sairxis skeptuxTa rangSi unda ganvixiloT pirveli samarxic, romelic yvelaze gviandeli kompleqsia sabaduris goris mdidrul samarxTa Soris da igi Zv.w. IV-III saukuneTa mijniT TariRdeba; Cemi azriT, swored masSia dakrZaluli sairxis qveynis ukanaskneli skeptuxi, ris Semdegac sairxeSi skeptuxiis centri uqmdeba. skeptuxiis gauqmeba im periodis globalur saerTaSoriso movlenebs ukavSirdeba da es sakiTxi calke maqvs ganxiluli26. amrigad, skeptuxTa saxelisuflebo Stos warmomadgenlebi dakrZalulni arian sabaduris goris pirvel, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebSi. es Sto sairxeSi saTaves iRebs mecamete samarxidan (Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli 22. 23. 24. 25. 26.

TinaTin yauxCiSvili, `sairxis berZnuli grafito~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, 7 (1993): 15-17. marika nasiZe, saqarTvelos berZnuli grafito, (Tbilisi 2002): 20. yauxCiSvili, “sairxis berZnuli grafito”, 15-17. lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~, 16. zurab bragvaZe, `aqemeniduri irani da kolxeTis samefo~, iberia-kolxeTi, 11 (2015).

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naxevari) da arsebobs Zv.w. IV-III saukuneTa mijnamde (pirveli samarxi). rac Seexeba meoTxe, meeqvse, mecxre da meaTe samarxebs, maTSi Cemi varaudiT, dakrZalulni unda iyvnen skeptuxTa ojaxis is wevrebi, romlebic ar iyvnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, magram am samarovanze dakrZalvis uflebas maT aniWebda mmarTveli sagvareulo ojaxis uSualo wevroba. am faqts ki TavisTavd mivyevarT Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis sairxeSi (aRmosavleT kolxeTSi) memkvidreobiTobis institutis arsebobasa da am mmarTveli ojaxis social-politikuri kontinuitetis aRiarebamde.

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Zurab Bragvadze Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Sairkhe’s Skeptukhia

Summary In the scientific literature, it is noted that immediately after the formation of the Kingdom of Colchis appears the administrative units, sceptukhiae. The formation of sceptukhiae itself led to the development of these administrative centers. These centers united the certain parts of the land around, which were politically and economically dependent on them. The main centers of sceptukhiae had a leading role in the country’s internal political management, as well as in foreign trade relations. Based on archaeological finds, it can be assumed that the centers of each sceptukhia were the religious and import distribution centers too (Vani, Sairkhe). So, in my opinion, there are several reasons to consider that during the 5th-4th centuries B.C. Sairkhe was the center of one of the administrative units (sceptukhia) of the Colchian kingdom and the main center for the distribution of imports in the eastern part of Colchis. During the 5th-4th centuries B.C., radical changes occurred in the Colchian kingdom. The supreme caste of priests united a certain land around themselves, while creating a solid foundation for hegemony in government. Thus, this elite becomes the guiding force of social life. The fifth, eighth and thirteenth tombs of Sairkhe, where besides people, horses are also buried represents precisely this situation. The case of sacrificing horses and building tombs is crucial at this stage of the study, because when we try to establish a hierarchy within the same hereditary aristocracy, this fact can help us. The advantage of the fifth, eighth, and thirteenth tombs in this respect is obvious in comparison with other tombs. There is also a difference in terms of grave inventory. For example, in the burial #10 there are no government insignias (tiaras) characteristic for these assemblages. Even the construction of the tenth tomb itself (only one burial chamber) shows that the deceased buried in it are socially inferior to the aristocracy of the fifth, eighth and tenth tombs. For comparison, the volume of the tenth tomb was only 4 m2, while the area of the fifth and eighth tombs was 20 m2, and the thirteenth tomb was 16 m2. Different designs and sizes of graves should be explained by the socio-political status of the buried. This view is partially confirmed by the fact of the burial of horses. Five horses each were buried in the fifth and eighth tombs and three in the thirteenth tomb. The fact that the horse is not buried in the tenth burial should not be an accidental event. This fact indicates that a person buried in the tenth tomb could not rise to the status of ruler. Thus, a certain hierarchy can be distinguished in the governing top of Sairkhe. Thus, the representatives of the government branch of the sceptuckhs are buried in the first, fifth, eighth and thirteenth tombs of the Sabaduri hill Sairkhe. This branch originates from the thirteenth tomb (the first half of the 5th century B.C.) and exists until the turn of the 4th-3rd centuries B.C. (first tomb). Regarding the fourth, sixth, ninth and tenth tombs, I suppose that members of the sceptuckh family, who were not direct rulers, were buried in them. This fact leads to the existence of the institution of heredity in Sairkhe of the 5th-4th centuries B.C., and recognition of the socio-political continuity of this ruling family.

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bibliografia: bragvaZe zurab, àqemeniduri irani da kolxeTis samefo~, iberia-kolxeTi, 11(2015). gagoSiZe iulon, gogiberiZe nana, maxaraZe giorgi, ìTxvisis samarovani~, arqeologiuri Jurnali, 4(2006). gagoSiZe iulon, ìTxvisis samarxi~. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 15(1976). gamyreliZe gela, `miTridate ` evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, ... seria, 2(1989). gamyreliZe gela, mTisZiris arqeologiuri Zeglebi. vani, III (1977). inaZe meri, `sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, ... seria, 4(1986). inaZe meri, `kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe. 26(1961). lorTqifaniZe oTar, `vanis naqalaqari~. vani, III (1977). maxaraZe giorgi, wereTeli manana, sairxe, Tbilisi 2007. meliqiSviliGgiorgi, àx.w. pirveli saukuneebis qarTlis socialur-ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis sakiTxebi~. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, 1 (1970). nadiraZe jurxa, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, Tbilisi, 1990. nadiraZe jurxa, yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1975. nasiZe marika, saqarTvelos berZnuli grafito, Tbilisi 2002. yauxCiSvili TinaTin, `sairxis berZnuli grafito~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba 7, (1993). yauxCiSvili TinaTin, strabonis geografia, Tbilisi 1957. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s.yauxCiSvilis mier. t. 1 (Tbilisi 1955).

tabulebis aRweriloba: aRweriloba: I - 1. samarxi №8; 2. samarxi №10. II - 1. diadema. samarxi №13; 2. ski ptra. samarxi №13; 3. kiliki. samarxi №13; 4. samarxebi №8 da №9. Illustrations: I. 1. Tomb №8; 2. Tomb №10. II. 1. Diadem. Tomb №13; 2. Scepter. Tomb №13; 3. Kylix. Tomb №13; 4. Tombs №8 and №9.

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daviT gagoSiZe saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

brinjaos patera dedoflis goris sasaxlidan dedoflis gora mravalfeniani arqeologiuri Zeglia, romelic mdebareobs Sida qarTlSi, saqarTvelos geografiul centrSi, mdinare mtkvris marcxena Senakadis dasavleT fronis marcxena napiras. dedoflis goris simaRle mdinaris donidan 34 metria. Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan samxreT-dasavleTisaken daqanebuli misi ovaluri moxazulobis Txemis farTobi daaxloebiT 3500 kv.m.-s Seadgens. dedoflis goris samxreTi ferdobi, romelsac mdinare recxavs, TiTqmis Sveulad eSveba da aq, WrilSi goris Txemidan 14 metris siRrmemde kulturuli danaSrevebia gaSiSvlebuli - xalkoliTis periodidan q.S. VI saukunemde1. 1985 wlidan dedoflis goraze daiwyo stacionaruli arqeologiuri gaTxrebi, romlis mTavari mizani iyo gvianelinisturi-adreromauli xanis sasaxlis Seswavla. gairkva, rom sasaxle aSenebulia q.w. II saukunis dasasruls da periodulad samefo rezidenciad iqceoda xolme, im dros rodesac qarTlis mefe modioda salocavad Tavis sagvareulo samlocveloSi. dedoflis goris sasaxlis Tanadrouli grandiozuli sataZro kompleqsi - qarTlis mefeTa sagvareulo samlocvelo 1972-1976 wlebSi nawilobriv gaiTxara dedoflis goris sasaxlis CrdiloeTiT, misgan 3 kilometriT2. dedoflis goraze 1985-2019 wlebSi sul gaiTxara 27 saTavso, romelic goris Txemis kides Semouyveba. TiTqmis yvela oTaxi gegmaSi oTxkuTxaa. SigadaSig ki gvxvdeba viwro da grZeli oTaxebi, romlebic sasaxlis zeda sarTulebze asasvleli xis kibis ujredebi iyo. sasaxle orsarTuliani iyo, oTaxebis rigSi CarTuli 2 koSki ki samsarTuliania. yvela oTaxis kari gadis derefanSi, romelic pilonebiT gamoyofilia Sida ezosagan. mSeneblobis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT, dedoflis goris sasaxle tipiuri nagebobaa elinisturi xanis qarTlisTvis. mzidi konstruqcia xisaa. kedlebisa da pilonebis qveda nawili warmoadgens kedlis sigrZiv da gardigardmo dalagebuli xis ZelebiT Sekrul galias, romelic 1.5-2.0 m. simaRlemde Sevsebulia bze narevi Tixis xsnarze dawyobili msxvili riyis qviT. kedeli garedan da 1. Iulon Gagoshidze, “A Royal Palace in First-Century Iberia. According to the archaeological material from Dedoplis Gora, Georgia”, in I. Nielsen (ed.), The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Regional Development and Cultural Interchange between East and West, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Volume 4 (Athens 2001) 259. 2 . Iulon Gagoshidze, “Dedoplis Gora – One of the Most Important Archaeological Sites on the Territory of the Ancient Iberia” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia, (Langenweißbach 2008) 42.

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zogjer Signidanac mopirkeTebulia Tlili blokebiT, romlebic erTmaneTTan da kedlis armaturis ZelebTan dakavSirebulia isrispiris formis xis pironebiT. 1.5-2.0 metris simaRlis aseT cokolze ayvanilia alizis kedeli,, romelic aseve armirebulia xis ZelebiT3. SemorCenili pirveli sarTulis oTaxebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa iyo da isini naTel warmodgenas gviqmnian imdroindeli cxovrebis wesis Sesaxeb. Warbobs sameurneo daniSnulebis oTaxebi, romlebSic warmodgenilia puris sacxobi furneebi, xorbliT savse tomrebi da WurWlebi, xelsafqvavebi, sxvadasxva daniSnulebis iaraRebi da sxva. pirvelive sarTulze unda yofiliyo sakulto daniSnulebis oTaxebi. #20 oTaxSi aRmoCnda alizis TaRovani cecxlis sakurTxeveli, romlis Tavze aRmoCnda Sewiruli nivTebi: berZnul-romauli RvTaebebis mcire zomis qandakebebi, avgustusis 13 vercxlis denari da aleqsandre makedonelis stateris oqros ori minabaZi4. sakulto daniSnulebisaa aseve 2018 wels gaTxriliN#26 oTaxi. oTaxis 1 metrze SemorCenili kedlebi alizis sqeli feniTaa saguldagulod Selesili. oTaxSi gasaocrad kargadaa Semonaxuli alizis struqturebi: TaRovani cecxlis sakurTxeveli (msgavsiN#20 oTaxis sakurTxevlisa, magram masze didi), puris sacxobi furne da podiumi zemodan Calesili xelsafqvaviT. amave oTaxSi gaiwminda ori saRvine qvevri. erT-erTi qvevris pirze aRmoCnda arameuli warwera. #26 oTaxi yvela niSniT samlocvelo unda yofiliyo, sadac warmodgenilia aramarto sakurTxeveli, aramed sakulto ritualebisTvis aucilebeli puri da Rvino. amasTanave, puri iqve ifqveboda da cxveboda5. sasaxlis zeda sarTulebis nangrevSi aRmoCenili fufunebis nivTebi (aveji,, sxvadasxva masalis - vercxli, brinjao, mina, xe, Zvali - WurWeli, Zvirfasi samkaulebi,, qsovilebi) imaze miuTiTebs, rom isini didgvarovnebs ekuTvnodaT. sasaxle daingra q.S. I saukunis bolos Zlieri miwisZvriT, romelsac xanZaric moyva6. zeda sarTulebis damwvar-daduRebulma masam saimedod daakonserva sasaxlis pirveli sarTuli. miwisZvra da xanZari imdenad Zlieri da, rac mTavaria, uecari yofila, rom sasaxlis binadarT Senobidan TiTqmis verafris gatana mouswriaT. amitomac aris esoden mdidari da mravalferovani sasaxlis gaTxrebiT mopovebuli nivTieri arqeologiuri masala. sasaxlis 27 saTavsodan muzeumSi moxvda 15000-mde artefaqti: aveji, sabrZolo da sameurneo iaraR-saWurveli, sxvadasxva masalis (vercxli, brinjao, mina,, xe, Zvali) WurWeli, samkauli, monetebi da sxv. 3. Gagoshidze, Dedoplis Gora – One of the Most Important Archaeological Sites, 44. 4. Iulon Gagoshidze and Elena Rova, “2013–2015 Activities of the Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project at Aradetis Orgora (Georgia)” Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Volume 2, 25-29 April 2016, Vienna (Wiesbaden 2018) 498-499. 5. daviT gagoSiZe, “aradeTis orgoris (dedoflis goris) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2018 wlis savele samuSaoebis mokle angariSi”, 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli (Tbilisi 2019) 186-189. 6. iulon gagoSiZe, “2013-2015 wlebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dedoflis goraze (eqspress informacia)“ iberia-kolxeTi 11 (Tbilisi 2015) 120; Iulon Gagoshidze, “A Roman Pantheon on a Zoroastrian Altar”, Museum. Georgian National Museum N3 (Tbilisi 2017) 45; Otar Varazanashvili, Nino Tsereteli and Emil Tsereteli, “Historycal Earthquakes in Georgia (up to 1900): Source Analysis and Catalogue Compilation” (Tbilisi 2011) 20-21.

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dedoflis goris sasaxlis monapovari saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT qarTlis samefos (kavkasiis iberiis) urTierTobas garesamyarosTan, upirveles yovlisa romis imperiasTan, rogorc metropoliasTan ise mis aRmosavleT provinciebTan. q.w. 65 wels pompeusis laSqrobis Semdeg qarTlis samefos mieniWa romis megobris da mokavSiris statusi, romelic qarTlis samefom SeinarCuna saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi7. 2019 wlis arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros dedoflis goris sasaxlis #27 oTaxis samxreTiT, e.w. Ria sivrceSi, aRmoCnda brinjaos patera8. pateris jami Zlieri ceclxisgan dazianebulia. kargadaa SemorCenili mxolod tari, romelic kanelurebiT aris Semkuli da bolovdeba grexilrqebiani verZis Tavis skulpturuli gamosaxulebiT. taris meore boloze warmodgenilia misi jamTan misaerTebeli figuruli firfita, romelic tarTan erTadaa Camosxmuli (taris sigrZe 13 sm). pateris tarTanve aRmoCnda brinjaos WurWlis (suris) piris fragmenti. es dedoflis goris sasaxleSi aRmoCenili meore pateraa. pirveli aRmoCnda 1926 wels da daculia saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis xelovnebis muzeumSi. am SemTxvevaSic pateris mxolod taria gadarCenili, romelsac skulpturuli dabolovebac dakarguli aqvs9. saqarTveloSi romauli periodis sul 15 pateraa cnobili. aqedan 8 calis tari cxvris TaviT aris dabolovebuli, 4 calis – ZaRlis (mglis) TaviT, erTi gaurkveveli cxovelis TaviT, erTis tari brtyelia, erTs ki taris daboloveba dakarguli aqvs10. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili paterebi ekuTvnis samxreT-italikuri (kampania) brinjaos saxelosnoebis (garda `cixisZiris ganZSi~ Semavali 2 paterisa, romelic xelobiT bevrad Camouvardeba italikurs da n. inaiSvili maT romelime provinciul saxelosnoSi damzadebulad miiCnevs11) erT-erT yvelaze ufro masiur produqcias, romelic farTod iwarmoeboda q.S. I saukunesa da II saukunis dasawyisSi. didi raodenobiTaa isini gamovlenili italiis qalaqebSi, aseve romis imperiis dasavleT provinciebSi, da TiTqmis yvelgan _ dasavleT evropis teriotriaze. mravladaa mopovebuli aseTi paterebi CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTsa da CrdiloeT kavkasiiis arqeolo7. Iulon Gagoshidze, “Kartli in Hellenistic and Roman Times. General Aspects” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia, (Langenweißbach 2008) 10-14. 8. daviT gagoSiZe, “aradeTis orgoris (dedoflis goris) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2019 wlis savele samuSaoebis mokle angariSi”, 2019 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli (Tbilisi 2020) 235. 9. Henryk Löhr, “Metal Vessels and Furniture” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Iberia and Rome The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia, (Langenweißbach 2008) 156,161. 10. elene gigolaSvili, “saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili paterebi”, iberia-kolxeTi 7 (Tbilisi 2011) 63-72; oTar lorTqifaniZe, “antikuri samyaro da qarTlis samefo”, (Tbilisi 1968) 93-98; Mikheil Abramishvili et al, “Roman Aristocracy In Tbilisi?” in A. Sagona and M. Abramishvili (edd.), Archaeology in Saouthern Caucasus:Perspectives from Georgia, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 19, (LeuvenParis-Dudley 2008) 441-448; david braundi, qeTevan javaxiSvili da guram nemsaZe, “saganZuri zRudridan” (Tbilisi 2008) 88; Lohr, Vessels, 156,161. 11. nino inaiSvili, “cixisZiris ax.w. I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi” (Tbilisi 1993) 36-41.

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giur Zeglebzec12. tipologiurad dedoflis goris patera miekuTvneba e.w. `kanterberis~ ti ps13. saqarTvelos teritoriaze napovni paterebis umravlesoba samarxeul inventars warmoadgens. gamonaklisia, mxolod dedoflis goris sasaxleSi aRmoCenili ori patera. paterebTan erTad, rogorc wesi, surebia napovni, rac kanonzomieria misi daniSnulebisadan gamomdinare. mecnierebma miaqcies yuradReba im garemoebas, rom mTel rig Zeglebze kultis msaxurebi gamosaxuli arian pateriTa da suriT xelSi. amis safuZvelze gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom paterebi samsxverplo WurWlebs warmoadgendnen. m. ivaSenkos azriT paterebi da maTTan erTad aRmoCenili surebi gamoiyeneboda sazeimo nadimis win xelis dasabanad. am mosazrebis sasargeblod, romelic gulisxmobs paterebis ara mxolod sakralur, aramed, agreTve, `saero~ daniSnulebas miuTiTebs bulgareTSi aRmoCenili III-IV saukuneebis kedlis mxatvroba, romelzec gamosaxulia romeliRac warCinebulis dilis tualeti da msaxuri, romelsac xelSi sura da pateris magvari WurWeli ukavia14. am mosazrebis dasturia paterebis aRmoCenac dedoflis goris sasaxleSi. rogorc Cans, xelis saritualo ganbanis wesi romauli xanis saqarTveloSi farTod yofila gavrcelebuli da savaraudoa, rom es wesi qarTvelebma berZnebisgan jer kidev aqemenidur xanaSi gadaiRes, rasac adasturebs aqemeniduri da postaqemeniduri xanis paterebis aRmoCenis faqtebi vanSi, dablagomsa15 da taxtiZirSi16.

12. lorTqifaniZe, antikuri samyaro, 76-77, 95-96; gigolaSvili, paterebi, 68-69. 13. Hans Ulrich Nuber, “Kanne und Griffschale, Ihr Gebrauch im täglichen Leben und die Beigabe in Gräbern der römischen Keizerzeit”, 53. Bericht Der Römisch-Germanischen Komission 1972, (Berlin 1973) 60-73. 14. lorTqifaniZe, antikuri samyaro, 96-97; gigolaSvili, paterebi, 69. 15. gigolaSvili, paterebi, 63-66. 16. iulon gagoSiZe, “taxtiZiris samarovnebi” (Tbilisi 2020) 33-34.

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David Gagoshidze Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Bronze Patera from the Palace of Dedoplis Gora

Summary In 2019, archaeological excavations revealed a bronze patera south of room N 27 of the palace of Dedoplis Gora, in the so-called “open space”. The bowl of the patera is damaged by strong fire. Only the handle decorated with flutes and ending with a sculptural image of a ram’s head with twisted horns has been preserved in good condition. Only fifteen paterae of Roman period are known in Georgia and they belong to one of the most mass-produced items made in south-Italian (Campagne) bronze workshops (except for two paterae from “Tsikhisdziri hoard”). They were extensively produced in the first century and early second century. In typological terms, the patera from Dedoplis Gora belongs to the so-called “Canterbury” type. Most of the paterae discovered on the territory of Georgia are part of grave goods, while the two ones found in the palace of Dedoplis Gora represent an exception. Paterae are usually revealed together with pitchers, which is predictable given their function. Scholars paid attention to the fact that many monuments depict religious servants holding a patera and a pitcher. It provided basis to suggest that the patera is a vessel used in the ritual of offering. According to M. Ivashenko, the paterae and the pitchers discovered together were used for washing hands before feasts. This suggestion, which implies both sacral and “secular” functions of the patera, is supported by the third-fourth cent. murals discovered in Bulgaria, which depicts the morning routine of a dignitary and a servant holding a pitcher and a patera-like vessel. The discovery in the palace of Dedoplis Gora provides another evidence for this suggestion. Apparently, the practice of ritual handwashing in Georgia was common in the Roman period and it is presumable that this practice was adopted by Georgians from the Greeks as early as in the Achaemenid epoch, which is documented by the facts of discovering Achaemenid and post-Achaemenid period paterae in Vani, Dablagomi and Takhtidziri.

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bibliografia: braundi, david; javaxiSvili qeTevan da nemsaZe guram. saganZuri zRudridan. Tbilisi, 2008. gagoSiZe, daviT. `aradeTis orgoris (dedoflis goris) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2018 wlis savele samuSaoebis mokle angariSi~. 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. (Tbilisi, 2019): 185-89. gagoSiZe, daviT. `aradeTis orgoris (dedoflis goris) arqeologiuri eqspediciis 2019 wlis savele samuSaoebis mokle angariSi~. 2019 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. (Tbilisi, 2020): 232-38. gagoSiZe, iulon. iulon `2013-2015 wlebis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi dedoflis goraze (eqspress informacia)~. iberia-kolxeTi 11. (Tbilisi, 2015): 119-38. gagoSiZe, iulon. taxtiZiris samarovnebi. Tbilisi, 2020. gigolaSvili, elene. `saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili paterebi~, iberia-kolxeTi 7 (Tbilisi 2011): 63-72. inaiSvili, nino. cixisZiris ax.w. I-VI ss. arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi, 1993. lorTqifaniZe, oTar. antikuri samyaro da qarTlis samefo. Tbilisi, 1968. Abramishvili, Mikheil; Bolkvadze, Givi; Gagoshidze, Iulon; Nemsadze, Guram and Kadagishvili, Teimuraz. “Roman Aristocracy In Tbilisi?” in Antonio Sagona and Mikheil Abramishvili (edd.), Archaeology in Saouthern Caucasus: Perspectives from Georgia, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 19. (Leuven-Paris-Dudley 2008): 441-48. Gagoshidze, Iulon. “A Royal Palace in First-Century Iberia. According to the archaeological material from Dedoplis Gora, Georgia”, in I. Nielsen (ed.), The Royal Palace Institution in the First Millennium BC. Regional Development and Cultural Interchange between East and West, Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens, Volume 4. (Athens 2001): 259-83. Gagoshidze, Iulon. “Kartli in Hellenistic and Roman Times. General Aspects” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia. (Langenweißbach 2008): 1-40. Gagoshidze, Iulon. “Dedoplis Gora – One of the Most Important Archaeological Sites on the Territory of the Ancient Iberia” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia. (Langenweißbach 2008): 41-44. Gagoshidze, Iulon. “A Roman Pantheon on a Zoroastrian Altar”, Museum. Georgian National Museum N3. (Tbilisi 2017): 42-45. Gagoshidze, Iulon and Rova, Elena. “2013–2015 Activities of the Georgian-Italian Shida Kartli Archaeological Project at Aradetis Orgora (Georgia)” Proceedings of the 10th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East Volume 2, 25-29 April 2016, Vienna. (Wiesbaden 2018): 497-510.

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Löhr, Henryk. “Metal Vessels and Furniture” in A. Furtwängler and I. Gagoshidze (edd.), Iberia and Rome. The Excavations of the Palace at Dedoplis Gora and the Roman influence in the Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia, (Langenweißbach 2008): 155-64. Nuber, Hans U. “Kanne und Griffschale, Ihr Gebrauch im täglichen Leben und die Beigabe in Gräbern der römischen Keizerzeit”, 53. Bericht Der Römisch-Germanischen Komission 1972, (Berlin 1973). Varazanashvili, Otar; Tsereteli, Nino and Tsereteli, Emil. “Historycal Earthquakes in Georgia (up to 1900): Source Analysis and Catalogue Compilation”. Tbilisi, 2011.

tabulebis aRweriloba I. 1. dedoflis gora, dronis foto; 2. dedoflis goris sasaxle. gengegma. II. 1. dedoflis goris sasaxlis # 27 oTaxi da Ria sivrce. dronis foto; 2. brinjaos patera dedoflis goris sasaxlidan. Illustrations: I. 1. Dedoplis Gora, Drone photo; 2. Dedoplis Gora Palace. General Plan. II. 1. Dedoplis Gora Palace: room # 27 and “open space”. Drone photo; 2. Bronze Patera form Dedoplis Gora Palace.

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Ggiorgi gogoWuri, vaxtang SatberaSvili

saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

Mmoxatuli keramika norios namosaxlaridan 2018 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevebis institutis eqspediciam Seiswavla norios antikuri xanis namosaxlari (xelmZR. g. gogoWuri). gaTxrebis mizans warmoadgenda dasavleTis mimarTulebis saeqsporto milsadenis seqciuri cvlilebebis proeqtis (WREP SRP) mimdinareobis dros miwis samuSaoebisas gamovlenil arqeologiur obieqtze gadarCeniTi arqeologiuri kvlevebis Catareba. namosaxlari mdebareobs gardabnis munici palitetSi, sofel norios dasavleTiT. konkretulad, ki loWinisa da gldanis xeobis gamyofi ianlos qedis dasavleT ferdobze arsebul aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT mimarTul, 4 kilometris sigrZis qedze. nasoflari ganTavsebulia qedis centraluri nawilis samxreTiT damxrobil, daterasebul ferdobze da aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT 650 m-zea gadaWimuli. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi akontrolebs sakmaod did teritorias (dasaxlebidan moCans rogorc mcxeTis Semogareni, ise Tbilisis mTeli tafobi), agreTve, masTan axlos gadis Tbilisis dRevandeli Semosavleli gza, romlis nawili emTxveva ivrisa da aragvis xeobebis damakavSirebel istoriul gzas. savaraudoa, rom norios antikuri xanis namosaxlaris sakmaod didi masStabi, swored am gzis maxloblad misi mdebareobis damsaxureba unda iyos. Zeglze aRmoCnda 36 naxevradmiwuri, qvatexilebiT nagebi da Tixa-miwiT Semtkicebuli, banursaxuraviani nageboba da nagebobis naSTi. saxlebSi gamoikveTa puris sacxobi Rumelebi, sakurTxevlebi, damxmare saTavsebi, sameurneo daniSnulebis xaroebi Tu ormoebi. Zegli erTfeniania. eqspediciam moipova mravalferovani da mravalricxovani masala (keramika, liToni, mina, Zvali, qva), ris mixedviTac ganisazRvra TariRi - Zv.w. IV-III ss1. Zeglze mikvleuli uxviMmasalidan amjerad gamovyofT da ganvixilavT mo xa tul keramikas, rac, TavisTavad, erT-erTi saintereso monapovari da amave dros, epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSanicaa. aqve unda vTqvaT, rom namosaxlarze aRmoCenili moxatuli keramika, Tavisi mravalferovnebiTacaa gamorCeuli _ gvxvdeba rogorc monoqromuli (wiTlad, TeTrad da Savad moxatuli), ise poliqromuli nimuSebi. qarTlis teritoriaze moxatuli keramika xelmeored (adre da Suabrinjaos xanebis Semdeg) gvianaqemenidur xanaSi gamoCnda da Zv.w. IV-III 1. giorgi gogoWuri, vaxtang SatberaSvili,N`norios antikuri xanis namosaxlarze 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi~, 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli, (Tbilisi, 2019), 333-334.

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saukuneebSi imdenad gavrcelda, rom am periods moxatuli keramikis xanasac uwodeben2.Aaq Seswavlil araerT Zeglze, aRniSnuli epoqis sxva masalasTan erTad, moxatuli keramikis mravali nimuSic aRmoCnda (samadlo, ufliscixe, cixiagora, Teladgori, Savsaydara, taxtiZiri, daWrilebi, eco da sxv.). unda iTqvas, rom Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis moxatuli keramikis absoluturi umravlesoba monoqromulia da wiTeli saRebaviTaa moxatuli. paralelurad gvxvdeba TeTri, koncentruli xazebiT moxatuli WurWelic. iSviaTia Savi saRebaviT moxatuli Tixis WurWeli. poliqromuli keramika warmodgenilia sul ramdenime nimuSiT nastakisidan da cixiagoradan, romelzec datanili ornamenti Savi, wiTeli da TeTri saRebaviTaa Sesrulebuli3. wiTlad moxatuli keramika. Zeglze aRmoCenilia wiTlad an mowiTalo-moyavifrod moxatuli Tixis WurWlis 102 fragmenti. maTi umetesoba maRali xarisxisaa, dafarulia gamWvirvale angobiT da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar Camouvardeba iseTi centrebidan momdinare masalas, rogoricaa cixiagora, samadlo, taxtiZiri, daWrilebi da sxv. aseTi WurWlis umravlesoba fragmentuladaa SemorCenili da maTi stilisturi maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb msjeloba SeuZlebelia, Tumca ramdenime egzemplari amis saSualebas iZleva da Sesabamisad, qronologiuri CarCoebis gansazRvracaa SesaZlebeli. samkuTxedebiT moxatuli keramika. aseTi moxatuloba, rogorc wesi,^datanilia WurWlis gaprialebul da angobirebul zedapirze. dekoris mTavar detals warmoadgens samkuTxedebi, romlebic xSirad sxva ornamentTan (badisebri, Tevzifxuri, zigzagebi, horizontaluri xazebi, wertilebi) kombinaciaSi gvxvdeba. samkuTxedebi Casmulia horizontalur xazebs Soris4. norios doqebis fragmentebze gvxvdeba erTmaneTSi Caxatuli samkuTxedebi (tab. I1), agreTve badisebri ornamentiT Sevsebuli, wveriT zemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedebi (tab. I4). TiTqmis mTlianad SemorCenili doqi (tab. I2) Semkulia wveriT zemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedebiT, romlebSic Casmulia erTmaneTSi Caxatuli samkuTxedebi, maT Soris sivrce ki, wertilebiTaa Sevsebuli. samkuTxedebi zemodan da qvemodan Semofarglulia horizontuli xazebiT. aseTive ornamenti aqvs kidev erT fragments (tab. I3). aRsaniSnavia mcire zomis qoTani (tab. I7), romlis tani msgavsi ornamentiTaa Semkuli, piri ki talRisebri ornamentiT aqvs dafaruli.

2. Юлон Гагошидзе, Самадло, археологические раскопки, (Тбилиси, 1979), 90. 3. goderZi narimaniSvili, vaxtang SatberaSvili, `Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan (stilisturi analizi,^ qronologia)~,’Ziebani # 9, (Tbilisi, 2002), 55. 4. narimaniSvili, SatberaSvili, `Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan~, 56.

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wveriT zemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedebiT moxatuli WurWeli gvxvdeba abulmugis #25, kuSCis # 36, ecos7, varsimaanTkaris samarxebSi8 da sxv9. am moxatulobis gaCenis savaraudo TariRad SeiZleba miviCnioT Zv.w. IV saukunis pirveli naxevari, misi gavrcelebis ZiriTadi xana ki Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevari da IV_III saukuneebis mijna unda iyos10. mxolod SevronebiT (SeRebili samkuTxedebiT) Semkuli WurWeli Zeglze oria. orive dabali, calyura qoTania, dafarulia gamWvirvale angobiT da moxatulia moyavisfro-mowiTalo saRebaviT (tab. I5,6). msgavsi moxatulobis nivTebi gvxvdeba ecos, marabdis11, Savsaydaras12 da daWrilebis13 samarovnebze. igi emsgavseba samadlos stils,^ magram ar atarebs am stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebel yvela niSans14 da savaraudod, Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis mijniT TariRdeba. wveriT zemoT mimarTuli SevronebiTaa moxatuli jamis gverdi (tab. II3),, romlis qveda nawilze or horizontul xazs Soris Caxatulia zigzagebi. A mniSvnelovania qvevrisa Tu dergis gverdis fragmenti, romelzec moxatulobis WurWlis angobirebul da naprialeb zedapirze datanili ori frizi Cans (tab. II1). zeda frizze gairCeva wveriT qvemoT mimarTuli Sevronebi, romlebsac kideebi wiwvebiT aqvs dafaruli.Qqveda frizze, romelic ori horizontuli zoliTaa gamoyofili, aseTive ornamentTan kombinaciaSi gvxvdeba Tevzifxuri ornamentiT Sevsebuli, nawilobriv Semonaxuli samkuTxedebi. sainteresoa fragmentulad SemonaxuliDdoqi, romlis yeli or frizadaa Semkuli wveriT erTmaneTis sapirispiro mxares, zemoT da qvemoT mimarTuli SevronebiT, xolo maT qvemoT, nawilobriv Semonaxuli naxatia, romelic, wiwvovani ornamentisa Tu irmis rqebis gamosaxulebas unda warmoadgendes (tab. I8). aRwerili moxatuloba samadlos stils miekuTvneba, romelic Semkulia SevronebiT, zoomorfuli, anTropomorfuli figurebiT, geometriuli formebiT. aseTi ornamentiT Semkuli WurWeli samadlos naqalaqarze, zeda (Zv.w. II s)15 da qveda fenebSia aRmoCenili (Zv.w. III s)16. samadlos stilis moxatuloba, sxva ZeglebTan erTad, gvxvdeba mWadijvris gorasa17 da cixiagoraze18. 5.Mmerab ZnelaZe, abulmugis samarovani. dmanisi, III, (Tbilisi, 2001), 150. tab. VII,. 6. iulon gagoSiZe., `TrialeTis samarovnebi,~ III, (Tbilisi, 1982), 10 tab. II. 7. vaxtang SatberaSvili, `qvemo qarTliQZv.w. IV-I saukuneebSi (arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT)~, sakandidato disertacia, (Tbilisi, 2005), 82. 8.Lleila wiTlanaZe l., `varsimaanTkaris samarovani~, Jinvali I, (Tbilisi, 1983), 59. tab. XX1; Рамин Рамишвили и др., “Археологическое изучение Арагвского ущелья”, ПАИ в 1985 г.,( Тбилиси, 1987), 74-89, tab. CXLII. 9. narimaniSvili, SatberaSvili,Q`Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan~, 55. 10. narimaniSvili, SatberaSvili, `Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan~. 11. SatberaSvili, `qvemo qarTli QZv.w. IV-I saukuneebSi”, 74. 12. Николоз Тушишвили, Сосо Маргишвили, `Алгетская экспедицияв 1987 г.”, ПАИв 1987 г., (Тбилиси, 1995), таб. 30. 13. vera Tolordava, dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi, (Tbilisi, 1983) tab. XXXVII 5. 14. narimaniSvili, SatberaSvili, `Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan~, 56. 15. Гагошидзе, “Самадло”, каталог, 43-47. 16. Гагошидзе, “Самадло” каталог,.47. 17. Рамишвили и др., “Археологическо еизучение Арагвского ущелья”, таб. CXLIX. 18. Giorgi Zkitishvili, “Der Frühhellenistische Feuertempel von Kavtiskhevi”, Archäologische Anzeiger, (Berlin,1995), 83-98. abb. 9-11.

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rogorc zemoT iTqva, Zeglze wiTlad moxatuli WurWlis mravali natexia, romelTa fragmentulobis gamo maT stilistur analizs ver SevudgebiT (tab. IV). nawilobriv Semonaxuli, pirgadaSlili da mrgvaltaniani doqis (tab. III5) zedapiri gamWvirvale angobiTaa dafaruli. wiTeli saRebaviTaa SeRebili misi pir-yeli (garedan da Sida mxridan) da yuris nawili. gamWvirvale angobiTaa dafaruli da wiTeli saRebaviT datanili horizontuli zolebiTaa Semkuli jamebis (tab. III1,4) da dergebis (tab. III2,3) fragmentebi. am artefaqtebis Semkuloba e.w. `kazreTis kazreTis stilis~ stilis moxatul keramikas ekuTvnis. aseTi moxatuli WurWlis gavrcelebis ZiriTadiDperiodi gvianelinisturi xanaa19 da maTTvis, norios egzemplarebisagan gansxvavebiT (romlebic mogluvebuli da angobiani zedapiriT gamoirCeva), damaxasiaTebelia uxeSi, uangobo zedapiri.Aamitomac, es WurWelic Zeglis arsebobis ZiriTad qronologiur CarCoSi – Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebSi jdeba. qarTlis teritoriaze wiTlad moxatuli keramikis gaCenisa da savaraudo ucxouri gavlenis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva azria gamoTqmuli. arsebobs Sexeduleba ioniuri20, frigiuli21, iranuli22 moxatuli keramikis gavlenis Sesaxeb, ganxilulia urTierToba iranis ardebilis ti pisa da samkuTxedebiT moxatul keramikasTan23. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom wiTlad da moyavisfrod moxatuli, badisebri ornamentiT Sevsebuli samkuTxedebiTa da SevronebiT Semkulia altinTefesa (Cimim Tefe I) da Cimim Tefe II-ze (aqemeniduri xana)24, hasanlus fena III a-Si (Zv.w. III saukunis dasawyisi)25, ianik Tefeze (gvianaqemeniduri anadreparTuli xana)26 mopovebuli masala, romelic Zalze gavs qarTlis wiTlad moxatul keramikas. TeTri angobiT moxatuli keramika. keramika Zeglze aRmoCnda TeTri angobiT moxatuli Tixis WurWlis 491 fragmenti. maTi absoluturi umravlesoba Txeli, mkvrivkeciania, moCalisfrod an Ria yavisfradaa gamomwvari da moyavisfro, Txeli angobiTaa dafaruli. aseTi WurWeli ZiriTadad warmodgenilia doqebiT, dergebiTa da qoTnebiT. TeTri angobiT datanili ornamenti martivia: rogorc wesi, aq horizontuli, paraleluri zolebi da maTTan erTad, xSirad TeTrive angobiT dafaruli, amoRaruli, talRovani xazebia datanili; maTTan kombinaciaSi xSiria iribi naWdevebic (tab. V, VI). 19. narimaniSvili, SatberaSvili, `Zv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan~, 56. 20. daviT xaxutaiSvili, ., `ufliscixe I~, (Tbilisi, 1964), 111. 21. Гагошидзе, “Самадло” каталог, 91. 22. Гагошидзе, “Самадло” каталог. 23. Годeрдзи Нариманишвили, “Керамика Картли V-I вв. до н.э.”, (Тбилиси, 1990),73-74. 24. Geoffrey D. Summers, “Archaeological evidence for the Achaemenid period in Eastern Turkey”, Anatolian Studies, Journal of the British institute of Archaeology at Ankara vol. 43 (1993 ) 98- 123; fig. 6,7. 25. Robert H. Dyson Jr. “The Achaemenid painted pottery of Hasanlu III a”, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 49,Anatolian Iron Ages 4. Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Mersin, 19-23 May 1997 (1999) 101-110. 26. Geoffrey D. Summers and Charles A. Burney, Late Iron Age pottery from northwestwern Iran: the evidence from YanikTepe, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Suppplement 39, Anatolian Iron Ages 7, The proceedings of the seventh Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Edirne, 19-24 April, , (Leuven - Paris – Walpole 2010), 271-72.

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miCneulia, rom Tixis WurWlis TeTri angobiT moxatvis tradicia kaxeTidanaa gavrcelebuli. TeTri angobiT moxatuli keramika kaxeTSi gamoCenas iwyebs Zv.w. IV saukunidan da ax.w. IV saukunemde ganagrZobs arsebobas. kaxeTis teritoriaze aRmoCenili elinisturi xanis WurWeli gamoirCeva formebisa da moxatvis mxriv simetriulobiTa da daxvewilobiT, xolo axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebis WurWeli daudevradaa damzadebuli da moxatuli27. qarTlSi aseTi keramika Zv.w. IV-I saukuneebSi gvxvdeba28. iTvleba, rom TeTri angobiT moxatuli WurWeli qarTlSi kaxeTidanaa gavrcelebuli29. am azrs iziarebs g. narimaniSvili da aRniSnavs, rom TeTri angobiT moxatuli WurWeli kaxeTis sameTuneo centrebidan qarTlSi vrceldeboda Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevarsa da III saukunis dasawyisSi, xolo adgilze mxolod Zv.w. II-I saukunis pirvelnaxevarSi mzaddeboda30. qarTlis antikuri xanis arqeologiur obieqtebze TeTri angobiT moxatuli WurWeli gvxvdeba samadloze31, cixiagoras III samSeneblo doneze32, RarTiskarsa da nataxtarSi33, grZel mindorze34, nastakisSi35, ufliscixeSi36, didubeSi37 da sxv. TeTri angobiT moxatuli Tixis nawarmi cnobilia saCxeridan, sabadurisgoris gvianelinisturi xanis fenidan, rac qarTlidan Setaniladaa miCneuli38. daraqois namosaxlarze wiTeli saRebaviT moxatul WurWelTan erTad gvxvdeba TeTri angobiT moxatuli keramikac39. samadlos TeTri angobiT moxatul WurWelze dakvirvebis Sedegad i.gagoSiZe mivida im daskvnamde, rom am saxis keramikas axasiaTebs ornamentis datanis mkacrad dadgenili zonebi. koncentruli TeTri zolebiT dafarulia WurWlis an mTeli korpusi, an mxolod zeda nawili. amokawruli mkrTali dekori mdebareobs yelis fuZesTan an mxrebze. keci, rogorc wesi, mkvrivia, 27. Константин Пицхелаури., “Памятники второй половины 1 тысячелетия до н.э. на территории Кахетии”. - СА №3, (1977) 228. 28. goderZi narimaniSvili, àRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zv.w. VII – ax.w. VII ss keramika, nawili II~, iberia-kolxeTi # 14, (Tbilisi, 2018), 109. 29. Пицхелаури, “Памятники второй половины I тысячелетия до н.э. на территории Кахетии”; Гагошидзе, “Самадло, археологические раскопки”. 30. narimaniSvili, àRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zv.w. VII – ax.w. VII ss keramika, nawili II~, 109 31. Гагошидзе, “Самадло, археологические раскопки”. 32. zurab maxaraZe, àxali aRmoCenebi cixiagoraze~,^Ziebani #4 (Tbilisi, 1999),^57, tab. III4,13; IV4. 33. Нариманишвили, “Керамика КартлиV-I вв. до н.э.”, 81. 34. Алексей Бохочадзе, “Раскопки на територии городища Саркине и Грдезли Миндори”, ПАИ в 1976 г, (Тбилиси, 1979), 110. 35. Алексей Бохочадзе, Нинo Мирианашвили, “Основные итоги работ Настакисской археологической экспдиции в 1975-79 гг”. Археологические исследования на новостройках Грузинскои ССР. Т II, (Тбилиси,1982), 111-123. 36. daviT xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe, II, (Tbilisi, 1970), 146. 37. domenti qoriZe, Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, (Tbilisi, 1958), 65. 38.Ggiorgi maxaraZe, laSa laSxi, `sairxis elinisturi xanis keramika (sabaduris goris arqeolo giuri masalis mixedviT)~, saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi. (Tbilisi, 1997). 58. sur. XXXII. 39. goderZi narimaniSvili, `daraqois namosaxlari da samxreT kavkasiis aqemeniduri xanis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~, iberia-kolxeTi # 5, (Tbilisi, 2009), 94, 101, 102.

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gadanatexze ZiriTadad yviTeli an movardisfroa, kargadaa ganleqili da rac mTavaria, WurWeli gamomwvaria saucxood. garda amisa, mas axasiaTebs Sidapiris uswormasworoba (WurWels mTel Sidapirze etyoba Zerwvis dros darCenili TiTebis (?) nakvalevi), maSin rodesac zedapiri idealurad swori da gluvia40. aqve davamatebT, rom is niSnebi, rac samadlos TeTri angobiT moxatul keramikas axasiaTebs, rogorc Cans, saerToa TeTri angobiT moxatuli WurWlisaTvis. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs ilmazlos samarxebisa da norios nasaxlaris WurWelze Cveni dakvirvebac. WurWlis aRniSnuli maxasiaTeblebi Sesaloa am saxeobis nawarmis erTi sawarmoo centridan warmomavlobaze mianiSnebdes41. Savi saRebaviT moxatuli keramika. keramika Zeglze aRmoCnda Savi saRebaviT moxatuli, Tixis 5 WurWlis fragmenti. nagebobebs gareT aRmoCenilDdidi zomis WurWelze, savaraudod dergebsa Tu qvevrebze, ornamenti datanilia mosworebul, uangobo zedapirze.NaseTi mozrdili WurWlis natexebze, wre (tab. VII4), erTmaneTis gadamkveTi or-ori paraleluri xazi (tab. VII3) da horizontuli zolebia. erTi dergis pir-yelis fragmenti Savi saRebavis talRovani, horizontuli zoliTaa dafaruli (tab. VII5). .# 6 nagebobaSi, wiTelangobiani qoTnis pir-yelisa da gverdis fragmentia, romlis yelze Savi saRebavis horizontuli zoliT dafaruli, odnav SesamCnevi, amokawruli talRovani ornamentia (tab. VII6) datanili. Savi feris saRebaviT moxatuli, monoqromuli keramika antikuri xanis saqarTvelosaTvis naklebadaa damaxasiaTebeli. igi urbnisis naqalaqaris Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis fenidan42 da didubeSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenili masalebidanaa43 cnobili. poliqromuli keramika. Zeglze poliqromuli Tixis WurWlis ori fragmenti aRmoCnda. #15 nagebobaSi mikvleul gverdisa da yelis fragments, yelze iribi naWdevebi aqvs, nivTis zedapiri gamWvirvale angobiTaa dafaruli. naWdevebs qvemoT, mxarze TeTri angobiTaa datanili horizontuli zolebi. WurWlis ornamentireba dausrulebiaT uxeSad dadebuli Savi saRebaviT gamosaxuli, wveriT qvemoT mimarTuli samkuTxedebiT (tab. VII2). kidev erTi poliqromuli WurWlis, savaraudod dergis fragmentis mxari Semkulia talRovani, amokawruli horizontuli zoliT, romlis qvemoT Savi saRebaviT ori paraleluri xazia gavlebuli. talRovan ornamentsa da Sav zolebs Soris moCans TeTri angobis zolebi (tab. VII1). rogorc zemoT ukve iTqva, qarTlis Zv.w. IV-III saukuneebis moxatuli keramikis absoluturi umravlesoba monoqromulia da wiTeli saRebaviTaa moxatuli. paralelurad gvxvdeba TeTri, koncentruli xazebiT moxatuli WurWelic. iSviaTia Savi saRebaviT moxatuli Tixis WurWeli. rac Seexeba po40 . Гагошидзе, “Самадло, археологические раскопки”, 80. 41.Ggiorgi gogoWuri, `antikuri xanis masalebi marneulis munici palitetidan~, iberia-kolxeTi, # 15, (Tbilisi, 2019), 107-141. 42.Llevan WilaSvili, naqalaqari urbnisi, (Tbilisi, 1964), 42, sur. 16. 43. qoriZe, Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, 47, 61 tab IX, sur 8.

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liqromul keramikas, igi warmodgenilia sul ramdenime nimuSiT nastakisidan da cixiagoradan, romelzec datanili ornamenti Savi, wiTeli da TeTri saRebaviTaa Sesrulebuli. amitomac, Savad da poliqromulad moxatuli WurWlis Sesaxeb, misi mcire raodenobis gamo, detalurad ver vimsjelebT. imedia, momavali gaTxrebis Sedegebi Savad da poliqromulad moxatuli WurWlis axal nimuSebs mogvcems, rac mkvlevarebs saSualebas miscems, ukeT Seiswavlon maTi stilisturi Taviseburebebi, qronologiuri CarCoebi da sxv.

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Giorgi Gogochuri, Vakhtang Shatberashvili Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Painted Pottery from Norio Settelment Summary The Norio settlement (located near Tbilisi, on the mountain range of Ialno) was excavated by the expedition of GNM O. Lordkipanidze Archaeological Institute in 2018. The settlement was built on the terraces. The remains of 36 half-dug dwellings were revealed here. The floors were plastered with clay, and the roofing should be flat. In the interior bakeries, altars built from stone, and storage pits were attested. According to the archaeological material the settlement can be dated to the 4th- 3rd cent. BC. The article refers to the painted pottery found at the site. It should be noted, that such pottery is one of the most interesting, important and also characteristic artifacts for the mentioned epoch (during this period it was spread so widely, that it is often referred to the painted pottery). The vast majority of painted ware of this period is monochromic - red or white painted, rarely there are some black painted ones, as to polychromic examples they seem to be very rare (several examples from Nastagisi and Tsikhiagora). The painted pottery from Norio is a good exception: here we have all of listed examples. Red painted pottery. 102 fragments of red painted pottery were revealed at the site. Most of them were made of high quality clay, and the painting was coated on the polished surface. The vessels decorated by triangles are represented by the triangles with their points up. Some triangles are filled with triangles (fig. I 1,2,3,7), others with net-like ornament (fig I 4), in addition these vessels are decorated with the ornament of secondary importance – dots, horizontal lines, zig-zags. The vessels decorated with painted triangles from Georgia are dated to the 4th century BC. The vessels decorated with colored triangles (figs. I, 5,6; II 3) seem to belong to the 4th- 3rd cent. BC. The fragment of the big vessel is decorated in two rows: the upper row is painted with colored triangles with coniferous edges. The lower row is decorated with the same ornament, and triangles filled with the herringbone ornament (fig. II 1). The fragment of the jug is also painted in two rows (fig. I 8) and bear the stylistic features of so called Samadlo style, which is dated to the 4th-3rd cent BC. The fragments of vessels partially painted with red color (fig. III 5) or decorated by only horizontal lines (fig. III 1-4) belong to the Kazreti Style, which is usually painted on the rough surface and is more characteristic for the late Hellenistic period. This ornament from Norio vessels is coated on the polished surface, which is why they belong to the 4th-3rd cent BC. White painted pottery. 491 fragments of white painted pottery was found at the site. Most are made of high quality clay and covered with the thin engobe. The ornament is simple: it is represented by horizontal, paralel lines. In addition, some have incised wawe-like lines and oblique notches (figs. V, VI). It is believed that such pottery appeared first on the territory of Kakheti ( where it was in use from the 4th c BC to the 4th century AD) and after that in Kartli, where it was brought from Kakheti during the 4th-3rd centuries and manufactured at the place in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. Black painted pottery. 5 pieces of black painted pottery were revealed at Norio settlement. The painting is coated on the smooth, but not engobed surfaces of big vessels - jars or pythoses. Here we can see a circle(fig. VII4), two paralel lines crossing other two ones (fig.

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VII3). One fragment of jar is decorated with the wawe-like, black line (fig. VII5). The only example of engobed vessel has a black, horizontal line which covers incised wawe-like ornament (fig. VII6). The black painted pottery were found in small quantities at the sites of 4th-3rd centuries BC in Georgia. Polichromic pottery. Two pieces of polychromic pottery were found at the site. One of them is covered with transparent engobe/ The neck has oblique notches and the shoulder is covered with white horizontal , paralel lines. The ornamentation was completed with coarsly coated black triangles (fig.VII 2). The shoulder of another example is ornamented with incised wawe-like, horizontal line. Below them two paralel, horizontal lines are coated with black color and among them the white lines are also visible (fig.VII 1). As we have seen above, monochromic (red, white and black painted) and polychromic painted pottery were unearthed during the excavations of Norio settlement. The fact that all of them were found on one settlement is unique for this moment and needs further research.

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bibliografia: gagoSiZe iulon, TrialeTis samarovnebi, Tbilisi 1982. gogoWuri giorgi, antikuri xanis masalebi marneulis munici palitetidan, iberia-kolxeTi # 15, Tbilisi, 2019. 107-141. gogoWuri giorgi, SatberaSvili vaxtang,Nnorios vaxtang,N antikuri xanis namosaxlarze 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi, 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli, Tbilisi, 2019, 333-334. Tolordava vera, dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1983. maxaraZe giorgi, laSxi laSa, sairxis elinisturi xanis keramika (sabaduris goris arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT), saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis narkvevebi, N3 - Tbilisi, 1997, 38-60. maxaraZe zurab,^ axali aRmoCenebi cixiagoraze,^ Ziebani #4^ Tbilisi, 1999, 57-59. narimaniSvili goderZi, SatberaSvili vaxtang,QZv.w. V-I saukuneebis wiTlad moxatuli keramika qarTlidan (stilisturi analizi,^qronologia), Ziebani #9^Tbilisi, 2002, 57-70. narimaniSvili goderZi, daraqois namosaxlari da samxreT kavkasiis aqemeniduri xanis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi, iberia-kolxeTi # 5, Tbilisi, 2009. narimaniSvili goderZi, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zv.w. VII – ax.w. VII ss keramika nawili II, iberia-kolxeTi # 14, Tbilisi, 2018. ficxelauri konstantine, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (Zv. w. XV-VII ss), Tbilisi, 1973. qoriZe domenti, Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, t. II, Tbilisi, 1958. SatberaSvili vaxtang, qvemo qarTli Qqr.w. IV-I saukuneebSi (arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT), sakandidato disertacia, Tbilisi, 2005. ZnelaZe merab, abulmugis samarovani, kreb. dmanisi III, Tbilisi 2001, 140-255, tab. VII. wiTlanaZe leila, varsimaanTkaris samarovani, Jinvali I, Tbilisi, 1983. WilaSvili levan, naqalaqari urbnisi,^^Tbilisi, 1964. xaxutaiSvili daviT, ufliscixe I, Tbilisi, 1974. xaxutaiSvili daviT, ufliscixe II, Tbilisi, 1970.

Dyson Robert H. Jr. The Achaemenid painted pottery of Hasanlu III a, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 49, Anatolian Iron Ages 4. Proceedings of the Fourth Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium Held at Mersin, 19-23 May 1997 (1999). Summers Geoffrey D., Archaeological evidence for the Achaemenid period in Eastern Turkey”, Anatolian Studies, Journal of the British institute of Archaeology at Ankara vol 43 1993, 98- 123. Summers Geoffrey D. and Burney Charles A, Late Iron Age pottery from northwestwern Iran: the evidence from Yanik Tepe, Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Suppplement 39, Anatolian

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Iron Ages 7, The proceedings of the seventh Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Edirne, 19-24 April, Leuven - Paris – Walpole 2010, 269-316. Giorgi Zkitishvili, Der Frühhellenistische Feuertempel von Kavtiskhevi, Archäologische Anzeiger, Berlin,1995, 83-98. Бохочадзе Алексей, Раскопки на территории городища Саркине и Грдезли Миндори, ПАИ в 1976 г., Тбилиси, 1979, 106-117. Бохочадзе Алексей, Мирианашвили Нино, Основные итоги работ Настакисской архе ологической экспдициив 1975-79 гг. Раскопки на Археологические исследования на новостроиках Грузинскои ССР. Т II, Тбилиси, 1982, 111-123 Гагошидзе Юлон, Самадло, археологические раскопки, Тбилиси, 1979. Гагошидзе Юлон, Самадло, каталог, Тбилиси, 1981. Нариманишвили Годeрдзи, Керамика Картли V-I вв. до н.э., Тбилиси, 1990. Пицхелаури Константин, Памятники второй половины 1 тысячелетия до н.э. на территории Кахетии. - СА №3, М. 1977, 221-229. Рамишвили Рамин, Джорбенадзе Виссарион, Чиковани Гурам, Глонти Медея, Гогочури Гиоргий, Цитланадзе Леила, Мухигулашвили Нели, Чихладзе Вера, Робакидзе Цисана, Ломидзе Цисана, Циклаури Иван, Рчеулишвили Гиоргий, Маргвелашвили Маквала, Каландадзе Зураб, Бучукури Ана, Археологическое изучение Арагвского ущелья, ПАИ в 1985 г., с. 74-89, Тбилиси, 1987. Тушишвили Николоз, Маргишвили Сосо, Экспедиция Алгетского ущелья, ПАИ в 1986 г., Тбилиси, 1995. 34-40.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I - IV. wiTlad moxatuli WurWeli. V - VI. TeTri angobiT moxatuli WurWeli. VII. poliqromuli (1,2) da Savad moxatuli (3-6) WurWeli. Illustrations: I - IV. Red painted pottery. V - VI. White painted pottery. VII. Polichromic (1,2) and black painted (3-6) pottery.

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qeTevan TamazaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

liTonis nivTebis gamosaxulebebi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikuli nawarmi mravalferovnebiTa da ornamentuli saxeebis siuxviT gamoirCeva. sxvadasxva daniSnulebisa da formis WurWeli Semkulia rogorc wminda dekoratiuli mizniT Sesrulebuli ornamentiT, aseve gamosaxulebebiT, romelTac garkveuli ideologiuri mniSvneloba aqvT. keramika Semkulia reliefuri, amoRaruli da nakawri ornamentiT. iSviaTad gvxvdeba moxatuli WurWelic. keramikul nawarmze gv xv deba anTropomorfuli, zoomorfuli da geometriuli gamosaxulebebi. mravalferovan ornamentul motivebs Soris, gamoirCeva liTonis nivTebis gamosaxulebebi. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze aseTi ti pis gamosaxulebebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. adre brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi liTonisgan damzadebuli saxvadasxva tipis sameurneo da sabrZolo inventari gvxdeba. am epoqaSi liTonisagan samkaulsac amzadebdnen. dReisaTvis Tixis nawarmze liTonisgan damzadebuli nivTebis mxolod sami tipis gamosaxulebaa dadasturebuli: 1. satevri; 2. orvolutiani sakinZi; 3. culiseburi sakidi. 1. satevris dabali reliefuri gamosaxulebiT (tab. II-8) Semkuli sqelkedliani qilis natexebi dafiqsirebulia qvacxelas namosaxlarze, C1 fenaSi1. qvacxelaze napovni satevris gamosaxuleba `savsebiT imeorebs saCxeris yorRanSi aRmoCenili brinjaos satevris piris (tab. II-9) formas~2. satevris gamosaxulebiani WurWeli ara mxolod mtkvar-araqsis periodis, aramed mogviano xanis Zeglebzec aris dafiqsirebuli. magaliTad arslan-Tefes (TurqeTi) Suabrinjaos xaniT daTariRebul fenaSi dadasturda didi zomis WurWeli satevris gamosaxulebiT. Zvel aRmosavlur miTologiebSi Subi, satevari da culi sxvadasxva RvTaebis simbolur gamosaxulebas warmoadgenda. aseTi RvTaeba–satevri cnobilia iaziliqaias bareliefidan. xeTuri ritualuri teqstebis mixedviT qvesknelis meufeTa jgufi satevris saxiT gamoisaxeboda3. 2. orvolutiani sakinZebis gamosaxulebebiT Semkobili WurWlebi gvxvdeba garnis namosaxlarze4 (tab. I-5) da dangreul goraze5. oTxi orvolutiani sakinZis reliefuri gamosaxuleba dafiqsirda geRarotis mtkvar -arsul 1. aleqsandre javaxiSvili da lili Rlonti, urbnisi I, (Tbilisi, 1962), 188. 2. oTar jafariZe, saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi, 2003), 114. 3. Оливер Герни. Хетты. (Москва, 1987), 177-180. 4. Эмма Ханзадян, Гарни IV, (Ереван, 1960), 76. 5. qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi, (Tbilisi, 1975), 56.

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namosaxlarze aRmoCenil dekoratiul firfitaze6. sakinZis reliefuri gamosaxuleba aseve dafiqsirda Tixis dekoratiul filaze, romelic 2020 wels TrialeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam samSvildis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis nagebobis iatakze miakvlia (tab. I-8)7. am ti pis sakinZebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli kavkasiasa (tab. I-4) da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis adrebrinjaos xanis Zeglebze. mecnierTa azriT, ormagi voluti uzenaesi RvTaebis simbolos warmoadgenda8. 3. culiseburi sakidebis gamosaxulebiT Semkuli WurWeli (tab. I-1-3, 6-7) dadasturebulia qvacxelas namosaxlarze, qvemo qarTlis (dangreuli gora) da somxeTis (karnuti)9 adre brinjaos xanis Zeglebze napovn keramikaze. msgavsi gamosaxuleba warmodgenilia ZeZvebis mTamadnelTa namosaxlarze gaTxril mtkvar-araqsis kulturis samarxSi aRmoCenil WurWelze10. culis formis gulsakidebi (tab. II-4-5) aRmoCnda amiranis goraze, qvacxelaze, geRarotSi11, oqrosgan damzadebuli sakidi aRmoCnda SengaviTSi (tab. II-3). masiuri oqros gulsakidi dafiqsirebulia ananauris yorRanSi (tab. II-2). n. SanSaSvilis azriT, am formis sakidi aris culis simboluri gamosaxuleba, romelic Tavis mxriv romeliRac RvTaebis, SesaZloa TeSubis atributs ganasaxierebda da amdenad am RvTaebis simbolur gamosaxulebas warmoadgenda12. ucnauria, rom im formis culebi, romlebic keramikazea gamosaxuli, anda miniaturuli formiT – sakidebis saxiT gvxvdeba, mtkvarar aqsis kulturaSi ar dasturdeba da mxolod mogviano xanaSi Cndeba. bedenis, yaraSambis yorRanebSi (tab. II-1) da arTikis samarovanze aRmoCenili culebi (tab. II-6) sakmaod mcire zomisaa. bedenis da yaraSambis culebi ki vercxlisgan aris damzadebuli da rogorc Cans, saxelisuflebo insignias warmoadgendnen. msgavsi culi xelSi uWiravs boRazqois reliefze gamosaxul RvTaeba TeSubs (tab. II-7). t. CubiniSvilis da k. kuSnariovas azriT metalurgiis swrafma ganviTarebam mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi axali kategoriis simboloebis gamoCena ganapiroba. iwyeba keramikis Semkoba liTonis sxvadasxva gamosaxulebebiT. am simbolur gamosaxulebebs funqcionalurad uaxlovdeba liTonis namglebis, Toxebisa da culebis miniaturuli imitaciebi13. mtkvar-araqsis keramikaze 6. Ruben Badalyan et al, A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia, in Archaölogische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan , band 46, issue by Sven Hansen and Mayke Wagner (Berlin, 2014). 160, fig 10-1. 7. Canaxati – inga esvanjia: samSvildis arqeologiuri eqspedicia 2020. 8. nino SanSaSvili, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erTi ornamentis interpretaciisaTvis. (Tbilisi, 1997), 12 9. Телемак Хачатрян, Древняя культура Ширака, (Ереван, 1975). 10. Irina Gambashidze and Thomas Stöllner, The Gold of Sakdrissi –Man’s first gold mining enterprice (Bochum, 2016), 85, 152. 11. irina RambaSiZe da sxva, uZvelesi metalurgia da samTo saqme saqarTveloSi. (Tbilisi, 2010), 192, tab. 020. 12. nino SanSaSvili, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebi TrialeTidan, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihani - samx reT kavkasiis milsadeni da arqeologia saqarTveloSi, (Tbilis, 2010), 150. 13. Карина Кушнарёва и Тариел Чубинишвили, Древние культуры Южного Кавказа. (Ленинград, 1970), 167.

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gamosaxuli liTonis nivTebi garkveul semantikur datvirTvas atarebdnen. keramikuli nawarmi, romelsac aseTi ti pis ornamentacia amkobs, SesaZloa iyos romelime RvTaebisadmi Sewiruli wminda WurWeli. yovel SemTxvevaSi cxadia, rom keramikaze gamosaxuli nivTebis gamosaxvas gansazRvruli mizani hqonda da ukavSirdeboda im droindeli sazogadoebis rwmena-warmodgenebs.

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Ketevan Tamazashvili Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Images of Metal Objects on Kura-Araxes Culture Ceramic Ware Ceramic ware produced in Kura-Araxes culture is very various and is distinguished with diverse ornamental images. Vessels of different use and shape are adorned as with simple decoration ornaments, but also images with specific ideological meaning. Ceramics are decorated with relief, grooved and scratched images or symbols; painted ware is confirmed rarely. Images represent anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and geometric decorations. Metal object images are very distinguished as they are very seldom found on Kura-Araxes culture ware. Different types of tools and weapons made from metals are confirmed on archaeological sites of Kura-Araxes culture in Early Bronze Age; metal jewelry is also produced in that period. Three types of metal objects are represented on ceramic ware: 1. Dagger; 2. Double-volute pins; 3. Axe pendant. 1. Dagger image (tab. II-8) is confirmed on a pot fragment, which was found at Kvatskhela settlement, in C1 layer1. This image fully repeats the shape of bronze dagger found in Sachkhere kurgan2 (tab. II-9). The Image of a dagger can be found on the ceramic ware not only in Kura-Araxes culture, but also at the sites of later period. For example, big vessel with a dagger image is found in Middle Bronze Age layer at Arslantepe (Turkey). In near eastern mythologies spear, dagger and axe were representing symbolic images of different deities. Such deity-dagger is known from the bas-relief of Yazilikaya. According to the Hittite ritual texts, group of underground deities were represented as dagger3. 2. Images of double-volute pins are confirmed on the ceramic vessels found at Garni settlement (tab. I-5)4 and at Dangreuli Gora5. Representations of such pins are depicted on the clay plaque at Kura-Araxes site of Gegharot6. Relief image of a pin was also confirmed on a clay plaque (tab I-8), which was found on Kura-Araxes building floor at Samshvilde, excavated by Trialeti Archaeological Expedition in 20207. Such pins made from metals are widely confirmed at the EBA archaeological sites in Caucasus (tab. I-4) and Near East. Double-Volute is considered to be a symbol of a supreme deity8. 3. Images of axe-shaped pendants are confirmed on the clay vessel found at Kvatskhela settlement (tab. I-1-3, 6-7), also on ceramics discovered at EBA sites from Kvemo Kartli (Dangreuli Gora) and Armenia (Karnut)9. Such ornament is depicted on the clay vessel found in

1. aleqsandre javaxiSvili da lili Rlonti, urbnisi I, (Tbilisi, 1962), 188. 2. oTar jafariZe, saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi, 2003), 114. 3. Оливер Герни. Хетты. (Москва, 1987), 177-180. 4. Эмма Ханзадян, Гарни IV, (Ереван, 1960), 76. 5. qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi, (Tbilisi, 1975), 56. 6. Ruben Badalyan and Armine Harutyunyan, A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia, in Archaölogische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan , band 46, issue by Sven Hansen and Mayke Wagner (Berlin, 2014). 160, fig 10-1. 7. Drawing by Inga Esvanjia. Trialeti Archaeological Expedition 2020 8. nino SanSaSvili, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erTi ornamentis interpretaciisaTvis. (Tbilisi, 1997), 12 9. Телемак Хачатрян, Древняя культура Ширака, (Ереван, 1975).

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the Kura-Araxes grave found at miners’ settlement in Dzedzvebi10. Axe shaped metal pendants (tab. II-4-5) are found at Amirani Gora, Kvatskhela and Gegharot11, gold pendant was found at Shengavit (tab. II-3). Massive gold pendant was also found in Ananauri Kurgan (tab. II-2). According to Nino Shanshashvili such pendants is a symbolic representation of an axe, which was personifying a deity12. It is very peculiar that the axes which are confirmed on ceramic ware or are represented as miniature shape – pendants, are not found at Kura-Araxes sites, they are found only in later period. Axes found in Bedeni and Karashamb Kurgans (tab II-1) and at Artik cemetery (tab. II-6) are quite small, more further ones found in Bedeni and Karashamb kurgans are made from a silver and as it seems they represented insignias. Deity Tushub from Boghaz-Koi relief is holding such axe (tab. II-7). According to T. Chubinishvili and K. Kushnarova rapid development of metallurgy in Kura-Araxes culture provoked creation of new category symbols. Ceramic vessels were decorated with images of different metal objects. Such images functionally are very close to the miniature simulations of metal sickles, axes and hoes13. Metal objects depicted on Kura-Araxes ceramic ware bear specific semantic meaning. Ceramic production with such ornamentation might have been a sacred vessels sacrificed to specific deities. In any case, decorating vessels with metal objects had defined aim, presenting believes of that time society.

10. Irina Gambashidze and Thomas Stöllner, The Gold of Sakdrissi –Man’s first gold mining enterprice (Bochum, 2016), 85, 152. 11. irina RambaSiZe da sxva, uZvelesi metalurgia da samTo saqme saqarTveloSi. (Tbilisi, 2010), 192, tab. 020. 12. nino SanSaSvili, mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebi TrialeTidan, baqo-Tbilisi-jeihanisamxreT kavkasiis milsadeni da arqeologia saqarTveloSi, (Tbilis, 2010), 150. 13. Карина Кушнарёва и Тариел Чубинишвили, Древние культуры Южного Кавказа. (Ленинград, 1970), 167.

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bibliografia: qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi. Tbilisi. 1975. RambaSiZe, irina; mindiaSvili, giorgi; gogoWuri, giorgi; kaxiani, kaxa; jafariZe, irakli. uZvelesi metalurgia da samTo saqme saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. 2010. SanSaSvili, nino. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis erTi ornamentis interpretaciisaTvis. Tbilisi. 1997 SanSaSvili, nino. `mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebi TrialeTidan~. baqo-Tb ilisi-jeihani, samxreT kavkasiis milsadeni da arqeologia saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. 2010. javaxiSvili, aleqsandre; Rlonti, Rlonti lili lili. urbnisi I. Tbilisi. 1962. jafariZe, oTar. saqarTvelos istoriis saTaveebTan. Tbilisi. 2003.

Badalyan, Ruben; Smith, Adam T.; Lindsay, Ian; Harutyunyan, Armine; Greene, Alan; Marshall, Maureen; Monahan, Belinda; Hovsepyandam, Roman. A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia, in Archaölogische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, band 46. Issue by Sven Hansen and Mayke Wagner, Berlin. 2014. Gambashidze, Irina; Stöllner, Thomas; The Gold of Sakdrissi –Man’s first gold mining enterprice, Bochum. 2016. Герни, Оливер. Хетты. Москва. 1987. Кушнарёва, Карина; Чубинишвили, Тариел. Древние культуры Южного Кавказа. Ленинград. 1970. Ханзадян, Эмма. Гарни IV. Ереван. 1960. Хачатрян, Телемак. Древняя культура Ширака. Ереван. 1975.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I. 1. Tixis WurWeli, dangreuli gora; 2. Tixis WurWeli, yaiTmazi; 3. Tixis WurWeli, dangreuli gora; 4. orvolutiani sakinZi, qvacxelas namosaxlari; 5. sakinZis gamosaxuleba Tixis WurWlis natexze, garni (somxeTi); 6. sakidis gamosaxuleba Tixis WurWlis natexze, ariWi (somxeTi); 7. sakidis gamosaxuleba Tixis WurWlis natexze, karnuti (somxeTi); 8. sakinZis gamosaxuleba Tixis dekoratiul firfitaze, samSvilde, (Canaxati inga esvanjiasi). II. 1. culi, yaraSambis yorRani (somxeTi); 2. oqros gulsakidi, ananauris yorRani; 3. oqros gulsakidi, SengaviTi (somxeTi); 4. sakidi, amiranis gora; 5. sakidi geRarotidan (somxeTi); 6. miniaturuli culi arTikidan (somxeTi); 7. RvTaebis gamosaxuleba, boRas-qoi (TurqeTi); 8. satevris gamosaxuleba, qvacxelas namosaxlari; 9. satevari, saCxeris yorRani.

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Illustrations: I - 1. Clay vessel, Dangreuli Gora; 2. Clay vessel, Khaitmazi; 3. Clay vessel, Dangreuli Gora; 4. Double-volute pin, Kvatskhela settlement; 5. Pin image on ceramic sherd, Garni (Armenia); 6. Pin image on ceramic sherd, Arichi (Armenia); 7. Pendant image on ceramic sherd, Karnut (Armenia); 8. Pin image on clay plaque, Samshvilde, drawing by Inga Esvanjia. II – 1. Axe, Karashamb Kurgan (Armenia); 2. Gold pendant, Ananauri kurgan; 3. Gold pendant, Shengavit (Armenia); 4. Pin, Amiranis Gora; 5. Pin, Gegharot (Armenia); 6. Miniature axe from Artik (Armenia); 7. Deity from Boghaz-Koi (Turkey); 8. Dagger image, Kvatskhela settlement; 9. Dagger, Sachkhere Kurgan.

152

153

154

darejan kaWarava saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

brinjaos WurWeli vanis #24 samarxidan #24 samarxi vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze aRmoCnda 2004 wlis savele kampaniis dros. is Sedis samarxebis im jgufSi, romelic IV samlocvelos ukavSirdeba1. samarxi Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevars miekuTvneba. masSi gamoikveTa mTavari micvalebuli da misi Tanmxlebi pirebi, romelTa raodenoba oTxs aRwevs. mTavari micvalebuli gamoirCeva samarxSi centraluri mdebareobiTac da mdidruli inventariTac. sxva nivTebTan erTad mas Catanebuli hqonda sxvadasxva masalisgan damzadebuli WurWeli. maTgan sami brinjaosia, warmodgenili fialiT, langriTa da oinoxoiT. isini erTad aRmoCnda mTavari micvalebulis TavTan mdebare inventaris grovaSi (tab. 1). brinjaos fiala (muz. #13-2007/3, tab. 2, 1; 3, 2) araa Rrma. is brtyelZiraa, gamoberilgverdebiani, sada piriskidiani; centrSi omfalosi aqvs (dm – 21 sm, simaRle – 4,6 sm). fiala sadaa, ar aris ornamentirebuli. is miekuTvneba e.w. berZnuli ti pis fialis umartives saxes2. saerTodac am ti pis fialebi upiratesad sadaa, Tumca gvxvdeba ornamentirebuli nimuSebic, rogoricaa, magaliTad, vercxlis ori fiala spinadan, daculi metropoliten muzeumSi da daTariRebuli Zv.w. IV saukunis dasawyisiT, agreTve oqros fiala panagiuriStes ganZidan, daculi plovdivis muzeumSi3. fialebi, rogorc e.w. berZnuli ti pis, aseve aqemeniduri, xSirad gvxvdeba samarxebSi, rogorc dasavleT, aseve aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi. kerZod, sakuTriv vanSi oqrosa da vercxlis fialebi aRmoCnda #6 samarxSi4, vercxlis fialebi – #3 (qalis) samarxSi5 da #22 samarxSi6, brinjaos fiala –N#13 samarxSi7, xolo #24 samarxSi CvenTvis saintereso brinjaos fialis garda xuTi vercxlis fiala dadasturda. vanis garda, fialebis samarxebSi Catane 1. darejan kaWarava, sulxan xarabaZe, „axladaRmoCenili samarxebi vanidan, I nawili (gaZarculi samarxebi),” iberia-kolxeTi, 9 (2014), 28-42; darejan kaWarava, sulxan xarabaZe, „axladaRmoCenili samarxebi vanidan, II nawili (#22 samarxi),~ iberia-kolxeTi 14 (2018), 5-63. 2. Donald. E. Strong, Greek and Roman gold and silver plate (London, 1966), 57. 3. L’oro dei greci (1992), 265, cat. NN 133-134; 280, cat. N 1561; Клады фракийцев, Каталог выставки (Варна, 2006), 135, кат. N 95. 4. rusudan fuTuriZe, nino xoStaria, ana Wyonia, „vanis naqalaqaris Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi 1961-1963 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri Txris Sedegebi”, vani I (Tbilisi: „mecniereba“, 1972), 116, sur. 55, 58, 59. 5. Нина В. Хоштариа, „О раскопках на вершине холма”, vani IV (Tbilisi: „mecniereba“, 1979), 119, 123-127, sur. 199-203; nana maTiaSvili, „liTonis WurWeli,” vani III (Tbilisi: „mecniereba“, 1977), 104-107. 6. kaWarava, xarabaZe, „axladaRmoCenili samarxebi vanidan, II nawili,” 20-21, tab. 2. 7. darejan kaWarava, oTar lorTqifaniZe, rusudan fuTuriZe, guram yifiani, „arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze (1970-1977 ww.),” vani IV (Tbilisi: „mecniereba”, 1979), 7-37, 78, N№491; maTiaSvili, „liTonis WurWeli”, 107, sur. 103.

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bis wesi aRiniSneba dablagomSi (vercxlis)8, sairxeSi (brinjaos da vercxlis)9, iTxvisSi10, fiWvnarSi (vercxlis)11, axvil-abaaSi (vercxlis)12, axalgorSi (vercxlis)13, kavTisxevis sayaraulo serze (vercxlis)14, yanCaeTSi15, algeTis winwyaroSi (minis)16, Savsaydara II samarovanze (vercxli)17, enageTSi (vercxli)18. isic unda iTqvas, rom sakulto kompleqsebSic aRiniSna fialebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi, Tumc metad iSviaTi. kerZod, sairxis samarovnis sakulto moedanze aRmoCnda minis fialis fragmentebi19, xolo vanis erTerT, kerZod, IV samlocveloSi - vercxlis fiala. erTi sityviT, Cvens xelT arsebuli masalebis mixedviT Cans, rom vansa da saerTod antikuri xanis kolxeTSi, iseve rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi, fialebi dakrZalvis ritualis nawilia. metad iSviaTia maTi aRmoCena taZar-samlocveloebSi. sxva suraTia saberZneTSi, sadac phiale mesomphalos-i jer kidev arqaul xanaSi gadaiRes berZnebma aRmosavluri samyarodan da ise gaiTavises, rom Zalian male is libaciisaTvis gankuTvnili WurWlis ZiriTad saxeobad gadaiqca20. rogorc Cans, WurWlis es saxeoba gamoiyeneboda sasmisadac – RvTaebebi da gmirebi, Tu Cveulebrivi mokvdavni xSirad arian gamosaxulni fialiT xelSi. ramdenadac taZrebis inventaris siebSi fialebi xSirad ixsenieba, fiqroben, rom isini taZarSi Sewirulobis miRebuli saxeobac iyo21. saberZneTSi fiala dakrZalvis ritualis nawilic iyo22. 8. Борис Куфтин, Материалы к археологии Колхиды, 2 (Тбилиси, 1950), табл. А. 9. giorgi maxaraZe da manana wereTeli, sairxe (Tbilisi: „mecniereba,” 2006), 67, 91, 94-95, 109, sur. 45, 84, 88-89, 118, foto 127, 149, 157, 193. 10. gagoSiZe, gogiberiZe, maxaraZe, „iTxvisis samarovani,” 56, sur. 44. 11. amiran kaxiZe, fiWvnari II, antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvi pireTSi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. V saukunis berZnuli nekropoli) (baTumi, 2007), 156-158; Amiran Kakhidze, “Silver phiala from the 5th century BC Greek cemetery at Pichvnari,” in: Pontus and the outside World, Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography and Archaeology, ed. C. I. Tuplin (Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004), 85-119. 12. Юрий Н. Воронов, „Ахул-Абаа – поселение античного времени в окрестностях Сухуми,“ Материалы по археологии Абхазии (Тбилиси: 1979), 32-36. 13. Яков Смирнов, Ахалгорийский клад (Тифлис, 1934), с. 44-49, табл. VIII-XII. 14. giorgi cqitiSvili, „mdidruli samarxi cixiagoris samarovnidan,” Ziebani, 7 (2001), 41-46. 15. iulon gagoSiZe, adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan (Tbilisi:@„mecniereba,” 1964), 62-63, tab. XII-XIII. 16. Борис А. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, Ш. Опыт периодизации памятников (Тбилиси: Издательство Академиии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1941), c. 37, табл. VIII. 17. soso margiSvili, antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi algeTis xeobidan. (Tbilisi: „mecniereba,” 1992), 17, 23, tab. XII, 6; XV, 3. 18. margiSvili, antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi, 29, 72, tab. XX. 19. maxaraZe da wereTeli, sairxe, 109, sur. 118. 20. omfalosiani fialis libaciisTvis xmarebas saberZneTSi ukve Zv.w. VII sukunidan varaudoben, radgan 200-ze meti aseTi WurWeli aRmoCnda peraxoras hera limenias samlocvelos Zv.w. VI saukunis Suaxanebis votivur fenaSi [Humfry Payne, Perachora, The sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limenia (Oxford, 1940), 121, 152-153]. male fiala iqca yvelaze miRebul Sewirulobad berZnul taZarSi. swored amitomacaa, rom poluqsi Tavis TxzulebaSi fialebiT iwyebs Tavs Sewirulobebis Sesaxeb (Pollux, I, 28) . 21. Richter, Gisela M. “A Greek silver phiale in the Metropolitan Museum.” AJA 45 (1941): 363. 22. magaliTad, samoTrakiis samarovanze, romelic Zv.w. 525-500 wlebiT TariRdeba, fialebi xSirad dasturdeba dasakrZalav inventarSi – Elsbeth B. Dusenbery, Samothrace, II, The nekropoleis, catalogues of objects by categories (Princeton, 1998), NN 1021-1023.

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Zvel aRmosavleTSi, romelic iTvleba fialis ti pis WurWlis samSob lod, maTi uadresi nimuSebi Zv.w. IX saukuneSi mainc Cndeba. Zv.w. VIII saukuneSi omfalosiani fialebi cnobilia War Kabud-is samarovnidan (dasavleT luristani, irani), gordionis (frigia) akldamebidan23. aqemenidur xanaSi fialebi farTod vrceldeba maxlobel aRmosavleTSi. isini aRmoCenilia urSi, deve huiukis samarovanze24. brinjaos meore WurWeli N# 24 samarxidan oinoxoaa (# 07:1-04:1962, muz. #N13-2007/1,Ntab. 2,2; 3,3). is miekuTvneba im saxeobas, romelic niskartiseburcxvirianis saxeliTaa cnobili (simaRle - 20 sm, tanis maqs. dm – 10,9 sm, Ziris dm – 6,3 sm). aseT oinoxoebs analogiebi eZebneba rogorc saberZneTSi, kerZod, makedoniaSi, aseve antikuri samyaros periferiaze - TrakiaSi, getur da skviTur kompleqsebSi. makedoniaSi amgvari oinoxoebi oTxi Zeglidan aris cnobili: stavrupolisis samarxidan, romelsac Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevriT aTariReben25; dervenis A samarxidan, romelsac aseve Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevriT aTariReben26; verjinas III akldamidan (e.w. princis akldama), romelic Zv.w. 325 wlis maxlobeli xaniT TariRdeba27; da bolos arzosis yorRanidan, romelic Zv.w. IV saukunis dasasruls miekuTvneba28. amrigad, makedoniis kompleqsebi, saidanac momdinareobs CvenTvis saintereso tipis oinoxoebi, ar scildeba Zv.w. IV saukunis meore naxevris farglebs. yvela dasaxelebuli oinoxoa brinjaosia, garda verjinis nimuSisa, romelic vercxlisaa29. yvelas aerTianebs S-seburi yuri, romlis qveda nawili akanTos ylortiseburadaa gaformebuli, mxolod verjinas WurWlis yuris qveda nawilia Tokiseburad gravirebuli. piris kide yvelas sada aqvs, garda arzosis oinoxoisa. rogorc wesi, yuris qveda bolo makedoniis nimuSebs Semkuli aqvT (stavrupolisis oinoxoas niJariseburi daboloeba aqvs, dervenisas – ormagi volutisa da palmetis, xolo verjinis nimeSs – diskoseburi). getur samyaroSi vanis niskartiseburcxvirian oinoxoas mxolod erTi paraleli moeZebna – zimniseas samarovanze (samarxi pontos herakleis amfo23. Louis Vanden Berghe, Het archeologisch onderzoek naar de bronscultuur van Luristan, Opyravingen in Push-I Kuhm Kalwali en War Kabud (1965 en 1966) (Brussel, 1968), pl. 32 a-b; Rodney S. Young, “The Gordion campaign of 1957: preliminary report,” AJA 62 (1958), 139-154; Rodney S. Young, Three great early tumuli = The Gordion excavations final reports, vol. I (Philadelphia, 1981), 14-17, 139-147 24. Peter R. S. Moorey, Cemeteries of the first millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük (Oxford, 1980), 32-36. 25. Maria Karamanole-Siganidou, “Thessalonike,” ADelt. 20, 2 (1965): 411, pl. 463a; K. Ninou (ed.), Treasures of ancient Macedonia, Exhibition catalogue, Archaeological Museum of Thessalonike (Athens, 1979), No. 271, pl. 40; Georges Daux, “Chronique des fouilles et découverts archéologiques en Greece en 1967,” BCH 92 (1968): 903, fig. 11; Ancient Macedonia, Exhibition Catalogue, Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia (Athens, 1988), No. 341. 26. Ninou (ed.), Treasures of ancient Macedonia, 159, pl. 24; Ancient Macedonia, No. 231; Manolis, Andronicos Museum Thessaloniki, Ein neuer Führer durch seine Bestände (Athens, 1981), No. 41; X. Makaronas, “Tafoi para to Derveni Thessalonike,” ArDelt. (1963): 193-194, pl. 295a. 27. Andronicos, Museum Thessaloniki, 209, fig. 172; The search for Alexander, An Exhibition (Athens, 1980), 181, No. 158. 28. Ninou (ed.), Treasures of ancient Macedonia, No. 460, pl. 61; The search for Alexander, 156, No. 106; D. Triantafullos, “Archaiotetes kai mnemeia Thrakes, ADelt. 30, 2 (1975): pl. 205a. 29. cnobilia am ti pis kidev erTi vercxlis oinoxoa, romelic soTbis auqcionze gaiyida – Sothby’s important antiquities, cat. No. 6383, New York, December 17, 1992.

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ris safuZvelze daaxl. Zv.w. 330-300 ww. TariRdeba). am oinoxoasac piris kide sada aqvs; yuri S-seburi moyvanilobisaa da bolovdeba aJuruli palmetiTa da akanTos foTlebiT; Zirze koncentruli wreebi aqvs30. rac Seexeba Trakias, aq CvenTvis saintereso ti pis ufro meti oinoxoaa cnobili. aRmoCenilia isini Semdeg yorRanebSi: mogilanska mogila, romelic Zv.w. IV saukuniT TariRdeba31; aleqsandrovos yorRani, romelsac zogadad Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebs akuTvneben32; leSnikova mogila, romelsac gamTxreli Zv.w. V saukuniT aTariRebs33; mezekis yorRani, romlis TariRs Zv.w. V saukunis dasasruliT - IV saukunis dasawyisiT gansazRvraven34; orizovos yorRani, romelic Zv.w. IV saukunisaa35. aleqsandrovos oinoxoas yuri aklia, xolo mezekisas – piris kide. mogilanska mogilisa da mezekis oinoxoebis S-iseburi yurebis qveda nawili, Cveni nimuSis msgavsad, akanTos ylortis imitacias warmoadgens. mxolod mogilanska mogilas oinoxoas aqvs ioniuri kimationiT Semkuli piris kide. es oinoxoa sagangebodaa Seswavlili am samarxis brinjaos WurWlis mTel kompleqsTan erTad. mas Zv.w. IV saukunis Suaxanebs miakuTvneben36. am ukanasknel xanebSi samxreT-aRmosavleT TrakiaSi, ganosis mTaze naipis yorRanis samarx kameraSi aRmoCnda brinjaos oinoxoa, romelic Cveni nimuSis analogiuria, magram gacilebiT mdidruladaa ornamentirebuli: pirTan reliefuri xveulia, yelze suros wnulia, facetirebuli yuri lotosis kokrebiTaa Semkuli, xolo yuris qveda boloze akanTos Wviruli aplikaciaa datanili. samarxi Zv.w. IV saukunis bolo ori aTwleuliTaa daTariRebuli da odrisis samefo dinastiis wevris kuTvnilad aris miCneuli37.D skviTuri kompleqsebidan CvenTvis saintereso ti pis oinoxoas Seicaven gaimanova mogila (zaporoJie, sof. balki)38, VI semibratni39 da zelenskaia goras yorRanebi40; agreTve elizavetovkas samarovnis (tamanidan 7,5 km) # 9/1909 yorRani41. amaTgan gaimanova mogilas Zv.w. 350-340 wlebiT aTa ri 30. Alexandrina D. Alexandrescu, “La nécropole gète de Zimnicea,” Dacia, N.S. XXIV (1980): 28, fig. 432; 694. 31. И. Венедиков, Новооткрыто тракийско могильно погребение в Враца, Археология 1 (1966): 7-15. 32. Bogdan Filow, Ivan Welkow, Vasil Mikow, Die Grabhügelnekropole bei Duvanlij in Südbulgarien (Sofia, 1934), 185, Abb. 205. 33. Georgi Kitov, “Les tumuli royaux dans “La vallée des rois”, Orpheus 5 (1995): 18; Georgi Kitov, “The Thracian valley of the kings in the region of Kazanluk,“ Balkan Studies, 37,1 (1996): 5-34. 34. Иван Велковъ, „Розкопките около Мезекъ и гара Свиленград през 1932-1933 год,“ Известия на Българския Археологически Институтъ, т. 11 (1938): 136, рис. 129. 35. Дмитрий Цончев, „Антична могильна гробница при Оризово,“ Годишник на Народния археологи чески музей Пловдив, кн. 1 (1948): 20-21, рис. 6. 36. Evgeni I. Paunov, Narcis T. Torlow, “The bronze vessels from tomb 2 in the Mogilanska Mogila tumulus at Vratsa (NW Bulgaria),“ From the Parts to the whole, vol. 1, Acta of the 13th International Bronze Сongress, held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 23-June 1, 1996, ed. by Carol Mattusch et al., (Portsmouth , Rhode Island, 2000), 172. 37. Inci Delemen, „An unplundered chamber tomb on Ganos Mountain in southeastern Thrace,“ AJA 110 (2006), 251-273, fig. 16. 38. Or des Scythes, Treasures des musées soviétiques, 1975, cat. no. 75; mixeil treisteri, „makedoniuri liTonis WurWeli skviTur samefo samarxebSi. skviTur-makedoniuri kontaqtebisaTvis Zv.w. IV saukunis mesame meoTxedSi,” SavizRvispireTi elinisturi samyaros sistemaSi (Tbilisi, 2005), 46. 39. Зинаида Билимович, „Бронзовый кувшин из VI Семибратнего кургана”, СА 1 (1971), 216-219. 40. Boris Pharmakowski, “Archäologische Funde im Jahre 1912, Russland,“ AA (1913), 180-183, Abb. 9-19. 41. treisteri, „makedoniuri liTonis WurWeli”, 6.

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Reben42. am ukanaskneli yorRanidan momdinare oinoxoas yvela sxva nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT yuris zeda bolo Semkuli aqvs – satiris Tavia gamosaxuli. VI semibratnis yorRanis oinoxois yuri dawaxnagebulia; zelenskaia goras oinoxoas ki yuri akanTos stilizebuli ylortis saxiT aqvs gaformebuli, xolo misi piris kide ovebiT aris Semkuli. ramdenadac brinjaosgan damzadebuli oinoxoebi, romelTac wakveTili konusis formis tani aqvT, analogiebs pouloben Zv.w. VI saukunis dasasrulis - V saukunis dasawyisis wiTelfigurul vazebs Soris, maTi berZnuli warmomavloba ivaraudeba43. am ti pis oinoxoebi Cndeba Zv.w. IV saukunis dasawyisidan da upiratesad berZnuli samyaros CrdiloeT nawilSia gavrcelebuli44. vanis #24 samarxSi aRmoCenili mesame brinjaos WurWeli langars warmoadgens. is brtyelZiraa, rgoliseburi yuri aqvs. yuris tanze mimagrebis adgili Semkulia mcenareuli ornamentiT (muz. # 13-2007/2, simaRle – 3.1 sm, Ziris dm – 29 sm, piris dm – 32.6 sm, yuris dm – 4.5 sm, yuris Reros dm – 1.1 sm, tab. 2,3; 3,1). CvenSi am ti pis WurWlis aRmoCenis sxva SemTxvevebicaa dadasturebuli, isev vanidan. kerZod, aseTi WurWeli aRmoCenilia ## 9 da 15 samarxebSi45. pirveli Tanmxlebi samarxeuli inventaris safuZvelze Zv.w. IV saukunis Suaxanebs miekuTvneba, meore ki – Zv.w. III saukunis pirvel naxevars46. samarxebSi paterisa da oinoxois erTad aRmoCenis faqti vanisN# 11 samarxSia dadasturebuli47, aseve dablagomis kramitiT gadaxurul samarxSi48. SesaZlebelia, rom amgvari langrebi paterebs cvlian samarxeul inventarSi.

42. Борис Мозолевский, Сергей Полин,, Курганы скифского Герроса IV в. до н.э. (Бабина, Водяна и Соболева могилы), (Киев, 2005), 365. 43. dawvr. ix. Билимович, „Бронзовый кувшин, ” 216-218. 44. Michael Pfrommer, Makedonien – Kleinasien. Interdependenzen spätklassischer und frühellenistischer Toreutik, JdDAI, Bd. 98 (1983), 242 ff. 45. oTar lorTqifaniZe, rusudan fuTuriZe, vera Tolordava, ana Wyonia, „arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanSi 1969 wels,” vani I (Tbilisi, 1972), 208, N 15; oTar lorTqifaniZe, „torevtika,” vani VII (Tbilisi, 1983), 91, kat. 410, 413; vera Tolordava, „centraluri terasis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi ferdi (1975-1979 ww. gaTxrebis Sedegebi),” vani VIII (Tbilisi, 1986), 85, sur. 671,3, 7110. 46. lorTqifaniZe, „torevtika,” 91, №№ 410 da 413. 47. lorTqifaniZe, fuTuriZe, Tolordava, Wyonia, „arqeologiuri gaTxrebi,” 233-234. 48. vera Tolordava, „mdidruli samarxi dablagomidan,” vani, II (Tbilisi, 1975), 75, №№ 40-41.

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Darejan Kacharava Georgian National Museum, (Georgia, Tbilisi)

Bronze Vessels from Grave N 24 in Vani Grave N 24 was excavated on the upper terrace of the Vani site in 2004. A vast array of grave goods was found surrounding the principal deceased. Of our interest is a group of bronze vessels, composed of a phiale, a beak-spouted oinochoe, and a basin. The phiale mesomphalos is of Greek type. The beak-spouted oinochoe is of a type well known in Macedonian, Getic, and Scythian contexts. Its Greek origin is supposed. The basin is flat-bottomed, supplied with a movable ring-handle whose attachment is decorated with a floral pattern. Bronze basins of this type have already been found both in Vani and Dablagomi.

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bibliografia: gagoSiZe, iulon. adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi qsnis xeobidan, xeobidan Tbilisi, 1964. gagoSiZe, iulon, gogiberiZe, nana da maxaraZe, giorgi, „iTxvisis samarovani.” arqeologiuri Jurnali 4 (2006): 36-59. Tolordava, vera. „centraluri terasis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi ferdi (19751979 ww. gaTxrebis Sedegebi).” vani VIII, 79-92. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1986. Tolordava, vera. „mdidruli samarxi dablagomidan.” vani II, 68-78. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1975. NN kaWarava, darejan; lorTqifaniZe, oTar; fuTuriZe, rusudan da yifiani, guram. „arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanis naqalaqaris zeda terasaze (1970-1977 ww.),” vani IV, 7-37. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1979. kaWarava, darejan da xarabaZe, sulxan. „axladaRmoCenili samarxebi vanidan, I nawili (gaZarculi samarxebi).” iberia-kolxeTi 9 (2014): 28-42. kaWarava, darejan da xarabaZe, sulxan. „axladaRmoCenili samarxebi vanidan, II nawili (22 samarxi).” iberia-kolxeTi 14 (2018): 5-63. kaxiZe, amiran. fiWvnari II, antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. V saukunis berZnuli nekropoli). baTumi, 2007. lorTqifaniZe, oTar; fuTuriZe, rusudan; Tolordava, vera da Wyonia, ana. „arqeologiuri gaTxrebi vanSi 1969 wels.” vani I, 198-242. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1972. lorTqifaniZe, oTar. „torevtika.” vani VII, 89-91, kat. NN 402-414. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1983. maTiaSvili, nana. „liTonis WurWeli.” vani III, 101-114. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1977. margiSvili, soso. antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi algeTis xeobidan. xeobidan Tbilisi, 1992. maxaraZe, giorgi da wereTeli, manana. sairxe. sairxe Tbilisi, 2006. treisteri, mixeil. „makedoniuri liTonis WurWeli skviTur samefo samarxebSi. skviTur-makedoniuri kontaqtebisaTvis Zv.w. IV saukunis mesame meoTxedSi.” SavizRvispireTi elinisturi samyaros sistemaSi, 45-47. Tbilisi, 2005. fuTuriZe, rusudan; xoStaria, nino da Wyonia, ana. „vanis naqalaqaris Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi 1961-1963 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri Txris Sedegebi.” vani I, 111-134. Tbilisi, 1972. cqitiSvili, giorgi. „mdidruli samarxi cixiagoris samarovnidan.” Ziebani 7 (2001): 41-46. Билимович, Зинаида, „Бронзовый кувшин из VI Семибратнего кургана.” СА 1 (1971): 216-219. Велковъ, Иван, „Розкопките около Мезекъ и гара Свиленград през 1932-1933 год.“ Известия на Българския Археологически Институтъ 11 (1938): 117-170. Венедиков, И. „Новооткрыто тракийско могильно погребение в Враца.“ Археология 1 (1966): 7-15. Воронов, Юрий, „Ахул-Абаа – поселение античного времени в окрестностях Сухуми.“ Материалы по археологии Абхазии, 32-36. Тбилиси, 1979. Клады фракийцев, Каталог выставки. Варна, 2006.

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Куфтин, Борис, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, Ш. Опыт периодизации памятников. Тбилиси: Издательство Академиии Наук Грузинской ССР, 1941. Куфтин, Борис, Материалы к археологии Колхиды, т. II. Тбилиси, 1950. Мозолевский Борис, Полин Сергей, Курганы скифского Герроса IV в. до н.э. (Бабина, Водяна и Соболева могилы). Киев, 2005. Смирнов, Яков, Ахалгорийский клад. Тифлис, 1934. Хоштариа, Нина, „О раскопках на вершине холма в 1947-1959 гг.” vani IV, 115-134. Tbilisi: mecniereba, 1979. Цончев, Дмитрий. „Антична могильна гробница при Оризово.” Годишник на Народния археологически музей, Пловдив 1 (1948): 15-25. Alexandrescu, Alexandrina, “La nécropole gète de Zimnicea.” Dacia, N.S. XXIV (1980): 19-126. Ancient Macedonia, Exhibition Catalogue, Museum of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia. Athens, 1988. Andronicos, Manolis, Museum Thessaloniki, Ein neuer Führer durch seine Bestände. Athens, 1981. Daux, Georges. “Chronique des fouilles et découverts archéologiques en Greece en 1967.” BCH 92 (1968): 711-1135. Delemen, Inci. “An unplundered chamber tomb on Ganos Mountain in southeastern Thrace.” AJA 110 (2006): 251-273. Dusenbery, Elsbeth B. Samothrace, II, The nekropoleis, catalogues of objects by categories. Princeton, 1998. Filow Bogdan, Welkow Ivan, Mikow Vasil. Die Grabhügelnekropole bei Duvanlij in Südbulgarien. Sofia, 1934. Kakhidze Amiran, “Silver phiala from the 5th century BC Greek cemetery at Pichvnari.” Pontus and the outside World, Studies in Black Sea History, Historiography and Archaeology, edited by C. I. Tuplin, Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004: 85-119. Karamanole-Siganidou, Maria “Thessalonike,” ADelt, 20, 2 (1965): 407-412. Kitov, Georgi. “Les tumuli royaux dans “La vallée des rois”. Orpheus 5 (1995): 5-21. Kitov, Georgi. “The Thracian valley of the kings in the region of Kazanluk.” Balkan Studeis 37 (1996): 5-34. L’oro dei greci, 1992. Makaronas, X. “Tafoi para to Derveni Thessalonike.” ArDelt. (1963): 93-196. Moorey, Peter, R. S. Peter Roger Stuart Cemeteries of the first millennium B.C. at Deve Hüyük. Oxford, 1980. Ninou, K.(ed.). Treasures of ancient Macedonia, Exhibition catalogue, Archaeological Museum of Thessalonike. Athens, 1979. Or des Scythes, Treasures des musées soviétiques, 1975. Paunov, Evgeni I. and Torbov, Narcis T. “The bronze vessels from tomb 2 in the Mogilanska Mogila tumulus at Vratsa (NW Bulgaria).” From the Parts to the whole, vol. 1, Acta of the 13th International Bronze congress, held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 23-June 1, 1996, edited by Carol Mattusch, Amy Brauer, and Sandra E. Knudsen, Portsmouth, Rhode Island, 2000, 163-172. Payne, Humfry, Perachora, The sanctuaries of Hera Akraia and Limenia. Oxford, 1940. Pfrommer, Michael, “Makedonien – Kleinasien. Interdependenzen spätklassischer und frühellenistischer Toreutik.” JdDAI 98 (1983): 235-285. Pharmakowski, Boris “Archäologische Funde im Jahre 1912, Russland.” AA (1913): 179-233. Richter, Gisela M. “A Greek silver phiale in the Metropolitan Museum.” AJA 45 (1941): 363-389. Sothby’s important antiquities, New York, December 17, 1992: cat. No. 6383

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Strong, Donald E. Greek and Roman gold and silver plate. London, 1966. The search for Alexander, An Exhibition, Athens, 1980. Triantafyllos, D. “Archaiotetes kai mnemeia Thrakes.” ArchDelt, 30,2 (1975): 294-303. Vanden Berghe, Louis Het archeologisch onderzoeknaar de brons cultuur van Luristan, Opyravingen in Push-I Kuhm Kalwali en War Kabud (1965 en 1966). Brussel, 1968. Young, Rodney S. “The Gordion campaign of 1957: preliminary report.” AJA 62 (1958): 139-154. Young, Rodney S. Three great early tumuli = The Gordion excavations final reports, vol. I. Philadelphia, 1981.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I. 1. vanis N# 24 samarxis saerTo xedi; 2. inventaris jgufi. II. 1. brinjaos fiala, 2. brinjaos oinoxoa, 3. brinjaos langari. III. brinjaos WurWlis grafikuli Canaxatebi. Illustrations: I. 1. General view of grave 24; 2. Group of grave goods. II. 1. Bronze phiale; 2. Bronze oinochoe; 3. Bronze tray. III. Graphic drawings of the bronze vessels.

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2 164

3 165

III

2 166

amiran kaxiZe aWaris muzeumi (saqarTvelo, baTumi) emzar kaxiZe baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumi (saqarTvelo, baTumi)

fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV s. berZnuli nekropolisis bolodroindeli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi fiWvnaris sistemur arqeologiur kvlevas 60 wlis istoria aqvs da am periodSi ganxorcielda masStaburi samuSaoebi rogorc naqalaqarze, ise samarovanze. aq dafiqsirebuli masala adasturebs, rom es punqti klasikuri samyarosa da kolxeTis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi sakontaqto zonaa. bunebrivia, am uzarmazari kompleqsis Seswavlis Sedegebis gadmocema erT statiaSi SeuZlebelia, amitom amJamad SevCerdebiT Zv.w. IV s-is berZnul nekropolisze. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom es monakveTi, iseve rogorc mTeli samarovani, SesaniSnavadaa daculi, rac idealur pirobebs qmnis zustad ganvsazRvroT samarxTa ti pebi, dakrZalvis wesebi, orientacia, samarxeuli inventaris Catanebis kanonzomierebani da sxv. fiWvnaris berZnuli nekropolisis mniSvneloba imiTac izrdeba, rom jerjerobiT elinur samyarosTan uSualod dakavSirebuli sxva Zegli aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi ar dasturdeba; unikaluri SemTxvevaa isic, rom mTeli klasikuri xanis ganmavlobaSi adgilobrivebisa da moaxalSeneebis samarovnebi gverdigverdaa da maT Soris mSvidobiani urTierTobebi ikveTeba. fiWvnaris nekropolisSi mtkicedaa dadgenili wminda berZnuli adaT-wesebi. pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia micvalebulis aRmosavleTisken damxroba, amforasamarxebi, aRapis wesis Sesruleba, qaronis obolis Cayoleba da sxv. saintereso daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva samarxeuli inventari. wamyvania sada da moxatuli Savlakiani atikuri keramika. aSkaraa, rom misi momxmarebeli sazogadoeba maRali gemovnebis matarebelia. mowonebiT sargeblobs aseve ionieli da kolxi meTuneebis produqcia. gvxvdeba terakotebi afrodites, demetrasa da erotis gamosaxulebiT. fiWvnareli kolonistebis yofis Taviseburebaa adgilobrivi saiuveliro nawarmis, sxva analogiuri Zeglebisgan gansxvavebiT, uCveulod didi raodenobiT moxmareba. gaTxrebis Sedegad Seiqmna numizmatikuri artefaqtebis mdidari koleqcia, romelTa Soris wamyvan adgils kolxuri TeTri, CvenTvis saintereso periodisTvis, triobolebi ikaveben. ucxouri monetebidan yuradRebas sinopuri monetebi iqceven. am aRmoCenebiT dasturdeba, rom klasikuri xanis fiWvnari warmoadgenda kolxuri da berZnuli kulturebis Sexvedris adgils, sakontaqto zonas.

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Cvens xelT arsebuli masalis mixedviT kargad Cans, rom Zv.w. V s-is dasawyisidan vidre Zv.w. IV s-is 30-ian ww-mde fiWvnari aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi aTenis mTavar sayrden punqts warmoadgenda. n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero-kvleviTi institutisa da saqarTvelo-britaneTis erToblivi eqspediciebis (1967-2010 ww) Semdeg, aWaris kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis saagentos dafinansebiT bolos aq samuSaoebi 2012 wels Catarda, rodesac Txrili gafarTovda dasavleTis mimarTulebiT1. 2016 w-mde Zv.w. IV s-is berZnul nekropolisze 136 samarxi da aTeulobiT aRapi dafiqsirda2. axali Txrilis sigrZem 20 m, siganem ki – 4 m Seadgina. yvela maTgani moeqca NW-23-e seqtoris 91-e, 92-e, 93-e da 95-e kvadratebSi. NW-22-e seqtoris 99-e da me–100 kvadratebis Seswavla ar gviwarmoebia. adre 91-e da 92-e kvadratebSi, 2 m-is siganeze, aRebuli gvqonda zeda humusovani da nawilobriv fxvieri silnari fena. gamovaCineT pirveli saaRapo moedani, mivuaxlovdiT 137-e samarxis konturs. humusovani fenis simZlavre meryeobda 30-40-45 sm-s Soris. iSviaTad Cndeboda adgilobrivi Tixis WurWlis, importuli amforisa da, rogorc Cans, saaRapo moednis zeda donidan momdinare atikuri Savlakiani Tu sxva sawarmoo centrebis Tixis WurWlis natexebi. humuss mosdevda fxvieri, SedarebiT uZravi silnari fena. swored am doneze iCina Tavi momdevno oTxma saritualo moedanma (# 2,3,4 da 5). 91-e kvadratSi, mis dasavleT monakveTze, zedapiridan 70 sm siRrmeze, herakleuri amforac gamoCnda, romelic Semdgom 140-e samarxeul kompleqss daukavSirda. 92-e kvadratSi, Tanamedrove zedapiridan 80 sm-is siRrmeze, gamoCnda wveriT qvemoTken mimarTuli xis kubos saxuravis rkinis lursmnebic (rkinis lursmnebis ganlagebis mixedviT SesaZlebeli xdeba TviT kubos miaxloebiTi zomebis aRdgena). rkinis lursmnebi 139-e samarxs ekuTvnoda. 93-e kvadratSi preparirebul iqna kidev erTi saaRapo moedani, xolo 95-eSi – ori aRapi. me-4 da me-5 aRapebis win, fxvieri silnari gruntis dasasruls, dafiqsirda arxis arseboba, romlis sigane 30 sm-ia. arxi Sedioda aRapebis qvemoT. araa gamoricxuli, rom igi warmoadgenda msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis sisxlsaden arxs. 92-e kvadratSi aRmoCnda krateris yuris natexi, romelic araa gamoricxuli, rom ekuTvnodes 2012 wels axlomdebare saaRapo moedanze aRmoCenil wiTelfigurul kraters. fxvieri silnari fenis Seswavlis Semdeg mivuaxlovdiT fiWvnarisaTvis damaxasiaTebel e.w. mkvriv silnar grunts. aRapTa doneebis SenarCunebiT gaiwminda mTeli moedani. umetesad swored am donezea CaWrili calkeuli samarxebi. maTma ricxvma Svids miaRwia (tab. I,1). yvela maTganSi warmodgenili iyo 1. amiran kaxiZe, emzar kaxiZe, fiWvnari V – aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizaciis Sedegebi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV saukunis berZnuli nekropoli). n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecnierokvleviTi institutis, saqarTvelo-britaneTisa da baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciebis muSaobis Sedegebi (1967-2012 ww), (baTumi-oqsfordi, 2014), 16. 2. kaxiZe,kaxiZe,fiWvnari V,109-123.; 2016 w eqspediciaSi monawilebdnen ssi p baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis TanamSromlebi: amiran kaxiZe, nargiz surmaniZe, zurab varSaniZe, nona mefariSvili, nineli vaSakiZe, malxaz nagervaZe, anzor javeliZe, nino konceliZe, megi xalvaSi, aleqsandre abulaZe, nugzar afaqiZe.

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saintereso artefaqtebi. erTdroulad warmoebda saritualo moednebisa da samarxeuli kompleqsebis preparacia (tab. I,2; 2,1). sabolood miviReT STambeWdavi suraTi: WrilSi warmodgenilia humusi, fxvieri silnari fena da mkvrivi silnari grunti. SevinarCuneT aRapebis donec. eseni, ZiriTadad, Tanamedrove zedapiridan 40-50 sm-is siRrmidan Cndebian. saaRapo moednebi da samarxebi.

aRapi # 1. NW-23 seqtori, 92-e kvadrati. moicavs 0.9X0.8 m farTobs. aRapi gamoCnda Tanamedrove zedapiridan 0.7 sm-is siRrmeze. aRapi ti puria - damwvar-danaxSirebul fenaSi Sereulia damtvreuli Tixis WurWlis natexebi, romelTa Soris sWarbobs atikuri Savlakiani keramikis fragmentebi. aRapi # 2. NW-23 seqtori, 93-e kvadrati. gamoCnda Tanamedrove zedapiridan 40 sm-is siRrmeze. moicavs 1.2X0.75 m farTobs. aqac wamyvania Savlakiani WurWlis natexebi. rogorc Cans, ritualTan dakavSirebul sameTuneo nakeTobaTa damtvrevis mizniT, sagangebod moutaniaT qvis kenWebi. aRapi # 3. NW-23 seqtori, 94-e kvadrati. 141-e samarxis dasavleTiT. saritualo moedanma Tavi iCina Tanamedrove zedapiridan 35 sm-is siRrmeze. damwvar-danaxSirebul fenas ekava 1.2X1.0 m farTobi. misi simZlavre 20 smia, aqac Sereuli iyo qvis kenWebi, wiTelkeciani langrisa da, rogorc wesi, Savlakiani WurWlis natexebi. aRapi # 4. NW-23 seqtori, 95-e da 96-e kvadratebis sazRvarze. gamoCnda jer kidev 2012 w. misi Seswavla davasruleT. siRrme Tanamedrove zedapiridan 0.5 sm-ia, zomebi 1.0X0.5 m. Savi naRvenTi fenebi vrceldeba 60 sm-is siRrmeze. aRmoCnda wiTel figurulpalmetiani lekiTosi, Savlakiani samarile, aris kilikisa Tu sxva saxis WurWlis natexebi. aRapi # 5. NW-23 seqtori, 95-e kvadratis dasavleTi monakveTi. pirveli natexebi gamoCnda Tanamedrove zedapiridan 0.3 m-is siRrmeze. ekava mozrdili farTobi – 2.3X2.3 m. rogorc Cans, vrceldeboda gauTxrel farTobSic. sxva mravalricxovan natexebTan erTad yuradRebas iqcevs wiTelfiguruli krateris mTlianad daculi Ziri da meandris ornamentebiT moxatuli gverdis natexebi. erTi krateri 2012 w aRmoCnda. Cans, rom fiWvnareli elinebi am epoqisaTvis aRapis wesis Sesrulebas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. aris filtriani gutusis fragmentebi. xSirad Cndeba kalcirebuli Zvlebi. isini Tavmoyrili iyo pirqve Camxobili krateris Zirs qvemoT. yuradRebas iqcevs is garemoeba, rom me-5 aRapis win gamoCnda `napurvalas~ msgavsi biliki, romelic aRaps qvemoT Sedis. araa gamoricxuli, rom es arxi gamoiyeneboda msxverplad mitanili cxovelis sisxlis nakadis sadinrad. samarxi # 137. NW-23 seqtori, 92-e kvadrati. aRmosavleTiskenaa damxrobili. zomebi: 1.9X0.9X1.15 m. xis kubos zomebia: 1.6X0.7X0.25 m-ze. kubos Ziris lursmnebi gverdebidan yofila miWedebuli. aSkaraa, rom xis kubos damzadebuli karkasis Cadeba xdeboda samarxeul ormoSi. saimqveyno nivTebis Calagebis Semdeg ki, saxuravs zemodan aWedebdnen. Sesabamisad, zeda

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donis rkinis lursmnebi wveriT qvemoTkenaa mimarTuli. samarxSi warmodgenili iyo Semdegi saxis inventari: Tavis marjvena mxares ido waferdebuli Tixis oinoxoia, piris areSi preparirebul iqna vercxlis moneta, marjvena xelTan – rkinis samajuri, marcxenasTan – badisebrornamentiani lekiTosi, marjvena fexTan CaudgamT patara zomis jami (tab. II,2). samarxis Crdilo kedelTan axlos, 50 sm-is moSorebiT, aRmoCnda saaRapo moedani #1. samarxi # 138. NW-23 seqtori, 93-e kvadrati. aRmosavleTisakenaa damxrobili. zomebi: 2.2X0.95X0.95 m. xis saxuraviania. zomebi: 2.0X0.7 m. samarxis aRmosavleT nawilSi, yelis areSi, aRmoCnda oqros naxevarmTvariseburi sada sakidi, masTan axlos – oriode mZivi. xelebis areSi CaudgamT Savlakiani aribalisebri lekiTosi, masze miwebebuli iyo rkinis beWedi. meore aseTive lekiTosi aRmoCnda marcxena fexTan, marjvenasTan ki – nacrisferkeciani doqi (tab. III,1). samarxi # 139. NW-23 seqtori, 92-e kvadrati. rogorc wesi, aRmosavleTisakenaa orientirebuli. zomebi: 1.85X1.2X1.0 m; xis kubos zomebia: 1.8X0.97X0.3 m. yelis areSi aRmoCnda xuTi oqros mZivi, ori cali pastis ioti, erTi minisebri pastis wvrili da erTic – Tvaladi mZivi. amaTTan axlos ido wiTelfiguruli aribalisebri lekiTosi. marcxena xelTan aRmoCnda vercxlis samajuri, marjvenasTan – brinjaos beWedi (adgilze daiSala). marcxena fexTan CaudgamT Tixis mozrdili adgilobrivi doqi. aqve iyo rkinis samajuri (tab. III,2). SesaZlebelia kubos saxuravis Caqcevis gamo nivTma adgilmdebareoba icvala. samarxi # 140. NW-23 seqtori, 91-e kvadrati. aRmosavleTisakenaa damxrobili. zomebi: 2.3X1.2X1.0 m. xis kubos zomebia: 1.9X0.95X0.35 m. yelis areSi mimobneuli iyo Tvaladi mZivebi. aqve iyo vercxlis moneta da brinjaos zaraki. marcxena xelTan gaiwminda brinjaos samajuri da vercxlis ori beWedi. marjvena xelTan CaudgamT nacrisferkeciani doqi, xolo marjvena fexTan – herakleuri amfora (tab. IV,1). samarxi #141. NW-23 seqtori, 94-e kvadrati. aRmosavleTisakenaa damxrobili. samarxi ormos zomebia: 2.0X2.0X0.95 m. Tavis areSi pirvel rigSi gamoCnda Tixis adgilobrivi doqi. mas gverdiT edga Tixis jami da Savlakiani skifosi. dafiqsirda monetisa da kbilis emalis naSTebis arsebobac. fexebis areSi, ufro marcxenasTan axlos aRmoCnda Savlakiani aribalisebri likiTosi (tab. IV,2). samarxi #142. NW-23 seqtori, 93-e kvadratis dasavleTi monakveTi. gamoikveTa samarxis aRmosavleTi monakveTi. misi sigane 1.1 m-ia, dafiqsirebuli sigrZe 0.45 m. am samarxis mTliani konturis gamoCena-Seswavla momavlisaTvis gadavdeT. samarxi #143. NW-23 seqtori, 93-e kvadrati. samarxis aRmosavleTi monakveTi eqceva 83-e kvadratSi, romelic gamovaCineT 2012 w. danarCenebis msgavsad, es gansasvenebelic zustad aRmosavleTiskenaa damxrobili. samarxi ormos zomebia: 2.0X1.1X1.4 m. pirvelad humusis moxsnis Semdgom, zeda do-

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neze preparirebul iqna rkinis 6 lursmani, romelTa ganlagebis safuZvelze xis saxuravis zomebia: 1.3X0.7 m. xelebis areSi aRmoCnda mTlianad daculi badisebrornamentiani amforiski. es ukve meore SemTxvevaa fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV s-is berZnuli nekropolisisaTvis. am ti pis moxatuli vazebi isedac iSviaT monapovarTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. fiWvnaris elini mosaxleoba ar yofila moklebuli msgavs maRalmxatvrul nakeTobebs. xelebis areSi aRmoCnda rkinis beWedi. danarCeni nivTebi Cadgmuli iyo fexebTan, e.i. samarxis dasavleT nawilSi. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba damRiani Tazosuri amfora. esec, adrindeli monacemebis msgavsad, gamoirCeva maRalmxatvrulobiT. amforis win CaudgamT ioniuri WurWeli, marjvena muxlTan – SesaniSnavi atikuri Savlakiani kiliki, fexTan axlos – Tixis adgilobrivi WurWeli. kiliksa da doqs Soris dafiqsirda brinjaos nivTi. samarxeuli inventari

iseve rogorc wina wlebSi, 2016 wels sakmaod mravalricxovani da mravalferovani monapovri dafiqsirda. wamyvani adgili sameTuneo nakeTobas ukavia. met-naklebi raodenobiT Cndeboda samkauli, monetebi, palestrTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi da a.S. mokled SevCerdebiT calkeul jgufebze. keramikuli taridan mopovebulia ori sawarmoo centris amforebi. pirveli ukavSirdeba egeosis samyaros mniSvnelovan kunZul Tazoss; aqvs samkuTxaganivkveTiani piri, mxrebisken Tanabrad gafarToebuli cilindruli yeli, tani momrgvalebuli, Ziri momaRlo, fosoiani, yurebi ovalurganivkveTiani; yelis areSi daStampulia sami aso. Tazosuri produqciis importi fiWvnarSi uwyveti Cans mTeli klasikuri xanis ganmavlobaSi. Zv.w. IV s-is aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi gavrcelebas iwyebs pontospireTis sxva centrebis keramikuli tara. am mimarTebiT pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia samxreT SavizRvispireTis, kerZod, herakleis amforebi. Zv.w. IV s-is herakleur amforebs fiWvnaris berZnuli nekropolisis monapovarSi erT–erT wamyvani adgili ukavia. isini samxreT SavizRvispireTis meore mniSvnelovan savaWro da satranzito centris, sinopes keramikul tarasTan SedarebiT adre iwyeben gavrcelebas. 140-e samarxSi aRmoCnda am centris TiTqmis mTlianad daculi herakleuri amfora (q-f.b.IV,2016/63), romelsac aqvs samkuTxaganivkveTiani piri, zeda kalTa odnav momrgvalebuli, maRali cilindruli yeli, daqanebuli mxrebi, konusuri tani, Ziri araa daculi. yuri ovalurganivkveTiania, boloebze aramkveTri TiTisebri anabeWdiT. simaRle 57 sm., piris diam – 9.5 sm, yelis diam. – 10 sm. wamyvani adgili saberZneTis materikul centr aTenSi damzadebul produqcias ukavia, romlisganac pirvel rigSi gamosayofia atikuri Savlakiani keramika. warmodgenilia rogorc moxatuli wiTelfiguruli, ise ornamentirebuli da sada nimuSebi. rogorc vnaxeT, msgavsi nakeTobani gansakuTrebiT uxvadaa aRmoCenili saritualo moednebze. zogjer SesaniSnavi maRalmxatvruli nimuSebi CauyolebiaT TviT samarxeul kompleqsebSi. pirvel rigSi

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aRsaniSnavia krateris Ziri, yurisa da tanis fragmentebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/45); diskosebri Ziri mTlianadaa daculi, Rrma Sidapiri rezervirebulia. amave kraters unda ekuTvnodes tanis natexi meandris ornamentiT. piri samkuTxaganivkveTiani da gareTken gadaSlilia. yelis ares Semouyveba zeTisxilis Stoebisagan Sedgenili ornamenti. yuri mrgvalganivkveTiania. aris usaxuri natexebic. Ziris diam. – 14,5 sm. sainteresoa, rom am ubanze meore krateris natexebi aRmoCenilia saaRapo moedanze. arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas aRmoCenilia krateris yuri (q-f.b.IV,2016/2), romelsac laki gadaclili aqvs, mrgvalganivkveTiania. araa gamoricxuli, ekuTvnodes 2008 w aRmoCenil wiTelfigurul kraters3. 2016 wels gaTxrebiT gamravlda aribalisebri lekiTosebis ricxvi, maT Soris, moxatuli nimuSebisa. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba 138–e samarxis lekiTosi (q-f.b.IV, 2016/53). forma ti puria. gamosaxulia qalis Tavi marjvena profilSi. SesaniSnavad ikiTxeba Sevsebuli saxis TiTqmis yvela nakvTi. aqvs maRali Subli, swori cxviri, gamokveTili tuCebi da nikapi, sqeli kiseri. Tvali aqcentirebulia Savi xaziT. ikiTxeba warbi da wamwami. saxeze CamoSvebuli aqvs kululebi. Tavis danarCeni nawili qudiT aqvs dafaruli, romelic Semkulia vertikaluri xazebis ori wyvili zoliT. maT Soris are dawinwklulia sxvadasxva zomis wertilebis mogrZo xazebiT. wertilebi datanilia vertikalur zolebzec. saxis win mocemulia wiTelfigurul volutiani naxevarpalmeti, boloSi Semouyveba wyvili fonismieri zoli. simaRle – 9.5 sm, piris diam. – 3.3 sm, yelis diam. – 2.3 sm, Ziris – 4 sm. kidev ufro metia e.w. standartizebulpalmetiani wiTelfiguruli aribalisebri lekiTosebi. erT–erTi maTgani (q-f.b.IV,2016/40) saritualo moedanzec iyo warmodgenili. tani mTlianadaa daculi, SemorCenilia momtvreuli pirisa da yelis fragmentebi. aTStoian palmets fonismieri rkali Semouyveba irgvliv. laki mura-monacrisfroa. Cans saaRapo cecxlis moqmedebis kvali. yuri viwro aqvs, ovalurganivkveTiani, rac iSviaTia am ti pis sanelsacxeble WurWlisaTvis. danarCenebi TviT samarxebSi CaeyolebiaT. erTis palmeti rva Stoianiania (q-f.b.IV,2016/54), meoris – TormetStoiani (q-f.b.IV,2016/59). me-3 saaRapo moednis lekiTosis natexebze yelmoRerebuli gedis calkeuli detalebi unda iyos SemorCenili (q-f.b.IV,2016/31). yuradRebas iqcevs badisebrornamentiani vazebi. k.bulasi miiCnevda, rom saqme gvaqvs sagangebo gamogonebasTan. zogadad qerCis vazebis Tanadroulad miiCnevda4. maTi tani dafarulia Savlakiani xazebiT Seqmnili badiT, romelTa gadakveTis adgilebi TeTri saRebaviT datanili wertilebiTaa aRniSnuli. uaxles aRmoCenebSi gansakuTrebiT yuradRebas iqcevs erTi amforiski (q-f.b.IV,2016/80), romelic mTlianadaa daculi. warmoadgens fiWvnaris moxatuli keramikis maRalmxatvrul nimuSs. aqvs konusiseburi piri, cilindruli yeli, kvercxiseburi tani, konusiseburi Ziri. piris Sida da gareTa 3. kaxiZe, kaxiZe, fiWvnari V, 25, tab. 45. 4. Casimir Bulas, Étude sur une classe de vases à décor en forme de réseau ou d’écailles. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 56.1-2 (Paris,1932), 394, tab. XXI.

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kalTa Savi lakiTaa dafaruli. yelis orive mxares datanilia Savi lakis oTxkuTxa figurebi. mrgvalganivkveTiani yurebi miZerwilia pirs qvemoT. yurebis zurgi Savi lakiTaa dafaruli. mxris are Semkulia zemodan wyvili da tanis dasawyisTan sakmaod farTo Savi lakis wrexaziT Semofargluli wagrZelebuli, TeTrsaRebavebiani ovebiT (xuT-xuTi). tanis are mTlianadaa dafaruli badisebri ornamentiT. calkeul rombebSi Casmulia sxvadasxva zomis TeTri wertilebi. amforisks ZirTan axlos Semouyveba Savi lakis farTo zoli. lakiTaa dafaruli konusisebri Ziris gareTa kalTa, danarCeni zedapiri rezervirebulia. amforiski miekuTvneba iSviaT monapovarTa ricxvs, romelic erTiandeba panaTenikuri amforiskebis klasSi. simaRle – 9.4 sm, piris diam. – 2.7 sm, yelis diam. – 2.5 sm, Ziris diam. – 2.6 sm. badisebrornamentiani amofriski iSviaT monapovarTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba. adre fiWvnaridan cnobili iyo erTaderTi cali5. j. bizlis mier „bulasis jgufad“ wodebul badisebrornamentiani lekiTosebis ricxvSi gaerTianda aseTive samkaulis mqone amforiskebi, romlebic ukavSirdebian miniaturul panaTenikur amforiskebs; olinTos monapovrebis mixedviT askvnis, rom isini 348 welze, qalaqis dangrevis TariRze adreulebia6. es TariRi sruliad misaRebia Cveni monapovrebisaTvis. saqarTvelos sxva Zeglebze atikuri moxatuli keramikis msgavsi forma jerjerobiT araa aRmoCenili. msgavsi amforiskis ramdenime nimuSi gasuli saukunis 60–ian wlebSi vnaxeT moskovis istoriul muzeumSi (## 2743-2744). aseTive amforiski daculia rumineTSi, e.w. mavrosis koleqciebSi7. aris sxva paralelebic8. mdidruladaa gaformebuli daniaSi daculi amforiski9, romelic uaxlovdeba Cvens monapovars. 137-e samarxSi badisebrornamentiani lekiTosic CautanebiaT (q-f.b.IV, 2016/48). forma ti puria. fiWvnareli elinebi am saxis moxatuli WurWlis sakmaod farTo momxmarebeli yofilan10. me-3 saaRapo moedanze aRmoCnda wiTelfiguruli askis natexebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/28), aqvs brtyeli, rezervirebuli Ziri, dabali, zemoTken mo mr g valebuli tani, cilindruli yeli, Zabriseburi piri. erT fragmentze profilSi gadmocemulia mtacebeli cxovelis (avaza?) figura dinamikur pozaSi - erTi fexi win aqvs gadadgmuli, xaxa odnav daRebulia, yelis are Semkulia Savi winwklebiT. ornamentirebuli da sada Savlakiani keramika yvelaze ufro mravalricxovania. gansakuTrebiT guluxvad umtvreviaT dakrZalvis Semdgomi ritua5. kaxiZe, kaxiZe, fiWvnari V, 29, tab. 13/1. 6. Beazley John Davidson, Miniature panathenaics. The Annual of the British School at Athens 41, (19401945), 13, tab. 3/9. 7. Suzana Dimitriu, Petre Alexandrescu, Vladimir Dumitrescu, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Roumanie 1, Institut d’archaeologie, Musee National des Antiques 1, Bucarest 1965, 40, tab. 35/18. 8. Konrad Schauenburg, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Deutschland 10, Heidelberg Universität 1, München. 1954, 63, tab. 38/14; Zampieri Girolamo, Ceramica greca, etrusca e italiota del Museo Civico di Padova, Rome, 1991, 97. 9. Christian Blinkenberg, Knud Friis Johansen, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Danemark 4, Copenhague, Musée National 4, Paris. 1931, tab. 168/5. 10. kaxiZe, kaxiZe, fiWvnari V, 30–31, tab. 14/4, 15/3; 16/2; 17/1,2; 18/2; 27/6; 37/10; 40/5; 59/5; 65/4; 67/5.

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lis Sesrulebisas. bunebrivia, CautanebiaT saimqveyno inventaradac. wamyvania Rvinis smasTan dakavSirebuli WurWeli. zomieradaa warmodgenili saparfiumerio Tu tualetTan dakavSirebuli nimuSebi. sityvas ver gavagrZelebT saaRapo moedanze aRmoCenili sada Savlakiani keramikis Sesaxeb. eseni arsebiTad imeoreben fiWvnaris adrindel monapovrebs (q-f.b.IV,2016/4, 8, 9, 11, 13, 17, 22, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41 da sxv.). aseve iTqmis Stampirebuli ornamentiT Semkuli atikuri Savlakiani nakeTobebTan dakavSirebiTac (q-f.b.IV,2016/6, 18, 26, 30, 32, 42, 43 da sxv.). am saxis nakeTobis Sesaxeb vrceli informaciis mopoveba SeiZleba adrindeli gamocemebSi. aRmoCenilia SedarebiT iSviaTi calebic. magaliTad, bolsalisebri WurWlis Ziri (q-f.b.IV, 2016/19); qusli gareT aqvs gaziduli, sayrdeni are momrgvalebulia, gareTa zedapiri rezervirebulia, quslTan axlos datanilia Savi lakis wrexazebi. Ziri dafarulia gadakveTili rkalebis boloebze agebuli proporciuli palmetebiT. Savlakiani jamis (q-f.b.IV,2016/42) Ziris gareTa zedapiris didi nawili mura Savi feriTaa dafaruli; centralur nawilSi Semouyveba fonismieri wrexazi; quslis gareTa kalTa momrgvalebulia, tani mcire tevadobisaa, piri mkveTrad gamoyofilia. tanze erTi horizontaluri zoli aqvs Semovlebuli. fskerze, centrSi mocemulia rgolis irgvliv ganlagebuli rkalebiT dakavSirebuli palmetebi, romlebic SemosazRvrulia wrexazebiT Semofargluli ovebis ornamentiT. erT-erTi fragmentirebuli Savlakiani WurWlis (q-f.b.IV,2016/20) Ziris Sida zedapiris centralur, SedarebiT farTo wrexazze datanilia urTierTdaSorebuli ovebi. msgavsi qarga ucnobia fiWvnarisaTvis. Savlakiani WurWlis (q-f.b.IV,2016/14) masiuri qusli momtvreulia, gare zedapirze rezervirebuli Ziri Semkulia Savi farTo wrexaziT. Ziris Sida zedapirze, centralurSi, patara zomis wreze daStampulia vertikalur patara zomis xazebze agebuli palmetebi, rac iSviaTi samkaulia am epoqis keramikisaTvis. gvaqvs Savlakiani jamis Ziri (q-f.b.IV,2016/21), romlis gareTa kalTa momrgvalebulia, rezervirebuli. quslTan axlos Semouyveba Savi wrexazi. Ziris Sida zedapiris centraluri nawili dazianebulia. datanili unda yofiliyo ovebiT Sedgenili wrexazi, romelsac mosdevs rkalebiT dakavSirebuli palmetebi. palmetebs Soris mocemulia SedarebiT mcire zomis palmetebi. msgavsi qargac iSviaTia am saxis keramikisaTvis. Stampirebulornamentiani Savlakiani kiliki (q-f.b.IV,2016/79) aRmoCnda 143-e samarxSi. aqvs maRali, mkveTrad gamoyofili profilirebulqusliani Ziri; Rrma tevadobis momrgvalebuli tani; maRali, gareTken mimarTuli piri; pirs qvemoT miZerwilia trapeciisebri, zemoTken mimarTuli, odnav boloebmorkaluli yurebi; Ziris gareTa zedapiris centraluri monakveTi datovebulia Tixisave fonze, angobirebulia; centrSi Caxatulia wertiliani wvrili wrexazi, moSorebiT wvrili da farTo wrexazebi. rezervirebuli zoli Semouyveba tanis dasawyisTan axlos. danarCeni zedapiri dafarulia

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kargi xarisxis Savi atikuri lakiT. Ziris Sida zedapiris centralur wrexazze ganlagebulia rkalebiT dakavSirebuli xuTi palmeti, romlebic Semofarglulia wrexazebs Soris moqceuli ovebis ornamentiT. samkauli gamoirCeva proporciulobiTa da maRal mxatvrulobiT. simaRle 6 sm., piris diam. 10.5 sm., Ziris diam. 6 sm. 141-e samarxSi CaudgamT mTlianad daculi Savlakiani skifosi (q-f.b.IV,2016/73). aqvs rgoliseburi qusli, arc Tu ise maRali tani, piri odnav gareTaa gadaSlili. mrgvalganivkveTiani horizontaluri yurebi pirTan axlosaa miZerwili. quslis sayrdeni are da Ziri rezervirebul-angobirebulia. centrSi Caxatulia Savwertiliani wrexazi. laki sqladaa wasmuli. simaRle – 8.5 sm, piris diam. – 9 sm, Ziris diam. – 6 sm. amave samarxSi aRmoCnda Savlakiani ixTia (q-f.b.IV,2016/24). aqvs masiuri, oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani qusli, Ziris gareTa zedapiri amoburculia. pirgadaSlilia, piris zeda kalTa wyvili horizontaluri RariTaa Semkuli. centrSi mocemulia sakmaod Rrma sawvene ganyofileba. Ziris diam. – 8 sm, sawvene ganyofilebis diam. – 6 sm. me-4 aRapis masalebs Soris aRsaniSnavia Savlakiani gutusis naxevarsferuli filtri (q-f.b.IV,2016/46). yuradRebas iqcevs Tixis jami (q-f.b.IV,2016/49), patara zomis, farTo, diskoseburZiriania. tani dabali aqvs, mcire tevadobis, sada. yviTelkeciani da minarevebiania. msgavsi WurWeli pirvelad aRmoCnda berZnul nekropolisze. ucxouri nakeToba unda iyos. piris diam. – 7.5 sm, Ziris diam. – 6.8 sm, simaRle – 2 sm. rogorc wesi, fiWvnaris naqalaqaris kulturul fenebSi, samarxeul kompleqsebsa Tu saaRapo moednebze sakmaod xSiradaa warmodgenili e.w. nacrisferkeciani Tixis nakeTobani. maT Soris wamyvania doqebi. erT maTgans (q-f.b.IV,2016/64) aqvs gadaSlili, samkuTxaganivkveTiani piri, cilindruli yeli, momrgvalebuli, sferosebri SedarebiT dabali tani, rgolisebri qusli. brtyelganivkveTiani orad gaRunuli yuris zeda bolo pirzea daZerwili, qveda - tanis areSi. tanze alag-alag SerCenilia Savi saRebavis kvali. yuradRebas iqcevs doqi (q-f.b.IV,2016/27), romelsac yeli daRaruli aqvs. brtyelganivkveTiani yuri oradaa gaRunuli. warmoadgens e.w. nacrisferkeciani doqis nairsaxeobas. keci Ria moyviTalo, minarevebiania. pirgadaSlilia. importuli keramikis morig saxeobas sadazolebiani ioniuri WurWeli qmnis, am droisaTvis maTi ricxvi mokrZalebulia, magram arsebiTia is, rom xmelTaSuazRvispireTis am centrebTan kavSirebi arqauli da mTeli klasikuri xanis manZilze uwyveti Cans, isini warmodgenilia saaRapo moedanze aRmoCenili calkeuli natexebisa (q-f.b.IV,2016/25,39) Tu zogjer samarxSi Catanebuli mTliani calebis saxiT. erT-erT maTgans (q-f.b.IV,2016/78) aqvs dabali oTxkuTxaganivkveTiani qusli, Txelkedliani sferosebri tani, viwro dabali yeli, mkveTrad gamoyofili samkuTxaganivkveTiani piri. mis qvemoT Semouyveba reliefuri qedi. yuri brtyeli aqvs. zeda bolo miZerwilia pirs qvemoT qedis gaswvriv, qveda - tanis areSi. tanis zeda naxevars Semouyveba

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moSavo feris sada horizontaluri zolebi. keci ganatexsa da Sida zedapirze nacrisferia, gareTaze - moyviTalo-movardisfro. unda warmoadgendes sada ioniuri keramikis nacrisferkeciani doqebis minabaZs. gvianklasikuri xanisaTvis samarxeul inventarad fiWvnareli elinebi xSirad iyeneben adgilobriv keramikul nawarms. isini sxvadasxva jgufs ganekuTvnebian. Tixis jamebis saxiT warmodgenilia kavkasiuri arealisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nimuSebi. erT-erT maTgans (q-f.b.IV,2016/72) aqvs farTo, brtyeli Ziri; arc Tu ise Rrma tevadobis momrgvalebuli tani. keci moSavo-moyavisfroa. simaRle – 3.6 sm, piris dm – 11 sm, Ziris dm – 6.5 sm. saaRapo moednebze aRmoCenilia am saxis WurWlis calkeuli natexebi. bunebrivia, ufro xSirad Cndeba kolxuri kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tixis adgilobrivi doqebi. erT-erT maTgans (q-f.b.IV,2016/71) aqvs odnav Sezneqili, brtyeli Ziri, sferosebri tani, maRali odnav gafarTovebuli yeli, piri sadaa. ovalurganivkveTiani yuri miZerwilia pirs qvemoT. yelis dasawyiss Semouyveba arasimetriuli da aramkveTri horizontaluri Rarebi, Sua wels ki, sada horizontaluri zolebis 4 rigi. keci moyavisfro-moSavoa. simaRle – 21 sm., piris dm. – 8 sm, yelis dm. – 6 sm, tanis dm. – 17.8 sm, Ziris dm. – 10 sm. meore doqs (q-f.b.IV, 2016/58) aqvs brtyeli Ziri, odnav momrgvalebuli bikonusuri tani. Zabriseburi piri yelisagan araa gamoyofili, ovalurganivkveTiani yuri zeda bolo pirs qvemoTaa miZerwili, qveda - mxris areSi. keci moyavisfro-monacrisfroa. simaRle – 23 sm, piris dm. – 9 sm, yelis dm. – 4.5 sm, tanis dm. – 17 sm, Ziris dm. – 8 sm. mesames (q-f.b.IV,2016/77) aqvs farTo brtyeli Ziri, momrgvalebuli tani, swori, dabali yeli, gadaSlili sada piri. ovalurganivkveTiani yuris zeda bolo pirs qvemoTaa miZerwili, qveda – tanis areSi. simaRle – 16 sm, piris dm. – 8,8 sm, tanis dm. – 13 sm, Ziris dm. – 6,5 sm, yelis dm. – 6,5 sm. samarovanze gvxvdeba keramikis elinizebuli formebi oinoxoiebis saxiT. erT-erT maTgans (q-f.b.IV,2016/47) aqvs brtyeli Ziri, tani sferoseburad momrgvalebuli, piri samtuCaa, ovalurganivkveTiani. yuris zeda meWeWisebrkopiani bolo daZerwilia pirze. qveda – tanze. simaRle – 17 sm, piris dm. – 8 sm, yelis dm. – 7 sm, tanis dm. – 14,5 sm, Ziris dm. – 7,5 sm. gvianbrinjaos xanis, kerZod, fiWvnaris sakulto Zeglis Tanadrouli unda iyos TxrilSi, zedapiridan 80 sm-is siRrmeze aRmoCenili Tixis qiliseburi WurWlis natexebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/1). qila xeliTaa naZerwi. swortaniania, farTo pirTan axlos miZerwilia morCiseburi, brtyelganivkveTiani yuri. keci moSavo-monacrisfroa. araa gamoricxuli, ukavSirdebodes fiWvnaris gvianbrinjaos xanis sakulto Zeglis keramikas, romelic mdebareobda elinisturi xanis samarovnis teritoriaze. rogorc vxedavT, fiWvnareli meTuneebi arsebiTad agrZeleben adrindel tradiciebs. saaRapo moednebze aRmoCenili Tixis adgilobrivi WurWlis natexebis mixedviT unda dasturdebodes, rom aqaur elinTa dakrZalvis ritualSi SesaZlebelia adgilobrivi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebic monawileobdnen.

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fiWvnareli kolxebis mibaZviT aqauri elinebi interess iCenen samkaulebisadmi. erTaderTia patara zomis naxevarmTvarisebri sakidi (q-f.b.IV,2016/55). sadaa, brtyeli, mokauWebuli boloebisaken Seviwroebuli. zurgze mirCilul brtyel momrgvalebul yunws Suawelze reliefuri rgoli miuyveba. aSkaraa, rom rogorc klasikuri, ise elinisturi xanisTvisac fiWvnaris rogorc adgilobriv, ise maTTan mWidro kontaqtSi myof berZnuli mosaxleobis fenebs Soris ciuri mnaTobebi, am SemTxvevaSi mTvare, Tayvaniscemis sagani unda yofiliyo. aseve TiTo calia vercxlis, brinjaosa da rkinis samajuri. SedarebiT ukeTaa Semonaxuli vercxlis samajuri (q-f.b.IV,2016/60), mrgvalganivkveTiani, ovaluri formis. or adgilze aqvs cilindruli Sesqelebebi. boloebi sadaa, dm. 4.5–5 sm. brinjaos samajuric (q-f,IV,2016/68) mrgvalganivkveTiania, sada; warmodgenilia fragmentebis saxiT. aseve iTqmis rkinis samajuris (q-f.b.IV,2016/62) Sesaxebac; korozirebulia; alag-alag mkveTrad Sesqelebulia. gvaqvs ori cali vercxlis beWedic. orive aRmoCnda 140-e samarxSi (q-f.b.IV,2016/69,70). pirvelis faraki rombiseburia, meoris – ovaluri formis. rkali mrgvalganivkveTianebia. erTaderTia magiuri daniSnulebis nivTi – brinjaos zaraki (q-f.b.IV,2016/67), patara zomis, cilindruli formis, sada da gverdSeWrilia. yunwi samkuTxa moyvanilobis aqvs. simaRle – 2 sm, dm. – 1 sm. kvlavac aRmoCnda rkinis beWdebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/57,68). aqvT ovaluri formis faraki, mrgvalganivkveTiani rkali. metad korozirebulia. mZivsamkauli sam samarxSi iyo warmodgenili. 139-e samarxSi Tavis areSi aRmoCnda xuTi cali oqros patara zomis fuye mZivebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/61). isini msgavsia amave samarovanze adre aRmoCenili nimuSebisa11. amave samarxis ori cali pastis ioti msgavsia fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s-is kolxuri da berZnul nekropolisze aRmoCenili mZivebisa. erTic lurji minis mZivia, mrgvali, patara zomis, sada. erT-erT samarxSi sakidTan erTad 109 aseTi mZivi iyo. msgavsi samkauli kidev ufro xSirad Cndeba fiWvnaris rogorc kolxur, aseve berZnul nekropolisze. paralelebi eZebneba saqarTvelosa Tu antikuri samyaros sxva centrebidan. 138-e samarxSi simbolurad CauyolebinaT mZivebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/56). ori cali poliqromiulia; erTi maTgani rgoliseburia foni muqi lurji aqvs, Semkulia TeTri rgoliT Semofargluli fonismieri sami TvaliT. meore egzemplari cilindruli formisaa - foni muqi lurji aqvs, zedapiri Semkulia vertikaluri TeTri ZafebiT. 140-e samarxSi Segvxvda Tvaladi minis mZivebi (q-f.b.IV,2016/66). rgolisebri, lurji; yvela maTganze TeTri rgolebiT gadmocemulia eqvs-eqvsi fonismieri Tvlebi. adrindeli aRmoCenebis mixedviT Cans, rom fiWvnarel elinebs Soris gansakuTrebul mowonebas imsaxurebs lurjfoniani Tvaladi mZivebi12. qaronis oboli vercxlis monetebis saxiT sam samarxSi aRmoCnda (137-e samarxi, q-f.b.IV,2016/50; 140-e samarxi, q-f.b.IV,2016/65; 141-e samarxi, q-f.b.IV,2016/75). maTi daculoba arasaxarbieloa, amitomac verafers vambobT warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. palestrTan dakavSirebuli nivTebidan aRsaniSnavia brinjaos strigila. aqvs brtyelganivkveTiani gaRunuli saxeluri, Rariani lancetiseburi mozrdili 11. kaxiZe, kaxiZe, fiWvnari V, 43, tab. 40/9. 12. kaxiZe, kaxiZe, fiWvnari V, 48–49.

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piri (q.f.b.IV,2016/68). msgavsia fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s berZnul nekropolisze adre aRmoCenili nimuSebisa13. Cans, rom antikuri samyarosa da misi periferiis sxva centrebis msgavsad fiWvnarel elinebTanac imarTeboda Sejibrebebi Tu sxva saxis dResaswaulebi. sainteresoa, rom fiWvnaris Tanadrouli msgavsi inventari gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSiac, kerZod, Sida qarTlSi. am mimarTebiT yuradRebas iqcevs taxtiZiris adgilobrivi aristokratiis mdidruli samarxebi, romlebSiac sxva artefaqtebTan erTad rkinis strigilebicaa warmodgenili14. fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV s-is samarovanze gaTxrebi ganaxlda 2020 w.15 2016 wlis Txrili amjerad gafarTovda dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, raTa dazustebuliyo misi sazRvrebi samxreTis mimarTulebiT. rogorc Cans, vrceldeba elinizmis epoqis samarovnamde, romelic iwyeba aseve qviSazvinulebidan. am adgilebSi aTeulobiT samarxi gvaqvs aRmoCenili16. samxreTis sazRvrebi moiazreba daaxloebiT 255 m-mde. mTlianobaSi samarovans daaxloebiT 3 ha farTobi unda sWeroda. 2020 wels sul 5 saaRapo moedani da 9 samarxi gaiTxara (tab. V,2). dafiqsirda am periodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli adgilobrivi da importuli nawarmi, romelTa Soris ramdenime cali unikaluria fiWvnarisaTvis. mimdinareobs am masalis Seswavla-damuSaveba da uaxloes momavalSi maT Sesaxebac mogawvdiT ufro vrcel informacias. aseTia mokle informacia Zv.w. IV saukunis berZnul nekropolisze bolo xanebSi ganxorcielebuli savele arqeologiuri kvleva-ZiebaTa Sesaxeb. Cans, rom fiWvnarel elinebs es adgilebic sakmaod intensiurad gamouyenebiaT. berZenTa adaT-wesebis Sesabamisad, met-naklebi gadaxrebiT micvalebuli TaviT mimarTulia aRmosavleTisken. umetes SemTxvevaSi isini Casvenebuli Canan xis kuboSi. korozirebuli rkinis lursmnebis ganlagebis mixedviT SesaZlebeli xdeba maTi zomebis met-naklebi sizustiT gansazRvra. berZnul adaT-wesebs eqvemdebareba saaRapo moednebisa Tu xis kuboSi inventaris Catanebis kanonzomierebani. A

13. amiran kaxiZe, maikl vikersi, fiWvnari VI – kolxebi da berZnebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciebis muSaobis Sedegebi (2003-2007ww), (baTumi-oqsfordi. 2004), 83, 105 sur. 140/1; amiran kaxiZe, fiWvnari II - antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s berZnuli nekropoli), baTumis n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero-kvleviTi institutis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi (1967-1987), (baTumi-oqsfordi 2007), 164. 14. iulon gagoSiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi taxtiZirSi (qarelis raioni). kavkasiis arqeologia: uaxlesi aRmoCenebi da perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 1997, 16-17. 15. 2020 w fiWvnaris arqeologiur eqspediciaSi monawileobdnen ssip aWaris muzeumis direqtoris mrCeveli amiran kaxiZe da baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis TanamSromlebi: emzar kaxiZe,malxaz nagervaZe, guram CxataraSvili, anzor javeliZe, arCil malaymaZe, meri yulejiSvili, besik diasamiZe, nugzar afaqiZe. palinologiur kvlevebs axorcielebda saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis paleoanTropologiisa da paleobiologiis kvleviTi institutis mecnier-TanamSromeli maia WiWinaZe. 16. amiran kaxiZe, nineli vaSakiZe, fiWvnari III – elinizmi da kolxeTi. samarxTa tipebi da dakr Zalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi. baTumis n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero– kvleviTi institutis arqeologiuri eqspediciebisa da saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvnaris erToblivi arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi (1965–2004 ww), baTumi-oqsfordi. 2010.

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Amiran Kakhidze Ajara Museum (Georgia, Batumi) Emzar Kakhidze Batumi Archaeological Museum (Georgia, Batumi) Results of Recent Researches at the Pichvnari 4th Century BC Greek Necropolis Summary In 2016, a small trench measuring 20x4 meters (Sector NW-23, squares: 91-93 and 95) was excavated in the area of the 4th century Greek necropolis. Five ritual platforms and seven graves were unearthed here. Imported and local grave goods as oinochoe, squat lekythoi, pendant, rings, beads jugs, bracelet, bell, black glaze skyphos and kylix, cups, coins, etc. were discovered.

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bibliografia: gagoSiZe iuloni, `arqeologiuri gaTxrebi taxtiZirSi (qarelis raioni)~. kavkasiis arqeologia: uaxlesi aRmoCenebi da perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi, 1997, 16-17. kaxiZe amirani, `fiWvnari II - antikuri samyaro aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. V s berZnuli nekropoli)~, baTumis n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero-kvleviTi institutis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi (1967-1987), (baTumi-oqsfordi 2007). kaxiZe amirani, vaSakiZe nineli, `fiWvnari III – elinizmi da kolxeTi. samarxTa ti pebi da dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi~. baTumis n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero–kvleviTi institutis arqeologiuri eqspediciebisa da saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvnaris erToblivi arqeologiuri eqspediciis muSaobis Sedegebi (1965–2004 ww) (qarTul da inglisur enebze). (baTumi-oqsfordi. 2010). kaxiZe amirani, vikersi maikl, fiWvnari VI – kolxebi da berZnebi aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTSi. saqarTvelo-britaneTis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciebis muSaobis Sedegebi (2003-2007ww), (baTumi-oqsfordi. 2004) kaxiZe amirani, kaxiZe emzari, fiWvnari V – aRmosavleT SavizRvispireTis berZnuli kolonizaciis Sedegebi (fiWvnaris Zv.w. IV saukunis berZnuli nekropoli). n. berZeniSvilis sax. samecniero-kvleviTi institutis, saqarTvelo-britaneTisa da baTumis arqeologiuri muzeumis fiWvnaris arqeologiuri eqspediciebis muSaobis Sedegebi (1967-2012 ww), (baTumi-oqsfordi, 2014). Beazley John Davidson, “Miniature panathenaics”. The Annual of the British School at Athens 41, (1940-1945), 10-21. Blinkenberg Christian, Friis Johansen Knud, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Danemark 4, Copenhague, Musée National 4, Paris. 1931. Bulas Casimir, Étude sur une classe de vases à décor en forme de réseau ou d’écailles. Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique 56.1-2: (1932), 388-398. Dimitriu, Suzana, Alexandrescu, Petre, Dumitrescu, Vladimir, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Roumanie 1, Institut d’archaeologie, Musee National des Antiques 1, Bucarest1965. Schauenburg Konrad, Corpus Vasorum Antiquarum: Deutschland 10, Heidelberg Universität 1, München. 1954. Zampieri Girolamo, Ceramica greca, etrusca e italiota del Museo Civico di Padova, Rome, 1991.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I. 1. Zv.w. IV s-is berZnuli nekropolisis 2016. w gaTxrebis saerTo xedi; 2. Zv.w. IV s-is berZnul nekropolisze 2016 w. dafiqsirebuli aRapebi. II. 1. Zv.w. IV s berZnul nekropolisze 2016 w. dafiqsirebuli aRapi; 2. 137-e samarxi, patara zomis jami da oinoxoia.

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III. 1. 138-e samarxi, aribalisebri lekiTosi, sakidi, rkinis beWedi da mZivebi; 2. 139-e samarxi, mozrdili adgilobrivi doqi, aribalisebri lekiTosi, vercxlis samajuri, oqros mZivebi da pastis iotebi. IV. 1. 140-e samarxi, brinjaos zaraki, Tvaladi mZivebi da vercxlis beWdebi; 2. 141-e samarxi, adgilobrivi doqi, aribalisebri likiTosi, Savlakiani skifosi da Tixis jami. V. 1. 143-e samarxi, importuli doqi, atikuri Savlakiani kiliki da adgilobrivi doqi; 2. Zv.w. IV s. berZnuli nekropolisis 2020 w gaTxrebis saerTo xedi. Illustrations: I. 1. The general view of excavations of the 4th century BC Greek necropolis in 2016; 2. Ritual platforms excavated on the territory of the 4th century BC Greek necropolis. II. 1. Ritual platform excavated on the territory of the 4th century BC Greek necropolis; 2. Grave 137, small cup and oinochoe. III. 1. Grave 138, squat lekythos, pendant, iron ring and beads; 2. Grave 139, local large jug, squat lekythos, silver bracelet, gold and glassy paste beads. IV. 1. Grave 140, bronze bell, beads and silver rings; 2. Grave 141, local jug, squat lekythos, black glaze skyphos and clay cup. V. 1. Grave 143, imported jug, Attic black glaze kylix and local jug; 2. The general view of excavations of the 4th century BC Greek necropolis in 2020.

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giorgi mindiaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

leCxumis arqeologiuri SeswavlisaTvis saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris, eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanis ganyofilebam (xelmZRv. prof. t. CubiniSvili), romelic, am periodis sxvadasxva problemebis kvlevis paralelurad, eZiebda saqarTvelos adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturebis axal Zeglebs, 1979 wels sabiujeto Tanxidan daafinansa leCxumis arqeologiuri razmi (g. mindiaSvili, d. gogelia, m. maWavariani, v. zicari), romelic namaxvanhesis mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT Seqmnili eqspediciis (xelmZRvaneli a. nucubiZe) nawils Seadgenda.Gganyofilebis profilidan gamomdinare, razms gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmo miwaTmoqmedebis sawyisebTan dakavSirebuli Zeglebis ZiebisaTvis. leCxumSi aseTi Zeglebis Zieba ki, am kuTxeSi, xorblis iseTi jiSebis SemorCeniT iyo nakarnaxebi, rogoricaa maxa da zanduri. maxas popularobaze am kuTxeSi, SesaZloa, migvaniSnebs soflebis iseTi saxelebi, rogoricaa - maxaSi//maxasi anu, maxas dasaTesi adgili da namaxvani, anu adgili, sadac eTesaT xolme maxa (Seadare: nadikari, naqerala).Aam eqspediciis angariSi, romelSic mocemuli iyo mxolod datborvis zonad miCneuli teritoria sof. namaxvanidan alpanamde, 1982 wels daibeWda (iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis institutis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris krebulSi `1979 wlis savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebani (mokle cnobebi, gv. 125-132, rusul enaze)~. velze gamgzavrebamde konsultacia ga vi areT am kuTxis mkvlevar qalbaton lamara saxarovasTan. velze da quTaisisa da cageris muzeumebSi muSaobisas Zalian gamogvadga, leCxumSi aseve Cveni winamorbedis b-n daviT gogelias gamocdilebac. ramdenadac Cveni razmis interesebi mniSvnelovnad scildeboda md. rionis xeobis datborvis zonas da cxeniswylis leCxumsac moicavda, misi Sedegebi zemoT aRniSnul naSromSi ver Sevida. imis gamo, rom razmis mier mopovebuli masala sainteresod migvaCnia leCxumisa da aramarto leCxumis preistoriisaTvis, dagvianebisaTvis bodiSis moxdiT vTavazobT mkiTxvels da pirvel rigSi b-n gela gamyreliZes, romlis iubilesac es krebuli eZRvneba. rionis xeobaSi razmma samuSaoebi sof. meqvenaSi dabinavebiT daiwyo, sadac imxanad cxovrobda naturalisti da mxareTmcodne, sofel meqvenis skolis pedagogi awgansvenebuli vlasi nemsaZe. mas saintereso informaciasTan erTad, skolis nakveTze daTesili hqonia maxa da zanduri. amasTan, sof. meqvena md. rionis xeobis leCxumis SuaSi mdebareobs, rac CvenTvis mniSvnelovan, xelsayrel garemoebas warmoadgenda. pirveli obieqti, romelic davaTvaliereT iyo sof. zemo meqvenis koSki. ZirTan SemorCenili nangrevebis mixedviT, mas galavanic unda hqonoda; qviTkiriT nagebi koSki kvadratuli (7.7X7.7m.)

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gegmisaa da daaxloebiT 15 m simaRles aRwevs; Sesasvleli datanebuli aqvs 5 metris simaRleze, sadamdec is erTianad qviT aris ayvanili; Sesasvlels zemoT, koSki orsarTuliani unda yofiliyo. koSkis qvemoT, odnav moSorebiT, gzis gayvanisas moWrili kulturuli fenis profilSi, Cans ori nacriani Sre, romelTagan qveda Zalze Txelia da masalas ar Seicavs. mas zemodan adevs 0.5 m sisqis Camonarecxi Tixa-RorRisa da 0.4 m sisqis naxSirian-nacriani, Tixis WurWlisa da damwvari Zvlebis Semcveli Sre. Ees ukanaskneli, savaraudod, koSkis Tanadrouli unda iyos. cixes, rogorc zemoTac vTqviT, hqonia qviTkirisave galavani, romelic, droTa ganmavlobaSi, gamofitvisa da gamorecxvis Sedegad dangreula. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi didi zomis nangrevebi aqa-iq kidev aris SemorCenili, arqeologiuri Seswavlis gareSe misi gegmis wakiTxva ar xerxdeba. rac Seexeba asaks, igi gvian Sua saukuneebze Zveli ar unda iyos. samZimiis gora (tab. I-1, tab. III-1) – mdebareobs wyaltubos raionis sof. dRnorisas da zemo derCis bolosTan, adgil nacixvaris siaxloves. is warmoadgens dabali qedis, sustad SemaRlebul, orborcvian daboloebas. samZimiis goraze didi raodenobiT gvxvdeboda sxvadasxva ti pis keramikuli nawarmis fragmentebi, naxanZrali baTqaSi, rkinis wida da erTic rkinis mcire zomis namgali. rogorc masala gviCvenebs, saqme unda gvqondes saxelosnosTan, sadac rkinis gamodnoba an gadamuSaveba warmoebda. saxelosnos, romelTanac SesaZloa xelosnis samosaxloc yofiliyo, uWiravs viwro Txemis 60 metramde sigrZisa da 5-dan 10 metramde siganis monakveTi. Zegli mdebareobs zRvis donidan 900 metrze, ori mcire terasisagan Sedgeba da sigrZiT mimarTulia aRmosavleT-dasavleTis xazze. samZimiis goraze mopovebuli masala saSualebas iZleva igi zogadad rkinis farTo aTvisebisa da adreantikuri xaniT davaTariRoT. nacixvari (tab. I-2) – am saxeliT adgilobrivi mosaxleoba aRniSnavs yvela safortifikacio nagebobis nangrevebs. amjerad, nacixvari mdebareobs sofel zemo derCis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT da sof. dRnorisas Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdgari orwvera mTis maRal wverze, zRvis donidan 1000 m simaRleze. mTis or wvers Soris arsebuli unagiriseburi Cadableba ki namosaxlars uWiravs. namosaxlari, savaraudod, rkinis farTo aTvisebisa da antikur xanas SeiZleba ekuTvnodes. aqac, iseve rogorc samZimiis goraze, romelic mezoblad mdebareobs, Segvxvda rkinis dnobis kvali da didi raodenobiT Tixis WurWlis fragmentebi. gansakuTrebiT bevri iyo didi zomis Tixis WurWlis natexebi. garda aRniSnulisa, yuradRebas iqcevs kirqvis qanis qva-RorRis mrgvali da ovaluri, xelovnuri grovebi, romelTa zomebic 2X1 m-dan 3X2 m-mde meryeobs, rac maTi samarxis yrilebad miCnevis cdunebas badebs.Aamgvari qvayrilebiT da didi Tixis WurWlis natexebiT aris mofenili nacixvaris mTis ferdobebi. TviT Zegli, romlis gamoc daerqva am adgils saxeli, warmoadgens mTis maRal wverze agebul simagres, romelic gegmaSi ovaluri qviTkiris galavnisa da mis SigniT agebuli, kuTxeebmomrgvalebuli koSki-

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sagan Sedgeba, zomiT 8.5X7.5 m. misi SemorCenili simaRle 4 m-s aRemateba. Zegli dafarulia miwiT da mcenareebiT. koSki da simagris sxva nawilebi gamongreulia ganZis maZieblebis mier. koSkis zeda nawilSi, kargad Cans oTxi safexuri, rac gadaxurvis fragmentis STabeWdilebas tovebs. galavnis umetesi nawili Sida mxares aris gadaqceuli. iqve, didi raodenobiT aris didi zomis Tixis WurWlebis natexebi. samwuxarod, daTariRebisaTvis ramdenadme xelCasaWidi masala ar Segvxvedria, amitom nacixvaris nasoflaric da koSkic SeiZleba zogadad Sua saukuneebs miekuTvnos. saqaria (tab. III-2) – mdebareobs, zemoT aRweril nacixvarTan arsebuli mcire tbis Crdilo-dasavleT napirze, zRvis donidan 950 m-ze. Aaq, tbisken daqanebul, niaRvrebiT daxramul ferdobze, erT-erTi naRvareviT gaSiSvlebul napirSi, kargad Canda naxSiris CanarTebis Semcveli didi zomis ormos Sevseba; naRvarevis ayolebaze arsebuli terasis daTvalierebisas dadasturda Txeli, nacriani kulturuli fena. iqve zedapirulad aikrifa mcire raodenobiT kaJi, Zlier Sladi Savpriala Tixis WurWlis fragmentebi da zoomorfuli yuri.Aam masalis safuZvelze, winaswarulad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqme gvaqvs gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis dazianebul namosaxlarTan. korvaSis mTa – mdebareobs soflebs Oorxvsa da dRnorisas Soris. misi qedis umetesi nawili dafarulia didi zomis, karstuli warmoSobis ZabrebiT. am qedze aqa-iq gvxvdeboda adgilobrivi, TeTri kaJis usaxo anatkecebi. mxolod erT adgilze Segvxvda xorcisferi kaJis ori iaraRi: didi zomis lamela da gverdis safxeki (qvis xana). derCis nacixvari – mdebareobs sof. zemo derCis zeda boloSi. igi warmodgenilia fuZemde morRveuli, wriuli galavniTGda Zlier dangreuli koSkiT, romelic iseve, rogorc galavani kiris gamoyenebiT aris nagebi. es nacixvari, zemoT ukve aRwerilisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom misi koSkis SemorCenili kuTxe ar aris momrgvalebuli, marTia. koSkis SemorCenili nawilis simaRle 6 metrs aRwevs da rogorc Cans, orsarTuliani mainc unda yofiliyo. boyervanis namosaxlari (tab. IV-3) – mdebareobs zRvis donidan 300 m-ze, sof. derCidan onWeiSSi mimavali gzis im monakveTze, romelic yofili meqvenis kolmeurneobis gamgeobis Senobis gadaswvriv mdebareobs, rionis marcxena napirze. mis qveS aris baritis mitovebuli maRaro. kulturuli fenis povna gagviadvila moxnulma nakveTma, romelzec aikrifa Savpriala vardisfersarCuliani, aseve wiTlad da nacrisfrad gamomwvari Tixis WurWlis natexebi; garda amisa, masalidan aRsaniSnavia riyis qvis sasres-sanayebi, kaJis damuSavebuli anatkecebi da brinjaos widis mcire marcvlebi. kulturuli fenis simZlavre ar aRemateba 0.60m-s da moxnul nawilze dazianebulia. lexidris nacixvari (tab. II-2, III-4) – mdebareobs rionTan, misi marcxena Senakadis md. lexidaris SeerTebis adgilas arsebul maRal koncxze. am adgilis nacixvarobas adasturebs koncxis ferdobze gafantuli riyis qvebisa da Tixis WurWlis natexebis arseboba. koncxis zeda nawilSi arsebul mci-

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re, safexurisebur gavakebaze dadasturda 0.50 m. sisqis kulturuli fena. akrefili keramikis nawili nacixvaris Tanadrouli, anu Sua saukuneebis unda iyos, meore nawili ki - SesaZloa ufro adreulic. am mcire gavakebis zemoT, koncxis Txemis Znelad misadgom nawilSi SemorCenilia qviTkiris kedlis mcire fragmenti. soRoreTi – mdebareobs sof. melekuras Crdilo-dasavleTiT, mTis Txemze (md. rionis marjvena mxares).Aaq, wvimiT gadarecxil adgilebSi, zedapirze ikrifeba Tixis WurWlis fragmentebi. imave Txemze, romelic melekuras xevsa da rions Soris mdebareobs, Segvxvda Zlieri cecxliT dawiTlebuli qvis grovebi da wida.Mmasala imdenad usaxuria, rom misi zogadi qronologiuri gansazRvrac ki ver xerxdeba. mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom mosaxleobaSi am adgilas adamianis saxlobis Sesaxeb gadmocema ar Semonaxula. sof. qoreniSi (tab. II-1) – mdebareobs md. rionsa da xvamlis mTas Soris. aq, asaTianis karmidamoSi, wawvetebul kldeze, aRmarTulia gegmaSi wriuli koSki, romelic warmoadgens ormagi galavnis mqone, sakmaod didi safortifikacio kompleqsis nawils (Sua saukuneebi). sof. vani – mdebareobs sof. meqvenasa da xvamlis masivs Soris. am soflebis damakvSirebeli, saurme gzis Sua nawilSi, did `qvaze~ (albaT ufro did lodze. leCxumSi sityva lodis naclad - qvas xmaroben) SemorCenilia nagebobaTa mTeli kompleqsi. qvis kides Semosdevs kirze dawyobili fleTili qvis galavani. mis SigniT mdebareobs Sirimis (spontios) Tlili qviT nagebi patara darbazuli eklesia da sanaxevrod miwis qveS gakeTebuli, TaRiani saZvale-akldamebi. Zegli Zlier aris dazianebuli. Mmisi gaTxra ucdiaT adgilobriv mxareTmcodneebs, magram sabednierod, isini droze SeuCerebiaT. Zegli Tavisi xasiaTiT kacxis svetis kategorias SeiZleba miekuTvnos. igi saWiroebs gawmendas, konservaciasa da dacvas. bJonari (tab. III-5, IV-6) – warmoadgens mdinarispira terasas, romelic sof. melekuras qvemoT mdebareobs, oRond rionis marcxena napirze, zRvis donidan 300 m-ze.Aam terasis nawilze Cais plantacia iyo gaSenebuli, nawili ki – wvril tyes eWira. daTvalierebisas sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeboda adamianis naxelavi: nacrisferi, TeTri da xorcisferi kaJis amorfuli da lamelis ti pis anatkecebi, magram arc erT maTgans ar etyoba arc gamoyenebis da arc damuSavebis kvali. iqve aRmoCnda erTaderTi Tixis WurWlis yuri. mTeli masala Cais plantaciis teritoriaze iqna mopovebuli, sadac kulturuli fena moxvniT aris darRveuli.Aamitom ar aris gamoricxuli, rom dauzianebeli fena tyian nawilSi iyos gadarCenili. nalofinevi (tab. IV-4) – mdebareobs sof. benTqoulas ukan aRmarTuli grZeli qedis zeda nawilSi. am adgilze migviTiTes e.w. `korRnebi~, magram dazvervisas maTi aRmoCena ar moxerxda (`korRans~ aq eZaxian savargulebis erTmaneTisagan gasamijnad gakeTebul ormoebs, romlebSic cecxls anTeben da Semdeg, nakverCxlebs miwis dayriT aqroben ise, rom ormo naxSiriT Sevsebuli rCeba). qedze daSvebisas tyian Txemze vi poveT erTi riyis qva, romel-

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sac sagangebod aqvs kideebi atkecili da Zalian miagavs qveda paleoliTur iaraRs. amiT razmma daamTavra samuSaoebi rionis xeobaSi da 22 maiss gadavida cagerSi, cxeniswylis xeobaSi. cageris mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi gavecaniT, varlam goleTianis mier sof. nakuraleSidan Camotanili, eneoliTuri(?), gaxexil-gaprialebuli qvis iaraRebis koleqcias. amis Semdeg, sof. nakuraleSSi davzvereT is adgilebi, sadac adgilobrivebis TqmiT v. goleTiani agrovebda koleqcias, magram `nafuZrebisa~ da `yoris yanebis~ dazvervas sasurveli Sedegi ar moucia; mcire raodenobiT aikrifa wiTlad gamomwvari, zogjer savarcxlis StampiT ornamentirebuli keramikis fragmentebi (tab. III-3). iqve, xevSi ki, akrefil iqna Carecxili ramdenime kaJis anatkeci da oriode Tixis WurWlis fragmenti. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq mopovebul lamelisebur anatkecebs etyoba gamoyenebis kvali, Tumca maTze retuSi ar SeimCneva (tab. IV-2). saqorias gora (tab. III-3), sof. nakuraleSSi (zRvis donidan 1.100 m.), ufro saintereso gamodga.Mmis ferdobebze, antikuri xanisa da ramdenadme mogviano periodis Tixis WurWlis fragmentebTan erTad, Cndeboda nacrisferi da xorcisferi kaJis anatkec-anamtvrevebi da lameliseburi iaraRebi, romlebsac calmxrivi retuSiT aqvT gverdebi damuSavebuli. iqve aRmoCnda ramdenime riyis qvis natexi, gaprialebis kvaliT. saqorias goris ferdobis Sua nawilis gayolebaze, sami Surfi amoviReT, amaTagan mxolod #1 –SiNaRmoCnda keramikuli masala. N jvari – wiTeli kaJis sabado. mdebareobs sof. nakuraleSidan xvamlis mTaze mimaval gzaze. adgilobrivebis TqmiT - axlomaxlo soflebidan, aq ukanasknel dromde dadiodnen kaJis wasaRebad. Ajvarze Cven ar Segvxvedria adamianis naxelavi kaJis iaraRi, an anatkeci. safiqrebelia, rom Cven droSi, aqaur kaJs, kevrSi Casamagrebel qvebad, `koxebad~ iyenebdnen. xvamlis mTa. jvaridan xvamlis teleanZisken mimaval gzaze vi poveT samkuTxa moyvanilobis, mustieuri wvetana; Tavad xvamlze ki, Segvxvda TeTri kaJis anatkecze damzadebuli, qvis xanis ramdenime iaraRi, miuxedavad arqeologiuri masalis simcirisa, karstuli ZabrebiT mdidar xvamlis mTaze, gamoricxuli ar aris, momavalSi paleoliTeli monadireebis banakic aRmoCndes (tab. IV-5). xvamlis eklesia - xvamlis masivis Crdilo-dasavleT kidesTan, sagangebod momzadebul baqanze, dgas darbazuli eklesia. misi gadaxurva mxolod absidazeRaa SemorCenili. taZris CrdiloeTiT kargad Cans aTamde nagebobis nangrevebi (monasteri?). am yvelafers Semovlebuli aqvs fleTili qvis, yoris dabali zRude. bosela - mdebareobs sof. nakuraleSidan oyureSisaken mimaval gzaze (zRvis donidan 1500m.) iq, sadac xvamlis masivze asasvleli gza iwyeba da mcire tbaa gaCenili. Ees adgili mdinareebis rionisa da cxeniswylis wyalgamyofze mdebareobs, laxefis xevis saTavesTan da mcire terasebis msgavsi velebisagan Sedgeba.Aam adgilebSi mewyeric icis, rac aZnelebs Zeglis ram-

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denamde miaxloebiTi suraTis dadgenas. Aaqac, iseve rogorc adgil jvarTan, aris saiaraRe kaJis gamosavlebi; oRond aqauri kaJi kremisferi an movardisfro-nacrisferia. zedapirze gabneul mravalricxovan sxvadasxva formis anatkecebs Soris Warbobs lameliseburi anatkecebi, romlebic, iseve rogorc sxvebi – daumuSavebelia. am masalis mixedviT Znelia Zeglis asakisa da xasiaTis gansazRvra, magram SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT saxe losno-sadgomis arseboba. amgvar varauds amayarebs isic, rom masalas ar etyoba gamoyenebis kvali, xolo #2 SurfSi aRmoCnda kvamlisferi obsidianis mikrolamelis bolo, damuSavebis kvaliT (tab. IV-1). rogorc Surfebis profilebSi dafiqsirebuli suraTi gviCvenebs, kulturuli fena Txelia da mTlianad Camorecxili. amitom SeuZlebelia raimes kategoriulad mtkiceba. Tumca obieqti metad sainteresoa da ufro farTo masStabis dazverviTma samuSaoebma SesaZloa gagvarkvios mis xasiaTSi. uJnari (tab. III-6) – ase eZaxian im adgils, romelic sof. kenaSidan aRmosavleTiT 1 km-ze mdebareobs.Ees adgili pedagog aleqsandre Cxetianis rCeviT davaTvaliere. masM am adgilSi, miwis damuSavebis dros, marmariloseburi qanisgan damzadebuli CaquCi upovia, romelsac meore mxare wawvetebuli da Sua nawili gaxvretili hqonia taris gasayrelad (samwuxarod es saintereso iaraRi dakargulia). rogorc aRmoCnda, mTeli uJnari namosaxlars warmoadgens, razec keramikuli masalis siuxve migviTiTebs. iqve aris adgili, romelsac naqalaqevs eZaxian. im adgilas, rogorc gadmogvces, widebsac pouloben, rac samWedlos Tu samWedloebis arsebobaze unda migvaniSnebdes. `nasaxlari~ (tab. V) – garegnuli monacemebis mixedviT es obieqti didi zomis dasakrZalav nagebobas unda warmoadgendes. igi mdebareobs cageris raionis sof. Sua aRvze samxreT-dasavleTidan modgmuli mTis ferdobis qveda nawilze da umetesad dafarulia Camonarecxi naSali qaniT. aRniSnulis gamo Wirs misTvis yorRanis darqmeva. Tumca, velze am ti pis nageboba uTuod yorRanad CaiTvleboda. amitom mas, pirobiTad, rogorc yorRans ise movixsenieb. yorRanis yrili Sedgeba fleTili qvebis, miwisa da RorRisagan. igi, rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, ferdobze mdebareobis gamo, Zneli SesamCnevia, radgan misi amoburculoba Camorecxilma miwa-RorRma dafara. mas qva-miwis yrilis kidesTan Semosdevs wiTeli, ayalo miwis (Tixis) sartyeli, romelic araTanabrad aris gamomwvari. is gansakuTrebiT aris gamomwvari sqeli filebiT dawyobiliDdromosis(?) wina baqanze, ayaloTi Sevsebul, rkalurad amoRebul TxrilSi.Ees mkveTrad gamoyofs dedaqanisgan, Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken mimarTul, dromoss. dromosis saxuravi filis zomebia – 0.80X0.60X0.16 m garda aRwerili konstruqciis detalebisa TxrilSi sxva masala ar aRmoCenila, ris gamoc TariRze verafers vambobT. vinaidan sadazvervo razmis statusi da mivlinebis miwuruli Txrilis gadidebis saSualebas ar iZleoda, saTanado fiqsaciis Semdeg, is amoyrili miwiT iqna Sevsebuli. daTvaniSi – namosaxlari (tab. VI, VII). rogorc saxeli gveubneba, adgili sadac namosaxlari mdebareobs daTvanebis sagvareulos warmomadgenels

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ekuTvnoda. is mdebareobs sof. qveda cageris Crdilo-dasavleTiT 3 km-ze, sof. saleTodianodan ki - aRmosavleTiT 1 km-ze. am saxeliT cnobil patara mTis wversa da mis samxreT-aRmosavleT ferdobze mdebareobs damewyrili namosaxlari. aq zedapirulad akrefil keramikul masalaSi, romelic daaxloebiT Zv.w. IX-VII saukuneebs SeiZleba ekuTvnodes, aRmoCnda meomris gamosxulebiani fragmenti. Savpriala WurWlis am fragmentze, romlis nacrisferi kecic qarsis wvril minarevebs Seicavs da aSkarad adgilobrivi warmoebisaa, maRali reliefiT aris Sesrulebuli meomris gamosaxuleba. mebrZol meomars, marjvena xeliT, wveriT win mimarTuli maxvili SeumarTavs Tavs zemoT; Tavze, muzaradisebri, TavboloakauWebuli, wvetiani liTonis(?) saburavi axuravs, tanze ki abjari (jaWvi?) acvia; abjari e.w. savarcxlis kbiliseburi Stampis gamoyenebiT aris gadmocemuli; meomris saxe, ise rogorc tani, profilSia mocemuli; gamosaxuleba eqspresiulia, rasac xazs usvams zomaze ramdenadme didi da gadmokarkluli Tvali. fragmentis zomis mixedviT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom saSualoze didi zomis WurWlis muclis zeda nawilze, meomari mowinaaRmdegis pirispir unda yofiliyo gamosaxuli. Sejamebis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom amjerad razmis mier ver iqna aRmoCenili miwaTmoqmedebis sawyisi etapis Zegli. Tumca, Cvens mier 22 punqtze mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom leCxumSi SedarebiT xSiria qvis xanis, ganviTarebuli rkinisa da antikuri xanis masalis aRmoCenis SemTxvevebi, magram, bunebrivia, yvelaze xSirad mainc Sua saukuneebis arqiteqturis obieqtebi gvxvdeboda. Mmikvleuli punqtebidan gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos samZimiisa da daTvaniSis namosaxlarebi, sadac kulturuli fena didi raodenobiTac Seicavs arqeologiur masalas da samSeneblo struqturebis arsebobac SeiniSneba. raRa Tqma unda, sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs daTvaniSis namosaxlarze napovni, adgilobrivi TixiT da teqnologiiT damzadebuli, Savpriala zedapiris mqone Tixis WurWlis fragmenti, mebrZoli meomris reliefiT, romelsac saqarTvelos masalebSi analogi ar moepoveba. daTvaniSis namosaxlarTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom igi moqmedi mewyeris Sedegad aris dazianebuli da misi Seswavla gadarCeniTi gaTxrebis CatarebiT Zalze saSuricaa da mosalodneli aRmoCenebis TvalsazrisiT perspeqtiulic. amiT razmma daamTavra samuSaoebi, romlis drosac gamudmebiT grZnobda leCxumelebis mxardaWeras da stumarTmoyvareobas...,…… didi madloba maT yvelafrisTvis.

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Giorgi Mindiashvili Georgian National Museum, (Georgia, Tbilisi) For the Archaeological Study of Lechkhumi Summary In 1979, the group of archaeologists of Chalcolith-Early Bronze research department of the Center of Archaeological Studies (Georgian Academy of Sciences) worked in one of provinces of Georgia, Lechkhumi (Rioni and Tskenistskali gorges). According to the material obtained at 22 sites of Lechkhumi, we can say that the discovery of materials belonging to Stone Age, Developed Iron and Classical periods are relatively frequent. The Samdzimiis Gora and Datvanishi settlements should be especially noted, where cultural layers contain a large amount of archaeological material and the presence of construction structures is also observed. Of special interest is the fragment of clay vessel with a black-polished surface made of local clay and technology with the relief depiction of a warrior (fig.VII) from Datvanishi settlement, which has no analogies in Georgian Material. It should be noted that the Datvanishi settlement was damaged during the landslide. Conducting of rescue excavations at this site is very important and also promising in terms of expected discoveries.

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tabulebis aRweriloba: I. 1. samZimiis gora, sof. dRnorisa; 2. `nacixvari~, sof. derCsa da dRnorisas TavSi, samZimiis gorasTan; II. 1. koSki, sof. qoreniSi; 2. lexidari, `nacixvari~; III. 1. keramikuli masala da rkinis namgali (17) samZimiis goridan, sof. dRnorisa; 2. masala saqariis namosaxlaridan, sof. derCi; 3. keramika da brinjaos samajuris fragmenti (4) sof. nakuraleSidan; 4. keramika lexidris nacixvaridan (1-7); 5. keramika bJonaridan (1,2); 6. Zvlis kviristavi (1) da keramika uJnaridan; IV. 1. kaJisa da obsidianis (SuaSi) masala boseladan; 2. kaJis masala sof. nakuraleSidan da boyervanidan (3) sof. derCTan; 4. qva anatkecebis kvaliT (negativebiT) nalofinevidan; 5. kaJis iaraRebi xvamlis mTidan; 6. kaJis masala bJonaridan; V. yorRanis dromosis msgavsi konstruqcia sadazvervo Txrilidan, adgili `nasaxlari~, sof. Sua aRvi (foto, gegma da Wrili); VI. namosaxlari daTvaniSi, xedi sof. qveda cageridan, samxreT-aRmosavleTidan; keramikuli masala namosaxlar daTvaniSidan; VII. Tixis WurWlis fragmenti meomris reliefuri gamosaxulebiT (foto da grafika), daTvaniSi, namosaxlari. sof. qveda cageri. cageris municipaliteti. Illustrations: I. 1. “Samdzimiis gora”, v. Dgnorisa; 2. “Natsikhvari” (former fortress), near the “Samdzimiis gora”, at the beginning of villages Derchi and Dgnorisa; II. 1. Tower, the v. Qorenishi; 2. Lekhidari, “Natsikhvari” (former fortress); III. 1. Pottery and iron sickle (17) Samdzimiis gora, the v. Dgnorisa; 2. The material from Saqaria settlement, the v. Derchi; 3. Pottery and the fragment of bronze bracelet (4)from the v. Nakuraleshi; 4. Pottery from Lekhidari “Natsikhvari” (former fortress) (1-7); 5. Pottery from Bjhonari (1,2); 6. Bone spindle-weight (1) and pottery from Ujhnari; IV. 1. Flint and obsidian (in the middle) material from Bosela; 2. Flint material from the v. Nakuraleshi and Bokervani (3) near the v. Derchi; 4. The stone with traces of flake (photo negatives) from Nalopinevi; 5. Flint tools from Khvamli mountain; 6. Flint material from Bjhonari; V. The Kurgan Dromos-like constructon from the trial trench, place ” Nasakhlari”, the v. Shua Aghvi (photo, plan and section); VI. Datvanishi settlement, view from the v. Qveda Tsageri, from SE; Pottery from Datvanishi settlement; VII. The fragment of clay vessel with the relief depiction of a warrior (photo, drawing), Datvanishi settlement, the v. Qveda Tsageri, Tsageri municipality.

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daviT mindoraSvili, biZina murvaniZe, giorgi gogoWuri saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

arqeologiuri Ziebani marneulis municipalitetSi (winaswaruli Sedegebi) saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis saxelobis arqeologiuri kvlevebis institutis eqspediciam (xelmZR. b. murvaniZe) 2020 wlis martSi dazverviTi samuSaoebi Caatara marneulis munici palitetSi md. mtkvris marjvena napiris CayolebiT rva obieqtze iq, sadac ss ges `saqrusenergo~-s dagegmili hqonda maRali Zabvis eleqtrogadamcemi xazebisaTvis anZebis aRmarTva. sadazvervo samuSaoebi iTvaliswinebda anZebis mSeneblobis adgilebze SesaZlo arqeologiuri obieqtebis gamovlenas da samomavlod maT Seswavlas. eqspediciam velze muSaobis dros ramdenime adgilas daadastura arqeologiuri obieqtis arseboba iq gaWrili sadazvero Txrilebis meSveobiT (tab. I). Txrilebidan momdinare arqeologiuri masala sxvadasxva epoqas ganekuTvneba. qvemo qarTlis es monakveTi arqeologiurad dRemde Seswavlili ar aris, Tu ar CavTvliT 2011 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris eqspediciis mier Catarebul samuSaoebs (xelmZR. g. gogoWuri). amitom, winamdebre statiaSi axlad gamovlenili obieqtebis da iq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalis winaswaruli Seswavlis Sedegebi warmovadgineT. eqspediciam savele-saZiebo samuSaoebi daiwyo sof. ilmazlos maxloblad, im teritoriaze, sadac erTmaneTis gverdiT unda daidgas maRali Zabvis gadamcemi ori anZa (tab. I1). teritoria warmoadgens mtkvris marjvena napiris SemaRlebul borcvze mikvleuli mravalfeniani namosaxlaris uSualo gagrZelebas. 2011 wels Catarebuli gaTxrebisas borcvze gamovlinda eqvsi sxvadasxva epoqis kulturuli fena, romelTagan jerjerobiT yvelaze adreulia Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebiT daTariRebuli sakurTxeveli da sameurneo ormo; Semdeg modis rkinis farTo aTvisebis xanis samarxi. momdevno qronologiuri jgufis samarxebi da ormoebi miekuTvneba antikur xanas; Semdgomi periodis (II-III ss) obieqti warmodgenilia sasaxliT; VIVII ss-s ganekuTvneba ramdenime samarxi; aqve gvxvdeba Sua saukuneebis namosaxlari mravalricxovani ormoebiT1. samSeneblo farTobi - borcvi, uSualod esazRvreba 2011 wels gaTxril monakveTs da mas gabatonebuli adgili ukavia irgvliv arsebul vrcel teritoriaze (tab. I1). borcvze arqeologiuri obieqtis gavrcelebis sazR1. giorgi gogoWuri, nino kalandaZe, mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi marneulis munici palitetis teritoriaze, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, t. IV (49-b), (Tbilisi. 2013), 21.

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vrebisa da kulturuli fenebis simZlavris dasadgenad, rva saZiebo Txrili gaiWra namosaxlaris aRmosavleT ferdobsa da mis Txemze (tab. I1). borcvis Txemze gakeTebul #1 TxrilSi gamovlinda alizis daSlili naSTebi, romelTac cecxlis kvali emCneva. aqve gaiwminda wriulganivkveTiani Zelis (diametri 0,16-0,17 m) naSTi (tab. IV1). samxreT-dasavleT kuTxesTan aRmoCnda riyis qvebisgan Sedgenili kedeli2 (tab. IV1). 0,60 m siRrmeze ki gamovlinda aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze damxrobili ormosamarxi #193. samarxis nawili gauTxrel farTobSi Sedis. micvalebuli esvena zurgze gaSotili, TaviT dasavleTiT. ConCxis mxolod nawili gaiwminda (tab. IV1). micvalebuli qristianuli wesiTaa dakrZaluli da Sesabamisad is Sua saukuneebis samarxi unda iyos. samarxs CaWrili aqvs ufro adreuli namosaxlaris fena. nawilobriv gawmendis Semdeg, samarxi isev miwiT daifara. samarxis ormos SevsebaSi aRmoCnda qvevris piris natexi, romelzec amoRaruli iyo gaurkveveli niSani (tab. VII11, X1). cxadia, artefaqti samarxze adreulia. TxrilSi mikvleuli masalis umravlesoba keramikuli nawarmia, romelSic gvxvdeba Rariani da brtyeli kramitis, qvevris, dergis natexebi da sxv. aqve aRmoCnda qvis sxvadasxva zomis sanay-sasresebi. #2 Txrilis aRmosavleT nawilSi 0,40-0,55 m siRrmeze gamovlinda oTxi uinventaro samarxi (tab. IV2). samarxi #20 aRmoCnda Txrilis CrdiloeT kidesTan. 4-5 wlis bavSvi daukrZalavT zurgze, TaviT dasavleTiT4 (tab. IV2). samarxi #21 Txrilis amave nawilSi aRmoCnda. 3-4 wlis micvalebuli dakrZaluli iyo aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze damxrobil mogrZo ovalur ormoSi5. micvalebuli esvena zurgze, TaviT dasavleTiT (tab. IV2). samarxi #22 aRmoCnda Txrilis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxesTan. warmoadgens aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze damxrobil sworkuTxa ormos6, romelSic aRmoCnda daaxloebiT erTi wlis micvalebulis neknis ori fragmenti (tab. IV2). samarxi #23 gamovlinda #22 samarxidan CrdiloeTiT 0,50 m-is daSorebiT. aq dafiqsirda 4-5 wlis bavSvis Tavis qala (tab. IV2). samarxi ormos da ConCxis nawili Txrilis gareT gadis. TxrilSi gaiwminda wriuli moyvanilobis (diametri 0,35-0,38 m, siRrme 0,30 m) ormo da riyis qvebiT Sedgenili kedlis fragmenti (tab. IV2). aqve aRmoCnda adreuli da ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis Tixis WurWlis (qvevrebis, doqebis, qoTnebis) da qvis sanayebis fragmentebi. #3 Txrilis samxreT-dasavleT kuTxeSi, 1 m sigrZeze samkuTxediseburad gamoikveTa damwvari fena (tab. V1). Txrilis dasavleT kidesTan 0,45 m siRrmeze aRmoCnda samarxi #24. aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze damxrobil mogrZo ovalur ormoSi7 marjvena gverdze esvena daaxloebiT 1-2 wlis bavSvi (tab. 2. kedlis xiluli sigrZea 1 m, sigane 0,30 m, simaRle 0,13-0,15 m. 3. samarxebi agrZelebs 2011 wels gaTxrili samarxebis numeracias. samarxis siRrme 0,40 m-ia, sigane 0,45 m, xiluli sigrZe 1,40 m. 4. samarxi ormos zomebi _ sigrZe 0,60 m, sigane 0,30 m, siRrme 0,35 m. 5. samarxi ormos zomebi _ sigrZe 0,60 m, sigane 0,30 m, siRrme 0,15 m. 6. samarxi ormos zomebi _ sigrZe 0,45 m, sigane 0,30 m, siRrme 0,20 m. 7. dasakrZalavi ormos sigrZea 0,50 m, sigane _ 0,20 m.

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V1). Txrilis mTel farTobze Cndeboda keramikis natexebi, qvis sanay-sasresebi da obsidianis anatkecebi. #4 Txrilis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxesTan aRmoCnda bavSvis Tavis qala _ samarxi #25 (tab. V2). Cans, micvalebuli dakrZaluli iyo aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze. samarxis didi nawili Txrilis gareT gadis. TxrilSi sxvadasxva simaRleze aRmoCenili masalis umravlesoba keramikaa. aqvea mikvleuli baTqaSis natexebi, qvis sanayebi da wvrilfexa saqonlis Zvlebi. # 5-8 TxrilebSi gamovlinda nacrovan-naxSirovani fena, sadac gaiwminda ormo da riyis qvebisgan Sedgenili kedlis nawili (tab. VI1-4). TxrilebSi aRmoCnda Tixis WurWlisa da kramitis natexebi. rogorc mosalodneli iyo, yvela TxrilSi gamovlinda sxvadasxva periodis kulturuli fenebi, namosaxlaris naSTebisa da samarxebis saxiT. cxadia, aq saqme gvaqvs did teritoriaze ganfenil erTsa da imave mravalfenian namosaxlarTan. namosaxlaris kulturuli fenebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, jer kidev 2011 wels iqna Seswavlili8. inventaris ar arsebobis gamo samarxTa daTariReba Wirs. rac Seexeba saZiebo TxrilebSi gamovlenil artefaqtebs, isini sxvadasxva periodisaa. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris masalebs Soris gvxvdeba pirgaSlili, dabalyeliani qoTnebi, romelTagan zogierTi Semkulia amoRaruli xazebiTa da iribi naWdevebiT (tab. VII1, X2)9. elinisturi periodis artefaqtebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: qvevrebis da dergebis natexebi (tab. VII2-3, X3-4), TeTri angobis zolebiTa da wiTeli saRebaviT moxatuli qoTnebi (tab. VII4-7, X5-7). TeTrangobiani dakeWnilsartyliani WurWeli (tab. VII8,X8), pirmoyrili da yuriani jamebi (tab. VII9-10,X9-10) da sxv. gvianantikur xanas miekuTvneba moCalisfrod gamomwvari yelwiboiani doqebi (tab. VII12,X11). maTgan zogierTze wiTlad SeRebvis kvalia SemorCenili (tab. VII13,X12). adreuli Sua saukuneebis masalidan aRsaniSnavia Calisferkeciani da mowiTalod gamomwvari xeladebi, luTeriebi, brtyelpiriani jamebi, pirmoyrili qoTnebi, Rariani da brtyeli kramitebi (tab. VII14-24,X13-23) XII-XIII ss-s ganekuTvneba dakeWnili sartylebiT pirSemkuli qvevrebi (tab. VII25-26,X24-25), qoTnebi, qoTnis sarqveli (tab. VII27-29, X26-28), doqebi (tab. VII30, X29) da sxv. TxrilebSive aRmoCnda qvis sxvadasxva formis salesavebi (tab. VII31-32). Semdegi ubani, sadac gaTvaliswinebulia kidev ori anZis dadgma, mdebareobs ilmazlos borcvebidan samxreTiT md. mtkvris marjvena napiris farTod gaSlil velze (tab. I2, II1). TxrilebSi sxvadasxva siRrmeze gamovlinda antikuri xanis keramikuli nawarmi. masala ufro meti raodenobiT aRmoCnda sakvlevi teritoriis dasavleT nawilSi gaWril TxrilebSi, romlis aRmosavleTiT SemaRlebul terasaze dafiqsirebulia antikuri xanis namosaxlari. 8. gogoWuri, kalandaZe, mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi, 18-65; giorgi gogoWuri, antikuri xanis masalebi marneulis munici palitetidan, iberia-kolxeTi, #15, (Tbilisi. 2019), 107-141. 9. grafikuli tabulebi da masalis Canaxatebi Sesrulebulia T. saxvaZis mier.

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ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRniSnuli artefaqtebi arsebuli obieqtidan iyos Camorecxili. ilmazlos velze mxolod antikuri xanis artefaqtebi gvxvdeba. TxrilebSi ar Cans arqeologiuri struqturebi. Tumca, sayuradReboa masala, romelTagan gamoirCeva: sxvadasxva qvevris pirebisa da yel-gverdis natexebi (tab. VII33-37, XI1-3); TeTri angobiT moxatuli keramika (tab. VII38, XI4); wiTlad moxatuli WurWeli (tab. VII39-41, XI5-7); wiTlad SeRebil-naprialebi (tab. VIII1-5,XI8-12),Tu mqisezedapiriani jam-fialebi (tab. VIII6-8,XI13-15); moCalisfrod gamomwvari qoTnebi (tab. VIII9-10, XI16-17); riyis qvis mogrZo sales-saprialebeli (tab. VII42, XI18); sar-lastis anabeWdiani Tixis natexi (tab. VIII11) da sxv. orive°ubanze gamovlenil antikuri xanis arqeologiur masalas mravlad moepoveba analogebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos Zv.w. IV-II ss-is Zeglebze. wiTlad moxatuli keramikuli nawarmi cnobilia: aragvis xeobidan10, ufliscixidan11, samadlodan12, cixiagoradan13, mcxeTidan14, qvemo qarTlidan15 da sxv. Zv.w. IV-III ss-is arqeologiur Zeglebze aseve mravlad gvxvdeba TeTri angobis zolebiT moxatuli keramikis nimuSebi (ufliscixe, Savsaydara I-II, abulmugi, cixiagora, kuSCi, eco, kamaraxevi, asureTi, Tbilisi, norio da sxv.)16. saintereso masalebi iqna mikvleuli sof. pirvel qesaloSi, md. mtkvris marjvena napiris maRali flatis piras (tab. I3, II2). aRniSnul teritoriaze saZiebo samuSaoebis dawyebamde, flatis WrilSi miwis zedapiridan 2 m siRrmeze Tavidanve Canda 0,20-0,30 m simZlavris damwvari kulturuli fena (tab. II4). Wrilis gawmendisas masSi aRmoCnda lega feris qoTnebis natexebi, 10. aragvis xeobaSi. (Tbilisi. 1983.), tab. XX1; ramin ramiSvili da sxv. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis arqeologiuri eqspedicia, savele-arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba 1989-1992 wlebSi (mokle angariSebi). (Tbilisi. 2004), 98. 11. daviT xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe II, 1963-1969 ww. arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. (Tbilisi. 1970), tab. XLI. 12. Юлон Гагошидзе, Самадло (каталог археологического материала). (Тбилиси. 1981), tab. IX105,106, XIII207,221, XXV318,324-326, XXVI331,333,334. 13. Гиорги Цкитишвили и др. Итоги работ Кавтисхевской археологической экспедиции, Полевые археологические исследования в 1975 году. (Тбилиси. 1979), tab. XXXII, XXXIII. 14. TaTarxan jRarkava, kamaraxevis samarovani, Zv. w. IV-III ss-is samarxeuli kompleqsebi, katalogi, mcxeTa VI, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi (Tbilisi. 1982), kat. #1053, 1094. 15. giorgi lomTaTiZe, arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba algeTisa da ivris xeobebSi. (Tbilisi. 1989), tab. X194; soso marRiSvili, goderZi narimaniSvili, algeTis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. (Tbilisi. 2004), tab. LVIII, CLXXXVII. 16. xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe, tab.2, LIV2; Николай Тушишвили и др. Археологическая экспедиция Алгетского ущелья, Полевые археологические исследования в 1984-85 гг., (Тбилиси. 1987), 34-35; soso marRiSvili, antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi algeTis xeobidan (Tbilisi. 1992), 5152; Каха Кахиани, Археологические исследование Машаверского ущелья в 1984-86 гг., Полевые археологические исследования в 1986 г., (Тбилиси. 1991), 54, tab.133; vera Tolordava, dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi. 1983), 39, tab. XXXV5,9, XXXVI2, XXXVII1; iulon gagoSiZe, TrialeTis samarovnebi, katalogi, III. (Tbilisi. 1982), 52; vaxtang SatberaSvili, `qvemo qarTli Zv. w. IV-I saukuneebSi (arqeologiuri masalis mixedviT)~, sakandidato disertacia (Tbilisi. 2005), tab. XXXIX3-7; jRarkava, kamaraxevis samarovani, sur. 968, 1023, 1033; kiazo kviJinaZe, `adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan~, sakandidato disertacia. (Tbilisi. 1975), 24-32, tab. XII6, XVI2; giorgi gogoWuri da sxv. sof. gldani-norios monakveTze samSeneblo zonaSi gamovlenili antikuri xanis namosaxlarze (CH 453) 2018 wels Catarebuli savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis angariSi. (Tbilisi. 2019), tab. 128.

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romelTagan zogierTi Semkuli iyo iribi naWdevebis sartyeliT (tab. VIII12, XI19-21). aqve gamovlinda WurWlis zoomorfuli yuri (tab. VIII15, XI22), 14 agreTve legapriala tafismagvari WurWlis pir-yurisa da ZirdakeWnili WurWlis natexi (tab. VIII28-29,XII11-12). rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, flatis WrilSi, CamoTvlil artefaqtebTan erTad, mikvleul iqna satexis qvis yalibi, rac imis utyuari dasturia, rom namosaxlarze meliToneTa saxelosnoc yofila (tab. VIII27,XII10). zemoT aRwerili masalebis Tanadrouli artefaqtebi gamovlinda flatis kididan ramdenime metris daSorebiT gakeTebul #17 TxrilSi. Txrilis qveda fenebSi aRmoCnda lega-moSavo feris keramikuli nawarmi: sadRveblis natexi (tab. VIII16, XII1), amoRaruli xazebiT Semkuli dergebi (tab. VIII17-18 XII2-3), qoTnebi, jami da sxv. (tab. VIII19-26, XII4-9). sainteresoa yalibTan erTad mikvleuli ZirdakeWnili WurWeli (tab. VIII29, XII12). amgvari keramika sakmaod adreul xanaSi Cndeba da arsebobas didxans ganagrZobs. ZirdakeWnili WurWlis nimuSebi aRmoCenilia: cxinvalis nacargoraze17, ufliscixeSi (yaTlanixevi)18, xovles namosaxlarze (V-IV fenebi)19, mcxeTaSi20 da sxv. Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT daTariRebul Zeglebze mravlad gvxvdeba agreTve zoomorfulyuriani WurWelic. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa namosaxlarze gamovlenili satexis qvis yalibi. msgavsi yalibebi aRmoCenilia cxinvalis nacargoris II-III fenebSi, romelTa zedaATariRi Tavis droze ganisazRvra I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT21. Zv.w. IX-VIII ss-iT daTariRebuli satexis yalibi cnobilia qvemo qarTlidan (ganTiadis samarovani)22. qvemo qarTli mdidaria wiaRiseuliT, maT Soris spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebiT. am regionSi metalurgiis araerTi keraa dafiqsirebuli winaantikuri xanidan mokidebuli, vidre XIX s-is dasasrulamde23. sof. pirvel qesalosTan flatis WrilSi aRmoCenili yalibisa da mis siaxloves arsebuli Tixis TaRiseburi formis konstruqciis mixedviT, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom am dasaxlebul punqtSi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevrSi meliTonis saxelosno arsebula (tab. II2,4). namosaxlaris siaxloves misgan Crdilo-dasavleTiT, flatis Wrilis daTvalierebisas aRmoCnda kulturuli fenebi (tab. II3) da am fenidan Camorecxili artefaqtebi. maT Sorisaa sanelsacxeble (tab. VIII31,XII13), romelsac araerTi analogi moepoveba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos gvianantikuri xanis ganaTxar masalaSi _ zemo avWala, kldeeTi, urbnisi, samTavro, Jinvali, dedoflis gora, sadac 17. germane gobejiSvili, staliniris nacargora, mimomxilveli, t. II. 1951. 252, 268. 18. xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe II, 47, tab. XXI. 19. daviT musxeliSvili, xovles namosaxlaris arqeologiuri masala. (Tbilisi. 1978). tab. XXXVII392-61-N. 20. aleqsandre kalandaZe, mcxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi (uZvelesi droidan Zv. w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde), mcxeTa, t. IV, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. (Tbilisi. 1980). kat. #261, 282, 284. 21. gobejiSvili, staliniris nacargora, 250, 268-269, tab. VI2, XVII5. 22. gia avaliSvili, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi (Tbilisi. 1974), 39, 54. 23. devi berZeniSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan (qvemo qarTli), nakveTi I. (Tbilisi. 1979), 11-13.

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isini ZiriTadad I-II ss-iT TariRdeba24. amave teritoriaze napovnia samtuCa doqi25 (tab. VIII30). amgvari doqebi aRmoCenilia: urbnisSi, JinvalSi, mcxeTaSi, kamaraxevSi, diRmis xeobaSi, TbilisSi da sxv. isini zogadad I-III ss-iT TariRdeba26. sanelsacxeble da samtuCa doqi samarxebidan momdinareobs, rac am teritoriaze gvianantikuri xanis samarovnis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs. Sesabamisad, aqve axlomaxlo misi Tanadrouli namosaxlaricaa sagulisxmebeli. sof. pirveli qesalos ganapiras, mtkvrisa da algeTis SeerTebis siaxloves, mtkvrispira flatis Wrilis daTvalierebisas, miwis zedapiridan oriode metr siRrmeze dafiqsirda damwvar-danaxSirebuli kulturuli fenis naSTi, romelic sakmaod did manZilze gauyveba flates. Cans, mdinaris marjvena napiris gaswvriv mdebareobda kidev erTi nasaxlari (tab. II5). amave midamoebSi, algeTis marcxena napiris siaxloves Sua saukuneebis Senobis nangrevia. kedlebi nagebia riyis qviTa da aguriT kirxsnarze. Senoba araa eklesia an safortifikacio nageboba (cixe, koSki). savaraudod is saero daniSnulebis obieqti (sasaxle? qarvasla?) unda yofiliyo (tab. III1). sayuradRebo masalebi iqna mikvleuli sof. meore qesalos samxreTiT, mtkvris marjvena napiris maRali qarafis Txemze (tab. I4). aq qarafis WrilSi, daaxloebiT 0,80-1 m siRrmeze Cans alizis agurebiT naSeni nagebobebis naSTebi da kramitebis mravalricxovani fragmentebi (tab. III2). erT-erTi adgilobrivi mosaxlis cnobiT, am dasaxlebis aRmosavleT nawilSi, flatis piras, mdgara qva (stela?), romelic mtkvarSi gadaugdiaT. is mdinareSi dResac devs. imave pirovnebam eqspedicias gadmosca qvis ornamentirebuli natexebi, romlebic yvela niSnis mixedviT, stelis nawilebia (tab. IX). erT natexze gamosaxulia furclovani ornamenti (tab. IX1,3), romelic waagavs qvemo qarTlis adreuli, VI s-is stelebisaTvis (brdaZoris mcire stela, bolnisis stela da sxv.) damaxasiaTebel ornamentul saxeebs27. ueWvelia, es teritoria ekava adreuli Sua saukuneebis nasoflars, sadac rigi nagebobebi alizis aguriT yofila naSeni da kramitiT gadaxuruli. amrigad, md. mtkvris marjvena napiris gaswvriv Catarebuli dazverviTi samuSaoebis Sedegad eqspediciam aRmoaCina ramdenime arqeologiuri Zegli, romelTa qronologiuri diapazoni sakmaod farToa. 24. sergi makalaTia, 1920-1924 ww. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili zogierTi nekropolis daTa ri RebisaTvis, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. t. IV. 1928. tab. IX3; giorgi lomTaTiZe, kldeeTis samarovani. (Tbilisi. 1957), sur. 51; levan WilaSvili, naqalaqari urbnisi. (Tbilisi. 1964). 51, sur. 273; Михаил Иващенко, Самтаврские погребения первых трех веков н. э., Мцхета, т. 3. (Тбилиси. 1980), sur. 175; vera CixlaZe, Jinvalis samarovani. (Tbilisi. 2016). tab. IV186; mariam saginaSvili, minis WurWeli dedoflis goris sasaxlidan (ax. w. I s. qarTlis samefos sagareoekonomikuri kontaqtebisaTvis), Ziebani, #11. 2003, 86, tab. III1-2. 25. nivTi gagvacno sof. pirveli qesalos mcxovrebma r. mamedovma. 26. WilaSvili, urbnisi, tab. XIII1; CixlaZe, Jinvalis samarovani. tab. II186, VIII342, LXI420, LXII389; Иващенко, Самтаврские погребения. sur. 65; andria afaqiZe da sxv. mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1975 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi, mcxeTa, t. II. (Tbilisi. 1978), 44, sur. 230, 233; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, antikuri xanis Zeglebi diRmis xeobidan, saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I. (Tbilisi. 1978), 100, tab. 5771; domenti qoriZe, Tbilisis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, t. II. (Tbilisi. 1958). tab. XII14-15. 27. giorgi javaxiSvili, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli mcire qandakeba. (Tbilisi. 2014). 12-19.

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1. sof. ilmazlosTan arsebul mtkvrispira borcvze gamovlenili arqeologiuri obieqti (tab. I1) nawilia jer kidev 2011 wels aRmoCenili Zeg lisa, sadac dafiqsirda eqvsi sxvadasxva epoqis kulturuli fena, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli vidre Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT28. 2. sof. ilmazlosTan farTod gaSlil velze, saZiebo TxrilebSi aRmoCnda elinisturi xanis keramika, romelic aqve, SemaRlebul adgilze arsebuli nasaxlaris gagrZelebas unda warmoadgendes. aRniSnuli nasaxlaris arseboba jer kidev 2011 wels dafiqsirda (tab. I2, II1). 3. sof. pirvel qesalosTan, rogorc saZiebo TxrilebSi, ise flatis WrilSi arsebul kulturul fenaSi aRmoCnda keramikuli nawarmi, romelic Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevriT TariRdeba (tab. I3, II2,4, VIII12-26, 28-29, XII11-12). gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania aqve, flatis WrilSi, gaSiSvlebul kulturul fenaSi aRmoCenili satexis qvis yalibi (tab. VIII27, XII10). udavoa, rom pirvel qesalosTan gamovlenili kulturuli fenebis saxiT saqme gvaqvs qvemo qarTlis Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris dasaxlebasTan, sadac meliToneTa saxelosnoc unda arsebuliyo. 4. sof. pirveli qesalos siaxloves, flatis Wrilidan Camorecxili sanelsacxeble da doqi (tab. II3, VIII30-31, XII13), imaze metyvelebs, rom am midamoebSi I-III ss-is samarovani, mis axlomaxlo ki Tanadrouli nasaxlari arsebobda. 5. md. algeTisa da mtkvris SesarTavis siaxloves, mtkvris marjvena napirze flatis WrilSi mikvleul iqna damwvar-danaxSirebuli kulturuli fena, romelic namosaxlars ekuTvnis (tab. II5). am etapze nasaxlaris konkretuli TariRis gansazRvra ver xerxdeba. 6. amave midamoebSi, md. algeTis marcxena napirze dafiqsirda Sua saukuneebis mozrdili nagebobis nangrevi (tab. III1). 7. sof. meore qesalos ganapiras, samxreTiT, mdinarispira qarafis WrilSi gamovlinda aliziT nagebi da kramitiT gadaxuruli adreuli Sua saukuneebis Senobebis (nasoflaris) naSTi (tab. III2). amave nasoflaridan momdinareobs stelis natexebi (tab. IX). sakuTriv stela amJamad mtkvarSia gadagdebuli. amrigad, md. mtkvris marjvena napirze (samSeneblo zonaSi) eqspediciam daafiqsira Svidi arqeologiuri obieqti, romelTa qronologiuri diapazoni farToa. Zeglebis aseTi intensiuri ganlageba mtkvris marjvena napiris CayolebiT, SemTxveviTi araa. mtkvris marjvena napiris gaswvriv uZvelesi nasaxlarebis gaCena ganpirobebuli iyo am midamoebis didi ekonomikuri SesaZleblobebiT. dasaxlebuli punqtebis gaswvriv TandaTan formirdeboda gza, romelic Semdgom mniSvnelovan saerTaSoriso magistralad Camoyalibda. am gzis Sesaxeb ukve straboni aRniSnavda Tavis naSromSi _ `xolo armeniidan Semosasvleli aris mtkvris viwroebze da aragosisaze. vidre erTmaneTs SeerTvis es mdinareebi. im adgilas mdebareobs gamagrebuli qalaqebi kldeebze ... mtkvarze mdebareobs harmozike, xolo meoreze – sevsamora. am Semosasv28. gogoWuri, kalandaZe, mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi, 18-65.

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lelebiT pirvelad isargebla pompeusma, romelic armeniidan modioda, xolo amis Semdeg kanidiusma~29. rogorc vnaxeT, iberiaSi Semosasvleli erT-erTi gza swored mtkvris napirs miuyveboda. aseTi mniSvnelovani magistralis gaswvriv savsebiT bunebrivia sxvadasxva periodis nasaxlarebis simravle winaantikuri xanidan moyolebuli, Sua saukuneebis CaTvliT. gzis gaswvriv mdebare zemoT ganxiluli nasaxlarebi aqtiurad unda yofiliyo Cabmuli saerTaSoriso savaWro-ekonimikur da kulturul urTierTobebSi.

29. TinaTin yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia. (Tbilisi. 1957), 129.

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David Mindorashvili, Bidzina Murvanidze, Giorge Gogochuri Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi)

Archaeological Researches in Marneuli Municipality

Expedition of Otar Lortkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Researches of the National Museum of Georgia (head B. Murvanidze) carried out works in Marneuli municipality, on the right bank of the River Kura (Fig. I). The expedition revealed some archaeological sites. Back in 2011, at the village of Ilmazlo, on the elevated place, a multilayer archaeological site was excavated. The expedition revealed cultural layers of pre-Classical, Classical periods and Middle Ages (Fig. I1, IV, V, VI1-4, VII1-32). Near the village, on the wide-open field the expedition found the remnants of former settlement of the Hellenistic period (Fig. I2, II1, VII33-42, VIII1-11). In the vicinity of the village Pirveli Qesalo, in the trial trench, and in the section of steep coastline, pottery fragments were found, dating the former settlement to the first half of the first millennium B.C. (Fig. VIII13-26). A stone mold, found at the same site makes us to think that there should have been a metallurgical workshop (Fig. VIII27). Near the settlement, the expedition found a glass unguentarium and a clay jug dated to the 1st-3rd cent. B.C. These findings make us to suppose that the cemetery of the same period should be located at the place (Fig. VIII30-31). At the village of Meore Qasalo, in the section of riverside rock the expedition exposed the remnants of the settlement of Early Middle Age. The walls were constructed with adobe, and roofed with tiles (Fig. III2). Stone stele remnants were found here too (Fig. IX). Thus, on the right bank of the river Kura the expedition revealed several archaeological sites, chronological range of which is rather wide. Appearance of the oldest settlement along the right bank of the r. Kura was conditioned by the remarkable economic opportunities. Along the populated places a road was formed gradually, which later played the role of international highway. It should be noted that Strabo describes this road. The settlements located along the road should have been actively engaged in international trade-economic and cultural relations.

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bibliografia: avaliSvili gia, qvemo qarTli Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. Tbilisi. 1974. afaqiZe andria, kalandaZe aleqsandre, nikolaiSvili vaxtang. mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1975 wlis muSaobis Sedegebi, mcxeTa, t. II. Tbilisi. 1978, 8-80. berZeniSvili devi, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiidan (qvemo qarTli), nakveTi I. Tbilisi. 1979. gagoSiZe iuloni. TrialeTis samarovnebi. katalogi III, antikuri xanis samarovnebi. Tbilisi. 1982. gobejiSvili germane, `staliniris ` nacargora~, mimomxilveli, t. II. 1951, 239276. gogoWuri giorgi, `antikuri ` xanis masalebi marneulis munici palitetidan~, iberia-kolxeTi, #15. Tbilisi. 2019, 107-141. gogoWuri giorgi, kalandaZe nino. `mniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi marneulis munici palitetis teritoriaze~, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, t. IV (49-b). Tbilisi. 2013, 18-65. gogoWuri giorgi, berZeniSvili irma. `taxis/Roris ` kulti qarTul arqeologiasa da eTnokulturaSi~, saqarTveelos erovnuli muzeumis moambe, t. V (50-b). Tbilisi. 2014, 10-37. gogoWuri giorgi, nikolaiSvili vaxtang, SatberaSvili vaxtang, xarabaZe sulxan. sof. gldani-norios monakveTze samSeneblo zonaSi gamovlenil antikuri xanis namosaxlarze (CH 453) 2018 wels Catarebuli savele arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis angariSi. Tbilisi. 2019. Tolordava vera, dakrZalvis wesebi elinisturi xanis saqarTveloSi. Tbilisi. 1983. kalandaZe aleqsandre, mcxeTis arqeologiuri Zeglebi (uZvelesi droidan Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebamde), mcxeTa, t. IV, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi. Tbilisi. 1980. kviJinaZe kiazo, adreantikuri xanis Zeglebi samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelodan, sakandidato disertacia. Tbilisi. 1975. lomTaTiZe giorgi, kldeeTis samarovani. Tbilisi. 1957. lomTaTiZe giorgi, arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba algeTisa da ivris xeobebSi. Tbilisi. 1989. makalaTia sergi, `1920-1924 ww. saqarTveloSi aRmoCenili zogierTi nekropolis daTariRebisaTvis~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe. t.IV. 1928, 196-188. marRiSvili soso, antikuri xanis mdidruli samarxebi algeTis xeobidan. Tbilisi. 1992. marRiSvili soso, narimaniSvili goderZi. algeTis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi. 2004.

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tabulebis aRweriloba I. 1. sof. ilmazlo. namosaxlari borcvebi; 2. ilmazlos veli; 3. sof. pirveli qesalo. namosaxlari; 4. sof. meore qesalo. isrebiT miTiTebulia Sua saukuneebis nasoflaris adgilmdebareoba. II. 1. ilmazlos veli; 2. sof. pirveli qesalo. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris nasaxlari; 3. pirveli qesalo. flatis WrilSi SemorCenili kulturuli fenebi; 4. flatis WrilSi mikvleuli kulturuli fena da qvis yalibi; 5. mtkvrisa da algeTis SeerTebis adgilas, mtkvris piras mikvleuli kulturuli fena. III. 1. md. algeTis marcxena napirze arsebuli Sua saukuneebis nageboba; 2. sof. meore qesalos ganapiras arsebuli Sua saukuneebis nasoflari. IV. 1-2. ilmazlos borcvi. #1, 2 Txrilebi. gegma da Wrilebi. V. 1-2. ilmazlos borcvi. #3, 4 Txrilebi. gegma da Wrilebi. VI. 1-4. ilmazlos borcvi. #5, 6, 7, 8 Txrilebi; 5. sof. pirveli qesalo. #17 Txrili. gegmebi da Wrilebi. VII. 1-32. ilmazlos borcvze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 33-42. ilmazlos velze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala. VIII. 1-11. ilmazlos velze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 13-15, 27-29. sof. pirveli qesalo. flatispira WrilSi aRmoCenili masala; 16-26. pirveli qesalo. #17 TxrilSi aRmoCenili masala; 30-31. pirveli qesalos siaxloves flatispira Wrilidan momdinare Tixis doqi da minis sanelsacxeble. IX. sof. meore qesalo. stelis natexebi. X. ilmazlos borcvi. arqeologiuri masalis grafikuli Canaxatebi. XI. 1-18. ilmazlos veli. arqeologiuri masalis grafikuli Canaxatebi; 1922. sof. pirveli qesalo. flatispira WrilSi aRmoCenili keramika. XII. 1-9. sof. pirveli qesalo. #17 TxrilSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 10-12. qvis yalibi da keramikis natexebi; 13. pirveli qesalos siaxloves SemTxveviT mikvleuli minis sanelsacxeble. Illustrations: I.

1. Vil. Ilmazlo. Former settlement mounds. 2. Ilmazlo valey; 3.Vil. Pirveli Qesalo. Former settlement; 4. Vil. Meore Qesalo. Rows refer to the location of the settlement of Middle Ages. II. 1.Ilmazo valey; 2. The v. Pirveli Qesalo. The settlement of the first half of the first millennium B.C. 3. Pirveli Qesalo. Remnants of cultural layers in the steep riverside section; 4. Cultural layer found in the steep riverside section and a stone mold; 5.Cultural layer found at the junction of rivers Kura and Algeti, at the bank of Kura. III. 1. The structure of Middle Ages at the left bank of the r. Algeti; 2. The settlement of Middle Ages at the Meore Qesalo.

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IV. V. VI. VII.

1-2 Ilmazo mound. #1, 2. Trenches. A plan and sections. 1-2. Ilmazo mound. #3, 4. Trenches. A plan and sections 1-4. Ilmazo mound. #5, 6, 7, 7 Trenches; 5. Pirveli Qesalo. Trench #17, plans and sections. 1-32. Archaeological material from Ilmazo mound; 33-42. Archaeological material found on Ilmazo valey. VIII. 1-11.Archaeological material found on Ilmazo valey; 13-15, 27-29. Pirveli Qesalo. Material found in the steep riverside section; 16-26. Pirveli Kesalo. Material found in trench #17; 30-31. Clay jug and glass unguentarium found near Pirveli Qesalo. IX. Meore Qesalo. Fragments of stele. X. Ilmazo mound. Graphical drawings of archaeological material. XI. 1-18. Ilmazlo, graphical drawings of archaeological material; 19-22. Pirveli Qesalo. Ceramics found in steep riverside section. XII. 1-9. Pirveli Qesalo. Archaeological material found in trench #17; 10-12. Stone mold and fragments of pottery; 13. Glass unguentarium found near the v. Pirveli Qesalo.

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vaxtang nikolaiSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

dedaqalaqobisdroindeli `didi mcxeTa~ qarTlis samefos (berZnul-romauli wyaroebis iberiis) Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV-III - ax.w. IV-V ss) cnobiliaAistoriul-arqiteqturiuli da arqeologiuri ZeglebiT. maT Sesaxeb mogviTxroben rogorcQqarTuli, aseve ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi da arqeologiuri Zeglebi. dedaqalaqobis droindeli `didi mcxeTa~ naxsenebi aqvs XI s-is qarTvel istorikoss leonti mrovels Tavis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”, romelic Sesulia saistorio qronikaSi `qarTlis cxovreba~: `qalaqi didi mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa...”1. didiDqalaqi mcxeTa naxsenebia agreTve, qronikaSi `moqcevai qarTlisai~, romelic Sesulia X saukunis Satberdis krebulSi2. javaxeTSi, faravnis tbasTan SeCerebul qarTlis ganmanaTlebel nino kapadokielis SekiTvaze, romlisa soflisani xarT Tqven?, mcxeTeli mwyemsi pasuxobs: `zogni dabiT da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabatelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~. amJamad es teritoria ase Semoifargleba: aRmosavleTiT rkinigzis sadguri zahesi, dasavleTiT _ Zegvi, xekorZulas xevi da nastakisi, CrdiloeTiT _ muxranis sanaxebi, samxreTiT _ sawkepela-didgoris qedi3. dedaqalaqobis xanis mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV_III _ ax.w. IV-V ss.) mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi da mis orive napirze mdebareobda. ukanaskneli ormoci wlis manZilze mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis (xelmZRv. a. afaqiZe) kvleva-Ziebam gamoavlina antikuri xanis Zeglebi, romelTa Seswavla, Zvel aRmoCenebTan erTad, saSualebas iZleva met-naklebi sisruliT aRvadginoT dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia. is istoriul-geografiuli garemo, sadac Camoyalibda qalaqis sazRvrebi, safortifikacio sistemebi da dasaxlebebi. qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqSi da mis SemogarenSi farTod gaSlili savele-arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad aRmoCenili Zeglebi mniSvnelovan masalebs gvawvdis antikuri xanis mcxeTis gansaxlebis dasadgenad drosa da sivrceSi. SesaZlebloba gveZleva ganvsazRvroT dasaxlebis ti pi, sama1. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955, 17-18. 2. moqcevai qarTlisai, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, red. SaniZe mzeqala, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979, 333. 3. andria afaqiZe da sxv. mcxeTa I, Tbilisi, 1955, 3; andria afaqiZe, qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxov reba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1963, 20,215,220-222; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, 2005, 93-108.

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rovnebis, sakulto da safortifikacio Zeglebis ganlageba; maTi analizis safuZvelze warmovadginoT Zveli mcxeTis demografiuli situacia4 axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze SeiZleba garkveulwilad Sejamdes RarTiskarze da kaciTavanaze (armazisxevSi), wiwamurTan Tu sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, agreTve mis SemogarenSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, Sejerdes igi qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebTan, rac TavisTavad, Zalian saintereso suraTs iZleva. saxezea qarTuli da zogi ucxouri wyaros monacemTa sruli identifikacia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SedegebTan. mcxeTaSi, qalaqis teritoriaze aRmoCenili dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad ax.w. mcxeTaSi III_IV-VI saukuneebs ekuTvnis. sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba aRniSnuli periodis qalaqis nawilebi, romlebic qalaqgegmarebis aRdgenisaTvis pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, regularuli gegmarebis mqone centraluri nawili SemosazRvruli iyo zRude-galavniT. igi qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi da misi sigane zogan 6 m-s aRwevda. galavans ori karibWe hqonia: CrdiloeTiT monastrisxevTan da samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvris sanapirosTan.Ggalavani aragvis marjvena napirze iwyeboda, Semdeg monastrisxevis marjvena napirs auyveboda, mcxeTis goraze gadadioda da samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvarTan eSveboda. galavani savaraudod, mtkvrisa da aragvis napirebsac miuyveboda da daxloebiT 35 ha farTobs moicavda5. rac Seexeba leontiseul `did mcxeTas~, romelic qarTlis samefos Camoyalibebisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis periods emTxveva, gacilebiT did farTobs moicavda da daculi iyo sasimagro sistemiT. CrdiloeTidan mas icavda RarTiskarTan gamavali sasimagro sistema, Tavdacvis meore xazi ki, bebriscixe-wiwamurTan gadioda, samxreTiT sawkepela-didgoris qedi da iq aRmarTuli cixe-simagreebi icavda, aRmosavleTiT _ zemo avWala-devis namuxlze (qoSigora) gamavali galavani, dasavleTiT _ grZeli mindori, sarkine, cixedidis xevis dacvis sistema moqmedebda6. sveticxovlis ezo. ezo mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas qveda fena warmodgenili iyo gvianantikuri xanis samarxebiTa da misi sinqronuli romauli tipis abanos naSTebiT (II_IV ss). aRmoCnda agreTve, daaxloebiT amave xanis ramdenime arqiteqturuli detali: baza, frizis fragmenti karniziTurT da Tixis antefiqsi sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebiT. samarxebi zogadad III_IV ss-iT TariRdeba. inventaris siuxviT, mravalferovnebiTa da unikalobiT gamoirCeva samarxi _ akldama #14. samarxSi aRmoCnda oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos, rkinis, minis da sxvdasxva mineralebisagan damzadebuli 25 dasaxelebis 4. nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, 93-108. 5. aleqsandre kalandaZe, aleqsi boxoCaZe, aragvis kari, Zeglis megobari, №15, 1968, 17-28; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, qalaqi mcxeTa ax.w. III-VI ss., kavkasiis macne (specialuri gamocema, 3), Tbilisi, 2004, 39-43. 6. Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Greater Mtskheta, ” Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Band 268, Context and connection, Studies on the Archaeologi of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona , editеd by Atilla Batmaz, Giorgi Bedianashvili, Aleksandra Michalevicz and Abby Robinson”. Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol, CT, 2018, 867-889.

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nivTi. maT Soris unikaluria vercxlisa da oqrosagan damzadebuli saweri mowyobiloba _ penali. sami kalam-kalmistari vercxlis kolofSia moTavsebuli, romelsac oqros warweriani firfitiT morTuli vercxlis saxuravi axuravs. saxurvze damagrebulia bude, romelSiac oqros samelne yofila Cadgmuli. budeze mocemulia kompozicia sami mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romelTac amkobs saTanado warwerebi ZvelberZnul enaze: menandre, homerosi da demosTene. oqros Wvirul firfitaze ki amokveTilia: `mefe ustmosisa da evgeniosisa~. xelsawyos zurgis mxares cxra muzis gamosaxulebaa saTanado warwerebiT. mcxeTaSi adre gamovlenil stilosebTan da samelneebTan erTad es aRmoCena qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi mwignobrobis dawinaurebasTan erTad qalaquri kulturis maRal doneze metyvelebs7. samTavro.Nnamosaxlarebi da samarovnebi mdebareobs mdinare aragvis marjvena napirze, qalaq mcxeTis farglebSi (farTobi 18 ha). aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba md.Aaragvi, dasavleTiT kodmanis vakobi, samxreTiT _ monastrisxevi, xolo CrdiloeTiT - baiaTxevi. gamovlinda gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis, Sua brinjaos, elinisturi, gvianantikuri da feodaluri xanis namosaxlarebis naSTebi da Sua brinjaos, gvinbrinjao-adrerkinis, antikuri da adre Suasaukuneebis oTxi aTasze meti sxvadasxva ti pis samarxi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli _ ax.w. VIIss.). arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vivaraudiT mefis ojaxis warmomadgenelTa gansasvenebeli samTavros samarovnis samxreTY ubanze. amaze unda metyvelebdes erT-erT mdidrul samarxSi (samarxi-akldama 905) dadasturebul mravalricxovan da mravalferovan oqro-vercxlis nivTebTan erTad aRmoCenili warwera: `Tiridati ufliswuli (es langari) misi sakuTaria~. samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili oqromWedlobis (torevtikis) Zeglebi mniSvnelovania ara marto gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis (iberiis) materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, aramed, zogadad, antikuri kulturis istoriis SeswavlisaTvisac pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens8. RarTiskari Tanamedrove mcxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs. Rrma, amJamad mSrali xevi md. aragvs marjvena mxridan erTvis. CrdiloeTiT, paralelurad meore xevi uerTdeba, mas brinjiReles uwodeben. maT Soris mdebare teritoria (30 ha farTobi) ukavia sasimagro sistemas. RarTiskari mtkvris da aragvis xerTvisis yvelaze viwro yels warmoadgens da strategiulad marjve adgilia _ muxranis velidan momxdurTagan Tavis dasacavad. swored am mizniT Cans agebuli qvis safuZvelze aRmarTuli 3 m-mde siganis aliziT nagebi koSkebiani zRude-galavani, romelic brinjiReles marjvena napirs gasdevs RarTiskaris zeda Txemidan aragvamde. galavani gamovlenilia aragvis marcxena napirzec. igi aragvis napiridan iwyeba da saguramos qeds ebjineba. RarTiskaris safortifikacio sistema warmoqmnili Cans Zv.w. IV_III ss-Si, rodesac qarTlis samefo yalibdeboda. amaze metyvelebs 7. Andria Apakidze, Guram Kipiani, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, A rich burial from Mtkheta (Caukasian Iberia), Ancieent West and East,volume 3,N1, Brill, Leiden-Boston. 2004. 8. Andria Apakidze, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, An aristokratik tomb of the roman period from Mtsketa, Georgia, The Antiquries jurnal, volume LXXIV. London ,1994.

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iq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi9. aragvis marjvena napirze – RarTiskaris Sida teritoriaze, safortifikacio sistemis sinqronuli ramdenime sayuradRebo Zegli aRmoCnda (taZari, wisqvili, xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi). RarTiskaris zemoaRwerili safortifikacio sistema da dasaxleba qarTlis dedaqalaqis CrdiloeT karibWes warmoadgens. swored iq miegeba nadirobidan dabrunebul gaqristianebul mirian mefes `nana dedofali da yoveli igi qalaqi~10. wiwamuri – sisamura. sisamura naqalaqari mdebareobs sof. wiwamuris Tavze, misgan Crdi loeTiT ganlagebul goraze-serze. Mmoxseniebuli aqvs I s-is berZen swavluls - strabons Tavis `geografiaSi~, rogorc qalaqi _ armazcixesTan erTad11. 1953 wels mcire masStabis samuSaoebi Caatara mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZRv. Aa. afaqiZe). wiwamurze aRmoCnda Tlili qviT nagebi mrgvali nageboba (dm - 16 m). qvaTlilebi erTmaneTTan xis an liTonis solebis `uwyvetebiT” Cans gadabmuli. dadasturda mSeneblobis ori fena. erTi uZvelesi mSralad nawyobi, romelic elinisturi xaniT TariRdeba (wiwamuri I), meore ki, duRabze nagebi (wiwamuri II). igi gvianromauli xaniT unda daTariRdes. mrgvali nageboba mkvlevarTa nawils (k. meliTauri) warmarTuli taZris naSTad miaCniaT. wiwamuris seris ZirTan, gazsadenis trasis gayvanisas Seqmnil WrilSi Cans kedlis nawili, romlis sigane 3 m-de aRwevs da qvatexiliT aris nagebi. igi dasavleTiT bebriscixisken miemarTeba. bebriscixeze Catarebuli gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda msgavsi da Tanadrouli, qvis safuZvelze aliziT nagebi kedlis naSTebi12. kedeli, rogorc Cans, dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis Tavdacvis zRudis meore rigs warmoadgenda RarTiskaris Semdeg da im damcavi sistemis nawili unda iyos, romelic antikuri xanis mcxeTas CrdiloeTidan icavda. sarkine, naqalaqari (Zv.w. II - ax.w. II ss.) Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Semofarglulia jojoxeTis xeviT, dasvleTidan mcxeTa – SiomRvimis samanqano gziT da zangeliebis xeviT, samxreTidan ki mdinare mtkvarze Camavali cicabo kldeebiT. dasavleTi mxridan gamovlenilia saparado Sesasvleli – karibWe. kedlebi nagebia riyis qvis safuZvelze aliziT (55X40X10 sm) da mopirkeTebulia qviSaqvis pironebiani qvaTlilebiT (45X20X10 sm). kari SeWedili Cans xis safuZvelze rkinis farflebiT. Crdilo-dasavleTidan sarkines icavda zRude, romelic aseve qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi13. sarkines centralur nawilSi aRmoCnda sakulto (Teatri?) da sacxovrebeli nagebobani, romlebic gadaxuruli yofila kramitiT (56-50 9. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, red. gela gamy reliZe, Tbilisi, 2005, 93-108. 10. `moqcevai qarTlisai“, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, red. mzeqala SaniZe, gamosacemad mo am zades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979, 320-355. 11. oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli saqarTvelo (kolxeTi da iberia) strabonis geografiaSi, Tbilisi, 2010. 12. vaxtang nikolaiSvili da sxv. beltiscixe-bebriscixe, (Tbilisi, 2009). 13. andria afaqiZe, sarkine-naqalaqari.-saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, V, Tbilisi, 1990:307-308; aleqsi boxoCaZe, nastakisi,sarkine, Zalisi (arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi), Zeglis megobari, №33, 1973.

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sm). iatakze aRmoCnda terakotis niRbebi. sarkines naqalaqari mniSvnelovani Zeglia qarTlis saqalaqo cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis. igi istoriuli didi mcxeTis Tavdacvis sistemis nawils warmoadgenda. grZeli mindori (10.5 ha) sarkines kompleqsis nawilia. CrdiloeT nawilSi koSki (dakonservebulia) da galavnis naSTi aRmoCnda.Mcentralur nawilSi ki, saxelosnoebi gaumarTavT rkinis, tyviis da spilenZis gamosadnobad. aRmoCnda rkinis quris naSTebi, agreTve saoqromWedlo tvifri da xelsawyo. es faqti adasturebs saoqromWedlo saxelosnos arsebobas. grZel mindorze dadasturda sruli metalurgiuli ciklis arseboba _ madnis dawurvidan gamoWedva-wrTobamde14. kaciTavana armazisxevis samxreTiT zegan-borcvze mdebareobs, armazisxevis kanionis marjvena mxares. aRmosavleTiT, xelovnurad ganmxoloebuli qedis nawili daculi Cans zrude-galavniT (23 m-is sigrZeze gamoikveTa). dadasturda 6 urTierTmonacvle fena _ adre Susaukuneebidan adre elinisturi xanis CaTvliT. aRmoCnda qvis safuZvelze aliziT nagebi koSki (6.20X6.60 m). gamovlenilia samadlos ti pis keramika _ Zv.w. IIIs.15 armazisxevisNnamosaxlarebi da samarovnebi. samarovnebi armazisxevi mdebareobs armaziswylis SesarTavTan, mtkvris marjvena napirze _ terasaze, mcxeTis rkinigzis sadguridan 2km-ze (farTobi 1 ha). iq gaTxrebi Catarda XX saukunis 30-ian _ 40-ian wlebSi. gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda sxvadasxva periodis Zeglebi, romelTa naSTebi SemozRudulia da iq Seqmnilia Ria cis qveS muzeumi (savele muzeumi). armazisxevSi aRmoCenilia SedarebiT kargad daculi romauli tipis abano _ msgavsi da sinqronuli armazcixis amave ti pis abanoebisa. abanosTan aris dakavSirebuli e.w. `zRurbliani nageboba~, romelic didi zomis ori nagebobisgan Sedgeba. igi daungreviaT da gadauwvavT mtris Semosevisas, magram SemorCenili arqiteqturuli detalebi (karis morTuloba, karnizis nawili, svetisZiri da svetisTavi) gvavaraudebinebs iq pitiaxSis sasaxlis arsebobas. iqve aRmoCnda amave periodis orsenakiani (akldama?) da erTsenakiani nagebobis naSTebi da marani, romelSic 55 qvevria Cadgmuli. ax.w. II_IV ss-Si iq qarTlis samefos pitiaxSebi _ erisTavebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi saxlobdnen da ikrZalebodnen. amaze mogviTxroben epitafiebi da calkeul nivTebze amokveTili warwerebi (serafitas - armazis bilingva, Saragasis monolingva, asparugis, Saragasis da Zevaxis / javaxis warwerebi da sxv.). am warwerebSi kargad Cans qarTlis (iberiis) samefos ierarqiuli struqtura: mefe, ezoismoZRvari, pitiaxSi16. armazcixe-bagineTi mdebareobs mcxeTis mopirdapire mxares, qarTlis qedis dasasruls, mTaze (farTobi 30 ha). qarTlis samefo rezidencia armazcixe– bagineTi cnobilia rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebiT. 14. andria afaqiZe, sarkine-naqalaqari.-saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, V, Tbilisi, 1990:307-308. 15. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, Zveli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze, preprinti, 1990. 16. giorgi lomTaTiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, Tbilisi, 1945; andria afaqiZe, da sxv. mcxeTa I, armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1955.

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qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi armazcixe ixsenieba rogorc qarTli, qalaqi, dedaqalaqi, cixe, armazi, bagineTi; ucxourSi rogorc harmozike, hermastus, armaqtika. magram ZiriTadi informacia armazcixis istoriis Sesaxeb miRebulia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad17. armazcixeSi aRmoCenilia galavnis nawilebi, koSkebi, burjebi, samefo rezidenciis nagebobebi (svetebiani darbazi, taZari, abanoebi, Ria da daxuruli wyalsadeni), ZvelberZnul enaze Sesrulebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, samefo mavzoleumis nangrevebi. didi raodenobiT oqro-vercxlis nivTebi aRmoCnda mefis asulis samarx-sarkofagSi (ax.w. II_III ss.). nagebobebi gadaxuruli yofila mcxeTuri brtyeli da Rarisebri kramitiT. karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba (Zv.w. I - ax.w. III ss). mcxeTis SemogarenSi XX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi gaiTxara kompleqsuri Zegli: meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, sawarmoo ubani, marnebi da samarovani. namosaxlarze dadasturda ori ti pis saxli: banursaxuraviani da orferdasaxuraviani. Nnamosaxlaris siaxloves aRmoCnda misi Tanadrouli meTuneTa saxelosnos kompleqsi, sadac Tixis WurWlis damzadebis sruli cikli mimdinareobda18. mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama (Is.) mdebareobs mcxeTis rkinigzis sadgurTan, samxreTiT 300 m-ze, mtkvris marjvena sanapirosTan, qarTlis qedis kalTis Ziras. igi agebulia sagangebod mosworebul terasaze _ qvabulSi. aRmoCnda 1951 wels (gaiTxara imave wels g. lomTaTiZis xelmZRvanelobiT). saxelwodeba momdinareobs `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ dadasturebuli gadmocemidan _ am adgilebSi mogvebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. mogvTakaris akldama Cadgmulia 1.6_2.1 m-is simaRlis galavniT SemosazRvrul qvabulSi. galavnis kedlebi nagebia qvatexiliT da Semtkicebulia TixiT. galavniT SemosazRvruli ezos (9X5 m) Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi ubelo cxeni daukrZalavT. miuxedavad gaZarcvisa, samarxSi sakmaod mdidruli invetari dadasturda19. mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama, SeiZleba iTqvas, antikuri xanis erTaderTi arqeologiuri Zeglia MmcxeTis sinamdvileSi, romelic saxuravianad SemorCa. igi warmoadgens models saero saxlisa, romelSic qarTlis samefos umaRlesi xelisufalni cxovrobdnen. avWaliskari _ devis namuxli (qoSigora). samSeneblo samuSoebisas Ddevis namuxlTan (mtkvris marjvena napirTan) 1867 wels aRmoCnda 17-striqoniani ZvelberZnuli warwera, romelic iuwyeboda, rom romis imperatorma vespasianem (ax.w. 69_79ww.) iberiis mefe miTridates da mis xalxs kedlebi gaumagres. vespasianes warwera ax.w. 75 wliT daTariRda. 1938 wels ki mopirdapire mxares (mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze), avWaliskarTan aRmoCnda didroni markirebuli lodebi, rogorc Cans, galavnis naSTi. iqve gaiTxara 17. andria afaqiZe, qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1963; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, armazcixis samefo rezidencia, Tbilisi, 2011. 18. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, Tbilisi, 1993. 19. giorgi lomTaTiZe, irakli ciciSvili, axladaRmoCenili akldama mcxeTaSi,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t.XII, №10, 1951, 641_648.

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amave periodis samarxi20. savaraudod, vespasianes warweraca da arqeologiuri monapovaric miuTiTebs sasimagro sistemaze, romelic avWaliskari _ devis namuxlis (qoSigora) xazze gadioda da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan icavda did mcxeTas. amrigad, axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisa da Zveli monacemebis safuZvelze, gamoikveTa `didi mcxeTis~ gamagrebuli sistemiT SemosazRvruli teritoria: RarTiskari, savaneTis qedi, grZeli mindori - sarkine, cixedidisxevi, kaciTavana _ armazisxevi, armazcixe, devis namuxli, avWaliskari, wiwamuri, romelic Caewera didi mcxeTis cnobil geografiul sazRvrebSi. didi mcxeTis sasimagro sistemis farglebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva funqciis mqone dasaxlebebis politikuri gaerTianeba _ sinoikizmi xdeba qarTlis samefos (iberiis) warmoSobisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis procesSi.

20. lomTaTiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, 1945.

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Vakhtang Nikolaishvili Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Great Mtskheta - Ancient Capital Summary Mtskheta – the ancient capital of the Kingdom of Kartli/Iberia (IV-III B.C. – IV-V centuries A.D.) is renowned for its historical-architectural and archaeological monuments. Georgian, as well as foreign written sources and archeological monuments tell us about them. The 11th century Georgian chronicler – Leonti Mroveli mentioned “Great Mtskheta” in his work - “Life of the Kings of the Georgians” that is included in the “Georgian Chronicles” (“Kartlis Tskhovreba”): “the great city of Mtskheta and its suburbs, Sarkine and Tsikhe-didi, Zanavi, the Hebrew settlement”1. For today, this territory is bordered to the east – by the railway station – Zahesi, to the west – by Dzegvi, Khekordzula ravine and Nastagisi, to the north – by Mukhrani sights, to the south Satskepela – Didgori mountain ridge2. As for “Great Mtskheta” of the period of Leonti Mroveli, it coincided the period of formation of Kartli Kingdom and becoming of Mtskheta the capital of Kartli; “Great Mtskheta” of that period covered relatively larger territory and was protected with the fortress system. To the north it was protected by the fortress passed toward Ghartiskari, the second line of defense followed Bebristsikhe-Tsitsamuri; to the south - Satskepela-Didgori ridge and local fortresses (Katsitavana, royal residence of Armaz-tsikhe); to the east – the wall passed through Zemo Avchala-Devis Namukhli (Koshigora); to the west – Grdzeli Mindori (the Long Field), Sarkine, Tsikhedidiskhevi defense system. Political uniting – Synoecism of different settlements within the fortress system of “Great Mtskheta” took place in the period of formation of the Kingdom of Kartli (Iberia) and in the process of becoming Mtskheta the capital of the kingdom.

1. “Georgian Chronicles” I, Tbilisi, 1955 (in Georgian). 2. Andria Apakidze, et al, Mtskheta I, Tbilisi, 1955 (in Georgian); Nikolaishvili, Greater Mtskheta, 2018, 867-889.

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bibliografia: afaqiZe andria, gobejiSvili germane, kalandaZe aleqsandre, lomTaTiZe giorgi, mcxeTa, armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, t. I, Tbilisi, 1955. afaqiZe andria, qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, I, Tbilisi, 1963. afaqiZe andria, `sarkine, ` naqalaqari~. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, V, Tbilisi, 1990, 307-308. boxoCaZe aleqsi, `nastakisi, ` sarkine, Zalisi (arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi)~, `Zeglis megobari~, № 33, 1973. kalandaZe aleqsandre, boxoCaZe aleqsi, `aragviskari~, ` Zeglis megobari, №15, 1968, 7-28. lomTaTiZe giorgi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, 1945. moqcevai qarTlisai, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, red. SaniZe mzeqala, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979, 320-355. lomTaTiZe giorgi, ciciSvili irakli, `axladaRmoCenili ` akldama mcxeTaSi~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t. XII, №10, 1951, 641_648. lorTqifaniZe OoTari, Zveli saqarTvelo (kolxeTi da iberia) strabonis geografiaSi, Tbilisi, 2010. nikolaiSvili vaxtang, Zveli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze, preprinti, 1990. nikolaiSvili vaxtang, karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, Tbilisi, 1993. nikolaiSvili vaxtang, `qalaqi ` mcxeTa ax. w. III-VI ss. (arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT)~, kavkasiis macne (specialuri gamocema, 3), Tbilisi, 2004, 39-43. nikolaiSvili vaxtang, sixaruliZe anzori, diRmelaSvili qeTevani, papiZe i., papiZe m., beltiscixe-bebriscixe, Tbilisi, 2009 nikolaiSvili vaxtang, `didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia~, iberia kolxeTi, #2, Tbilisi, 2005,, 93-108 nikolaiSvili vaxtang, armazcixis samefo rezidencia, Tbilisi, 2011. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955, 43-.55. qarTlis cxovreba, batoniSvili vaxuSti, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, saqarTvelosa IV, Tbilisi., 1973 Apakidze Andria, Nikolaishvili Vakhtang, “An aristokratik Tomb of the Roman period from Mtsketa, Georgia”, The Antiquries jurnal, volume LXXIV. London,1994 Apakidze Andria, Kipiani Guram, Nikolaishvili Vakhtang. “A rich burial from Mtskheta (Caucasian Iberia)”, Ancient West and East, volume 3, #1,Brill, Leiden-Boston, 2004. Nikolaishvili Vakhtang, “Greater Mtskheta”, Orientalia lovaniensia analecta-268- Context and connection, Studies on the Arxaeologi of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona , editеd by Atilla Batmaz, Giorgi Bedianashvili, Aleksandra Michalevicz and Abby Robinson”. Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol, 2018, 867-889.

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maia patariZe saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi) daviT miqelaZe damoukidebeli mkvlevari (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

aristarxe mmarTveli kolxeTisa (numizmatikuri gamokvleva) ukve TiTqmis sami saukunea rac samecniero sazogadoebisTvis aqsiomatur WeSmaritebad iqca mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom ama Tu im qveynis politikis, ekonomikis da kulturis istoriis Sesaswavlad monetebis mecnierul kvlevas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. amis mizezi numizmatikuri masalis iuridiuli bunebaa. monetis moWris ufleba, rogorc wesi saxelmwifos kompetenciaa, amdenad moneta saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis mqone sabuTia, romelic absoluturad daculia konkretuli piris subieqturi Sexedulebebisgan. aqedan gamomdinare, mas rogorc wyaros, garkveuli upiratesobac gaaCnia. xSirad monetaze datanili informacia pirvelxarisxovania da seriozuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs warsulis Seswavlis saqmeSi. rogorc msoflio, aseve qarTul numizmatikur mecnierebaSi, moi poveba monetebi, romlebmac ara marto Seavses istoriis TeTri laqebi, aramed kardinalurad Secvales werilobiT wyaroebSi damaxinjebuli esa Tu is istoriuli faqti. msgavs numizmatikur Zegls miekuTvneba sakmaod iSviaTi seria monetebisa, romelic cnobilia aristarxe kolxelis vercxlis monetebis saxeliT. am monetebis numizmatikur kvlevas qvemoT statiis msvlelobisas warmovadgenT, konkretul SemTxvevaSi Cven SevCerdebiT maTze datanil erT mniSvnelovan detalze, riTac am numizmatikuri Zeglis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriisTvis gansakuTrebulia. cnobebi kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb sakmaod vrcelia da mravalferovani, dawyebuli miTidan argonavtebis Sesaxeb, dasrulebuli berZnul-romauli wyaroebiT. miuxedavad amisa, artefaqtebis raodenoba, sadac dafiqsirebulia kolxeTis saxeli sakmaod mwiria. dRemde cnobilia ori keramikis nimuSi. erTi - berlinis muzeumSi daculi Savfiguruli hidria, romelsac axlavs warwera „kolxma gamakeTa“, romelsac Zv.w. VI s. Sua xanebiT aTariReben, mis momxatvels ki _ kolx ostats monad miiCneven1. meore - aTenSi napovni Savfiguruli amforaa, warweriT _ „evqsisTeosma gamakeTa, kolxma momxata“2. 1. oTar lorTqifaniZe, antikuri arqeologia (Zveli saberZneTi), Tbilisi 1971, 144. 2. lorTqifaniZe, antikuri arqeologia, 144.

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am fonze, saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis dokumentze, fulze, kerZod aristarxes monetaze dafiqsirebuli berZnuli warwera ARISTARCON TOU EPI KOLCIDOS – „aristarxesi mmarTveli kolxeTisa“, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelo bas iZens. aRniSnulma warweram sxva mimarTulebiTac Seitana sicxade saqarTvelos istoriaSi. cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 65 w. iberiis sazRvrebs romis respublikis sardali pompeusi moadga. miuxedavad didi winaaRmdegobisa, qarTlis mefe artagi bolos da bolos iZulebuli gaxda damorCileboda pompeuss. iberiidan romaelebi kolxeTis teritoriaze gadavidnen. rogorc Cans, pompeusma iq kolxeTis mmarTvelad aristarxe daniSna da amiT qveyanas efemeruli damoukidebloba mianiWa3. antikur wyaroebSi aristarxe mefed aris moxseniebuli4, magram es mosazreba gaabaTila am ukanasknelis saxeliT moWrilma monetebma, vinaidan monetas aweria aristarxe mmarTveli kolxeTisa da ara mefe. monetaze arsebul warweras ki, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, iuridiuli Zala aqvs. aqedan gamomdinare vfiqrobT, rom am monetebis mniSvneloba saqarTvelos istoriisTvis fasdaudebelia. 2018 wels igoeTis maxloblad SemTxveviT aRmoCnda aristarxes monetis axali egzemplari, romlis gamoqveyneba da samecniero mimoqcevaSi CaSveba warmoadgens am publikaciis mizans, vinaidan, vTvliT, rom TiToeuli axali aRmoCena mniSvnelovani monapovaria da dauyovneblad unda CaerTos samecniero brunvaSi; garda amisa, Cven mogveca saSualeba msoflios yvela muzeumebidan, sadac amJamad daculia am mmarTvelis monetebi, mogvepovebina fotopirebi da axal calTan erTad vaqveynebT. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom es monetebi araerTxel moxvda cnobili mecnierebis naSromebSi, aristarxes monetebis zusti (miT ufro cifruli) fotoebi dRemde cnobili ar iyo samecniero sazogadoebisTvis, radgan publikaciebSi TabaSiris anabeWdebia naCvenebi. vfiqrobT, moZiebuli masala axal Stri xebs SesZens da erTgvarad gaacocxlebs kolxeTis mmarTvelis aristarxes monetebs. amavdroulad, mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans gvianelinisturi peri odis sxvadasxva sakiTxebis Seswavlis kuTxiT. Cveni kvleva efuZneba numizmatikur mecnierebaSi dRemde damkvidrebuli Sexedulebebis gadasinjvas. risTvisac viyenebT erTi mxriv aristarxe kolxelis 2018 wels aRmoCenil uaxles egzemplars da meore mxriv Cven mier mopovebul msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumebSi daculi aristarxes monetebis cifrul fotopirebs. Cven SevecdebiT gamovTqvaT garkveuli mosazrebebi, romelTa gamoTqmis saSualebas moZiebuli masalis ikonografia mogvcems, aqve davZenT, rom Rrma xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi analizisgan am statiis farglebSi Tavs SevikavebT5.

3. giorgi dundua, ras mogviTxroben Zveleburi monetebi, Tbilisi 1968, 9; giorgi dundua, Tedo dundua, qarTuli numizmatika, I. Tbilisi, 2006, 76. 4. Гиорги Меликишвили, К Истории Древней Грузии, Тбилиси 1959, 331; Гурам Лордкипанидзе, К истории древней Колхиды, Тбилиси. 1970, стр. 37; 5. am mimarTulebiT momavlisTvis vgegmavT publikacias.

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aristarxe kolxelis monetebis Seswavla XIX saukunidan iRebs saTaves6 da dRemde, XXI saukunemde aqtualuroba ar daukargavs. msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumSi daculi aristarxe kolxelis monetebi dReisaTvis eqvs calad aris cnobili. berlinis bode muzeumis miunckabinetSi - 1; aSmolis muzeumi (oqsfordi) - 1; britaneTis muzeumi - 1; parizis medlebis kabineti - 1; sankt-peterburgis ermitaJi - 2 cali. aqedan pasportiani mxolod erTad-erTia, sankt-peterburgis koleqciidan, romelic soxumis midamoebSia aRmoCenili. sanam uSualod axali monetis aRweraze gadavidodeT, aucileblad migvaCnia Tavi movuyaroT msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumebSi dacul aristarxes monetebs da maTi aRwera gadmovceT. dasawyisSi, ki imisaTvis, raTa srulad davinaxoT monetaze arsebuli zedwerili da siuJeturi qarga (ikonografia), Cven warmovadgenT rekonstruirebul grafikas (sur. 1). Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU TOU EPI KOLCIDOS. xolo sityva _ KOLCIDOS-is qvemoT - BI.7A oriod sityviT SevCerdebiT samoneto ikonografiaze. aversze gamosaxuli figura, j. jenkinsis dakvirvebiT mzis RmerTi heliosia, romelsac pompeusis nakvTebi aqvs8. mogvianebiT mas daemowma k. golenko, romelmac aRniSna, rom pompeusis roli imdenad didi iyo aristarxesTvis Zalauflebis gadacemaSi, rom gasakviri ar aris monetaze pompeusi gamoesaxaT. amavdroulad pliniusis 6. sakiTxis bibliografia ase gamoiyureba: P[rokesch] - O [sten], Unedierte griechische Münzen aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn von ProkeschßOsten, “Archäologische Zeitung” (Wien), März 1849; William H. Waddingdon, Un voyage en Asie Mineure au point de vue numismatique, RN( Revue Numismatique), 1853, 251; Charles R. Fox, Engravings of Unedited or Rate Coins with Descriptions, Part II, L., 1862, gv.1, tab.1; Bernhard Koehne, Drachms of Aristarchos, Dynast of Colchis, NC (The Numismatic Chronicle), 1877, gv. 1; Ernest Babelon, La collection Waddington au Cabinet des Médailles, inventaire sommaire, B N, 1897, page 272, tableau I, 1; Отто Ретовский, Драхма Аристарха Колхидского из собрания Имп. Эрмитажа, Труды МНО (Московское Нумизматическое обшество) т. III, вып. 2, 1903; Давид Капанадзе, Грузинская нумизматика, 1955, стр. 42, таьл. I, 20; Gilbert K. Jenkins, Recent Acquisitions of Greek Coins by the British Museum, NC (The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society) 1959, 32. Tab. VI, 13; Меликишвили, К истории древней Грузии, 331; Константин Голенко, Денежное обращение Колхиды в римское время, Ленинград, 1964. Стр. 21; Давид Капанадзе и И.Г. Шенгелия. Триорфная Геката с колхидской дидрахмы V в. До н. э.,АИКСП (Античная история и культура средиземноморья и причерноморья), 1968, 154; David M. Lang, The Georgians, “Ancient Peoples and Place”, L., 1966, sur. 74; dundua, ras mogviTxroben ..., 10-11; Лордкипанидзе, К истории древней Колхиды, 37; daviT kapanaZe, qarTuli numizmatika, Tbilisi, 1969; Константин Голенко, Аристарх колхидский и его монеты, Вестник древней истории , 4(130), Москва 1974, 106; Gocha Tsetskhladze, On the numismatics of Colchis: the classical archaeologist’s perspective. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, vol. 19, n°1, 1993. pp. 233-256; Tedo Dundua. Georgia within the European Integration. Graeco-Roman World, Byzantine Commonwealth, Orthodox Alliance and the Georgians. Tb. 2013. 7. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский, 106. 8. Jenkins, Recent Acquisitions of Greek Coins, 32.

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cnobis Tanaxmad kolxeTis pirveli mefe mzis Svili iyo. aqedan gamomdinare politikuri koniunqtura da adgilobrivi tradicia Seerwya erTmaneTs9. reversze gamosaxuli personaJi j. jenkinsma saWis da koSkura gvirgvinis gamo, romlebic Tanmdevia mxolod bedis qalRvTaeba tixesTvis, es ukanaskneli miiCnia10. rac Seexeba tixes irgvliv ganlagebul warweras: ARISTARCOU TOU EPI KOLCIDOS, iTargmneba, rogorc - aristarxesi kolxeTis mmarTvelisa. warweris qvemoT B BI – TariRi = 12, rac imas niSnavs, rom mmarTvelobis me-12 welzea (Zv.w. 52-51 ww.) saubari. aRniSnuli aRweriloba SeiZleba iTqvas meordeba aristarxes monetebis Svidive egzemplarze, Tumca aris Secdomebi warweraSi da aseve mcirediT gansxvavebuli Strixebi ikonografiaSi, razec statiis msvlelobisas vimsjelebT. gadavideT aristarxes monetebis aRwerilobaze am istoriuli mniSvnelobis monetis, erT-erT egzemplarze uSualod muSaobis bedniereba germaneli kolegebis, keTili nebiT, statiis erT-erT avtors, maia patariZes xvda wilad, rodesac is 2012 wels saerTaSoriso sti pendiis farglebSi muSaobda berlinis bode muzeumis miunckabinetSi mixeil baraTaevis (baraTaSvilis) koleqciaze11. swored am monetiT viwyebT aRwerilobebs. 1. berlini12 (sur. 2). wona - 3,67gr. diametri13 - 18/18 mm. Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU (ikiTxeba-ISTARCOU (istarxo), AR(ar) rogorc Cans liTons siqa acda da monetis gareT moxvda) TOU EPI KOLCIDOS (KOLXIDOS (kolxidos)-s nacvlad weria KOLXDOS-s. Secdomaa da aklia aso I-(i), xolo sityva KOLC(I)DOS-s qvemoT - BI SeniSvna: qalis gamosaxulebis fexebTan SeiniSneba talRismagvari detali. 9. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский, 107. 10. Jenkins, Recent Acquisitions of Greek, 32. 11. miuxedavad imisa, rom moneta ar Sedioda m. baraTaSvilis (baraTaevis) koleqciaSi, germanelma kolegebma - Karsten Damen, Berhard Vaizer da Valia Srioder - damdes pativi memuSava masze, risTvisac maT madlobas movaxseneb. 12. P[rokesch] - O [sten], Unedierte griechische Münzen aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn von ProkeschßOsten, “Archäologische Zeitung” (Wien), März 1849, 28 13. wona aqvs mxolod im monetebs, romlebzedac vimuSave (m.patariZe), kerZod, berlinis da igoeTis egzemplarebs. ucxoeTidan mowodebul foto pirebs mxolod diametri axlda.

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2. eSmolis muzeumi (oqsfordi)14 (sur. 3). wona 3,71 gr15. Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU (ARISTARCOU-is nacvlad ikiTxeba - ISTARCU) TOU EPI KOLCIDOS (KOLCIDOS (kolxidos)-s nacvlad weria KOLXDOS (kolxdos)-s, aklia aso I (i), garda amisa warweraSi TOU EPI KOLCIDOS, grafema O (o) warmodgenilia wertilebis saxiT. grafema - S Taviseburadaa aRbeWdili da tovebs laTinuri C-s STabeWdilebas. sityva KOLC (I)DOS-s qvemoT - BI SeniSvna: qalis gamosaxulebis fexebTan SeiniSneba ucnauri klaknili xazebi. 3. moneta didi britaneTidan16 (sur. 4). wona 3,07 gr. Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU TOU EPI KOLCIDOS. xolo sityva KOLCIDOS-s qvemoT – BI. 4. ermitaJi 1. aRmoCenilia soxumis midamoebSi17 (sur. 5 ). wona 3,55 gr18.

Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi.

Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferosmagvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU (grafema S (sigma) gaugebrad aris aRbeWdili da qmnis laTinuri C-s STabeWdilebas) TOU EPI KOLCIDOS (weria KOLCIDO. aklia S (s)). KOLCIDO-s qvemoT - BI SeniSvna: monetas napiri aqvs Camotexili.

14. aRniSnuli fotopiris mowodebisTvis madlobas movaxsenebT manana odiSels da maikl vikerss. 15. Tsetskhladze, On the numismatics of Colchis, 245 16. Jenkins, Recent Acquisitions of Greek Coins, 32.; Lang, The Georgians, sur. 74; Капанадзе, Грузинская нумизматика, 42, таб. I, 20; 17. ermitaJis egzemplarebis mopovebisaTvis uRrmesi madloba sanqt-peterburgis ermitaJis gene ralur direqtors i. piotrovskis da t. kireevas 18. Ретовский, Драхма Аристарха Колхидского, 1; Капанадзе, Грузинская нумизматика, 42, табл. I, 20

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5. ermitaJi 219 (sur. 6). wona 3,64 gr. Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: ARISTARCOU (sityva ARISTARCO-is nacvlad Cans RISTARC (ristarx), amave sityvaSi grafema S (sigma) aqac gaugebrad aris aRbeWdili da qmnis laTinuri C-s STabeWdilebas)TOU EPI(TOU EPI (mmarTveli) sqematuria da garCeva sxva ukeTesad Senaxuli warwerebis mixedviTaa SesaZlebeli). KOLCIDOS(KOLCIDOS-s nacvlad weria KOLCID. aklia S (s)). xolo sityva KOLCIDOS-s qvemoT - BI ar ikiTxeba. 6. parizis medlebis kabineti20 (sur. 7). wona 3,26 gr21. Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda ukiduresad sqematuria: ARISTARCOU-is nacvlad Cans gaurkveveli grafemebi, TOU EPI (TOU EPI -is nacvlad OU EPI weria) KOLCIDOS. grafema S (sigma) aqac gaugebrad aris aRbeWdili da qmnis laTinuri C-s STabeWdilebas. xolo sityva OLCIDOS-s nacvlad weria KOLCIDO. aklia S (s). KOLCIDOS-s qvemoT - BI bolomde ar Cans, SeiZleba mxolod grafema B-s erTi nawilis garCeva. 7. igoeTSi aRmoCenili axali egzemplari (inaxeba kerZo koleqciaSi), sur. 8. wona 3,80; zoma 17/17mm Av. marjvniv mimarTuli uwveruli mamakacis profili xuTsxivian gvirgvinSi. Rv. marjvniv mimarTuli taxtze mjdomi qalis drapirebuli gamosaxuleba koSkura gvirgvinSi. marcxena xelSi mas sferos magvari sagani uWiravs, xolo marjvenaTi saWes eyrdnoba. gamosaxulebis orive mxares da qvemoT berZnuli legenda: sityva ARISTARCOU-is nacvlad Cans RISTARCO (ristarxo) amave sityvaSi grafema S (s) aqac gaugebrad aris aRbeWdili da qmnis 19. Koehne, Drachms of Aristarchos, 1 20. monetis fotos mowodebisTvis madlobas vuxdiT Julien olivies (berZnuli monetebis koleq ciis kurators (antikuri monetebissa da medlebis departamenti).aseve, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis TanamSromels, xelovnebaTmcodne nana liluaSvils. 21. Babelon, la collection Waddington au Cabinet des Médailles, 272, tableau I, 1.

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laTinuri C-s STabeWdilebas, TOU EPI (TOU EPI-is (mmarTveli) nacvlad weria - OU EPI). KOLCIDOS (KOLCIDOS-s nacvlad weria KOLCIDO. aklia S (s). xolo sityva KOLCIDOS-s qvemoT - BI, grafema B – damaxinjebulia. aristarxe mmarTvelis monetebis aRwerilobebi garkveuli daskvnebis saSualebas iZleva. monetebze dakvirvebam mkafio gaxada siqebis mravalferovneba, ris gamoc Cndeba mosazreba maTi emisiis farTo masStabis Sesaxeb. Cven SevecadeT ti pologiurad dagvejgufebina aversebi da reversebi cal-calke, raTa maTi invariantuloba ufro aSkara gamxdariyo. Sedegad miviReT aseTi suraTi. aversebi: I jgufSi Sedis didi britaneTi (sur. 3); II jgufi - berlini (sur.1) da ermitaJi 1 (sur. 4); eSmoli (sur. 2.); III jgufi – parizi ( sur. 6), ermitaJi 2 (sur. 5), igoeTi (sur. 7). aversze gamosaxuli uwveruli mamakacis gamosaxulebebs Tu davakvirdebiT erTi SexedviT rCeba STabeWdileba, rom yvela monetaze saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva personaJTan, magram maT aqvT saerTo Strixebi: xuTsxiviani gvirgvini, mkveTrad gamoyvanili reliefuri yeli, e.w. adamis borcviT da wamoweuli amovsebuli cxvir-Sublis naWdevi. calkeuli detalebis odnavi gansxvavebuloba mainc SeiniSneba, magaliTad: profili - I da II jgufebs erTnairi aqvT - odnav kexiani cxviriT, magram III jgufis mamakacebi gacilebiT Txeli da swori cxviriT gamoirCevian. umniSvnelo, Tumca gansxvaveba SeiniSneba saxis moyvanilobaSic, saxis ovali xan ufro Txelia, xan - tlanqi (msuqani). reversebi: I jgufi - didi britaneTi (sur. 4), ermitaJi 1 (sur. 5); II berlini (sur.2), eSmoli (sur. 3.); III - parizi (sur. 7), ermitaJi 2 (sur. 6), igoeTi (sur. 8). gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa siqebis raodenoba. k. golenko Tvlida rom sul sami siqa iyo gamoyenebuli22, vfiqrobT Rvawlmosili mecnieri SecdomaSi TabaSiris anabeWdebma Seiyvana. mocemuli Svidi egzemplaris aversebidan, mxolod or monetaze SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom erTi da imave siqiTaa moWrili, igoeTi (sur. 8) da ermitaJi 2 (sur. 6). am SemTxvevaSic, dabejiTebiT mtkiceba vfiqrobT safrTxiloa, radgan sizustes gadaulaxav winaaRmdegobad eRobeba monetis reliefis cveTa. magaliTad ermitaJi 2-ze TariRi gacveTilia da B-s Tavi odnav Cans. danarCeni monetebis aversebze, miuxedavad tipologiuri siaxlovisa sxvadasxva siqaa, gamodis, rom arsebuli Svidi monetidan eqvsi (?) siqaa gamoyenebuli. rac Seexeba reverss, aq arc erTi ar meordeba da Svidive sxva da sxva siqiTaa moWrili. gamomdinare aqedan gvaqvs safuZveli vifiqroT, rom aristarxes vercxlis monetebis emisia, arc ise mcirea. am mosazrebas amyarebs monetebis ikonografiis, zedwerilebis TandaTanobiTi degradaciis sakmaod saintereso xazi. rogor xdeba samoneto ikonografiis da zedwerilebis gauareseba SegviZlia warmovidginoT Semdegnairad. 22. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский и его монеты, 107.

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yvelaze adreuli da Sesabamisad srulyofili aris didi britaneTis cali (sur. 4), gamorCeuli ikonografiiT, yovelgvari Secdomis gareSe ganTavsebuli warweriT da TariRiT (BI - 12). berZnuli asoebis moxazuloba zustia da monetis reliefic sakmaod maRalia. tixe warmodgenilia yvela saWiro detalebiT: koSkura qudiT, saWiT da sferos magvari nivTiT xelSi. Semdeg modis berlinis egzemplari, romelzec reversis mxares tixe odnav icvleba uaresobisken da ukve fiqsirdeba Secdoma. KOLCIDOS (kolxidos)-s nacvlad weria KOLCDOS-s. Secdomaa da aklia aso I (i). aRsaniSnavia, rom miuxedavad Secdomisa asoebis moxazuloba sworia, gansakuTrebiT es exeba sigmas (S), romelic TandaTanobiT kargavs formas da ukve ermitaJi 1-is SemTxvevaSi sityva ARISTARCOU-Si laTinuri C-s forma aqvs. eSmolis egzemplarze ukve garda imisa rom sigma (S) SecdomiTaa emateba grafema O (o)- s wertilebiT Canacvleba. amave monetaze ukve TvalSi sacemia TariRis _ (BI - 12) araswori ganTavseba. eSmolis Semdeg radikaluri cvlilebelia ti pologiurad erTnair jgufSi, romelSic Sedis: igoeTi, ermitaJi 2, parizi. aqedan Cveni azriT SedarebiT reliefurwarweriani da TariRiani (odnav saxeSecvlili) axali, igoeTSi aRmoCenili egzemplaria. warwerebSi asoebs mwyobri ganlageba akliaT da qaosuria, Tumca maTi amokiTxva SesaZlebelia. ermitaJi 2-is calze igive saxis cvlilebebia, magram emateba TariRis detalis gacveTiloba. degradaciis bolo etaps Cveni azriT miekuTvneba parizis egzemplari, romelic gamoirCeva berZnuli warwerebis sqematurobiT, maT Soris araswori marTlweriT, dabali reliefiT da TariRis sruli ignorirebiT. aristarxe kolxelis monetebis degradaciis xazis bolo egzemplarebi: igoeTi, ermitaJi 2, parizi, garda zemoT aRniSnuli niuansebisa, Cvens yuradRebas iqcevs tixe fortunas xelSi arsebuli e.w. sferosmagvari sagani. unda iTqvas, rom danarCen monetebzec Cans es detali, ubralod am sam figurasTan mkafioa, radgan cota gabrtyelebulia da TvaliT gacilebiT kargad aRiqmeba. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT tixes ikonografias aSkarad Cans, rom nivTi, rac xelT upyria mas, yvelaze naklebad warmosadgenia iyos sfero. msoflio numizmatikaSi mjdomare tixes ganTavseba monetebze sakmaod iSviaTia. Cven mivakvlieT publius septimius getas (189-211) monetas romelzec sakmaod mkafiod Cans tixe, romelsac xelSi uWiravs sfero (sur. 9) marTalia, am mmarTvelebs Soris sxvaoba TiTqmis sami saukunea, magram imis saprezentaciod Tu rogor unda gamoiyurebodes xelSi daWerili sfero vfiqrobT gamodgeba. msgavs ikonografiul detals aristarxes draqmaze gamosaxul tixeze Cven ver vxedavT. am erTi SexedviT mcire detalma, sakmaod didi polemika gamoiwvia samecniero wreebSi. j. jenkinsma CaTvala, rom es aris mcire zomis mrgvali WurWeli23. mosazreba ar iqna miRebuli d. kapanaZisa da i. Sengelias mier24. maTi dak23. Jenkins, Recent Acquisitions of Greek Coins, 32. 24. Капанадзе, Шенгелия. Триорфная Геката с колхидской дидрахмы Vв. До н. э., 157.

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virvebiT es aris winwila, musikaluri sakravi, romelic rea-kibelas atributia da Sesabamisad CaTvales rom monetis reversze swored es RvTaebaa gamosaxuli. konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki faziseli rea, romlis Sesaxeb werda flavius ariane25. flavius arianes mixedviT, fazisis SesasvlelSi, marcxena sanapiroze idga fasisis RvTaeba, romelsac xelT epyra winwila. k. golenkom aRniSna, rom flavius arianes mier daxasiaTebul fazisi RvTaebas xelSi eWira winwila, magram amavdroulad taxtis gverdiT, marcxena da marjvena mxares isxdnen lomebi. es ukanaskneli detali aristarxes arc erT monetaze ar Cans. k. golenko aRniSnavs, rom britanul egzemplarze SedarebiT sustad, magram danarCenze kargad Cans, rom am sagans yelic ki aqvs26. Cven SegviZlia davamatoT, rom didi britaneTis, eSmolis da igoeTis calebze aSkarad Cans yeliani WurWeli. mecnieri am detals miiCnevs rogorc mdinaris RvTaebebis aucilebel atributs da mohyavs magaliTebi romaul periodis mcireaziuli monetebisa. ufro metic, fiqrobs, rom tixes gamosaxva kolxur draqmebze gulisxmobs im mdinaris RvTaebis ganTavsebas, razec dgas qalaqi, savaraudod kolxeTis dedaqalaqi. aseve man mianiSna, rom berlinis egzemplarze tixes fexebTan Cans mdinaris wylis nakadi, rac arc Tu ise iSviaTi damatebiTi gamosaxulebaa saqalaqo RvTaebasTan erTad. gamoTqvams varauds, rom SesaZloa es iyos an fazisi an dioskuria27. Cven savsebiT viziarebT am dakvirvebas, aSkaraa, rom es ucnauri talRismagvari xazebi Cans rogorc berlinis, asve eSmolis egzemplarzec. rac Seexeba sagans, romelic xelSi uWiravs tixes, veTanxmebiT k. golenkos, rom es ufro mcire zomis WurWelia. amaSi dagvarwmuna moZiebulma cifrulma fotoebma, amasTanave, igive detali araCveulebrivad Cans igoeTSi aRmoCenil axal egzemplarze. eWvs ar iwvevs aseve is garemoebac, rom RvTaeba, adgilobrivi warmomavlobisaa da kolxuri garemosTvis organulia. am mosazrebis marTebulobas adasturebs saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi lisimaxes stateris minabaZi (sur. 10). monetis aversze gamosaxulia mamakacis marjvniv mimarTuli profili CitebiT (ixvebi?) ganTavsebuli gvirgviniT. reversze gamosaxulia tixe, romelic marjvena xeliT eyrdnoba saWes, xolo marcxenaSi uWiravs igive sagani. lisimaxes minabaZis adgilobrivi warmomavloba ukve dadasturebulia28, aqedan gamomdinare reversze warmodgenili RvTaeba rom identuri SeiZleba iyos aristarxes monetebze aRbeWdili gamosaxulebis, arc es varaudi gveCveneba usafuZvlod. ufro metic, savsebiT logikurad migvaCnia mosazreba imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom es monetebi erTi da imave zarafxanaSi iWreboda29. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saqme gvaqvs sxvadasxva zarafxanis produqciaze, mTavari aris is, rom RvTaeba, romelic aq aris warmodgenili, organulia adgilobrivad moWrili monetebisTvis. 25. Флавий Арриан. Объезд Эвксинского Понта, II. Вестник древней истории, 1948, N1, Ст. 268 26. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский и его монеты, 109. 27. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский и его монеты, 109. 28. Гиорги Дундуа, Нумизматика античной грузии, Тбилиси 1987, 95 29. Голенко, Аристарх колхидский и его монеты, 107.

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CvenTvis ara nakleb sainteresod gamoiyureba lisimaxes minabaZis aversis mxare. mamakacis Strixebi stilisturad, Sesrulebis maneriT Zalian gvagonebs aristarxes monetebis yvelaze metad gauaresebul calebs. saxis nakvTebi: cxviri, tuCebi, Tvali da warbi sqematuria da xazebiTaa warmodgenili. mxolod loyaa reliefuri da aseve mkafiod Cans gvirgvini Citebis figurebiT. saqme isaa, rom aristarxes parizis, igoeTis da ermitaJi 2-is calebzec nakvTebi aranaturalisturia, cxviri da tuCebi erTmaneTis paraleluri xazebiTaa naCvenebi, sqematuria Tvali da warbic, reliefuria mxolod loya da kiseri. aristarxes SemTxvevaSic TiTqmis ucvlelia xuTsxiviani gvirgvini. Cven SemTxveviT ar gavamaxvileT yuradReba lisimaxes minabaZis da aristarxes monetebis aversebis Sedarebaze. stilisturi analizi gviCvenebs idealurad Sesrulebul calTan daSorebis dinamikas, rogor xdeba gamosaxuleba TandaTanobiT sqematuri da bolos viRebT sakmaod gansxvavebul ikonografias. Cven Sors varT im azrisgan, rom aristarxes parizis, igoeTis da ermitaJi 2-is calebs minabaZebi vuwodoT, amis saSualebas ar gvaZlevs aristarxes monetis reversze arsebuli warwera, romelic marTalia sakmaod qaoturia da bevri SecdomebiT, magram asoebis amokiTxva jer kidev SesaZlebelia. magram gamosaxulebis TandaTanobiTi degradacia da sqematurobisken wasvla gvafiqrebinebs, rom am monetebis emisia im drosac grZeldeba, roca oficialuri mmarTveli aristarxe aRar aris. amis mizezi Cveni varaudiT SeiZleba iyos adgilobrivi bazris moTxovna, romelic SeeCvia am fuls. aristarxes mmarTvelobis dasasrulad miRebulia Zv.w. 48 weli. rodesac bosforis mefe farnakma miTridate VI-is Svilma daiwyo brZola romaelebis winaaRmdeg, romlis drosac xelSi Caigdo kolxeTi. gamodis, rom aristarxe, romelic Zv.w. 52/51 wels Wris monetas 48 wlamde drois am mcire monakveTSi mxolod dRevandeli monacemebiT Svid invariantul siqas iyenebs. amas emateba monetebze cveTis kvali, rac maT aqtiur mimoqcevaze metyvelebs. yuradsaRebia agreTve monetis reversze datanili TariRis aRmniSvneli _ BI (12). es detali igoeTis caleze, damaxinjebulad aris naCvenebi, xolo parizisa da ermitaJi 2 -is SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis ugulvebelyofilia30. TariRis (BI - 12)) meorexarisxovan detalad gadatanac, Cveni azriT imis maniSnebelia, rom am monetebis Semdgomi moWra met-naklebad daSorebulia aristarxes mmarTvelobis periods. am sakiTxis win waweva, momavalSi vfiqrobT mxolod im egzemplars SeuZlia, romelsac arqeologiuri konteqsti eqneba Tanmxlebi artefaqtebiT. jer-jerobiT ki es mxolod frTxili varaudebia. oriod sityviT gvinda SevexoT, axali egzemplaris aRmoCenis garemoebas. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT moneta aRmoCnda igoeTSi. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviT monapovarTan, mxolod erTi egzemplariT Znelia igoeTis mimdebare regioni, romelic savaraudod kolxeTis imJamindel teri30. marTalia B-s detali mkrTalad Cans, magram aSkarad igrZnoba, rom misi dafiqsireba momW relisTvis aucileblobas aRar warmoadgens.

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torias sakmaod daSorebulia am monetis gavrcelebis arealad CavTvaloT. aq win gveRobeba arqeologiuri Tanmxlebi masalis ar qona. amitomac am etapze aristarxes monetebis gavrcelebis arealis gazrda araseriozulad migvaCnia. mokled Tu SevajamebT Cvens mier Catarebeul kvlevas, SevecadeT zedmiwevniT srulad gadmogveca msoflios sxvadasxva muzeumebSi daculi aristarxe kolxelis monetebis aRweriloba Cvens mier moZiebuli fotopirebis saSualebiT. detalurma aRwerilobam saSualeba mogvca erTi mxriv axali Strixebi Segvetana am monetebis aRwerilobebSi da gadagvesinja dRemde samecniero publikaciebSi arsebuli aristarxes monetebis samoneto ikonografia. meore mxriv, am monetebis SedarebiTi-stilisturi analiziT, davinaxeT degradaciis dinamika da gamovavlineT siqebis mravalferovneba. xolo siqebis invariantulobiT vaCveneT am monetebis emisiis arc Tu mcire masStabi. agreTve SevecadeT dagvesva sakiTxi monetebis emisiis gaxangrZlivebaze. kerZod, Cven davuSviT varaudi, rom am monetebis moWra aristarxes mmarTvelobidan wasvlis Semdgomac grZeldeboda da es am fulisadmi adgilobrivi bazris moTxovnilebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. gamovaqveyneT da mimoqcevaSi gavuSviT axali, igoeTSi aRmoCenili egzemplari, romelic aristarxes monetebis mcirericxovnobis gaTvaliswinebiT umniSvnelovanesi SenaZenia mecnierebisTvis. bolos davsZenT, rom Cveni mizani, am samoneto jgufTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime aspeqtis win wamoweva iyo. Tumca, saboloo gadawyveta rigi sakiTxebis, am publikaciis farglebs cdeba. aristarxe kolxelis samoneto saqmis Seswavla samomavlod unda gagrZeldes, gansakuTrebiT xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi mimarTulebiT da Tu axali aRmoCenebic daemateba, vfiqrobT gacilebiT did informacias SeiZens saistorio mecniereba.

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Maia Pataridze Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) David Mikeladze Independent Researcher (Georgia, Tbilisi)

Aristarchus, the Ruler of Colchis (numismatic research)

summary A new specimen of the coin of Aristarchus of Colchis was found in the vicinity of Igoeti in 2018. The presented paper aims to publish and introduce this find to scholarly community as we believe every new discovery is a significant asset for the further research. Besides, we managed to get photocopies from the world’s museums (Berlin Bode Museum Munzkabinett, Ashmolean Museum (Oxford), British Museum, Cabinet of Medals at Paris, St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum) where Aristarchus’ coins are preserved and publish them together with the new specimen. One of the authors of the article had an opportunity to inspect the Berlin coin. Aristarchus coins were hitherto known to the students through plaster impressions. The iconography of these coins from different museums had been studied as comprehensively as possible. The present paper offers detailed description of all coins minted in the name of Aristarchus ruler of Colchis done on the basis of digital photocopies along with the lately discovered specimen. New details and features are added on to the previous descriptions. The comparative-stylistic analysis made it possible to trace dynamics of degradation of iconography and identification of various coin dies. Emission frequency rates were also clarified through analysis of various dies. The authors tried to raise an issue on continuation of the emission. Namely, it is suggested that the emission continued after Aristarchus was no more a ruler due to the demands of local market. The paper primarily aimed at publishing a new discovery of coins of Aristarchus from Igoeti -an interesting and important asset for further research, since the number of Aristarchus coins is small.

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bibliografia dundua giorgi. ras mogviTxroben Zveleburi monetebi, Tbilisi 1968. dundua giorgi, dundua Tedo. qarTuli numizmatika I. Tbilisi, 2006 kapanaZe daviT. qarTuli numizmatika, Tbilisi, 1969; lorTqifaniZe oTar. antikuri arqeologia (Zveli saberZneTi), Tbilisi 1971.

Голенко Константин, Денежное обращение Колхиды в римское время, Ленинград, 1964. Голенко Константин, “Аристарх колхидский и его монеты”, Вестник древней истории , 4(130), Москва 1974, Ст.106 Дундуа Гиорги, Нумизматика античной грузии, Тбилиси 1987. Капанадзе Давид, Грузинская нумизматика, 1955 Капанадзе Давид, Шенгелия И. “Триорфная Геката с колхидской дидрахмы V в. До н. э.”, АИКСП (Античная история и культура средиземноморья и причерноморья), 1968, 154; Лордкипанидзе Гурам, К истории древней Колхиды, Тбилиси. 1970 Меликишвили Гиорги, К Истории Древней Грузии, Тбилиси 1959 Ретовский Отто, “Драхма Аристарха Колхидского из собрания Имп. Эрмитажа”, Труды МНО (Московское Нумизматическое обшество) т. III, вып. 2, 1903; Флавий Арриан, Объезд Эвксинского Понта, II. Вестник древней истории, 1948, N1, 268 Babelon Ernest. “La collection Waddington au Cabinet des Médailles”, inventaire sommaire, B N 1897 Dundua Tedo, “Georgia within the European Integration”. Graeco-Roman World, Byzantine Commonwealth, Orthodox Alliance and the Georgians. Tb. 2013. Fox, Charles R. Engravings of Unedited or Rate Coins with Descriptions, Part II, L., 1862 Jenkins, Gilbert, K. “Recent Acquisitions of Greek Coins by the British Museum”, NC (The Numismatic Chronicle and Journal of the Royal Numismatic Society) 1959 Koehne, Bernhard. “Drachms of Aristarchos, Dynast of Colchis”, NC (The Numismatic Chronicle), 1877, Lang, David, M. The Georgians, “Ancient Peoples and Place”, L., 1966 P[rokesch] - O [sten], Unedierte griechische Münzen aus der Sammlung des Freiherrn von ProkeschßOsten, “Archäologische Zeitung” (Wien), März 1849; Tsetskhladze Gocha. “On the numismatics of Colchis: the classical archaeologist’s perspective”. Dialogues d’histoire ancienne, vol. 19, n°1, 1993. Waddingdon William H. “Un voyage en Asie Mineure au point de vue numismatique”, RN (Revue Numismatique), 1853

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tabulis aRweriloba: I. 1. aristarxe kolxelis monetebis zogadi rekonstruirebuli grafika; 2. berlini, bodes muzeumi; 3. oqsfordi, aSmolis muzeumi; 4. didi britaneTis muzeumi; 5. sankt-peterburgi, ermitaJi 1; 6. sankt-peterburgi, ermitaJi 2; 7. parizis medlebis kabineti; 8. moneta igoeTidan; 9. publius septimius getas moneta; 10. lisimaxes stateris minabaZi. Illustrations: I. 1. General reconstructed graphics of the coins of Aristarchus Colchis; 2. Berlin Bode Museum Munzkabinett; 3. Ashmolean Museum (Oxford); 4. British Museum 5. St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum, 1; 6. St. Petersburg Hermitage Museum, 2; 7 Cabinet of Medals at Paris; 8. Coin from Igoeti; 9. Publius Septimius Geta Coins; 10. The imitation of stater of Lysi- Aristarchus.

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marine fircxalava saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

winareantikuri xanis kolxuri keramikis erTi jgufi vanis naqalaqaridan 2003-2004 ww. vanis naqalaqaris centralur terasaze, mis dasavleT nawilSi, gamovlinda hidro-sainJinro sistemis erTi mTavar nawilTagani _ saxeldobr, kldeSi nakveTi, kldovani tixriT gamijnuli wyvili cisterna, wyalmomaragebis aucilebeli elementi; maTgan erTi, sagrZnoblad Rrma, sadac Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. kolxuri keramikis 1000 - mde fragmenti aRmoCnda, antikur samyaroSi cnobili cisternebis msgavsad, filtracias emsaxureboda, xolo meoreSi, romelSic gvianelinisturi xanis keramikis fragmentebi aRmoCnda, gafiltruli wyali grovdeboda1. TiToeulSi fiqsirebuli masalis aseTi mkveTri qronologiuri gansxvavebis miuxedavad, es erTiani kompleqsia, romelic erTdroulad funqcionirebda da erTdroulad daingra: mcire ormo-cisternaSi fiqsirebuli masala maTi funqcionirebis xanas unda mivakuTvnoT, xolo `didi ormos~ SevsebaSi gamovlenili winareantikuri epoqis keramikuli masala unda miviCnioT im sagangebo `Sevsebad~, romelic am ormos gamarTvisas mohyva fxvier Tirovan fenas. masSi aRmoCenil Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis keramikis aseulobiT fragments Soris sxva periodis arc erTi natexi ar yofila napovni. esaa koleqcia, romelic kolxeTis e.w. winareantikurad wodebuli Tixis nawarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli formebisa da ornamentis matarebelia, romelsac boris kuftini aRiqvamda, rogorc axal safexurs kolxuri keramikis ganviTarebaSi. es xana sadReisod, rogorc cnobilia, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiTaa gansazRvruli2. keramikuli nawarmis fragmentulobis miuxedavad, WurWlis formebze warmodgenas gviqmis paraleluri masala (tab. I). gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiTa da daxvewili naxatiT xasiaTdeba am epoqisTvis ti piuri da am koleqciaSi warmodgenili ornamenti (tab. II, III). ornamentul motivebs Soris aris saxeebi, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi Cndeba, magram am xanaSi ar aris farTod gavrcelebuli mTel kolxeTSi; amis miuxedavad, isini am etapisTvis damaxasiaTebladaa miCneuli, radgan am xanisaTvis ti piuri 1. marine fircxalava, `wyalmomaragebis sistemis arsebobis arqeologiuri dadastureba vanis naqalaqarze~, iberia-kolxeTi, (2011), 54-62. 2. Борис Куфтин, Материалы к Археологии Колхиды II, (Тбилиси, 1950), 91-102; vera Tolordava, `vanis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis sakulto kompleqsi (qronologiisaTvis)~. Ziebani, damatebani IV (Tbilisi, 2001): 37-42.

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WurWlis SemkulobaSi gvxvdeba da, boris kuftinis gamoTqma rom vixmaroT, maT izolirebuli mdgomareoba ukaviaT ornamentis danarCen saxeebs Soris3. esenia _ tvifriT datanili koncentruli wreebi (tab. III; IV, 1-4) da spiraluri ornamentis variantebi _ e.w. rvianSi Cawerili spirali (tab. II, 7) da `gadabmuli spiralis~, an igive `mikenuri spiralis~ saxeliT cnobili motivebi4 (tab. III). es ukanaskneli warmoadgens xazebiT SeerTebul erTimeoreSi Casmul spiralur xveulebs; xveulebi tvifriTaa datanili, xolo gadabmis xazebi wvetiani instrumentiTaa gavlebuli. SeniSnulia, rom kolxuri keramikisTvis ornamentis es iSviaTi motivebi uxvad gvxvdeba Tanadroul brinjaos mxatvruli xelosnobis nivTebze _ rogorc kolxuri kulturis grafikuli dekoriT Semkul sagnebze, aseve centralur-amierkavkasiur sartylebze. sagangebod minda SevCerde koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenil ornamentze, romelic gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs (tab. II, 8, 9; IV, 1-4). gvaqvs ori gansxvavebuli varianti, rac wreTa sxvadasxva diametrsa da kveTis siRrmeSi gamoixateba: 1,5 sm da 4 sm diametrisa. didi diametris mqone TiToeuli wre Sedgeba ori Rrmad CaWdeuli koncentruli wrexazisagan SuaSi wertiliT. kveTa imdenad Rrmaa, rom ornaments reliefuri ieri aqvs. amas aZlierebs konusuri, 1 sm simaRlis kopebi _ Sverilebi, romlebic yoveli mesame wriuli naWdevis Semdegaa dasmuli, e.i. kopebs Soris sami koncentruli wrea. wreTa erTgvarovneba migvaniSnebs erTi da igive Stampis gamoyenebaze. es ornamenti didi zomis WurWlis mxarze qmnis koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenil sartyels (SemorCenilia sami rigi), amasTan kopebi mxolod zeda rigzea daZerwili. mcire zomis WurWlis kuTvnil fragmentze ki wreebis rigebiT Semkulia korpusis gamoberili nawili _ saxezea oTxi rigi (tab. IV, 4). vans garda es naxati damowmebulia dablagomSi nasaydrevisa da nacixvaris borcvebze kuftinis mier mopovebuli WurWlebis mxrebsa da kedlebze da rac gansakuTrebul yuradRebas i pyrobs, es motivi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs cxovelis figurebis gamosaxulebiani didi zomis WurWlebis mxris SemkobaSi5 (tab. IV, 5, 6, 7). dablagomis sam sxvadasxva fragmentze, rbil Tixaze wvetiani instrumentiT amokveTili TiTo zoomorfuli figura swored koncentruli wreebisa da iribi Rarebis kombinaciiT Sedgenil sartylebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli; erT natexze wriulad ganlagebuli koncentruli wreebive qmnian erTian diskos _ solarul sxeuls, romliskenac miemarTeba cxoveli, Tavadac am wreebis mwkriviT aqvs dafaruli tanis nawili kisrisa da drunCis CaTvliT. meore fragmentze cxovelis figura dgas samkuTxa `borcvis~ Tu gorakis (rogorc mas kuftini uwodebs) win da mis kuTxeebSi isev vxedavT koncentrul wreebs. kuftinis ganmartebiT, esaa zoomorfuli xazovani gamosaxulebebi, Sesrulebuli pirobiTi, geometrizirebuli maneriT. 3. Куфтин, Материалы, 97. 4. Norbert Kunisch, Ornamente Geometrischer Vasen (Böhlau, 1998), 230-231, e,f; Куфтин, Материалы, 192, tab. 46,4; 57,3; sur. 48, ## 40, 82. 5. Куфтин, Материалы, 103-105, sur. 27, 28, 29.

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ar yofila mkafiod gansazRvruli am fragmentebis TariRi; kuftini keramikis am jgufs arqauls uwodebda6; sayuradReboa, rom isini imave fenaSia napovni, sadac koncentrul wreebiani motivi e.w. uTosebryuriani (es terminic kuftinis damkvidrebulia) kaTxis korpusze gvxvdeba (tab. IV, 8), am ti pis yuri ki winareantikuri xanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.7 ase rom ar SevcdebiT, Tu vityviT, rom zoomorful gamosaxulebiani nimuSebic imave xanisa unda iyos. am motivma _ mxedvelobaSi maqvs koncentruli wreebis mwkrivi cxovelis tanze _ migviyvana geometriuli stilis mcire plastikis zogierT sinqronul artefaqtTan saberZneTidan. dablagomis fragmentze gamosaxuli cxovelis tanze koncentruli wreebi CaWdeulia ara mxolod sxeulis romelime nawilze (sxvadasxva saxis solaruli niSani mxarze da TeZoze, rogorc amas Zvel samyaroSi vxvdebiT), aramed am wreebis mwkrivi miemarTeba tanidan grZel kiserze da Semdeg drunCze gadadis. cxovelis sxeulis analogiur dafarvas koncentruli wreebiT vxvdebiT cxenisa da Svlis Zv.w. VIII s-is brinjaos mcire zomis qandakebebze: aseTia Tebes kabirionis patara qandakeba irmisa, romelic kvebavs nukrs (tab. V, 3). mis tansa da rqebze amokveTili koncentruli wreebis mwkrivia8. aseTive naxatia cxenebis brinjaos figurebze9 (tab. V, 1-2) _ koncentruli wreebis mwkrivi Tvalis aRsaniSnavad, grZel kiserze, mxarsa da TeZoze. cxenis es ti pi, koncentruli wreebiT, iTvleba, rom olimpiaSi Cndeba da misi gviandeli formiT miekuTvneba geometriuli stilis ostatTa korinTul skolas da, rogorc fiqroben, is Zv.w. VIII saukunis Suaxanebze adreuli xaniT ver daTariRdeba. aq yuradReba minda mivaqcioT imasac, rom dablagomis cxovelis drunCi erTgvarad trapeciiseburad farTovdeba da am niSniTac mogvagonebs cxenis xsenebul figurebs maTi Taviseburi, e.w. `goWis dingiseburi~, rogorc maT uwodeben, drunCiT. adre vaxsene, rom boris kuftini tvifriT datanili koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenil ornaments Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kolxeTSi izolirebulad miiCnevda. igive dakvirveba hqonda caca Tolordavas vanis analogiuri masalis mimarT. aq minda ganvagrZo es Tema da SegaxsenoT, rom oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis kolxeTis istoriis kvlevisas SeniSnavda, rom am xanis arqeologiuri masala TiTqos adasturebs wyaroebis safuZvelze gamoTqmul mosazrebas Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebSi, e.i. kolonizaciamdel xanaSi, berZnul samyarosa da kolxeTs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis Sesaxeb10; da am kolonizaciamdeli berZnul-kolxuri kontaqtebis arapirdapir (hi poTetur) mowmobad miiCnevda im siaxleebs, romlebic am xanaSi Tavs 6. Куфтин, Материалы, 102. 7. Tolordava, vanis Zv.w. VIII-VII, 38, tab. IV, 9-17; Куфтин, Материалы, 99,tab. 36, 4. 8. Mary Comstock and Cornelius Vermeule, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Muzeum of Fine Arts (Boston, Massachusetts. 1971). 5, sur. 3. 9. Comstock. and Vermeule, Greek, 8, sur. 6. 10. oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan (Tbilisi, 2002), 188-190.

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iCens kolxeTis materialur kulturaSi, da romlebsac man ti pologiuri msgavsebani mouZebna gviangeometriuli xanis saberZneTis materialuri kulturis ZeglebTan. esenia keramikuli formebi _ kanTarosiseburi da kalaTosiseburi WurWlebi, mcire skulpturebi (ormagprotomiani figurebi kolxeTSi da saberZneTSi), brinjaos antropomorfuli plastika; aseTive kavSirebs varaudobda keramikis Semkulobis motivebSi (magram ar ganavrco, Tu romeli motivi miaCnia aseTad). am TvalsazrisiT, vfiqrob, ornamentis am CvenTvis saintereso saxeobasac am samyarosken mivyavarT. aseTi Tanxvdeniloba SeiZleba iyos universaluri azrovnebis nayofi, magram me mainc vfiqrob, rom es aris kidev erTi argumenti oT. lorTqifaniZis hi poTezis gasamyareblad.

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Marine Pirtskhalava Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) The Set of the Pre-ancient Colchian Pottery from the Vani Archaeological Site Summary In 2003-2004, on the central terrace of the city of Vani, in its western part, one of the main parts of the hydro-engineering system was identified - namely, a pair of cisterns separated by a rock partition, a necessary element for water supply; One of them, considerably deeper, revealed up to 1,000 fragments of Colchian pottery, dating to the eighth and seventh centuries BC, which like any other cisterns from the ancient world were used for filtration. Another one, revealed the fragments of the Late Hellenistic period pottery, used for collecting filtered water. It is a single complex that once functioned as a whole and collapsed as a whole: the materials found in the small pit-cistern belong to the period of its functioning, and the pre-ancient ceramic material found in the “big pit” filling is an emergency “filling” that was entrapped there align with the friable layers during the pit arrangement. No pieces of that period were found among the pottery fragments from the eighth and seventh centuries BC. This is a collection that represents a new stage in the development of Colchian pottery. It is characterized by a special variety of forms and an exquisite drawing. This time the article focuses on the ornament composed of engraved concentric circles which triggers particular interest. This ornament forms a belt composed of concentric circles on the shoulder of a large vessel. The circle carvings are so deep that they create a relief-like finish. The similar image is known to us from contemporary monuments of Colchis, and most importantly, we have unique examples of ceramic vessels showing a row of concentric circles depicted on the animal bodies featuring on the shoulder of a pottery vessel. A row of these circles extends from the animal’s body to the long neck and then to the nuzzle. The study of this motif has led us to some synchronous artefacts of small geometric figurines from Greece: a similar feature showing the animal body with concentric circles is found on the small bronze statues of the horse and roe deer dating back to the eighth century B.C: such as the small statue of Thebes Cabeirion - a deer feeding its fawn, and similar concentric circles can be seen on the bronze figures of horses - this type of horse, with concentric circles, is believed to belong to the craftsmen of Corinthian school of geometry. These archeological materials may well confirm the proposition, which itself is backed up with relevant evidence (Ot. Lordkipanidze), about Greece - Colchis relations in the eighth and seventh centuries BC (i.e. before the Greek colonization).

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bibliografia: Tolordava vera, `vanis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis sakulto kompleqsi (qronologiisaTvis)~, Ziebani, damatebani IV (Tbilisi 2001), 37-42. lorTqifaniZe oTar, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2002. Kunisch Norbert, Ornamente Geometrischer Vasen, Böhlau, 1998. Mery Comstock and Cornelius Vermeule, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Muzeum of Fine Arts ( Boston, Massachsetts. 1971. Борис Куфтин, Материалы к Археологии Колхиды II, Тбилиси, 1950.

tabulebis aRweriloba: I. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss kolxuri keramikis ZiriTadi formebi. II. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss kolxuri Tixis WurWeli da ornamentuli motivis saxeobebi: 1,2,5. sasmisebi; 4,6. didi zomis sameurneo WurWeli; 7-19. WurWlis ornamentirebuli kedlebi. III. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss ornamentuli motivebis saxeebi da koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenili sartyliT Semkuli didi zomis WurWeli. IV. 1. koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenili sartyliT Semkuli WurWlis mxris (1, 2, 3) da kedlis (4) fragmentebi; 2. cxovelebis gamosaxulebebiani WurWlis mxris fragmentebi (5, 6, 7); 3. WurWlis e.w. “uTosebri yuri”, Semkuli koncentruli wreebiT (7). V. geometriuli xanis brinjaos mcire qandakebebi cxenisa (1, 2) da irmis (3) gamosaxulebebiT saberZneTidan. Illustrations: I. The main types of Colchian pottery of the 8th -7th centuries BC. II III. Fragments of Colchian pottery and the examples of ornamental motives from Vani City Site. IV. 1. A band composed of concentric circles on the shoulder of a large vessel. 2. Examples of ceramic vessels showing a row of concentric circles depicted on the animal bodies featuring on the shoulder of a pottery vessel from Western Georgia. V. Small bronze Geometric figurines from Greece.

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marine fuTuriZe Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

TrialeTis kultura – cvlilebebi Zv.w. III - II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze da misi mizezebi Zv.w. XXII/XXI saukunis mijnidan samxreT kavkasiis geokulturul sivrceSi gamoCenas iwyebs axali fenomeni, romelic Zveli samyaros civilizaciaTa Soris cnobilia TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis saxeliT. misi dasawyisi dakavSirebulia arsebiTi mniSvnelobis siaxleebsa da gardatexebTan rogorc materialur kulturaSi, ise socialur da savaWro-ekonomikur sferoSi da, rac yvelaze niSandoblivia, kulturis saerTo xasiaTsa da misi ganviTarebis manamde arnaxul aRmavlobaSi. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad samxreT kavkasiis momijnave - wina aziis zogierT arealSi (Sumeri, centraluri anatolia, siria-palestina) dgeba mkafio cvlilebebisa da dawinaurebis axali etapi, rac kargad Cans iseT dargebSi, rogorebicaa mxatvruli xelosnobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi (oqromWedloba, mxatvruli brinjao),, meTuneoba, msoflmxedvelobrivi da, Sesabamisad, ritualTan dakavSirebuli sfero da sxva. amjerad aqcenti gvinda gavakeToT swored im cvlilebebze,, rac yvela am dawinaurebul dargSi erTdroulad aseve TvalsaCino xdeba samxreT kavkasiis im vrcel arealSi, romelic TrialeTis kulturam moicva. es movlena aSkarad metyvelebs TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad inovaciebisa da cvlilebebis procesis dasawyisze, romelic qronologiurad,, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva arealSi momxdar gardatexebs sinqronulad Tanxvdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TrialeTis kulturis garemomcveli paleo-kulturuli da politikuri viTarebis farTod gaTvaliswinebas. sazogadoebis yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebis da TrialeTis kulturis saerTo aRmavlobis dinamika, Cveni azriT, miuTiTebs Semobrunebis im etapze, romelsac adgili hqonda Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze da romelic uZveles maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mimdinare arsebiTi xasiaTis procesebis paralelurad mimdinareobda. Sesabamisad, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi b.kuftinis mier aRmoCenili1 da mas Semdeg sxvadasxva arqeologiuri skolis specialistTa interesis sagani – TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kultura, swored am TvalTaxedviT gvinda davaxasiaTod. zogadad, Zveli samyaros udidesi nawilisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani siaxleebiTa da movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda CvenTvis sayuradRebo perio1. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети.Опыт Периодизации памятников, I (Тбилиси: Изд-во Академии Наук Грузинской ССР:1941), 78 -100.

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di - Zv.w III aTaswleulis miwuruli da II-is pirveli meoTxedi.Ees iTqmis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri, kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri dawinaurebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc Cans, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanaSi, xolo Semdeg ki ukve mis miwurulSi wina aziaSi gaaqtiurebuli tomTa moZraoba2 da axal, adresaxelmwifoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv garTianebaTa warmonaqmnebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda im geopolitikur, savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirurTierTobaTa qselis3 Seqmnas, romelsac udavo zegavlena unda moexdina sakuTriv am regionis, da aseve, misi mezobeli samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli landSaftis formirebazec. Sesabamisad, am ori dasaxelebuli regionis kulturuli da ekonomikuri kavSirebi bevrad gansazRvravda aRniSnul epoqaSi Camoyalibebul realobas, romlis aRdgenac arqeologiuri Zeglebis mixedviT bolomde mkafiod jer kidev ver xerxdeba. TavisTavad is, rom Zveli samyaros am or sxvadasxva regions Soris arsebul kavSirurTierTobaTa dadgena Zv.w. III aTaswleulisa da II–is pirveli naxevris geokulturuli suraTis rekonstruqciis upirvelesi winapirobaa,, es sadavo aravisTvis ar aris. amitomacaa, rom mis Seswavlas ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba dReisaTvis sadiskusiod qceul mravalferovan arqeologiur problematikaSi. am sakiTxze aqcentirebamde mokled SevexoT TrialeTis kulturisaTvis yvelaze niSandobliv Taviseburebebs. samxreT kavkasiis preistoriul sivrceSi es kultura aSkarad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo mravali TvalsazrisiT. upirvelesad ki, kulturuli da social-ekonomikuri ayvavebis iseTi maRali xarisxiT, romelic mkvlevarTa mier civilizaciis zRvarTan myof movlenadac ki ganixileba4. adamianTa saqmianobis araerT sferoSi is iseTi maRali miRwevebiT xasiaTdeboda, romelic araTu ar Camouvardeboda,, aramed zog SemTxvevaSi winac ki uswrebda rig winaaziur civilizaciur erTobebs, Tundac oqromWedlobis maRali standartis TvalsazrisiT. TrialeTis kultura samxreT kavkasiis regionSi gamorCeuli aRmoCnda misi gavrcelebis masStabebis mxrivac.Ffaqtobrivad, adre brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semdeg, man yvelaze farTo teritoria dafara (tab. I1) da, garda amisa, aris tendencia misi sazRvrebis kidev ufro gafarToebis ukiduresi samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT5. faqtobrivad, TrialeTis kulturam moicva Tanamedrove sami saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis (saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani) teritoria, xolo samxreTiT misma ukiduresma sazRvarma gaiara mdinare araqsis kalapotis gaswvriv, romelic amave dros samxreT kavkasias Semofarglavs. rac Seexeba, saqarTvelos, sivr2. История Древного Востока. Зарождение древнеиших классовых обществ и первые очаги рабовла дельческой цивилизации. Часть вторая. Под. Ред. Г.М. Бонград-Левина (Москва: «Наука»,1988), 90-103. 3. История Древного Востока. 25-43, 90-94. 4. oTar jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. (Tbilisi: artanuji: 2006), 342. 5. Каринэ Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс. до н.э. Этапы культурного и социально-экономического развития (Санкт-Петербург: изд-во «Петербургское Востоковедение»,1993), 98, Рис. 331 ; Marina Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age”, in Archaeology in the Borderlands. Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, ed. Adam Smith et al. (Los Angeles:Cotsen Institute of Archaeology University of California, 2003), Figure 5.1.

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cobrivad man mxolod aRmosavleT regioni moicva srulad da lixis qedi is bunebrivi barieri aRmoCnda, romlis dasavleTiTac TrialeTi arsebiTad ucnobi darCa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ramdenime olqi SeiZleba gamoiyos, romelic am kulturis gansakuTrebuli dawinaurebiTa da elituri Zeglebis koncentraciiT gamoirCeva. maT Sorisaa walka-TrialeTi, dmanisi da kaxeTi. gamorCeulad mdidruli kompleqsebis intensiuri Tavmoyris kidev erT mZlavr kerad TrialeTis kulturis gavrcelebis farglebSi miCneulia somxeTis sxvadasxva arealSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli Zeglebi yaraSambidan,, vanaZoridan, lori-berdidan, mewamoridan da sxva punqtebidan6. rac Seexeba,, qronologiur sazRvrebs, sagangebod am Temisadmi miZRvnili kvlevebiT is kidev ufro dazustda7 da bolodroindeli Cvens mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, Zv.w. XXII/XXI – XVII saukunis dasawyisis farglebSi moeqca8. yvela epoqa, maT Soris preistoriulic, garkveul niSan-TaviseburebaTa blokiT da winamorbedisagan gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis dinamikiT gamoirCeva. es sruliad logikuri da cxadi procesia. TrialeTis kulturis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel, wamyvan TaviseburebaTa Soris gamorCeulad aRvniSnavT: sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis struqturulad TiTqmis umaRlesTan miaxloebul safexurs, rac kargad gamovlinda maTi kuTvnili samarxeuli inventarisa da dasakrZalavi konstruqciis mixedviT, elituri dargebis calkeuli mimarTulebis (liTonis WurWeli) pirvel gamoCenas,, xolo oqromWedlobis, maT Soris torevtikis, arnaxulad maRal doneze dawinaurebas, kulturis yvela sferoSi gamorCeulad did miRwevebs, saerTaSoriso komunikaciebis mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurebas da sxva. rasakvirvelia, yvelaferma aman TrialeTis kultura gansakuTrebiT gamokveTa Zveli samyaros geokulturi landSaftis saerTo rukaze. amasTan mimarTebiT mkvlevarebi yovelTvis sagangebod miuTiTebdnen TrialeTuri oqromWedlobis unikalurobasa da umaRles standartze9. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebi da Semdeg miwurulic, bunebrivia, Tavisi ganviTarebis dinamikiTa da standartebiT iyo gamorCeuli da, amave dros, gansxvavebulic winamorbedi kulturuli plastisagan. es monakveTi uaRresad 6. Каринэ Кушнарева,”Памятники Триалетской культуры на территории Южного Закавказья”, в: Археология. Эпоха бронзы Кавказа и Средней Азии.Ранняя и средняя бронза Кавказа, Ред.:К. Кушнарева et al.(Москва: «Наука»:1994),93-105; Seda Devedjian,Lori Berd II (Bronze Moyen), (Erevan:”Guitoutiun”, 2006), 271-417. 7. Каринэ Кушнарева, Михаил Рысин, “Новые данные к проблеме датировки памятников «цветущей поры» Триалетской культуры”, Ziebani. damatebani VI. kavkasia. neoliT-brinjaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. (2001), 101-106; mixeil abramiSvili, “TrialeTis kulturis absoluturi qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (damatebiTi sabuTebi “maRali qronologiisaTvis”)”, Ziebani. damatebani X. kavkasiis brinjao-rkinis xanis arqeologiis problemebi, (2003), 48-52. 8. Marina Puturidze, “For the Assign of Middle Bronze Age Phases and Upper Chronological Limit of the Trialeti Culture”. in Proceedings of International Conference “Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia” (2014), 278 - 285. 9. Karen Rubinson,“Silver Vessels and Cylinder Sealings:Precious Reflections of Economic Exchange in the Early Second Millennium BC”, in Archaeology in the Borderlands. Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, ed. Adam Smith et al. (Los Angeles:Cotsen Institute of Archaeology University of California, 2003),128-143; Kathleen Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiatic Jewellery c.3000-612 BC. (London: Methuen & CO LTD, 1971), 74-76.

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arsebiTi da rTuli movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi. am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb araerTi, maT Soris gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic gamoiTqva10. istoriuli procesebi, cvlilebebi Tu kataklizmebi da maTi mizezebi,, romelsac adgili hqonda ganviTarebul preistoriul epoqaSi, arcTu iSviaTad kvlav bundovani rCeba. SevecdebiT kidev erTxel CavukvirdeT da Tvali gavadevnoT maT, kulturaTa da epoqaTa cvlilebebis WrilSi.Ees saSualebas mogvcems TrialeTis kulturis uSualod winamorbedi istoriul-kulturuli realoba SevafasoT rogorc im xasiaTis viTareba, romelmac Tavis mxriv garkveulwilad gansazRvra kidec cota mogvianebiT am kulturis ayvavebis maRali standarti.Aamitom, vfiqrobT, rom winare periodzec garkveulad unda SevaCeroT yuradReba. Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanaSi gamoCenilma kulturulma erTobam, romelsac b. kuftinis saetapo aRmoCenaTa Sedegad mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeli ewoda, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis mTeli pirveli naxevris manZilzec met-naklebad mdored, magram ganviTarebis aRmavali gziT gaagrZela arseboba. kulturas, romelsac yvelaze meti raodenobiT mkvlevari aRmoaCnda11, gansakuTrebiT saintereso ganviTareba hqonda dasasrul safexurze. intermedialuri periodi, romelic finalur mtkvar-araqsul masalebTan erTad (umTavresad mainc namosaxlari Zeglebis safuZvelze) warmoaCens axal, e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel keramikas, ZiriTadad Zv.w XXVI-XXIV saukuneebs emTxveva12. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xana vfiqrob,, rom gardatexebis da mkafio Semobrunebis niSnuli aRmoCnda epoqaTa da,, amave dros, kulturaTa cvlis TvalsazrisiT. mtkvar-araqsis erTi aTaswleulis manZilze arsebuli mZlavri da farTod gavrcelebuli kultura Secvala inovaciebiT gamorCeulma realobam, romelic dRes bedenis kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili. man moitana cvililebaTa is nakadi, romelmac calsaxad mkafiod Secvala winare kulturis dros damkvidrebuli stabiluri da mdored mimdinare cxovrebis gezi. mtkvar-araqsis kultura preistoriul sinamdvileSi yvela sxva erTobebisagan gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda farTo radiaciis TvalsazrisiT, radgan man dafara kavkasiisa TiTqmis mTeli da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sakmaod didi areali13.Mamis Semdeg arc erTi kulturuli erToba ar gavrcelebula aseTi gamorCeuli sivrcobrivi masStabiT, risi mizezic, vfiqrob, Tavad am kulturis arsSi devs. mtkvar-araqsis kultura prioritetis mqone aRmoCnda brinjaos produqciis damkvidrebis da, aseve, meTuneobaSi gardamtexi siaxleebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom man udavod, Seqmna is mdgradi baza, romelzec Semdgom garkveulad daefuZna kidec 10. Antonio Sagona, Paul Zimansky,Ancient Turkey, (London and New York:Routledge:2009), 187-191, 210224. 11. marine fuTuriZe, “adreliTonebis xanis anatoliur-samxreT kavkasiuri kavSirurTierTobebis kvleva arqeologiur mecnierebaSi da misi perspeqtivebi”. kavkasiologiuri Ziebani # 4 (2012): 219-223. 12. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 334 13. Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс., 51-54, Рис. 18.

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e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis etapze momxdari (Tumca, sxva faqtorebiTac ganpirobebuli) arsebiTi xasiaTis winsvla. unda iTqvas, rom zogierTma mtkvar-araqsulma maxasiaTebelma niSanma Tavi kidev ufro xangrZlivadac ki Semoinaxa. TrialeTis kulturis Tixis WurWelSi es tendencia pirvelad e.gogaZem SeniSna14. amasTanave, sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis pirveli, uadresi niSnebic swored mtkvar-araqsulma Zeglebma gamoavlines, Tumca am mxriv yvelgan erTgvari viTareba ar iyo. socialuri diferencirebis procesi yvelaze Sors wasuli aRmosavleT anatoliaSi Cans, rasac kargad adasturebs adre brinjaos xanis samarxebi arslanTefedan15.Mam kulturis dasasruli faza ki bevrad aCqarebuli winsvliT aRiniSna, rac, vfiqrobT, rom axali fenomenis – e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis pirveli gamoCeniTa da masTan SexvedriT unda iyos gamowveuli. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, erT mniSvnelovan, Tumca, dRemde sadiskusio Temad darCenil aspeqtsac unda SevexoT,, romelic adreyorRanuli kulturis sruliad dasawyis, mis uadres etapad miCneul martyofis jgufis Zeglebs exeba. vfiqrobT, rom martyofis etapis kompleqsebi sagangebod Rrma kvlevas da xelaxal gadaazrebas saWiroebs brinjaos xanis qrono-kulturuli monacvleobis dadgenil sqemaSi misi adgilis dazustebis mxriv.Aamis erT-erT mizezad isic SeiZleba davasaxeloT,, rom martyofisa da bedenis jgufis Zeglebs, romelTac akad. oTar jafariZe erTi fenomenis - adreyorRanuli kulturis wreSi aerTianebs16, TiTqmis araferi saerTo ar eZebnebaT yvelaze sadiagnostiko masalaSi-keramikaSi. e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis am ori jgufis saxvadasxva tipis monacemTa interpretirebisas, martyofis jgufis Zeglebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis finalur etapad17 an mis uSualo genetikur gagrZelebad (post-mtkvar-araqsad) varaudi, romelic axleburi poziciis saxiT SemogvTavazes adre brinjaos xanis qarTvelma specialistebma18, amjerad me ufro marTebulad mimaCnia. iqneb dasaSvebicaa, rom swored martyofis jgufis Zeglebi miviCnioT im mokle intermedialur fazad, romelmac Tavis TavSi TiTqos gaaerTiana ori sxvadasxva kulturuli fenomeni da amiT simbiozis imgvari magaliTi mogvca,, romelmac asaxa ori qronologiuri monakveTisa da ori kulturuli plastis (mtkvar-araqsisa da bedenis kulturebis) mokle xniT Tanaarseboba Tu Sexvedris dro. swored am procesebis sakvanZo sakiTxebis gaxsnas sWirdeba mkvlevarTa sagangebo da gacilebiT detaluri kvleva. dRevandeli monacemebis safuZvelze, vfiqrobT, naTlad ikveTeba is monace14. elguja gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli kulturis periodizacia da genezisi. (Tbilisi: mecn. akad. gamomcemloba: 1972),39-47. 15. Marchella Frangipane, Arslantepe, (Roma: 2007), 469-477 16. oTar jafariZe, qarTveli tomebis eTno-kulturuli istoriisTvis Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulSi (adreyorRanuli kultura). (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998),7-11, 167-179; jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 309-340 17. Каринэ Кушнарева, Тариэл Чубинишвили, Древние культуры Южного Кавказа (Ленинград: (VIII). Ленинград: Издательство «Наука»,Ленинградское отделение, 1970), 159; giorgi mindiaSvili, adreuli yorRanebi samxreT kavkasiaSi (social-ekonomikuri aspeqti), sakandidato disertacia, (Tbilisi,1993); 18. Зураб Махарадзе, Александр Орджоникидзе, Проблемы изучения т.н. «культуры ранных курганов» в Грузии, в: Археология,Этнография и Фольклористика Кавказа, (Махачкала, 2007), 83-84

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mebi,, rac saSualebas iZleva, rom swored es etapi – Zv.w. 2500-2400 ww miviCnioT ara mxolod siaxleTa pirveli gamoCenis, aramed epoqaTa cvlis periodadac. Sua brinjaos epoqis dadgoma an, sxvagvarad gariJraJi,, sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa mier swored im xanas ukavSirdeba, roca pirvelad Cndeba e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis damaxasiaTebeli Zeglebi19. Sesabamisad,, naTelia,, rom swored Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanisaTvis samxreT kavkasiaSi aSkarad iwyebs rRvevas mtkvar-araqsis sakmaod stabiluri ganviTarebis mqone kultura,, xolo cvlilebaTa biZgi bedenis kulturis etapze, rogorc varaudoben,, SesaZlebelia, samxreT ruseTis stepuri arealidan momdinare gavlenasac ukavSirdebodes20. bedenis kulturasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnav, rom is Zv. w. III aTaswleulis SedarebiT mokle periodSi (Zv.w. 2400/2300-2200 ww) momxdari arsebiTi gardatexebis mqone21 kulturuli erToba aRmoCnda, erTis mxriv,, inovaciaTa da arqeologiur kulturaTa cvlis, xolo, meores mxriv, ki swored epoqaTa urTierTmonacvleobis TvalsazrisiTac. adre arsebuli viTarebis mkafio cvla socialuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis TvalsazrisiTac, vfiqrob,, bedenis etapze Zalian gamWvirvaled Cans. niSandoblivia, rom cirkumpontos provinciis sivrceSic Sua brinjaos xanaze gadasvlis TariRad, ZiriTadad mainc liTonwarmoebis masalebze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarebi daaxloebiT Zv.w. 2300-2100 wlebs asaxeleben22. ganviTarebuli etapis mtkvar-araqsisa da e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturebis periodSi samxreT kavkasiis garesamyarosTan saerTaSoriso kavSirebisa da sakomunikacio gzebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobze Rrma kvleva aqvT Catarebuli qarTvel mecnierebs,, romelTac arsebiTi Sedegebi dades am mimarTulebiT23. maT mier gamoTqmuli pozicia CemTvis sruliad damajerebelia, amitom maT dawvrilebiT aq aRar Sevexebi,, Tanac, is Cveni interesis fargleSi qronologiurad ar eqceva. imdenad, ramdenadac winamdebare naSromi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze ganviTarebul procesebs eZRvneba, ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebi am periodis kulturaze. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanidan daaxloebiT oTxi saukunis Semdeg anu ukve mis miwuruls (Zv.w. 2200/2100 ww), kidev erTi mniSvnelovani inovacia da axali kulturuli fenomeni Cndeba samxreT kavkasiis sakmaod vrcel regionSi24, romelic mkafiod identificirdeba TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis dasawyisTan. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom 19. Отар Джапаридзе, «Из истории археологического изучения Грузии», saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe XXXVI-(1982): 37; Марина Путуридзе, «Традиции и инновации в Триалетской культуре эпохи Средней Бронзы », Кавказ в системе палеометаллических культур Евразии (1991):218219; nino SanSaSvili, goderZi narimaniSvili, giorgi narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi samxreT kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebi) (Tbilisi: mwignobari, 2016), 77 20. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 335-340; aleqsandre orjonikiZe, adreuli yorRanebi saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi: mwignobari, 2015), 13, 28-34. … 21. jafariZe, qarTveli tomebis, 166-188; Путуридзе, «Традиции и инновации, 213-216. 22. Евгений Черных, Горное дело и металлургия в Древней Болгарии. (София: издательство «Болгария», 1979), 271. 23. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 68-82. 24. Puturidze, “For the Assign of Middle Bronze. 278-285.

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es periodi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisa da gardatexebis xanad moiazreba maxlobeli aRmosavleTis ganviTarebis istoriuli da kulturuli ganviTarebis regionisTvisac. TrialeTis kulturis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel wamyvan TaviseburebaTa Soris gamorCeulad aRvniSnavT: sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis TiTqmis umaRles struqturasTan miaxloebul safexurs, rac kargad gamovlinda maTi kuTvnili samarxeuli inventarisa da dasakrZalavi konstruqciis mixedviT, elituri dargebis calkeuli mimarTulebis (liTonis WurWeli) pirvelad gamoCenas, xolo oqromWedlobis, maT Soris torevtikis,, arnaxulad maRal doneze dawinaurebas, kulturis yvela sferoSi gamorCeulad did miRwevebs, saerTaSoriso komunikaciebis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas da sxva. rasakvirvelia, yvelaferma aman TrialeTis kultura gansakuTrebuli sikaSkaSiT gamokveTa Zveli samyaros geokulturuli landSaftis saerTo rukaze. am TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevarebi yovelTvis sagangebod miuTiTebdnen TrialeTuri oqromWedlobis unikalurobasa da umaRles standartze25. Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT swored im cvlilebebze, rac TvalsaCinoa yvela zemoaRniSnuli dawinaurebuli dargebis mxriv da rac aSkarad metyvelebs TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad mkveTri inovaciebisa da cvlilebebis dinamikaze. es siaxleebi Seexo TrialeTelTa saqmianobis araerT sferos, romelTa Soris, sameTuneo warmoebis produqcia, udavod,, erT-erTi sadiagnostiko masalaa. TrialeTuri keramika arsebiTad zurgs aqcevs da bolomde iviwyebs yvela im maxasiaTebels, rac wamyvani iyo bedenis kulturis (aseve, ufro adreuli etapebis – gvian mtkvar-aqsisa da martyofis) Tixis WurWlisaTvis. icvleba WurWlis ti pi, zogadad forma, korpusis profilis konturi, ornamentacia, misi Semkobis monakveTebi, kecis struqtura da fabrikacia, anu arsebiTad sxvaobaa yvela parametrSi. TrialeTis kulturis WurWeli gansxvavebuli niSnebis erTobliobiT gamoirCeva, kerZod ki imiT, rac radikalurad ganasxvavebs mas bedenuri keramikuli kompleqsebis wamyvani Taviseburebebisagan. TrialeTuri keramika26 ti pobriv mravalferovnebasTan (hidria, qoTnisa da badiis sxvadasxva variantebi, calyura doqebi) erTad dekoris mxatvrul-stilisturad mdidruli ieriTa (geometriuli, zoomorfuli, kombinirebuli saxeebi) da ornamentaciis datanis axali xerxebiTac gamoirCeva, romelTa Soris dominirebs: e.w. “savarcxlis kbilis StampiT”, kopebiT, naWdevi teqnikiT frizebad Sesrulebuli geometriuli saxeebi, zoomorfuli stilis geometriul ornamentTan kombinirebiT gadmocemuli rTuli siuJetebi da sxva. es yvelaferi sruliad gansxvavebulia bedenis kulturis natifi, Txeli, zedmiwevniT kargad ganleqili da liToniseburi bzinvarebiT gamorCeulzedapiriani, idealurad gamomwvari kecisagan, romlisaTvisac formaTa da ornamentTa naklebi mravalferovneba 25. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiatic. 74-76. 26. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки. Табл. LXXIII-LXXXIII ; Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts, Fig. 5.6.

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da mdidruli ieri, xolo ornamentaciis mxriv ki, gacilebiT martivi saxeebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli27. Sesabamisad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TrialeTis kulturisK keramika sruli inovaciaa dawyebuli Zv.w. XXI saukunidan samxreT kavkasiis regionisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, ismis sakiTxi Tu ra SeiZleba dasdeboda safuZvlad Sua brinjaos xanis II, ganviTarebul fazaSi TrialeTis kulturis amgvar sruliad inovaciur, gamorCeulad mdidruli ornamentisa da daxvewili formebis keramikas, romelsac, miuxedavad mkvlevarTa gulmodgine Ziebisa, arc winamorbedi etapebis samxeTkavkasiur masalaSi moepoveba saerTo da, amave dros, arc garemomcveli ZvelaRmosavluri samyaros, arc CrdiloeTis stepebis Tu sxva regionebis kulturaTa Tixis produqciaSi aqvs raime, Tundac Soreuli analogebi. Cveni azriT, Savad gamomwvari, gamorCeulad daxvewili da mravalferovani TrialeTuri keramika warmoadgens sameTuneo dargis sakuTriv am kulturisaTvis niSandobliv erTerT did miRwevas (iseve rogorc xelosnobis sxva mimarTulebebisa), romelic maTi Semqmnelebis maRal SemoqmedebiT unarsa da SesaZleblobebze metyveleben da amitomac is, udavod, lokaluri tradiciis nawarmad unda ganvixiloT. sayuradReboa keramikaSi warmodgenili erTi sagangebo mimarTuleba, romelic samecniero literaturaSi wiTelze Savad moxatuli “wylis sqemis” motivis stiladaa cnobili28. am masalis mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom moxatuli keramikis es ti pi aSkarad winaaziuri, ufro konkretulad ki, vani-urmiispireTis zegavlenis Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmia29. is, Cven im kategoriis jgufad migvaCnia, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad naTlad avlens TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis interkulturul kontaqtebs maxlobeli aRmosavleTisAam regionTan. rac Seexeba, sakvlevi kulturis xelosnobis sxva dargebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel masalebs, aqac SeiZleba diferencirdes lokaluri da ucxo stilis nawarmi, Tanac gacilebiT farTod. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ikveTeba torevtikasa da samkaulSi. maTi raodenoba da ti pobrivad mravalferovani jgufebi imdenad farToa da, Tanac ukve kargad publicirebuli, rom aq zedmetad migvaCia TiToeul nimuSebze cal-calke yuradRebis SeCereba.Ddainteresebul mkiTxvels maTi daxasiaTeba da dawvrilebiTi interpretireba SeuZlia ixilos Cvens mier bibliografiul nawilSi motanil literaturaSi.A TrialeTis kulturisaTvis yvelaze sayvarel samkauls mZivebi warmoadgens, romelTa ti pobrivi da stilisturi mravalferovneba farTodaa warmodgenili am kulturis umravles samarxeul Zeglebze30. maT Soris, lo

27. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts, Fig. 5.3. 28. Куфтин, Археологически раскопки. 80,84-85, Табл. LXXVI, LXXVIII-LXXXIII; Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс., 123-127,. 38,39, 42,43,47-49; gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli. 55-61. 29. marine fuTuriZe, “urmiispireTis regionis gavlena samxreT kavkasiaze: TrialeTis kulturis erTi ti pis keramikis kvleva”, aRmosavleTmcodneoba #8 (2019), 115-130. 30. marine fuTuriZe, “TrialeTis kulturis oqromWedlobis nawarmis erTi ti pis kvlevisaTvis”, kavkasia. neoliT-brinjaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi, “Ziebani”, damatebani VI, (Tbilisi: arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, 2001, 117-122.

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ka lur stilTan erTad, sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba winaaziuri ti pisa31 da egeosuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZivebic32. artefaqtebis es jgufi naTlad miuTiTebs aRniSnuli sivrcis oqromWedlobis sxvadasxva mowinave centrebTan TrialeTis kulturis sazogadoebis garkveuli socialuri fenis/fenebis (oqromWedeli xelosnebi, vaWrebi)komunikaciis sasargeblod. aseve, is wina aziis calkeul regionTa (tab.I2) samxreT kavkasiis am dawinaurebul kulturaze savaWro-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli zegavlenis maniSnebelicaa. amgvari procesebis maCvenebel masalaTa sxvasxva ti pobrivi jgufebi (sakinZebi, mrgvali firfitebi, sakidebi, sasafeTqle xviebi, Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi liTonis WurWeli da sxva) sakmaod mravalferovania da mkvlevarTa yuradRebis sagani isini, ara mxolod konkretuli nimuSebis sagangebod ganxilvis, aramed Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulTa sivrceSi arsebuli interkulturuli kavSirebis garkvevisa da Sefasebis TvalsazrisiTac araerTxel gamxdara33. mkvlevarTa nawili ki, miuxedavad wina aziis centrebidan momdinare gavlenebis miTiTebisa, TrialeTis oqromWedlobaSi gacilebiT metad xedavs adgilobriv tendenciebs da uSualod akavSirebs mas oqromWedlobis lokaluri niadagis mqone tradiciasTan34. TrialeTis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel arsebiT konteqstze farTod saubrisas akad. o.lorTqifaniZe, gansxvavebul poziciaTa analizisa da Sejerebis safuZvelze gvTavazobs dRevanedli Cveni codnis doneze am fenomenis Sesaxeb, vfiqrob, yvelaze ufro marTebul da gasaziarebel Tvalsazriss,, romelic mixedviTac uSualod winamorbedi xanis samxreTkavkasiurma kulturulma plastma garkveuli substratis roli Seasrula, romlis niadagzec Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwurulsa da II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi wina aziidan momdinare ucxo gavlenebTan Sexebisa da organuli Serwymis Sedegad Camoayalibda “aSkarad ZvelaRmosavluri ieris brwyinvale yorRanebis kultura35. 31. marine fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani TrialeTuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis ganviTarebis tendenciebis Sesaxeb”, Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi #17-18 (Tbilisi: arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, 2006), 66-76. 32. Marina Puturidze, “Some Evidences for the South Caucasian-Aegean World Relationship”, Aegean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the International Workshop (Tbilisi: “Mtsignobari”, 2016), 139-162. 33. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки. 78-100; gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli. 79-94; jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 341-259; Mikheil Abramishvili, “In search of the origins of Metallurgy – An overview of South Caucasian evidence”, Von Majkop bis Trialeti (Berlin, 2010), 167- 178; SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi. 78-82; Devedjian, Lori Berd II. 397-402. 411-417; Sagona, Zimansky,Ancient Turkey. 225- 244; Rubinson,“Silver Vessels. 128-143; Karen Rubinson, “Actual imports or just ideas? Investigations in Anatolia and the Caucasus”, Cultures in Contact. From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the II Millennium B.C. Edited by J. Aruz, S. Graff and Y. Radik, (New York: The Metropolitan Muzeum of Art,2013), 12-25; Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts. 120-122,127; fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani. 66-76; marine fuTuriZe, “analogiuri tendenciebis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis samxreT kavkasiis da wina aziis Sua brinjaos xanis mxatvrul xelosnobaSi”, civilizaciuri Ziebani #9(Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011), 95-106. 34. nana jafariZe, brinjaos xanis oqromWedloba saqarTveloSi (TrialeTis kultura). (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “xelovneba”, 1981), 81-82, 99-104; nino lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli oqromWedloba, (Tbilisi, 2015). 35. oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi: Tbilisis

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arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, rom Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze da mas Semdeg, daaxloebiT kidev meoTxedi saukunis manZilze, ganviTarebuli movlenebi savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebis gansakuTrebulad gaaqtiurebis sasargeblod metyvelebs. torevtikisa da samkaulis mravalricxovan nimuSTa Soris sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi artefaqtTa arcTu mcire jgufi (oqros fuye sasafeTqle xviebi, oqros mrgvali, geometriuli saxeebiT ornamentirebuli firfitebi, aSuris ti pis wiboiangverdiani mZivi, dedofal fu-abis samkaulis ansamblidan cnobili milakis formis, gavarsiT Semkuli Sumeruli ti pis mZivebi, ToTxmetmZiviani yelsabamis erTi komponenti – oqros CarCoSi Casmuli, TeTrZarRviani aqatis kuloni, walkisa da yaraSambis yorRanebidan cnobili vercxlis saritualo Tasebis frizebSi ganawilebuli ikonografiuli kompoziciebi, vercxlis wyvili, sadazedapiriani Tasebi, vercxlis cilindruli formis, saxeluriani WurWeli vanaZoris (kirovakanis) #1 yorRanidan, brinjaos kalaTiseburi ti pis vaza, garda amisa, wina aziis oqromWedlobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli dekoris - wvrili cvaraTi Sesrulebuli, erTmaneTis sapirispirod mimarTuli samkuTxedebis rigis ornamentuli saxis xSiri gamoyeneba TrialeTur nimuSebze, dakrZalvis tradiciis inovaciuri saxe- kremacia da araerTi sxva SemTxveva tradiciebsa Tu materialuri kulturis ZeglebSi), romelTac pirdapiri analogebi eZebnebaT winaaziuri kulturebis kompleqsTa Soris. rasakvirvelia, aseTi raodenobisa da amgvari analogiebis maniSnebeli nimuSebis aRmoCena TrialeTis kulturis samarxeul ZeglebSi SemTxveviToba an importirebuli nivTis gamonaklisi SemTxveva ar SeiZleba iyos. rogorc Cans, swored Zv.w. XXII/XXI saukunidan vidre Zv.w. XVII saukunis Sua xanamde, wina aziis zogierT regionebTan (centraluri anatolia, Sumeri, vani-urmiispireTi) kavSirurTierTobebis arsebuli sqema unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc moxda dawinaurebuli civilizaciuri centrebidan wamosuli kulturuli gavlenebis, im epoqis sxvadasxva miRwevebisa da axali modis nakadis farTod adaptireba TrialeTis kulturis elitis mier. vfiqrobT, rom procesebi, romlis Sedegadac Sumeruli kulturuli plastis samxreT kavkasiaSi gamoCena Cans, ukavSirdeba am regionSi TrialeTis kulturis gamoCenas, sadac oqromWedlobis mdidar repertuarSi sakmaod Cnde ba iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa: fuye, erTnaxevarbruniani sasafeTqle xviebi, TeTrZarRviani aqati, gamoyenebuli rogorc sardioniT inkrustirebul oqros CarCoSi Casmuli sakidis mTavari komponenti36 da, aseve, damoukidebeli gulsakidebis saxiTac yaraSambisa da lori-berdis yorRanebis yelsabamebSi, gavarsis teqnikiT ornamentirebuli oqros patara zomis milakiseburi mZivebi da sxva, romlebis Zalian ti piuria nimuSebia samxreTmesopotamiuri kulturisaTvis. samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobel aRmosavleTis kavSirebisa da savaWro-sakomunikacio gzebze sagangebod momuSave specialistebi fiqroben, rom Suuniversitetis gamomcemloba, 2002), 99. 36. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки, 94, Табл. XCIV, XCV.

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meruli kvali samxreT kavkasiaSi bevrad adre, neoliTis xanaSic Cans37. rac Seexeba adre brinjaos xanaSi SeniSnul kavSirebs, sruliad marTebuli mgonia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebelTa damkvidreba aRmosavleT anatoliis mdinareTa dablobebSi da liToniT vaWrobaze monopolizeba cxadi xdeba arslanTefes VI B aRmoCenebis mixedviT. am sakiTxebis garSemo Catarebuli detaluri kvleva, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad waadgeba rogorc mtkvar-araqsis fenomenis kidev ufro Rrmad gaazrebas, aseve, amave mkvlevarTa mier SeniSnuli faqtis – “rom brinjaosTan erTad isini SesaZloa oqros mimwodeblebic iyvnen arslanTefes sazogadoebisaTvis”38 – momavalSi utyuar dasabuTebasac. aRniSnuli movlenebis detaluri interpretireba adre brinjaos xanis samxreT kavkasia – wina aziis sivrcis kulturebisaTvis39 da maTze dayrdnobiT ki, TiTqmis naxevar aTaswleulis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebi, romelic ukavSirdeba TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis dasawyiss (romelic amjerad Cveni interesis uSualo sagania), vfiqrob, rom cvlis saerTaSoriso kavSirurTierTobis veqtorebs. ufro konkretulad ki, amis ganmapirobebeli mizezi is gansxvavebuli viTareba unda iyos, romelic sakuTriv Sua brinjaos xanis II, ganviTarebul etapzeASeiqmna wina aziis vrcel arealSi sxvadasxva politikuri da eTno-kulturuli erTeulebis gamoCenisa da dominirebis gamo (ZvelxeTuri imperia, aSuris rolis win wamoweva saerTaSoriso savaWro qselSi) regionSi, romelTan kavSirebisaken swrafvac, bunebrivia, rom didi eqneboda sxvebTan erTad samxreT kavkasiaSi momZlavrebul TrialeTis kulturasac. maxlobel aRmosavleTTan interkulturuli urTierTobebi da iqidan momdinare gavlenebisa da modis Semosvla, upirvelesad saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio qselis ganaxlebas da/an axlis Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda. es ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc sxvadasxva resursebis mopovebisa da mza produqciis mowodeba-gasaRebis gzebTan wvdomis aucileblobiT, ise Triale Tis kulturis sazogadoebis elituri fenis socialuri dakveTebisa da misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis ZiebiT40. simdidris xelSi Cagdebisa da ekonomikuri gaZlierebisaken mkafiod orientirebuli TrialeTis elita, cxadia, am mizeziTac eZiebs da amyarebs axal kavSirurTierTobebs da srulad iTvaliswinebs mis samxreT samezobloSi Seqmnil savaWro-ekonomikur Tu politikurad wamyvani erTeulebis arsebobis faqtorebs.Aam periodisaTvis, rogorc Cans, ukve damyarda garkveuli balansi mmarTveli da, aseve, masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli, socialuri jgufebis maRali standartis moTxovnasa da mis miwodebas Soris, rac aisaxa kidec ideaTa translaciis an/da umTavresad mxatvruli xelosnobis prestiJuli nawarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali stilis aTvisebiTa Tu miwodebiT. 37. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 67. 38. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 71-74. 39. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 67-77. 40. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts”. 126-127; fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani~. 66-76; SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 79.

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aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT misaRebad mimaCnia is varaudi, romelsac Sua brinjaos xanis am etapTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi da xazs usvamen sxvadasxva prestiJuli masalis mopovebisaken swrafvasa da maTi arsebobis konkretul magaliTebs TrialeTis kulturis ZeglebSi dadasturebul artefaqtTa Soris41. SejamebisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac TrialeTis kulturis sxvadasxva ti pis artefaqtTa sakmao raodenoba adgilobrivTan erTad, aseve naTlad avlens ucxo da lokaluri garemosaTvis Zalian naklebad damaxasiaTebel tendenciebsac, romlebic ara mxolod uecrad iWreba samxreT kavkasiis am geografiul nawilSi, aramed ukve sruliad Camoyalibebuli da mza saxiTac, es safuZvels gvaZlevs misi warmomavlobis Tavdapirveli sawyisebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis dawinaurebuli centrebisaken veZioT. samxreT kavkasiis geokulturul lanSaftSi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnasa da II –is dasawyisSi dadasturebuli yvela zemoaRniSnuli siaxle sakmaod arsebiTi iyo da maT TvalsaCinod Secvales manmade arsebuli realoba. maT Soris gadamwyveti aRmoCnda TrialeTis kulturis politikur asparezze gamoCena, misTvis damaxasiaTebel siaxleTa mTeli ansambliT, sazogadoebis socializaciis garTuleba, adresaxelmwifoebrivi institutis zRvramde misvla da sameurneo meqanizmis morgeba xelosnoba-mesaqonleoba-miwaTmoqmedebis Tanaarsebobaze42; rasakvirvelia, TrialeTis kulturaze (iseve rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi), garemomcveli geopolitikur-kulturuli landSafti garkveulad zemoqmedebda mis dawinaurebaze. Tumca, niSandoblivi faqtoria isic, rom garemomcveli kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebis xarisxi yvela garkveul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia xolme da is ar SeiZleba iyos erTnairi siZlierisa da gavlenis mqone, iqidan gamomdinare Tu ramdenad dawinaurebuli da rogori xasiaTis civilizaciaTa garemocvaSia esa Tu is kultura, kerZod – masze bevrad aRmatebuli donisa da politikurad mZlavri Tu misi identuri ganviTarebis, an ufro naklebis, mqone. CvenTvis saintereso SemTxvevaSi, ZvelaRmosavluri samyaros istoriul garemocvaSi misi arsebobis qronologiuri monakveTi emTxveva sakmaod arsebiTi geopolitikuri da geokulturuli Zvrebis (cvlilebebis) periods, rasac ar SeiZleboda gavlena ar eqonia mis ganviTarebaze, miT ufro, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom TrialeTis kulturis damaxasiaTebeli bunebaa sakmaod gaxsniloba, Zieba da mzaoba yovelgvari ucxosa da mowinave siaxleebis aTvisebisaken. cxadia, aRniSnuli faqtoris gaTvaliswineba umniSvnelovanesia am fenomenis saboloo saxis Camoyalibebis gaazrebisaTvis. Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi gamorCeuli periodi aRmoCnda wina aziis sivrceSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sistemebSi cvlilebebisa43 da amave dros savaWro-gacvliTi kavSirebis axali qselis gaCeniT. swored am pe41. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi,77-80. 42. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts,” 122-126. 43. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 81-82.

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riodSi aarsebs kulturul-ekonomikurad momZlavrebuli asiria Tavis savaWro koloniebs sxvadasxva, maT Soris misgan moSorebul regionSic, risi magaliTic centralur anatoliaSi dafuZnebuli msxvili savaWro kolonia karum kaneSia. Zv.w. XIX saukunidan is erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri ekonomikur-savaWro centri iyo uZveles maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, sadac Tavs iyrida imdroindeli teqnikuri da mxatvrul-stilisturi miRwevebiTa da axali modis nimuSebiT gamorCeuli prestiJuli produqciis didi raodenoba. TrialeTis kulturis ZeglebSi dadasturebuli araerTi nawarmi44 swored am umniSvnelovanesi savaWro koloniis centrSi da, aseve, aSuris mdidar vaWarTa ## 18, 20 da 21 samarxebSi45 aRmoCenili masalebis axlo analogebia. zogadad, TrialeTis kulturis nimuSTa sakmaod soliduri raodenoba cxads xdis imas, rom am samxreTkavkasiuri kulturuli erTobisaTvis sakmaod kargad iyo cnobili maxlobeli aRmosavleTis savaWro-gacvliTi qselis farTo mimoqcevaSi arsebuli prestiJuli produqcia. cxadia, rom is zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda wina aziis kulturaTa sxvadasxva miRwevebsa da kulturul tradiciebs da iTavisebda kidec maT siaxleebs. vfiqrobT, rom TrialeTis mdidrul yorRanebSi amgvari masalis arseboba mkafio amsaxvelia Sua brinjaos xanis ganviTarebul safexurze mWidro komunikaciisa da samxreTul civilizaciaTa masze zegavlenis arsebobisa. amgvar urTierTobaTa da savaWro gzebis warmatebiT dawyebuli Zieba46, cxadia, perspeqtiulia da samomavlod unda gafarTovdes ara mxolod wina aziasTan, aramed mis miRma regionebis gaSuqebis mxrivac. amjerad ki, im regionTa Soris, romlebTanac TrialeTis kulturis mravalferovani masalebi amJRavnebs uSualo analogebs moviazrebT asiriul savaWro kolonias centralur anatoliaSi, Sumersa da vani-urmiispireTis raions (tab. I2). vfiqrobT, rom TrialeTis kulturis realoba uTuod nayofieri niadagi aRmoCnda garemomcveli winaaziuri vrceli geokulturuli landSaftisaTvis mis miRwevaTa ufro Soreul regionebSi gavrceleba-gatanisa da danergvis TvalsazrisiT, xolo sakvlevi samxreTkavkasiuri kulturisaTvis ki, is aSkarad winapiroba gaxda manamde arnaxuli dawinaurebisa da ayvavebis gzaze47. rogorc Cans, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa, xolo Semdeg ki, ukve misi miwurulisaTvis wina aziaSi gaaqtiurebuli tomTa moZraoba da axal, winaresaxelmwifoebriv da adresaxelmwifoebriv garTianebaTa warmonaqmnebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda im geopolitikur, savaWro-ekonomikur da 44. Marina Puturidze, “On the Origins and Development of Gold Working in the Middle Bronze Age Trialeti CulTure”. At the Northern Frontier of the Near Eastern Archaeology. Recent Research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze Age. SUBARTU, XXXVIII (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), 213-228. 45. Michael Müller-Karpe, Zu den Erdgräbern 18, 20 und 21 von Assur. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis mesopotamischer Metallgefasse und –waffen von der Wende des 3. Zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Mainz: „Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz“, 1995), 260-270. 46. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 79-83. 47. Puturidze, “On the Origins”. 213-228.

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kulturul kavSirurTierTobaTa sistemis Seqmnas, romelsac udavo zegavlena unda moexdina sakuTriv am regionis da aseve, misi Crdilo mezoblis - samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli landSaftis Camoyalibebaze. amitomacaa, rom mis Seswavlas ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba am ukanaskneli regionis arqeologiur problematikaSi. arsebuli viTareba aSkarad imis sasargeblod metyvelebs, rom swored Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayaridan dawyebuli adgili aqvs kavSirurTierTobebis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas, rac, cxadia, garkveuli, maT Soris zemoaRniSnuli, mizezebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. am mizezTa Soris, cxadia, resursebis mopovebasTan erTad mniSvnelovani iqneboda mza produqciis gasaRebis bazrebisaTvis brZola da adgilis damkvidreba xelsayrel regionSi. samwuxarod, werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad, sxva xasiaTis monacemebis naklebobac mniSvnelovnad abrkolebs imis mkafiod warmoCenas Tu konkretulad ra saxisa da intensivobis kontaqtebi unda yofiliyo samxreT kavkasiis TrialeTis kulturasa da mis samxreTiT mezobel politikur-kulturul centrebs Soris. vfiqrobT, rom momavali kvleva, arqeologiuri xasiaTis monacemebTan erTad, saWiroa rTuli istoriuli movlenebis Tu wyaroebis gaSuqebis paralelurad da uSualod mis konteqstSi Catardes. amgvar Sedegianobasa da perspeqtiulobaze Cvens mier dasaxelebuli naSromic metyvelebs48.

48. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi.

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Marina Puturidze Tbilisi State University (Georgia, Tbilisi) The Trialeti Culture – Changeovers at the Turn of the III - II Millenniums BC. Summary The territory of spreading of Trialeti Archaeological Culture comprised the part of South Caucasus, which is the main core area of the Eurasian corridor . Trialetian population, about the ethnicity of which nearly nothing is clear, were inhabited in a great part of the Transcaucasia and, supposedly, toward the South-West direction as well. The Caucasian cross-road area, where various cultural traditions were coming into contact and coexisted from the ancient times, had a close relation with southern neighboring civilizations of the Near East. The presented article gives an attempt to point out those changeovers which began at the turn of III-II millenniums BC in the south Caucasian region and clearly indicates the most activated trade-economic connections and cultural influences from the ancient Near Eastern world. Preceding to the Trialeti, prehistoric cultural unites were characterized by more or fewer interconnections with the neighboring regions but comparing to all of them, rather more intensified relations with various areas of the Near East became recordable exactly from the turn of the III and II Millenniums BC and afterward. Impressive number of the Trialetian gold working samples and their contemplation on the background of the various near eastern assemblages indicate in favour of the existed cultural and trade-exchange relationship between the considering here culture with the located to south civilizations. Enough numerous cases of the “alien”, near eastern style items, are easily recordable in burial mounds of the ruling elite of Trialetian society. More acceptable seems the assumption about their produce locally in south Caucasus by jewellers of foreigner workshops, who temporarily were settled here or the local craftsmen who closely were acquainted with the near eastern gold working and freely adopted all achievements of it. On the other hand, above mentioned communication is also reflected by such non-traditional for the south Caucasus burial rite, like it is the cremation ritual. Great accent on wealthy and producing of precious goods, which evidently were concentrated in the hands of local elite of the Trialeti culture, supposing that also stimulate the process of widening intercommunication with the outer world. It is clear that one part of artifacts is totally differing from symptomatic features of the local tradition and have no any prototypes in Caucasian region, but the other part characterizes with the clear Near Eastern image. The Trialeti culture beside the continuity of local traditional line of development, clearly reveals several innovations in some spheres of life and craftsmanship which serves as an evident argument to argue about the enough strong influences coming from the southern areas from the end of the XXII/XXI century and lasted until the mid XVII century BC. To overview the main characteristics, it is possible to stress that the appearance of the new, flourishing Trialeti culture in the map of Old World means not only the II, developed stage of

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Middle Bronze Age but also the beginning of great social and cultural changes in society. In our viewpoint this changes directly related with process of activated interrelation with outer world, first of all with central Anatolian region, Sumer, Assyria and Van-Urmian basin. Supposing that as a result of the interaction of various mentioned cultural traditions might be considered the new Trialeti culture, created at the end of III and very beginning of the II millennium BC, where easily distinguishable influence of the different cultures and orientations with the local traditional line.

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tabulis aRweriloba: I - 1. TrialeTis kulturis gavrcelebis ruka, 2. TrialeTis kulturasTan dakavSirebuli winaaziis regionebi.

Illustrations: I - 1. The map of distribution of the Trialeti culture, 2. Near Eastern regions culturally connected with the Trialeti culture.

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nino SanSaSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

mtkvar-araqsis kulturis kvlevis problemebi adrebrinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis aRmoCenisTanave mravali kiTxva wamoiWra, romelTa umravlesobaze srulyofili pasuxi dRemde ar arsebobs: mecnierebs Soris ar aris erTiani azri am kulturis matarebeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi sakiTxebis Sesaxeb; ucnobia am arqeologiuri kulturis genezisi; kiTxvebs badebs qronologiis sakiTxebi; Tavad cneba `mtkvar-araqsis kultura~ sakamaToa. am dasaxelebis paralelurad gaCnda terminebi: adretranskavkasiuri kultura, qarazis kultura, SengaviTuri kultura da hirbeT-keraqis keramika. mtkvar-araqsis kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili Zeglebis safuZvelze XX saukunis 30-40-ian wlebSi gamoyo akad. b. kuftinma. TrialeTis arqeologiur Zeglebze 1936-38 wlebSi mikvleuli e.w. `eneoliTuri~ Tixis WurWeli man samxreT kavkasiis Zeglebze adre aRmoCenil keramikul kompleqsebs daukavSira da amis safuZvelze mtkvar-araqsis ormdinareTis teritoriaze axali kulturis arseboba ivarauda. b. kuftinma axlad aRmoCenili kultura Zv.w. 3000-2200 ww daaTariRa da or etapad dayo: eneoliTuri da adre brinjaos xanis1. manamde ki, 1910 wels, saCxereSi, e. TayaiSvilma Seiswavla yorRanuli samarovani da is miakuTvna spilenZis xanas2. SemdgomSi aRmoCnda, rom yorRani mtkvar-araqsis kulturas miekuTvneboda. mogvianebiT, 1920 wels, e. pCelinam kikeTis maxloblad gaTxara samarxi, romlis inventaric sakmaod Taviseburi iyo. unda aRiniSnos, rom kikeTis ti pis keramika jer kidev XIX s miwuruls iyo aRmoCenili kavkasiis sxvadasxva regionSi (armavir-bluri, malaqlu da sxva) da inaxeboda kavkasiis muzeumSi (dRevandeli saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi), TbilisSi, Tumca maTTvis saTanado yuradReba aravis miuqcevia. SemdgomSi msgavsi keramika aRmoCnda didubeSi, dablagomSi, oCamCireSi da samxreT kavkasiis sxva adgilebSic: somxeTSi – elarSi, SreS-blurSi, SengaviTSi; azerbaijanSi stepanakertSi, kilik-daRSi. XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi e. baiburTianma SreS-blurSi aRmoCenili Savpriala (`TiTqos laqiT wasmuli~: Байбуртян 1937: 211) keramika daukavSira elaris qveda fenaSi, franganocSi da SengaviTSi aRmoCenil keramikas da daa 1. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети. (Тбилиси: Издательство АН Грузинской ССР, 1941), 106-109; Борис Куфтин, «Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-араксский энеолит». saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XIII-B (1944),85-127; Борис Куфтин, Археоло гические раскопки 1947 года в Цалкском районе. (Тбилиси: Издательство АН Груз ССР. 1948), 6770; Борис Куфтин, Археологическая маршрутная экспедиция 1945 года в Юго-Осетию и Имеретию. (Тбилиси: Издательство АН Груз ССР. 1949), 75-82. 2. Еквтиме Такайшвили, «О Сачхерском кургане Шорапанского уезда». Известия Кавказского отделения Московского археологического общества, вып. III, (1913), Тбилиси,167-172.

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TariRa `gacilebiT ufro Zveli epoqiT, vidre Zv.w. XX-XVIII ss~3. ukanasknel wlebSi zogierTi mecnieri cdilobs daakninos b. kuftinis Rvawli arqeologiaSi da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gamoyofa miaweron e. baiburTians, xolo Tavad kulturas uwodon SengaviTuri kultura. Tumca, xazgasmiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom TrialeTSi adreuli periodis Zeglebis Seswavlisa da mtkvar-araqsis ormdinareTis centralur da samxreT regionebSi mopovebuli da samxreT kavkasiis muzeumebSi daculi masalis Sejerebis saSualebiT mxolod b. kuftinma SeZlo mZlavri arqeologiuri kulturis gamoyofa4. is ar moerida represirebuli e. baiburTianis saxelis moxseniebas da misi naSromebis miTiTebas 1941 wels gamocemul Tavis fundamentur naSromSi. es maSin rodesac e. baiburTianis saxelis xsenebisac ki eSinoda yvelas. mxolod 1949 wels b. piotrovski gakvriT Seexo baiburTianis damsaxurebas. amdenad dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas is, rom kavkasiis siZveleTa Soris es gamorCeuli artefaqtebi, uZvelesi liTonebis epoqas, jer kidev e. TayaiSvilma miakuTvna 1910 wels. b. kuftinis udidesi damsaxureba ki is aris, rom man am artefaqtebis da im droisaTvis mwiri monacemebis safuZvelze sruliad axali arqeologiuri kultura gamoyo, romelsac mtkvar-araqsis eneoliTuri kultura uwoda. man pirvelma mogvca am kulturis daxasiaTeba da gamoyo mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis daTariRebis sakiTxebs SemdegSic araerTi mecnieri Seexo. ukanasknel wlebSi radionaxSirbadis meTodiT miRebuli TariRebis da Zeglebis stratigrafiis mixedviT mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Camoyalibeba, ganviTareba, ayvaveba da Caqroba Zv.w. 3500/3400-2500/2400 ww. Tavsdeba5. mniSvnelovania r. badalianis mier SemoTavazebuli mtkvar-araqsis kulturis qronologia. man somxeTis teritoriaze mopovebuli keramikis da radionaxSirbadis meTodiT miRebuli TariRebis safuZvelze, am kulturaSi or etapi - elar-aragawis (adre brinjao I, 3350-2900 Zv.w.) da karnut-SengaviTis (adre brinjao II, 2900-2500 Zv.w.) safexurebi gamoyo6. r. badalianis mier SemuSavebuli qronologia nawilobriv gaiziara j. palumbim. im gansxvavebiT, rom man adre brinjao I-s waumZRvara gvian qalkoliTuri da mtkvar-arqsuli kulturis Tanaarebobis etapi, romelic Zv.w. 3550-3350 ww daaTariRa. misi azriT, mtkvar-araqsuli keramikuli tradiciebis garkveuli niSnebi SeimCneva Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris 3. Евгений Байбуртян, «По поводу древней керамики из Шреш-Блура». Советская археология, 1937, 3, 213. 4 . Борис Куфтин, «Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-араксский энеолит». saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XIII-B (1944),85-127. 5. Giulio Palumbi and Christine Chatainger. “The Kura-Araxes culture from the Caucasus to Iran, Anatolia and the Levant: Between unity and diversity. A synthesis”. Paleorient 40.2(2014): 247-260; Giulio Palumbi. The Early Bronze Age of the Southern Caucasus. Oxford Handbooks Online DOI(2016): 10. 1093/oxfordhb/9780 1999 35413.013.14;9 Antonio Sagona. The Archaeology of the Caucasus. From Earliest Settlement to the Iron Age.(Cambridge University Press.2018),226. 6. Badalyan et all. “A preliminary report on the 2008, 2010, and 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia”. Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 46.Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Berlin, 2014, 211-212

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iseTi Zeglebis keramikul nawarmSi, rogorebicaa areni, godeZori, areviki, naWivWavebi, berikldeebi V7. gvin qalkoliTuri arqiteqturuli tradiciebi SesamCnevia adre mtkvar-araqsul wriul erToTaxiani saxlebis gegmarebaSic (berikldeebi IV, xizanaanTgora E, norabaci, moxra-bluri, naxWevanis qiul-Tefe). am kavSirebis niSnebi warmoCnda agreTve yorRanebSi dakrZalvis tradiciaSic, romlebic Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi dastudeba (kavTisxevi, soiuR bulaRi). j. palumbis azriT, hibridizaciis es elementebi da garkveuli kavSirebi SesaZloa niSnavs, rom zogierTi qalkoliTuri erToba, an misi nawili warmoadgenda sociokulturul garemos, romlis wiaRSic warmoiqmna mtkvar-araqsuli tradiciebi8. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, swored es qalkoliTuri kultura asrulebs substratis rols mtkvar-araqsis kulturis CamoyalibebaSi9. sakuTriv, adre brinjao I periods j. palumbi aTariRebs Zv.w. 3350 - 2950 ww, xolo adre brinjao II – Zv.w. 2950 - 2550 wlebs miakuTvna. j. palumbis azriT, am epoqas mosdevs mtkvar-araqsis da adre yorRanuli kulturis Tanaarsebobis periodi, romelic Tavsdeba Zv.w. 2550-2450 ww.10 mtkvar-araqsis kulturis fenomeni pirvel rigSi mdgomareobs mis xangrZlivobaSi, uzarmazar teritoriaze gavrcelebasa da Tvisebebis saocar erTgvarovnebaSi. es kultura gamorCeulia Tavisi gavrcelebis Zalze farTo arealiT da didi qronologiuri diapazoniT. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamoikveTa am kulturis areali. is gavrcelebulia kavkasionis Crdilo kalTebidan mokidebuli, samxreT-dasavleTiT anatoliaSi, eliazig-malaTiis regions moicavs da siria-palestinaSi vrceldeba; samxreTiT vanis tbamde aRwevs, xolo samxreT-aRmosavleTiT - urmiis tbasa da yazvinis platos moicavs. aRmosavleTiT ki milisa da yarabaRis stepebSia gavrcelebuli (tab. I). miuxedavad imisa, rom gavrcelebis arealiT mtkvar-araqsis kultura axlo aRmosavlur kulturaTa rigs ekuTvnis, am kulturis pirveli Zeglebis aRmoCenisTanave, b. kuftinma SeniSna, rom mtkvar-araqsuli keramikis zogierTi forma da keramikis dekori sruliad gansxvavdeba axloaRmosavluri nimuSebisagan. boris kuftini miiCnevda, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikis ornamentis datanis xerxebi sruliad ucnobia axloaRmosavluri kulturebisaTvis. igi wers: “samxreT kavkasiis meTuneebma ganaviTares... amoRarul-reliefuri dekoratiuli motivebi, rac am saxiT sruliad ucnobia axlo aRmosavleTis teritoriaze”11. aseve, mTeli axloaRmosavluri uZvelesi xelovnebisaTvis sruliad ucxoa spiraluri motivi, garda arqauli egvi pturi keramikis ornamentaciisa12. b. kuftinis azriT, mtkvar-araqsu7. Palumbi, ”The Early Bronze Age”, 10 8. Palumbi, ”The Early Bronze Age”, 10 9. mircxulava, guram; Ciqovani, guram. `brinjaos xanaze gardamavali safexuris Sesaxeb~. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, #19 (2010), 98 10. Palumbi, ”The Early Bronze Age”, 10 7 11. Борис Куфтин, «Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-араксский энеолит». saqarT velos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XIII-B (1944), 126. 12. Борис Куфтин, «Урартский колумбарий», 127.

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li keramikis zogierTi ti pi msgavsebas iCens dasavleTanatoliur, egeosur da centralurevropul keramikasTan13. is miiCnevda, rom mtkvar-araqsuli samyura WurWeli formalurad msgavsia dasavleT evropis gvianneoliTuri amforebisa. am ti pis keramikis gaCenas mtkvar-araqsis kulturaSi is ukavSirebda dunaispireTis neoliTur xazovan-lentur14 (Linearbandkeramik, LBK) keramikas15. miuxedavad didi qronologiuri sxvaobisa, msgavseba SeiniSneba agreTve centraluri da samxreT evropis neoliTuri kulturebis da mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ornaments Soris. magaliTad, spiraluri motivi, romelic mtkvar-araqsis kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, farTodaa gavrcelebuli samxreT evropis TiTqmis yvela neoliTuri da qalkoliTuri (tab. III-6,8-10) kulturis Zeglebze16. Savpriala da wiTeli keramika (tab. III-4,5), romelic aseve mtkvar-araqsis kulturisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, gavrcelebulia vinCas kulturis17 adreul safexurze18. balkaneTis da dasavleT evropis neoliTuri kulturebisaTvis damaxasiTebelia zoomorfuli keramika19. unda aRiniSnos, rom, aradeTis orgoraze aRmoCenili mtkvar-araqsisaTvis uCveulo zoomorfuli20 Rvinis WurWeli (tab. III-2,3) msgavsia evropis neoliTuri kulturebis keramikisa. xolo zoomorfulsaxeluriani keramikuli xufi (tab. IV-2) mesxeTidan21 saocar msgavsebas iCens aseve dasavleT evropis Linearbandkeramik-is da balkaneTis neoliTuri kulturebis (tab. IV-1) zoomorful 13. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тбилиси: Издательство АН Грузинской ССР, 1941,111; Борис Куфтин. «Урартский колумбарий» 38. 14. dResdReobiT cnobilia rogorc xazovan-lenturi kultura (germ. Linienbandkeramische Kultur, ing. Linear Pottery culture - LBK) – centraluri evropis neoliTuri xanis kultura. gavrcelebuli iyo germaniaSi, CexeTSi, poloneTSi, avstriaSi. TariRdeba 5500-4500 Zv.w. (Kris Hirst, Linearbandkeramik Culture – European Farming Innovators. 2014 https://www.thoughtco.com/linearbandkeramik-culture-farming-innovators-171552) 15. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки 1947 года в Цалкском районе. Тбилиси: Издательство АН Груз ССР. 1948,38 16. unda aRiniSnos, rom m. gimbutasis azriT, vinCas kultura saTaves iRebs starCevos kulturaSi, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara xazovan-lentur keramikas. vinCas da xazovani-lenturi kulturis simbiozma ki safuZveli Cauyara boianis kulturas, xolo xazovan-lenturi keramikis matarebelma xalxma moldovaSi saTave daudo kukutenis kulturas (Мария Гимбутас. Цивилизация Великой Богини: Мир Древней Европы. (Москва: РОССПЭН, 2006),38, 80, 93, 97, 117). 17. vinCas kultura (Vinča culture) – samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis neoliTuri xanis arqe ologiuri kulturaa, moicavs serbeTs da bulgareTis, makedoniis da rumineTis. nawils. TariRdeba 57004500 Zv.w., an 5300-4700/4500 Zv.w. 18. Jakucs at all. “Between the Vinča and Linearbandkeramik Worlds: The Diversity of Practices and Identities in the 54th-53rd Centuries cal. BC in Southwest Hungary and Beyond”. Journal of Worls Prehistory, Vol. 29, #3 (September 2016): sur. 10. 19. Мария Гимбутас, Цивилизация Великой Богини, 77, 121, 248, 285, 345, 358, 410 (VI-V aTaswleulebis vinCas namosaxlarze 2 aTasamde zoo da ornitomorfuli WurWelia aRmoCenili Мария Гимбутас. Цивилизация Великой Богини,358). Valeska Becker. “Rinder, Schweine, Mischwesen. Zoomorphe Funde der Westlichen Linearbandkeramik. in: Zwischen Mosel und Morava” Neue grabungen und Forschungen zur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte Mitteleuropas (Herausg. von Ralf Glesr). Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag GMBH. Bonn 2007, 28, tab. 25. 35, sur. 11, tab. 5. 20. Iulon Gagoshidze and Elena Rova, “Two Seasons of Georgian-Italian Excavations at Aradetis orgora (Georgia)”. Rivista di Archeologia, 39 (2015), 5-28. 21. kaxiani da sxv. `WobareTis adrebrinjaos xanis namosaxlarze da samarovanze 2009 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba~. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, #20 (2011), tab. IV-2.

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aplikaciebTan22. msgavsi aplikaciebi mravlad aris napovni vinCas namosaxlarze23. zooanTropomorfuli qandakeba SengaviTidan24, ki, Linearbandkeramik kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel qandakebebs emsgavseba25. samfexa samsxverplo “magida” geRarotidan26 msgavsia vinCas kulturis “magidebis (tab. IV-6).”27 xolo orvolutiani sakinZi varnas nekropolis #167 samarxidan (tab. III7), romelic Zv.w. 4400-4200 ww. TariRdeba28 saocrad emsgavseba mtkvar-araqsul sakinZebs. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebze aRmoCenili zogierTi artefaqti Zalze iSviaTia am kulturisaTvis, Tumca damaxasiaTebelia evropis neoliTuri kulturebisaTvis, rac aseve garkveul kiTxvebs badebs. yuradRebas iqcevs isic, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze datanili niSnebi (tab. IV-3) yvelaze axlo paralelebs pouloben swored vinCas kulturis niSnebTan (tab. IV-4). cnobili mecnieri m. gimbutasi Tvlida, rom vinCas keramikul nawarmze datanili niSnebi uZvelesi indoevropuli damwerlobaa, romelic Sumerul da minosur damwerlobamde didi xniT adre Seiqmna. m. gimbutasis azriT, es damwerlobiTi sistema Zv.w. VI aTaswleulSi warmoiSva da 4000 wlisaTvis gaqra. mecnierTa didi umravlesoba vinCas simboloebs ritualur-sakulto mniSvnelobisad miiCnevs29. cnobili poloneli arqeologi ian maxniki Tvlida, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis adreuli safexuris keramika saocar msgavsebas iCens karpatebis da mimdebare teritoriebis gvian neoliTur-adrebrinjaos xanis kulturebTan. ian maxniki agreTve gamoTqvamda varauds, rom mtkvar-araqsis kulturis adreuli periodis keramikasTan msgavsebas iCens samxreT espaneTSi Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwuruls gavrcelebuli el-argaris30 kultura31. el 22. Valeska Becker, “Rinder, Schweine, Mischwesen”, 28, tab. 25. 23. Eszter Banffy, “Notes on the Connection between Human and Zoomorphic Representations in the Neolithic.” The Archeology of Cult and Religion ( Ed. by P.F. Biehl and F. Bertemes with H. Meller. Budapest: 2001), 55, 58, sur. 14,24. 24. Hakob Simonyan, “The Statuettes of the Shengavit culture”. Yearbook of Academy of fine arts, #4 (2016), Yerevan, sur. 13. 25. Eszter Banffy, “Notes on the Connection”, 67, sur. 28; Valeska Becker. “Rinder, Schweine, Mischwesen. sur. 5. 26. Badalyan et all. “A preliminary report on the 2008, 2020, nd 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia”. Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 46.Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Berlin, 2014, 160, sur. 10-2. 27. Marija Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses.(University of California Press. Berkley, Los Angeles, London. 2001), sur. 60. 28 Vladimir Slavchev, “The Varna Eneolithic Cemetery in the Context of the Late Copper Age in the East Balkans” The Lost World of Old Europe. The danube Valley, 5000-3500BC (Edited by David W. Antony, with Jennifer Y. Chl). Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford. 2010, 202, sur. g-15. 29. Мария Гимбутас, Цивилизация Великой Богини. 337-352. 30. Jan Machnik, „Bemerkungen zu den Kulturbeziehungen in Mitteleuropa am Anfang der Bronzezeit“. Preistoria Alpina. Vol. 10 (1974), Trento, 191-207. 31. el argaris kultura gavrcelebulia ZiriTadad almeriis, granadis da alikantes provinciebSi. namosaxlarebi maRlobebze, an mTebis ferdobebzea ganlagebuli. am dasaxlebebs gamokveTilad TavdacviTi xasiaTi hqondaT, rasac adgilmdebareobis garda adasturebs qvis galavnebis naSTebi. el argaris kulturis matarebeli mosaxleobis umTavres saqmianobas samTo saqme da liTondamuSaveba warmoadgenda. amas adasturebs ara mxolod dasaxlebebis lokalizacia spilenZiTa da vercxliT mdidar adgilebSi, aramed namosaxlarebSi nedleulis transportirebis kvali. h. Subartis da i. maxnikis azriT, metalurgia da liTonis nakeTobebiT vaWroba iyo el argaris kulturis ayvavebis sawindari (Hermanfried Schubart, “Mediterrane Beziehungen der El Argar-Kulture”. Madrider Mitteilungen

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argaris kulturis kavSirebs aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTTan, kerZod ki egeosur-anatoliur samyarosTan, xedavda germaneli arqeologi h. Subarti32. aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis kulturul samyaros b. kuftini miakuTvnebda mtkvar-araqsis kulturas. msgavsebas is xedavda wriul arqiteqturaSi, spiralur ornamentsa da e.w. rqian sakurTxevlebSi33. es Tvalsazrisi gaiziares sxva mecnierebmac. Tumca isini sakuTriv mtkvar-araqsis kulturas ki ar axsenebdnen, aramed `dampyroblebs~, an `migrantebs~ anatoliidan, romelTa mier antoliidan egeosis kunZulebze Catanil siaxleebs Soris iyo agreTve muqi feris naprialebi keramika reliefuri da amoRaruli ornamentiT34. mtkvar-araqsis kulturasa da egeosis auzis eneoliT-adre brinjaos xanis kulturebs Soris garkveuli kontaqtebi, pirdapiri, Tu arapirdapiri, SeiniSneba Zv.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisidan. mtkvar-araqsis kultura samxreTiT sakmaod Sors vrceldeba. samxreT kavkasiuri Savpriala keramika gavrcelebulia amuqis velze da siria-palestinaSi, sadac xirbeT-keraqis keramikis saxeliTaa cnobili. mecnierTa nawili aRniSnavs xirbeT-keraqis keramikis gavlenas kvi prosis eneoliT-adrebrinjaos xanis keramikaze35. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis gavleniT SeiZleba aixsnas zogierTi inovacia, rogorc palestinaSi, aseve egeosis auzis kunZulebze, rogoricaa Sav da wiTelpriala keramikis warmoeba, wriuli gegmarebis produqtis sawyobebi, anTropo da zoomorfuli sadgrebi, e.w. rqiani sakurTxevlebi. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom ti piuri samxreT kavkasiuri/xirbeT-keraquli keramikuli formebi da am kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli amoRaruli ornamenti ar gavrcelda egeosis kunZulebze36. SesaZloa, mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili kilikiis (mersini, tarsusi), an levantis sanapirodan (ugariTi) gadavida kvi prosze spilenZis madnis ZiebaSi, Tumca es kontaqti, o. negbis azriT, warmoadgenda “marginalur epizods, romelsac ar daurRvevia levantis adre brinjao II - adre brinjao III-is urbanuli cxovreba da aranairi kvali ar datova xirbeT-keraqis keramikis gaqrobis (Zv.w. 2400 w) Semdgom droindel Taobaze. miuxedavad amisa, am SemTxvevam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia 14 (1973), 41-59; Jan Machnik, „Bemerkungen zu den Kulturbeziehungen in Mitteleuropa am Anfang der Bronzezeit“. Preistoria Alpina. Vol. 10 (1974), Trento, 191-207). 32. Hermanfried Schubart, “Mediterrane Beziehungen der El Argar-Kulture”. Madrider Mitteilungen 14 (1973), 41-59. 33. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки 1947 года, 44 34. Theodore Burton-Brown, Excavations in Azerbaijan, 1948. (London : John Murray, 1951), 38-40; Гордон Чайлд. У истоков европейской цивилизации. (Москва: Издательство иностранной литературы, 1952), 66-101. 35. Porphyrios Dikaios and James R. Stewart, The Swedish-Cyprus Expedition: The Stone age and early Bronze Age. Vol. IV, part I, Lund. 1962,200; James Mellaart, The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age in the Near east and Anatolia. (Beirut; Khayats,1966), 76; Ruth Amiran, Ancient Pottery in the Holy Land: From its beginnings in the Neolithic period to the end of the Iron Age. (Rutgert University Press.1970), 69; Ora Negbi, “Beth Yarah and Philia Ware: Two Case Studies of Anatolian Connections with the Levant and Cyprus in the Third Millennium BCE”. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Stuidies, 2003: 161; Rose Washbourne, Out of the Mouths and Pots, 250-254 36 . Rose Washbourne, Out of the Mouths and Pots, 254

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kvi prosis gvian eneoliTur periodze da safuZveli Cauyara adre brinjaos epoqis dasawyiss37. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi warmoebulma arqeologiurma kvlevam samxreT kavkasiaSi da egeosur kunZulebze kidev ufro gaamyara hi poteza kavSirurTierTobis Sesaxeb am or regions Soris. XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi kvi prosze, namosaxlar marki-aloniaze (Zv.w. III aTaswl. meore nax.) avstraliuri arqeologiuri eqspediciis (xelmZRvaneli d. frenkeli) mier Catarebuli gaTxrebis dros napovni iyo anTropomorfuli keris sadgari38, romelic damzadebulia wiTlad gaprialebuli Tixisagan da Semkulia nakawri geometriuli ornamentiT39. is did msgavsebas iCens mtkvar-araqsul e.w. nalisebur sadgrebTan. 1967-2005 wlebSi akrotiriSi, kunZul santorinze (Tera) arqeologiur gaTxrebs awarmoebda s. marinatosi. namosaxlari arsebobda Zv.w. IV-III aTaswleulebis mijnidan - Zv.w 1628, an 1520 wlamde, Zlier vulkanur amofrqvevamde. warmoebuli gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCnda Tixis zoomorfuli sadgari40, romelic did msgavsebas iCens zoomorful sadgrebTan SengaviTidan41 da karnutidan42. j. uebis da d. frenkelis azriT, kolonistebi, rogorc wesi cdiloben cxovrebis mowyobas TavianTi Cveulebisamebr da samSoblodan gamoyolili cxovrebis wesis SenarCunebas43. marki-aloniaSi aRmoCenili keris gadasatani anTropomorfuli sadgari ar hgavs sxva namosaxlarebze dadasturebul kerebs da is jer-jerobiT erTaderTia adre kvi prosul I periodSi44. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis ganviTareba da misi farTod ganfena liTonis mopovebasa da mis damuSavebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom mtkvar-araqselTa ZiriTad saqmianobas miwaTmoqmedeba warmoadgenda, rasac mowmobs mravalfeniani namosaxlarebi Sida qarTlSi (qvacxelebi, xizanaanT gora), TrialeTSi (beSTaSeni), azerbaijanSi (naxWevanis qiul-Tefe), daRestanSi (velikenti), arsebobda garkveuli jgufebi (Temebi), romlebic sabadoebis Ziebis gamo gadaadgildebodnen, radgan maTi ZiriTadi saqmianoba madnis mopoveba iyo. 37. Ora Negbi, “Beth Yarah and Philia Ware”, 161. 38. David Frankel and Jennifer M. Webb, “Marki-Alonia: A prehistoric Bronze Age settlement in Cyprus”. Antiquity, 74, issue 286 (2000), 763, sur. 3 39. Rose Washbourne, Out of the Mouths and Pots. A thesis submitted in Fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the University of Canterbury. University of Canterbury. 1998,140-141, sur. 61 40. Katerina Trantalidu, “Archaeozoological research at the Akrotiri excavation. The animal world in everyday life and ideology”. AΛΣ 6. Periodical Publication of the Society for the Promotion Study on Prehistoric Thera (Ed. Ch. G. Doumas), Athen, 2008: 49, sur. 29- c 41. Hakob Simonyan, “The Statuettes of the Shengavit culture”. Yearbook of Academy of fine arts, #4 (2016), Yerevan, sur. 11. 42. Рубен Бадалян, «Зооморфные надочажные подставки эпохи ранней бронзы из Карнута». Вестник Общественных Наук АН Арм. ССР, 8 (1985), 92-97. 43. Jennifer M. Webb, and David Frankel, “Hearth and home”, 30. 44. Jennifer M. Webb, and David Frankel, “Hearth and home as identifiers of community in mid-third millennium Cyprus” On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neibouring región. An International Archaeological Symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th 2010(2011) (Ed. by Vassos Karageorghis and Ourania Kouka): 31.

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Zv.w. IV aTaswleulidan samxreT kavkasiaSi metalurgia ukve xelosnobis damoukidebel dargad aris Camoyalibebuli. xelosanTa nawili liTonis damuSavebiT aris dasaqmebuli, nawili ki - madnis mopovebiT. spilenZis sabadoebis siaxloves mdebare Zeglebze (brdaZori, alaverdi, leninakani, simonianTxevi, dmanisi) mravladaa aRmoCenili kombinirebuli iaraRi - cul-weraqva, romelic SesaZloa madnis mosapoveblad ixmareboda. mtkvar-araqsis kulturis namosaxlarebis topografias rom gadavavloT Tvali, advili SesamCnevia maTi koncentracia spilenZiT mdidar regionebSi (qvemo qarTli, somxeTis zegani, ergani-madeni). iSviaTia mtkvar-araqsuli kulturis Zegli, sadac liToni da liTonis warmoeba damowmebuli ar iyos. namosaxlarebze mravladaa aRmoCenili metalurgiasTan dakavSirebuli nivTebi: yalibebi (xizanaanT gora, amiranis gora, garni, baba-derviSi II, qiul-Tefe, geoi-Tefe), cecxlgamZle Tixisagan damzadebuli tigelebi (xizanaanT gora, garni, babaderviSi II), liTonis damuSavebis procesSi darCenili Slaki (xizanaanT gora, garni). samxreT evropaSi specialist-metalurgebis arseboba ivaraudeba Zv.w. V aTswleulidan. swored am periodidan metalurgia gavida xarisxobrivad axal doneze, radgan liTonis momxibvleloba mdgomareobda swored mis gadadnobaSi, mis gardaqmnis unarSi, gardasaxvaSi. qvis culi Tu gatydeboda, axlis dasamzadeblad masala iyo mosaZebni, liTonis gatexili nivTis ki gadadnoba SeiZleboda, riTac is axal sicocxles da SesaZloa, axal daniSnulebasac iZenda45. teqnikuri inovaciebis gavrceleba tradiciulad dakavSirebulia xelosnebis mobilurobasTan. sabadoebi iyo specialisti-xelosnebis tradiciuli Sexvedris adgilebi, sadac xdeboda codnis gaziareba. liTonis damuSaveba da Camosxma modelebis mixedviT – es aris sakmaod rTuli teqnologia, romelic dakavSirebulia nedleulis (spilenZi, kala, nikeli, dariSxani) arCevasa da mis damuSavebasTan. aq mniSvnelovan rols gamocdileba da sxvadasxva teqnikuri saSualebis gamoyeneba asrulebs. metalurgiis ganviTareba xdeboda mudmivi eqsperimentis gziT. gamocdilebiT miRebuli codna ki gadaicemoda xelosanTa jgufebis meSveobiT. teqnikuri codnis gadacema, savaraudod, xdeboda tradiciulad – piradi komunikaciebis meSveobiT46. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom arsebobda meliToneebis jgufebi, romlebic inovaciebis potenciuri matareblebi iyvnen. es jgufebi madnis mopovebisas gadaadgildebodnen da Tan mihqondaT Tavisi rwmena-warmodgenebi, sakraluri artefaqtebi, siwmindeebi. maTi gavlenis sferoSi avtoqtonuri mosaxleoba garkveulwilad eqceoda. savaraudod, regionisTvis aradamaxasiaTebeli calkeuli sakraluri mniSvnelobis nivTebis gaCena swored momTabare metalurgebis arsebobiT SeiZleba aixsnas. 45. Свенд Хансен, «Металл: Инновация, изменившая мир». Фундаментальные проблемы археологии, антропологии и этнографии Евразии. К 70-летию академика А.П. Деревянко (отв. ред. В.И.Молодин, М.В. Шуньков). (Новосибирск. Издательство Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН, 2013), 370-372. 46. Svend Hansen,“Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der fruhen Metallurgie der westlichen Eurasiens“. Interactions, Changes and Meanings. Essays in honour of Igor Manzura on the occasion of his 60th birthday (Edited by Stanislav Terna and Blagoje Govedarica) Kishinev, 2016, 115-116.

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metalurgiis gaCenam Secvala samyaro. metalurgiis ganviTarebas mohyva axali samuSao da sabrZolo iaraRebis gaCena, rasac Tan sdevda axali teqnologiebis warmoqmna, ramac Tavis mxriv xeli Seuwyo rTuli socialuri sazogadoebebis da ierarqiuli struqturebis warmoqmnas47 da rac Zalze mniSvnelovania, axali msoflmxedvelobis, axali religiis gaCenas. NN

47. Свенд Хансен, «Металл“, 376-377.

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Nino Shanshashvili Georgian National Museum, (Georgia, Tbilisi) Problems of Study of the Kura-Araxes Culture Summary Discovery of the Kura-Araxes culture raised many question and most of them have no complete answers. There is no common opinion between the scientist about social structure and economic development of the society of this culture. Genesis of this culture is unknown. Chronological issues rise more questions, even the term “Kura-Araxes Culture” is a subject to discuss. Basing on the sites discovered in South Caucasus in the 30-40’s of the 20th century, academician B. Kuftin singled out the Kura-Araxes culture. He connected the so called “Eneolithic” clay pottery, which was discovered on the Trialeti archaeological sites, to the earlier discovered ceramic complexes and, basing on this, he supposed the existence of a new culture in the region between the rivers Kura and Araxes. B. Kuftin was the first who singled out this strong archaeological culture. This distinguished artifacts of the Caucasus region, were attributed to the ancient metal period by E. Takaishvili in 1910. The great achievement of B. Kuftin is that, basing on these artifacts and poor data of that period he singled out completely new archaeological culture and named it Eneolithic culture of Kura-Araxes. He was the first, who described this culture and singled out its characteristic elements. B. Kuftin dated the new culture from the 3000-2200 BC and divided it into two periods: The Eneolithic and the Early Bronze ages. According to the dates received using radio-carbon method and stratigraphy of the sites, the establishment, rise development and decline of the Kura-Araxes culture took place in the time period between 3500/3400-2500/2400 BC. The Kura-Araxes culture was spread from the northern slopes of the Caucasus Mountains to south-west in Anatolia, cover the Eliazig-Malatya region and reaches Syria-Palestine, to south it reaches Lake Van, and to south-east covers Lake Urmia and Kazvin plateau. To the east it was spread in Mil and Karabagh steppes. In Syria-Palestine it is known as Khirbet-Kerak ware. Kura-Araxes culture belongs to the Mediterranean cultural world. B. Kuftin, who first discovered the Kura-Araxes culture, saw some similarities in round architecture, spiral ornament and, so called, horned altars. Some similarities are also observed between the ceramics, ornament (spiral motives) and single ritual artifacts (zoomorphic application, zoo-anthropomorphic ceramics etc.) of the central and south European cultures and those of the Kura-Araxes culture. Though, these cultures are located far from each other and there is a chronological difference between them as well. Development and wide spread of the Kura-Araxes culture was connected to mining and metalworking. It is not impossible that there used to be groups of metallurgists, who were potential innovators. These groups used to move from place to place while mining and bring their beliefs, sacral artifacts and holly objects. It seems, that the local population fall under the influence of the migrants. Presumably, appearance of some sacral artifacts, which are uncommon for the region, could be explained by presence of the nomad metallurgists. Some artifacts discovered on the sites of Kura-Araxes culture are very uncommon for this culture, so this fact raises some questions as well.

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Amiran, Ruth. Ancient Pottery in the Holy Land: From its beginnings in the Neolithic period to the end of the Iron Age. Rutgert University Press.1970. Badalyan, Ruben; Smith, Adam T.; Lindsay, Ian; Harutyunyan, Armine; Green, Alan; Marshall, Maureen; Monahan, Belinda; Hovsepyan, Roman. “A preliminary reporto n the 2008, 2020, nd 2011 investigations of Project ArAGATS on the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Republic of Armenia”. Archaeologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan. Band 46.Dietrich Reimer Verlag. Berlin, 2014, 149-222. Banffy, Eszter. “Notes on the Connection between Human and Zoomorphic Representations in the Neolithic.” The Archeology of Cult and Religion ( Ed. by P.F. Biehl and F. Bertemes with H. Meller. Budapest: 2001), 53-72. Becker, Valeska. “Rinder, Schweine, Mischwesen. Zoomorphe Funde der Westlichen Linearbandkeramik. in: Zwischen Mosel und Morava” Neue grabungen und Forschungen zur Vor- und Fruhgeschichte Mitteleuropas (Herausg. von Ralf Glesr). Dr. Rudolf Habelt Verlag GMBH. Bonn 2007: 9-95. Burton-Brown, Theodore. Excavations in Azerbaijan, 1948. London : John Murray, 1951. 1948: 38-40; Dikaios, Porphyrios and James R. Stewart. The Swedish-Cyprus Expedition: The Stone age and early Bronze Age. Vol. IV, part I, Lund. 1962. Gagoshidze, Iulon and Elena Rova. “Two Seasons of Georgian-Italian Excavations at Aradetis orgora (Georgia)”. Rivista di Archeologia, 39 (2015), 5-28. Gimbutas, Marija. The Living Goddesses.University of California Press. Berkley, Los Angeles, London. 2001. Jakucs, Janos; Banffy, Eszter; Oross, Krisztian; Voicsek, Vanda; Bronk Ramsey, Christopher; Dunbar, Elaine; Kromer, Bernd; Bayliss, Alex; Hofmann, Daniela; Marshall, Peter and Alasdair Whittle. “Between the Vinča and Linienbandkeramik Worlds: The Diversity of Practices and Identities in the 54th-53rd Centuries cal. BC in Southwest Hungary and Beyond”. Journal of Worls Prehistory, Vol. 29, #3 (September 2016), 267-336. Frankel, David and Jennifer M. Webb. “ Marki-Alonia: A prehistoric Bronze Age settlement in Cyprus”. Antiquity, 74, issue 286 (2000), 763-764 Hansen, Svend.“Innovationen und Wissenstransfer in der fruhen Metallurgie der westlichen Eurasiens“. Interactions, Changes and Meanings. Essays in honour of Igor Manzura on the occasion of his 60th birthday (Edited by Stanislav Terna and Blagoje Govedarica) Kishinev, 2016, 107-120. Hirst, Kris. Linearbandkeramik Culture – European Farming Innovators. 2014 https://www.thoughtco.com/linearbandkeramik-culture-farming-innovators-171552 Koşay H.Z. Keban Project. Pulur excavations 1968-1970. Ankara.1976. Lazarovici, Cornelia-Magda. „Cucuteni Ceramics:Tecnology, Typology, Evolution, andAestet-

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ics“. The Lost World of Old Europe. The danube Valley, 5000-3500BC (Edited by David W. Antony, with Jennifer Y. Chl). Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford. 2010, 128-161. Lull, Vicente; Mico, Rafael; Herrada Cristina Rihuete and Roberto Risch. „El Argar and the Beginning of Class Society in the western Mediterranean“. Archäologie in Eurasien 24, 2011,381-413. Machnik, Jan. „Bemerkungen zu den Kulturbeziehungen in Mitteleuropa am Anfang der Bronzezeit“. Preistoria Alpina. Vol. 10 (1974), Trento, 191-207. Marić, Miroslav. “The Vinča Culture. Climate and Environment in the Danube Region in the 6th and 5th Millennium BC”. Resources of Danubian Region.: the Possibility of Cooperation and Utilization (Eds. Luka C. Popović, Melita Vidaković, Djorja S. Kostić). Belgrad. Humboldt-Club Serbien. 2013, 205-232. Mellaart, James. The Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age in the Near east and Anatolia. Beirut; Khayats,1966. Negbi, Ora “Beth Yarah and Philia Ware: Two Case Studies of Anatolian Connections with the Levant and Cyprus in the Third Millennium BCE”. Eretz-Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Stuidies, 2003: 161-168. Palumbi, Giulio. The Early Bronze Age of the Southern Caucasus. Oxford Handbooks Online DOI(2016): 10. 1093/oxfordhb/9780 1999 35413.013.14. Palumbi, Giulio and Chatainger Christine. “The Kura-Araxes culture from the Caucasus to Iran, Anatolia and the Levant: Between unity and diversity. A synthesis”. Paleorient 40.2(2014): 247-260 Pernicka, Ernest and David W. Antony. “The Invention of Copper Metallurgy and the Copper Age of Old Europe”. The Lost World of Old Europe. The danube Valley, 5000-3500BC (Edited by David W. Antony, with Jennifer Y. Chl). Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford. 2010, 162-177. Sagona, Antonio. The Archaeology of the Caucasus. From Earliest Settlement to the Iron Age. Cambridge University Press.2018. Schubart, Hermanfried. “Mediterrane Beziehungen der El Argar-Kulture”. Madrider Mitteilungen 14 (1973), 41-59. Simonyan, Hakob. “The Statuettes of the Shengavit culture”. Yearbook of Academy of fine arts, #4 (2016), Yerevan: 70-80. Slavchev, Vladimir. “The Varna Eneolithic Cemetery in the Context of the Late Copper Age in the East Balkans” The Lost World of Old Europe. The danube Valley, 5000-3500BC (Edited by David W. Antony, with Jennifer Y. Chl). Princeton University Press. Princeton and Oxford. 2010, 192-211. Trantalidu, Katerina. “Archaeozoological research at the Akrotiri excavation. The animal world in everyday life and ideology”. AΛΣ 6. Periodical Publication of the Society for the Promotion Study on Prehistoric Thera (Ed. Ch. G. Doumas), Athen, 2008: 26-69. Turcanu, Senica. „The Birds in the Imaginarium of Cucuteni-Trypollia World. New Plastic Representations“. Materiality and Identity in Pre-and Protohistoric Europe. Homage to Cornelia-Magda Lazarovici (Editors Senica Turcanu, Constantine-Emil Ursu). The Bucovina Museum, Suceava. Karl A. Romstorfer Publishing House. Suceava, 2018, 297-344. Washbourn, Rose . Out of the Mouths and Pots. A thesis submitted in Fulfilment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Classics in the University of Canterbury. University of Canterbury. 1998.

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Webb, Jennifer M. and David Frankel 2011: “Hearth and home as identifiers of community in mid-third millennium Cyprus” On cooking pots, drinking cups, loomweights and ethnicity in Bronze Age Cyprus and Neibouring región. An International Archaeological Symposium held in Nicosia, November 6th-7th 2010(2011)(Ed. by Vassos Karageorghis and Ourania Kouka): 29-42. Бадалян, Рубен. «Зооморфные надочажные подставки эпохи ранней бронзы из Карнута». Вестник Общественных Наук АН Арм. ССР, 8 (1985), 92-97. Байбуртян, Евгений. «По поводу древней керамики из Шреш-Блура». Советская археология, 1937, 3, 209-213. Гимбутас, Мария. Цивилизация Великой Богини: мир Древней Европы. Москва: РОССПЭН, 2006. Куфтин, Борис. Археологические раскопки в Триалети. Тбилиси: Издательство АН Грузинской ССР, 1941. Куфтин, Борис. «Урартский колумбарий у подошвы Арарата и куро-араксский энеолит». saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, XIII-B (1944). Куфтин, Борис. Археологические раскопки 1947 года в Цалкском районе. Тбилиси: Издательство АН Груз ССР. 1948. Куфтин, Борис. Археологическая маршрутная экспедиция 1945 года в Юго-Осетию и Имеретию. Тбилиси: Издательство АН Груз ССР. 1949. Такайшвили, Еквтиме. «О Сачхерском кургане Шорапанского уезда». Известия Кавказского отделения Московского археологического общества, вып. III, (1913), Тбилиси, 167-172. Хансен, Свенд. «Металл: Инновация, изменившая мир». Фундаментальные проблемы археологии, антропологии и этнографии Евразии. К 70-летию академика А.П. Деревянко (отв. ред. В.И.Молодин, М.В. Шуньков). Новосибирск. Издательство Института археологии и этнографии СО РАН, 2013: 366-378. Чайлд, Гордон. У истоков европейской цивилизации. Москва: Издательство иностранной литературы., 1952.

tabulebis aRwera: I. mtkvar-araqsis-kulturis gavrcelebis ruka; II. liTonis sabadoebi evropas, anatoliasa da kavkasiaSi (Pernicka, Ernest and David W. Antony. “The Invention of Copper Metallurgy”, 164 mixedviT); III. 1. frinvelis qandakeba. kukutenis kultura (Turcanu, Senica. „The Birds in the Imaginarium“ Fig. 1, 8. mixedviT); 2, 3. aradeTis orgora (Gagoshidze, Rova “Two Seasons of Georgian-Italian Excavations” mixedviT); 4,5. vinCas kulturis Savpriala da wiTelpriala keramika (Jakucs et all. “Between the Vinča and Linearbandkeramik Worlds”, fig. 10 mixedviT); 6,8-10. samxreT evropis spiralur gamosaxulebiani keramika (Lazarovici, „Cucuteni Ceramics“ sur. 6-10, 19, 21,22 mixedviT); 7. orvolutiani sakinZi varnis nekropolidan (Slavchev, “The Varna Eneolithic”, sur. 9-15 mixedviT). IV. 1. zoomorfulaplikaciebiani keramika. karanovo VI (Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses. sur. 24 mixedviT); 2. WobareTis namosaxla-

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ri. zoomorful aplikaciani xufi (foto k. kaxianis); 3. niSnebiani WurWeli amiranis goris #36 samarxidan (foto d. narimaniSvilis); 4. vinCas kulturis niSnebiani kviristavebi (Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses. sur. 45 mixedviT); 5. anTropomorfuli kera. marki alonia (Washbourne, Out of the Mouths and Pots, sur. 61 mixedviT); 6. samsxverplo `magida~. vinCas kultura (Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses. sur. 60 mixedviT); 7,8. anTropomorfuli kerebi puluridan (Koşay, Keban Project, 24, tab. 19, 21 mixedviT). Illustrations: I. Map of the Kura-Araxes culture spread area. II. Metal deposits in Europe, Anatolia and Caucasus (according to: Pernicka, Ernest and David W. Antony. “The Invention of Copper Metallurgy”, 164). III. 1. Statue of a bird. Cucuteni culture (according to: Turcanu, Senica. „The Birds in the Imaginarium“ Fig. 1, 8); 2, 3. Aradetis Orgora (according to: Gagoshidze, Rova “Two Seasons of Georgian-Italian Excavations”); 4, 5. Black polished and red polished ceramics of the Vinca culture (according to: Jakucs et all. “Between the Vinča and Linearbandkeramik Worlds”, fig. 10); 6, 8 - 10. Ceramics with spiral image from the Southern Europe (according to: Lazarovici, „Cucuteni Ceramics“ sur. 6-10, 19, 21,22); 7. Double volute pin from Varna necropolis (according to: Slavchev, “The Varna Eneolithic”, pic. 9 – 15). IV. 1. Ceramics with zoomorphic applications. Karanovo VI (Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses.I, pic. 24); 2. Chobareti settlement. Lid with zoomorphic applications (K. Kakhiani’s photograph); 3. Vessel with signs from Amiranis Gora grave #36 (D. Narimanishvili’s photograph); 4. Spindle whorl with signs from the Vicna Culture (according to: Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses, pic. 45); 5. Anthropomorphic hearth. Marki Alonia (according to: Washbourne, Out of the Mouths and Pots, pic. 61); 6. Sacrifice “table”. Vinca Culture (according to: Gimbutas, The Living Goddesses, pic. 60); 7, 8. Antropomorphic hearths from Pulur (according to: Koşay, Keban Project, 24, tab. 19, 21).

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mindia jalabaZe saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

arqeologiuri gaTxrebi gadaWril goraze Sedegebi da perspeqtiva (mokle mimoxilva) neoliTuri xanis nasoflari, „gadaWrili gora“ aRmoCenilia 1960-iani wlebis dasawyisSi s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier o. jafariZisa da al. javaxiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT. 1965-71 ww. s. imirsa da s. Sulavers Soris arsebul vrcel vakeze (md. xramis marjvena napiri) eqspediciam daafiqsira da Seiswavla adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis ramdenime Zegli: Sulaveris gora, imiris gora, dangreuli gora da gadaWrili gora (tab. I.1)1. arqeologiuri gaTxrebi Sulaveris gorasa da imiris goraze Catarda, dangreul goraze Seswavlili iqna erTaderTi gadarCenili sameurneo ormo, xolo gadaWril goraze mxolod mcire zomis sakontrolo Txrili iqna gavlebuli da aikrifa zedapiruli masala (tab. I.2)2. ukve maSin, Catarebuli kvlevis Semdeg, moxerxda neoliTuri xanis axali adresamiwaTmoqmedo kulturis gamoyofa, romelsac mkvlevarTa mier Sulaveri-SomuTefes kultura ewoda (al. javaxiSvili, o. jafariZe, t. CubiniSvili). aqedan iwyeba am kulturis Zireuli kvleva aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, rac XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolomde gagrZelda. Semdgom wlebSi ki garkveuli mizezebis gamo savele samuSaoebi Sewyda da mxolod 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ganaxlda (aruxlos gora, gadaWrili gora). 2006 wlidan gadaWril goraze arqeologiur gaTxrebs iwyebs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia. eqspediciam imuSava 2007 welsac. mcire ganaTxari farTobis miuxedavad, gairkva Zeglis gavrcelebis savaraudo areali, stratigrafia da qronologia3 (tab. II.1). 2012-2013 wlebSi Zeglze arqeologiuri gaTxrebi mimdinareobda frang kolegebTan erTad qarTul-franguli proeqtis (saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumis da safrangeTis samecniero kvlevis erovnuli centris (CNRS) proeqtis _ LIA (Laboratory International Associate) - GATES project (2012-2015 ww.) _ farglebSi. proeqti iTvaliswinebda erToblivi arqeologiuri da inter1. oTar jafariZe da aleqsandre javaxiSvili. uZvelesi miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis kultura saqarTvelos teritoriaze (Tbilisi: 1971); Александр Иванович Джавахишвили. Стройтельное дело и архитектура поселений Южного Кавказа V-III тыс. до н. э. (Тбилиси: 1973); qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-1971 ww.) (Tbilisi: 1975). 2. qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi, 124-125 3. mindia jalabaZe da sxvebi. gadaWril goraze 2006-2007 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, “Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi” 19 (2010): 17-32

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disci plinaruli kvlevis Catarebas. am wlebSi gaTxrebis farTobma mniSvnelovnad moimata da gamoCnda nasoflaris rogorc gviandeli, ise adreuli fenebi, maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli alizis nagebobebiT (tab. II. 2; III. 1, 2)4. 2013 wels frangi geomorfologebis mier Seswavlili iqna md. Sulaveris Reles xevi da uSualod gadaWrili goris mimdebare teritoria, ris Sedegad moxerxda mdinaris Zveli kalapotis rekonstruqcia da neoliTis xanis mosaxleobis mier wylis resursis moxmarebis suraTis aRdgena. Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dafiqsirda Zlieri wyaldidobis kvali, romelmac sofeli sagrZnoblad daaziana. es procesi kargad gamoCnda nasoflaris gaTxrebis dros. aseve gamoCnda, rom dasaxlebis adreuli fenebi mcire xniT iyo mitovebuli da misi xelaxali aTviseba mxolod garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg unda momxdariyo5. 2014-2015 wlebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiurma eqspediciam, saqarTvelos Rvinis erovnuli saagentos finansuri mxardaWeriT, „qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis kulturis kvlevis samecniero proeqtis“ farglebSi, Zeglze gaagrZela arqeologiuri samuSaoebi. Sesabamisad, gaizarda gaTxrebis farTobi da gamoCnda axali alizis nagebobebi: sacxovrebeli Senobebi, damxmare saTavsoebi, ormoebi da sxv. (tab. IV. 1-3; V. 1, 2). gaiTxara Zeglze arsebuli rogorc adreuli, ise misi gviandeli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Senobebi, riTac SesaZlebloba mogveca, dagvenaxa neoliTuri soflis uadres da gviandel dasaxlebebs Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebi. qveda, adreuli fenis Senobebi ZiriTadad naxevradmiwur konstruqciebs warmoadgens: gruntSi amoRebul daaxloebiT 60-80 sm siRrmis wriul ormoebze daSenebuli alizis aguris kedlebiT, xolo zeda fenis (gviandeli etapis) nagebobebi specialurad mosworebul moedanzea agebuli (tab. V. 1, 2; VI. 1, 2). 2016 wlidan dRevandlamde, aRniSnul proeqtSi monawileobas iRebs torontos universiteti (kanada). am periodSi gaTxrebis farTobma mkveTrad moimata da kidev ufro dazustda nasoflaris gavrcelebis areali da misi sazRvrebi (tab. VII. 1, 2; VIII. 1, 2). aRsaniSnavia, rom kanaduri proeqti sazafxulo skolis formas atarebs da masSi kanadel studentebTan erTad qarTveli studentebic iReben monawileobas. am periodSi mcire masStabis saZiebo Txrilebi gaevlo Sulaveris gorasa (tab. IX. 1, 2) da imiris goraze, rac Zeglebis stratigrafiis da qronologiis korelaciis saSualebas iZleva. paralelurad mimdinareobs marneulis velze arsebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebis fiqsacia da GPS koordinatebis mixedviT maTi GIS programaSi damuSaveba da zusti rukebis Sedgena6. 4. Caroline Hamon at al., Gadachrili Gora: Architecture and organization of a Neolithic settlement in the middle Kura Valley (6th millennium BC, Georgia). Quaternary International 395 (2016): 154-169 5. Vincent Ollivier et al., Neolithic water management and flooding in the Lesser Caucasus (Georgia), Quaternary Science Reviews, 197 (2018): 267-287 6. Stephen D. Batiuk et al., The Gadachrili Gora Regional Archaeological Project: 2016 preliminary report, Anatolica, XLIII (2017): 173-202; Stephen D. Batiuk et al., The 2017-2018 Gadachrili Gora Regional Archaeological Project (GRAPE): second preliminary report, Anatolica XLV (2019): 43-76; mindia jalabaZe. gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri

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savele samuSaoebis garda, grZeldeba interdisci plinuri samecniero kvleva, romelSic monawileobas iReben mecnierebi msoflios sxvadasxva wamyvani samecniero laboratoriebidan (saqarTvelo, aSS, kanada, israeli, saf rangeTi, italia, dania da a.S.). Catarebulia mopovebuli saanalizo nimuSebis radiokarbonuli, palinologiuri, paleobotanikuri, paleozoologiuri, biomolekuluri da qimiuri, izotopuri, geomorfologiuri kvleva, romelTa Sedegebi gvexmareba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuli masalis srulyofilad gaazrebasa da mecnierul interpretaciaSi. magaliTad, dadgenilia uZvelesi mevenaxeobisa da meRvineobis kvali, rac Zeglze aRmoCenil Tixis WurWelSi iqna dadasturebuli7. gansazRvrulia gadaWrili goris radiokarbonuli TariRebi, romelic namosaxlaris arsebobis zust TariRs gvaZlevs (5920 - 5720 Cal BC)8. rogorc cnobilia, im periodis sofeli Sedgeboda alizis (mzeze gamomSrali, gamouwvavi Tixisgan damzadebuli) agurebisagan agebuli wriuli Senobebisagan, romelTa funqcia maTi zomebis mixedviT da uSualod nagebobaSi aRmoCenili artefaqtebis analizis saSualebiT SeiZleba dadgindes. alizis aguri ar aris myari da mudmivi samSeneblo masala da soflis mosaxleobas nagebobebis mudmivi ganaxleba uwevda. swored amis gamo, Zvel, gamousadegar konstruqcias isini xSirad angrevdnen da maT mosworebul nangrevebze axals aSenebdnen. ganaxlebis xangrZlivi procesis gamo dasaxleba TandaTan maRldeboda da borcvis saxes iRebda. es kargad gamoCnda gadaWrili goris arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros. Zeglze savele samuSaoebi momavalSic gagrZeldeba da droTa ganmavlobaSi ufro gasagebi gaxdeba neoliTuri xanis (8000 wlis winandeli) soflis gegmareba, stratigrafia da maSindeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis zogadi suraTi. dResdReobiT, „gadaWril goraze“ gaTxrili farTobebi dakonservebulia (dafarulia wyalgaumtari qsoviliT da miwis Txeli feniT) da met-naklebad daculia wvimisa da qaris zemoqmedebisagan. cnobilia am Zeglisadmi sazogadoebis didi interesi, ris gamoc bevri msurveli cdilobs, daaTvalieros gaTxrili nagebobebi, Tumca jerjerobiT maTi naxva mxolod xanmokle drois ganmavlobaSi, uSualod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros Tu SeiZleba. amis gamo saWiroa Seiqmnas iseTi pirobebi (pirvel rigSi gadaxurva da Semdgom - Catardes alizis nagebobebis konservacia-restavracia), romelic saSualebas mogvcems, rom am unikaluri dasaxlebis gacnoba mnaxvelisTvis mudmivad iyos SesaZlebeli, xolo Zeglze aRmoCenili nivTieri Tu vizuagaTxrebis mokle angariSi. 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli (2018): 212-216; mindia jalabaZe. gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi. 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli (2019): 298-302 7. Patrick McGovern at al., Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus, PNAS 114, no. 48(2017); Eliso Kvavadze at al., Arguments indicating the presence of wine in Neolithic pots from Georgia using the method of palynological and chemical analysis. Proceedings of 33-rd World Congress of Vine and Wine, 8-th General Assembly of the OIV, 20-25 June 2010, Tbilisi, Georgia (2010) 8. Caroline Hamon at al., 158

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luri masala banerebisa da monitorebis saSualebiT, ZeglTan erTian konteqstSi iyos xelmisawvdomi. unda aRvniSnoT, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis - marneulis meriis xelSewyobiT, mowyobilia qvis gabioni, romelic mdinaris zemoqmedebisagan icavs Zegls. aseve SemoiRoba Zeglis teritoria da momzadda misi sakonservacio proeqti, romelic iTvaliswinebs gadaxurvas da mis maxloblad mcire savizito centris mowyobas.

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Mindia Jalabadze Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi) Archaeological excavations at Gadachrili Gora – results and perspective Summary The article briefly describes the archaeological excavations carried out in Marneuli Valley, at the site of Gadachrili Gora, where a significant part of the Neolithic settlement was studied from 2006 to 2019. The stratigraphy of the site was defined, architectural remains, ceramics, various stone and bone tools and jewelry were retrieved. An interdisciplinary study is currently underway, involving Georgian, American, Canadian, Jewish, French, Italian and Danish specialists. Under the support of Marneuli Municipality, work is underway on a project for the conservation and restoration of the site, which provides for covering the archaeological site with a roof and creating a small center for visitors.

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bibliografia: qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-1971 ww.) (Tbilisi, 1975). jalabaZe mindia. `gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi~. 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. Tbilisi. 2018, 212-216. jalabaZe mindia. `gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi~. 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. Tbilisi. 2019, 298-302. jalabaZe mindia, esakia qeTevan, rusiSvili nana, yvavaZe eliso, qoriZe irakli, SayulaSvili nikoloz, wereTeli mixeil. `gadaWril ` goraze 2006-2007 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi~. Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, 19 (Tbilisi, 2010): 17-32. jafariZe oTar, javaxiSvili aleqsandre. uZvelesi miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis kultura saqarTvelos teritoriaze (Tbilisi, 1971)

Джавахишвили Александр. Стройтельное дело и архитектура поселений Южного Кавказа V-III тыс. до н. э. (Тбилиси, 1973). Batiuk Stephen D., Jalabadze Mindia, Graham Andrew, Koridze Irakli, Jayyab Khaled A., with contributions by Savulov Cristina. “The Gadachrili Gora Regional Archaeological Project: 2016 preliminary report”, Anatolica, XLIII (2017): 173-202. Batiuk Stephen D., Jayyab Khaled A., Jalabadze Mindia, Graham Andrew, Rhodes Stephen., and Losaberidze Levan, with contributions by Glasser Arno and Chilingarashvili Giorgi. “The 2017-2018 Gadachrili Gora Regional Archaeological Project (GRAPE): second preliminary report”. Anatolica XLV, 2019, 43-76. Hamon Caroline, Jalabadze Mindia, Agapishvili Tata, Baudouin Emmanuel, Koridze Irakli, Messager Erwann. “Gadachrili Gora: Architecture and organization of a Neolithic settlement in the middle Kura Valley (6th millennium BC, Georgia)”. Quaternary International 395 (2016): 154-169. Kvavadze Eliso, Jalabadze Mindia, Shakulashvili Nikoloz. “Arguments indicating the presence of wine in Neolithic pots from Georgia using the method of palynological and chemical analysis”. Proceedings of 33rd World Congress of Vine and Wine, 8-th General Assembly of the OIV, 20-25 June 2010, Tbilisi, Georgia. (2010b). McGovern Patrick, Jalabadze Mindia, Batiuk Stephen, Callahan Michael P., Smith Karen E., Hall Gretchen R., Kvavadze Eliso, Maghradze David, Rusishvili Nana, Bouby Laurent, Failla Osvaldo, Cola Gabriele, Mariani Luigi, Boaretto Elisabetta, Bacilieri Roberto, This Patrice, Wales Nathan, Lordkipanidze David. “Early Neolithic wine of Georgia in the South Caucasus”. PNAS 114, no. 48 (2017). Ollivier Vincent, Fontugne Michel, Hamon Caroline, Decaix Alexia, Hatte Christine, Jalabadze Mindia. “Neolithic water management and flooding in the Lesser Caucasus (Georgia)”. Quaternary Science Reviews 197 (2018): 267-287.

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tabulebis aRweriloba: I. 1. marneulis velze 1960-ian wlebSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi (al. javaxiSvilis mixedviT); 2. gadaWrili gora. 1968 weli. II. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2006 weli. namosaxlaris Wrili; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2012 weli. I TxrilSi gamoCenili qveda fenis nagebobebisa da ormoebis naSTebi. III. 1-2. gadaWrili gora. 2013 weli. IV. 1-3. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. nasoflaris qveda fenis nagebobebis naSTebi. V. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. nasoflaris qveda fenaSi aRmoCenili nagebobis naSTi; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2014-2015 ww. qveda fenis nagebobebis naSTebi. VI. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. qveda fenis naxevradmiwuri nagebobis profili; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. qveda fenis naxevradmiwuri nagebobis kedlis wyoba. VII. 1-2. gadaWrili gora. aerofotoebi. VIII. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2019 weli. gaTxrebis saerTo xedi; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2019 weli. gaTxrebis generaluri gegma. IX. 1. Sulaveris gora. 2019 weli. saerTo xedi; 2. Sulaveris gora. 2019 weli. Zeglis dasavleT nawilSi gaTxrili stratigrafiuli Wrili da nasoflaris uadresi fena.

Illustrations: I. 1. Archaeological sites revealed in the Marneuli Valley in 1960-s (by A. Javakhishvili); 2. Gadachrili Gora. 1968. II. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2006. Settlement incision; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2012. Remains of lower layer buildings and pits in Trench I. III. 1-2. Gadachrili Gora. 2013. IV. 1-3. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Remains of lower layer buildings. V. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Remains of a building found in the lower layer; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2014-2015. Remains of lower layer buildings. VI. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Profile of the lower layer semi-subterranean building; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Wall structure of a lower layer semi-subterranean building. VII. 1-2. Gadachrili Gora. Aerial photos. VIII.1. Gadachrili Gora. 2019. General view of the excavation; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2019. General plan of excavation. IX. 1. Shulaveris Gora. 2019. General view; 2. Shulaveris Gora. 2019. Stratigraphic trench, excavated in the western part of the site and the earliest layer of the site.

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leri jiblaZe, nino CxartiSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

brinjaos anTropomorfuli figura muxranidan saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT da SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebiT, brinjao-adrerkinisa da klasikuri xanis meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi rqis, xis, Tixis, vercxlisa da oqros sasmisia mopovebuli1. arqeologiur monapovrebs Soris, aseve, gvxvdeba mcire zomis brinjaos anTropomorfuli qandakebebi, romelTagan zogierTs xelSi yanwi uWiravs2. es arqeologiuri artefaqtebi safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili, amitom sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. SevCerdebiT mxolod mcxeTis munici palitetis teritoriaze, sof. muxranSi axlaxan aRmoCenil brinjaos mcire zomis qandakebaze, romelsac orive xeliT sasmisi uWiravs. muxranis anTropomorfuli figuris daxasiaTebis fonze ganvixilavT amAti pis artefaqtebis gavrcelebas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis sxvadasxva mxareSi.3 2018 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri koleqciebis ZiriTad fondSi Semovida brinjaosgan Camosxmuli mcire zomis anTropomorfuli qandakeba (sainventaro #GN MI-47-2018/1; tab. I). es artefaqti SemTxveviT aRmoCnda mcxeTis municipalitetis teritoriaze sof. muxranSi; anTropomorfuli qandakeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums gadasca `Sato muxranis~ generalurma direqtorma patrik honefim. samwuxarod CvenTvis ucnobia brinjaos figuris aRmoCenis viTareba da misi SesaZlo Tanmxlebi inventari. brinjaos anTropomorfuli skupltura warmoadgens stilizebul mcire zomis qandakebas; misi simaRlea 7.6 sm, wona - 105 gr. artefaqti masiuria da dauzianebladaa Semonaxuli. figura warmoadgens fexze mdgom mamakacs, 1. aleqsi boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, (Tbilisi, 1963), 108-191; revaz ramiSvili, qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis istoria, (Tbilisi, 2001); gela gamyreliZe, `Rvinis sasmisebi saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalidan~, saqarTvelos erov nuli muzeumis samecniero-popularuli almanaxi aia #1, (Tbilisi, 2008), 15; gela gamyreliZe, centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi (Tbilisi, 1982), 73-81; revaz papuaSvili, leri jiblaZe, `Tixis sasmisebis erTi jgufi centraluri kolxeTidan~, Jurnali iberia-kolxeTi #10, (Tbilisi 2013), 80-84; leri jiblaZe, `mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri artefaqtebi kolxeTis dablobidan da maTi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi eTnografiul monace mebTan~, kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi institutis moambe. krebuli amirani, #25 (Tbilisi-monreali, 2014), 42-64. nino xoStaria, `sof. yulevis arqe olo giuri gamokvleva~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, VII, #1-2, (Tbilisi, 1946), 77-83.; leri jiblaZe, revaz kvirkvaia, `sayuradRebo artefaqtebi centraluri kolxeTidan~, Ziebani, 21, (Tbilisi, 2013), 241-247. 2. sulxan xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura sofel inaSauridan (vanis r-ni)~, Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi,N#17-18, (Tbilisi 2006), 145-150 3. giorgi javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi, (Tbilisi 1984), 45-77, tab. IX-XX; Владимир Марковин, “Культовая пластика Кавказа”, Новое в археологии Северного Кавказа, (Москва, 1986), 74-124; Ольга Брилева, Древняя бронзовая Антропоморфная пластика Кавказа (XV в. до. н.э.-X в. до. н.э.) (Москва, 2012).

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romelic myarad dgas odnav ganze gadgmul fexebze, beWebganieria; SeiniSneba sxeulis kunTebis msubuqi modelireba. mamakacs piri-saxe zemoT aqvs aweuli, saxis yvela nakvTi uxeSadaa gamokveTili: aqvs mogrZo cxviri, Rariseburad CakveTili piri da win wamoweuli, masiuri nikapi. Tvalebi gadmocemulia kopiseburi danaZerwebiT; mxolod yurebi ar Cans gamosaxuli. orive xeli idayvSi aqvs moxrili da zeaweuli, gaSlili xelis mtevnebiT ki, mWidrod uWiravs sakmaod mozrdili, welSi gamoyvanili brtyelZiriani jamiseburad CaRrmavebuli sasmisi (simaRle 2.1 sm, dm 1.3 sm). mamakacs Tavze axuravs svanuri qudis msgavsi Tavsaburavi, xolo kefaze, qudis qvemoT Tmebi aqvs Sekruli. qandakeba wels zemoT SiSvelia, xolo wels qvemoT muxlebamde mokle kabiTaa Semosili; oTxkuTxaganikveTiani, Tokiseburi formis sartyeli welze Semovlebuli aqvs orjer ise, rom maT Soris mcire manZilia datovebuli. savaraudod jer figuraa Camosxmuli, Semdeg ki kabaaA mirCiluli zed. gadabmis adgili kargad ikiTxeba Tokisebur sartyelTan. qandakebis ovaluri moyvanilobis ETavi, gaSlili xelis mtevnebi da sasmisi tanTan SedarebiT araproporciulia, rac garkveul eqspresiulobas sZens skulpturas. miniaturulobis miuxedavad figura metyvelia; igi ise dgas, TiTqos sadRegrZelos ambobs, an raRacas SesTxovs sasmiss. kavkasiis teritoriaze liTonisgan Camosxmuli mcire zomis adamianis moculobiTi gamosaxuleba gavrcelebulia Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. es figurebi, muxranis qandakebis msgavsad, ritualuri daniSnulebisaa. zogadi niSnebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, maT formis, Sinaarsis gamoxatvis, daniSnulebisa da Sesrulebis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT bevri ram aqvT gansxvavebuli. figurebis umetesoba SemTxveviTi monapovaria; zogjer gvxvdeba ganZebSi, samarxebSi da sakulto (samlocvelo) adgilebSi4. saqarTveloSi brinjaos anTropomorfuli figurebi aRmoCenilia Zv.w. VII -VI ss-iT daTariRebul Zeglebze: ergetas, nigvzianis, muxurCas, dRvabas, caiSis samarovnebze.5 zogierT anTropomorful figuras xelSi yanwi 4. germane gobejiSvili, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, (Tbilisi, 1952), 130, tab. XXIII-1; oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi, 2002), 188, sur.165-167; revaz papuaSvili, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis centraluri kolxeTis samarxormoTa fardobiTi qronologiisaTvis sabrZolo iaraRis mixedviT, sakandidato disertacia, (Tbilisi, 1998); leila fancxava, besarion maisuraZe, `brinjaos anTropomorfuli figurebi Sildis samlocvelodan~, kavkasia, neoliT-brinjaos xanis sakiTxebi, Ziebani, VI, damateba (Tbilisi, 2001), 147-155; javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika; daviT berZeniSvili, `sami anTropomorfuli qandakeba quTaisis muzeumidan~, quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis masalebi V, (quTaisi, 1988), 62-68; Ярослав Доманский, Древняя художственная бронза Кавказа. (Москва, 1984), 64-67, sur. 180,181, 187-191; Степан Есаян, Скульптура древней Армении. (Ереван, 1970), 157-168, sur. 2-1-4,8; Валентина Козенкова, Типология и хронологическая классификация предметов Кобанской культуры. – САИ, вып. В2-5, (Москва, 1982) 6, tab. X,LII- 25-30. 5. Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “Основные итоги полевых исследований Колхидской экспедиции”, ПАИ в 1982, (1985), 37-40; Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “О работах Колхидской археологической экспедиции”, ПАИ в 1984-1985 гг., (1987), 39-42; Теимураз Микеладзе и др. “Колхидская экспедиция”, ПАИ в 1986 г., (1991), 59-65; Teimuraz miqelaZe, kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis samarovnebi, (Tbilisi, 1985), 62; givi eliava, petres nakarus arqeologiuri masala, martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis Sromebi II, Tbilisi, 2017, 65; Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “Колхидская экспедиция”. ПАИ в 1987 г., Тбилиси, 1995, 130; revaz papuaSvili da sxv. caiSis samarovani, Tb., 2015,A15.

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uWiravs. aseTi artefaqtebi cnobilia melaanis samlocvelodan, romelic TariRdeba Zv.w VIII-VII ss-iT6, inaSauridan (Zv.w.VII-VIs.)7, bomboradan (Zv.w. VIII s.)8, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT daTariRebul yazbegis ganZidan9. aseTive figurebi cnobilia daRestnidan10 da somxeTidan11. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, muxranis anTropomorful figuras xelSi uWiravs cilindruli formis, welSi gamoyvanili sasmisi. yvelaze adreuli gamosaxuleba msgavsi formis sasmisisa mocemulia Sua brinjaos epoqiT daTariRebul TrialeTis Tasze12. muxranis figuris sasmisi, aseve, Zalze waagavs Tlias #74-a samarxSi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.) aRmoCenil brinjaos gravirebul sartyelze gadmocemul purobis procesze gamosaxul sasmiss, romelsac zedapiri ornamentiT aqvs dafaruli13; yazbegis Standartis Tavze moTasebuli mamakacis figurasac marcxena xelSi uWiravs welSi gamoyvanili, cilindruli formis sasmisi14. Tixis welSi gamoyvanili sasmisebi, romlebic formis mixedviT Zalze axlos dganan brinjaos sasmisTan, romelic muxranSi gamovlenil qandakebas uWiravs xelSi, cnobilia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis arqeologiur Zeglebze: samTavros samarovanis N18 samarxsa da baiernis mier gaTxrili # 601 samarxSi15, TrialeTis samarovnebze16, aseve bambebis namosaxlaridan, lori-berdi # 21 samarxSi17 da sxv. kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris brinjaos figurebis umravlesoba SiSveli da iTifaluria. maT Soris iSviaTad gvxvdeba tansacmliT Semosili da Tavdaburuli artefaqtebi18. amrigad, muxranis mcire plastikis nimuSi arcerT, CvenTvis cnobil anTropomorful qandakebas ar hgavs, Tumca calkeuli detalebis mixedviT zogadad eZebneba paralelebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis anTropomorful figurebTan. magaliTad: saxis nakvTebiT yazbegis Standartze gamosaxul Rvinis msmel anTropomorful qandakebasTan, xolo siuJetis mixedviT inaSauris 6. konstantine ficxelauri, ior-alaznis auzis teritoriaze mosaxle tomTa uZvelesi kultura, Tb., 1965, 83, tab. XVI,1. 7 xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura~, tab.II-1. 8. Юрий Воронов, Археологическая карта, Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969, 20, tab. XLVIII-11. 9 leila wiTlanaZe, xevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1976, 33-38,104-105, tab.VIII-VII. 10 Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, Москва, 1986, 86-90, sur.10-2,5,7,9. 11 Степан Есаян, А. Мнацаканян, Находки новых бронзовых статуэток в Армении, 1970, sur.2-1-4,8; Степан Есаян, Скульптура древней Армении. Ереван 1980:40-59, tab.59-1,2,4,5. 12. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки, таб. 89, .XCI. 13. manana xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adrerkinis xanaSi (Tbilisi, 1982), tab. I, X, XXXVIII, XXIX 14. javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika, 11, tab. XX-54 15. aleqsandre kalandaZe, samTavros winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, mcxeTa, arqe ologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, tomi IV, (Tbilisi, 1980), 142 sur. 687; aleqsandre kalandaZe, samTavros samarovnis winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, (Tbilisi, 1981),70, sur. 300,301 16. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, (Тбилиси, 1941), 66-67,341, sur. 66, 67, tab. LIII 17. Брилева, Антропоморфная пластика, 109, 124-5 18. javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika, 62-63, tab. XV-43; Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, sur.10-5,7,8,9,14-5; Брилева, Антропоморфная пластика; xarabaZe, Rvinis msmelis fi gura, 146, tab.II-1,6,8-11,20-22; givi eliava, `petres nakarus arqeologiuri masala~, martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis Sromebi II, (Tbilisi, 2017), 41-100.

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qandakebasTan19. aseve msgavseba gamoixateba daRestanSi (sof. sorgatli) napovn brinjaos qandakebasTan poziT, romelsac idayvmoxrili xelebiT welSi gamoyvanili formis sasmisi uWiravs; zogierTi detaliT emsgavseba arRunis xeobidan momdinare monadiris figuras, romelsac acvia wina da ukana mxridan qobaSeWrili kaba, welze Semortymuli aqvs brtyeli qamari, Tumca Tavze axuravs muzaradi, romlis wveri niskartiviTaa moxrili20 da a.S. muxranis brinjaos figuras Cautarda laboratoriuli gamokvleva aradestruqciuli retgenofluorescentruli ELVAX speqtrometriT. analizebi Catarda 45 kilo-eleqtronvoltiT (KЕV) 0.100 cocxali droiT. koncentraciis xarisxi (wonis %-Si) ganisazRvra regresiis kvadratuli modelis saSualebiT, SerCeuli masalis Sesabamisi standartebis analizis safuZvelze21. Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze gairkva, rom muxranis brinjaos qandakebis qimiuri Semadgenloba aseTia: Cu - 91.26 %, Zn - 6.46 %, Sn - 1,31 %, Pb - 0,45 %, Ag - 0,52 %. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, muxranis brinjaos skupltura SemTxveviTi monapovari nivTia. rogorc cnobilia, upasporto nivTebis daTariReba garkveul sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. Ddidi albaTobiT, igi unda momdinareobdes samarxeuli kompleqsidan, an sakulto (samlocvelo) adgilidan. savaraudoa, rom muxranSi aRmoCenili brinjaos skulptura, romelsac xelSi sasmisi uWiravs, gankuTvnili unda yofiliyo ara yoveldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis, aramed sagangebo SemTxvevisaTvis, saritualo sadResaswaulo purobisaTvis. amrigad, ganxiluli paralelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, muxranis anTropomorfuli skulptura savarudod SesaZlebelia daTariRdesAdaaxloebiT Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT.

19. xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura~, tab. I-1, II-1. 20. Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, sur. 10-6 21. kvleva Catarda s.janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis sakonservacio-kvleviT laboratoriaSi (xelmZRv. ist.Ddok. nino qebulaZe).

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Leri Jibladze, Nino Chkartishvili Georgian National Museum, (Georgia, Tbilisi) Bronze Anthropomorphic Figurine from the Village Mukhrani Summary A small-sized figurine was acquired by the Georgian National Museum in 2018 year. It is preserved in the main depository of the archaeological collections of the Simon Janashia Georgian Museum. The figurine is made of bronze. This artifact was found accidentally on the territory of Mukhrani village (Mtskheta municipality). The bronze anthropomorphic figurine is a small-sized sculpture depicting a man in a standing position. Its weight is 105 gm, height -7,6 cm. The figurine’s hands are raised up, elbows bent. The man carries a flat-bottomed wine drinking cup (length 2,1 cm, d- 1,3 cm). All elements of the man’s face are well-defined, facial features are proportionate and realistically expressed. The figurine is naked above the waist and has a short clothing in the lower part of the body. The clothing has a string-like bell on the waist. Small-sized, metal figurines were found in Georgia and in Caucasia in the first half of the 1st millennium. All those figurines had ritual purposes. Though they had common and similar marks, they differed greatly from each other according to their forms assignments and fabricating technique. Most of such figurines were found by accident as well as in hoards, burial grounds and in cultic places. Those artifacts should be dated back to the 7th – 6th centuries B.C.

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tabulis aRweriloba: I. brinjaos anTropomorfuli figura sof. muxranidan. Illustration: I. Bronze Anthropomorphic Figurine from the Village Mukhrani.

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კავკასიის არქეოლოგიის საკითხები / Problems of the Archaeology of Caucasus

Articles inside

Puturidze M. The Trialeti Culture – Changeovers at the Turn of the III - II Millenniums BC

Jalabadze M. Archaeological excavations at Gadachrili Gora – results and perspective

Jibladze L., Chkartishvili N. Bronze Anthropological Figurine from Mukhrani Village

Pirtskhalava M. The Set of the Pre-ancient Colchian Pottery from the Vani Archaeological Site

Pataridze M., Mikeladze D. Aristarchus, the Ruler of Colchis numismatic research

Nikolaishvili V. Great Mtskheta - Ancient Capital

Mindorashvili D., Murvanidze B., Gogochuri G. Archaeological Searches in Marneuli Municipality

Kacharava D. Bronze Vessels from Grave N 24 in Vani

Mindiashvili G. For the Archaeological Study of Lechkhumi

on Kura-Araxes Culture Ceramic Ware

Kakhidze A., Kakhidze E. Results of Recent Researches at the Pichvnari 4th century BC Greek necropolis

TamazaSvili q. liTonis nivTebis gamosaxulebebi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis keramikaze

Gogochuri G., Shatberashvili V. Painted Pottery from Norio Settelment

Gagoshidze D. Bronze Patera from the Palace of Dedoplis Gora

Akhundov T. I. Ethnical Traditions of the Mugan steppe in the 5th – 3rd Millennia BC

Narimanishvili G., Shanshashvili N. House and Household in South Georgian Highlands (Trialeti) in 5th – 4th cc. B.C

Bragvadze Z. Sairkhe’s Skeptukhia

narimaniSvili g., kvaWaZe m., foforaZe n., seskuria ol. TrialeTis brinjaos xanis TeTri feris mZivebi

Некоторые результаты раскопок 2013 – 2015 гг

Ахундов Т. И. Этнотрадиции Муганской степи в V-III тыс. до н.э

Badalyan R., Harutyunyan A. Excavations of the Early Bronze Age layer at Gegharot settlement (2013 - 2015

Narimanishvili G., Kvatchadze M., Poporadze N., Seskuria O. White beads of Trialeti Bronze Age