Mindorashvili D., Murvanidze B., Gogochuri G. Archaeological Searches in Marneuli Municipality

David Mindorashvili, Bidzina Murvanidze, Giorge Gogochuri Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi)

Archaeological Researches in Marneuli Municipality

Expedition of Otar Lortkipanidze Institute of Archaeological Researches of the National Museum of Georgia (head B. Murvanidze) carried out works in Marneuli municipality, on the right bank of the River Kura (Fig. I). The expedition revealed some archaeological sites.

Back in 2011, at the village of Ilmazlo, on the elevated place, a multilayer archaeological site was excavated. The expedition revealed cultural layers of pre-Classical, Classical periods and Middle Ages (Fig. I1, IV, V, VI1-4, VII1-32). Near the village, on the wide-open field the expedition found the remnants of former settlement of the Hellenistic period (Fig. I2, II1, VII33-42, VIII1-11).

In the vicinity of the village Pirveli Qesalo, in the trial trench, and in the section of steep coastline, pottery fragments were found, dating the former settlement to the first half of the first millennium B.C. (Fig. VIII13-26). A stone mold, found at the same site makes us to think that there should have been a metallurgical workshop (Fig. VIII27). Near the settlement, the expedition found a glass unguentarium and a clay jug dated to the 1st-3rd cent. B.C. These findings make us to suppose that the cemetery of the same period should be located at the place (Fig. VIII30-31).

At the village of Meore Qasalo, in the section of riverside rock the expedition exposed the remnants of the settlement of Early Middle Age. The walls were constructed with adobe, and roofed with tiles (Fig. III2). Stone stele remnants were found here too (Fig. IX).

Thus, on the right bank of the river Kura the expedition revealed several archaeological sites, chronological range of which is rather wide. Appearance of the oldest settlement along the right bank of the r. Kura was conditioned by the remarkable economic opportunities. Along the populated places a road was formed gradually, which later played the role of international highway. It should be noted that Strabo describes this road. The settlements located along the road should have been actively engaged in international trade-economic and cultural relations.

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tabulebis aRweriloba

I. 1. sof. ilmazlo. namosaxlari borcvebi; 2. ilmazlos veli; 3. sof. pirveli qesalo. namosaxlari; 4. sof. meore qesalo. isrebiT miTiTebulia

Sua saukuneebis nasoflaris adgilmdebareoba. II. 1. ilmazlos veli; 2. sof. pirveli qesalo. Zv. w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris nasaxlari; 3. pirveli qesalo. flatis WrilSi SemorCenili kulturuli fenebi; 4. flatis WrilSi mikvleuli kulturuli fena da qvis yalibi; 5. mtkvrisa da algeTis SeerTebis adgilas, mtkvris piras mikvleuli kulturuli fena. III. 1. md. algeTis marcxena napirze arsebuli Sua saukuneebis nageboba; 2. sof. meore qesalos ganapiras arsebuli Sua saukuneebis nasoflari. IV. 1-2. ilmazlos borcvi. #1, 2 Txrilebi. gegma da Wrilebi. V. 1-2. ilmazlos borcvi. #3, 4 Txrilebi. gegma da Wrilebi. VI. 1-4. ilmazlos borcvi. #5, 6, 7, 8 Txrilebi; 5. sof. pirveli qesalo. #17 Txrili. gegmebi da Wrilebi. VII. 1-32. ilmazlos borcvze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 33-42. ilmazlos velze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala. VIII. 1-11. ilmazlos velze aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 13-15, 27-29. sof. pirveli qesalo. flatispira WrilSi aRmoCenili masala; 16-26. pirveli qesalo. #17 TxrilSi aRmoCenili masala; 30-31. pirveli qesalos siaxloves flatispira Wrilidan momdinare Tixis doqi da minis sanelsacxeble. IX. sof. meore qesalo. stelis natexebi. X. ilmazlos borcvi. arqeologiuri masalis grafikuli Canaxatebi. XI. 1-18. ilmazlos veli. arqeologiuri masalis grafikuli Canaxatebi; 1922. sof. pirveli qesalo. flatispira WrilSi aRmoCenili keramika. XII. 1-9. sof. pirveli qesalo. #17 TxrilSi aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masala; 10-12. qvis yalibi da keramikis natexebi; 13. pirveli qesalos siaxloves SemTxveviT mikvleuli minis sanelsacxeble.

Illustrations:

I. 1. Vil. Ilmazlo. Former settlement mounds. 2. Ilmazlo valey; 3.Vil. Pirveli Qesalo. Former settlement; 4. Vil. Meore Qesalo. Rows refer to the location of the settlement of Middle

Ages. II. 1.Ilmazo valey; 2. The v. Pirveli Qesalo. The settlement of the first half of the first millennium B.C. 3. Pirveli Qesalo. Remnants of cultural layers in the steep riverside section; 4.

Cultural layer found in the steep riverside section and a stone mold; 5.Cultural layer found at the junction of rivers Kura and Algeti, at the bank of Kura. III. 1. The structure of Middle Ages at the left bank of the r. Algeti; 2. The settlement of Middle

Ages at the Meore Qesalo.

IV. 1-2 Ilmazo mound. #1, 2. Trenches. A plan and sections. V. 1-2. Ilmazo mound. #3, 4. Trenches. A plan and sections VI. 1-4. Ilmazo mound. #5, 6, 7, 7 Trenches; 5. Pirveli Qesalo. Trench #17, plans and sections. VII. 1-32. Archaeological material from Ilmazo mound; 33-42. Archaeological material found on Ilmazo valey. VIII. 1-11.Archaeological material found on Ilmazo valey; 13-15, 27-29. Pirveli Qesalo. Material found in the steep riverside section; 16-26. Pirveli Kesalo. Material found in trench #17; 30-31. Clay jug and glass unguentarium found near Pirveli Qesalo. IX. Meore Qesalo. Fragments of stele. X. Ilmazo mound. Graphical drawings of archaeological material. XI. 1-18. Ilmazlo, graphical drawings of archaeological material; 19-22. Pirveli Qesalo. Ceramics found in steep riverside section. XII. 1-9. Pirveli Qesalo. Archaeological material found in trench #17; 10-12. Stone mold and fragments of pottery; 13. Glass unguentarium found near the v. Pirveli Qesalo.

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vaxtang nikolaiSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

dedaqalaqobisdroindeli `didi mcxeTa~

qarTlis samefos (berZnul-romauli wyaroebis iberiis) Zveli dedaqalaqi mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV-III - ax.w. IV-V ss) cnobiliaAistoriul-arqiteqturiuli da arqeologiuri ZeglebiT. maT Sesaxeb mogviTxroben rogorcQqarTuli, aseve ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebi da arqeologiuri Zeglebi. dedaqalaqobis droindeli `didi mcxeTa~ naxsenebi aqvs XI s-is qarTvel istorikoss leonti mrovels Tavis TxzulebaSi `cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa”, romelic Sesulia saistorio qronikaSi `qarTlis cxovreba~: `qalaqi didi mcxeTa da ubanni misni, sarkine, cixe didi da zanavi, ubani uriaTa...”1. didiDqalaqi mcxeTa naxsenebia agreTve, qronikaSi `moqcevai qarTlisai~, romelic Sesulia X saukunis Satberdis krebulSi2. javaxeTSi, faravnis tbasTan SeCerebul qarTlis ganmanaTlebel nino kapadokielis SekiTvaze, romlisa soflisani xarT Tqven?, mcxeTeli mwyemsi pasuxobs: `zogni dabiT da zogni safurcliT da zogni qinjarelni da rabatelni didisa qalaqisa mcxeTisani, sada RmerTni RmerToben da mefeni mefoben~. amJamad es teritoria ase Semoifargleba: aRmosavleTiT rkinigzis sadguri zahesi, dasavleTiT _ Zegvi, xekorZulas xevi da nastakisi, CrdiloeTiT _ muxranis sanaxebi, samxreTiT _ sawkepela-didgoris qedi3 . dedaqalaqobis xanis mcxeTa (Zv.w. IV_III _ ax.w. IV-V ss.) mtkvrisa da aragvis xerTvisSi da mis orive napirze mdebareobda. ukanaskneli ormoci wlis manZilze mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis (xelmZRv. a. afaqiZe) kvleva-Ziebam gamoavlina antikuri xanis Zeglebi, romelTa Seswavla, Zvel aRmoCenebTan erTad, saSualebas iZleva met-naklebi sisruliT aRvadginoT dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia. is istoriul-geografiuli garemo, sadac Camoyalibda qalaqis sazRvrebi, safortifikacio sistemebi da dasaxlebebi. qarTlis Zvel dedaqalaqSi da mis SemogarenSi farTod gaSlili savele-arqeologiuri samuSaoebis Sedegad aRmoCenili Zeglebi mniSvnelovan masalebs gvawvdis antikuri xanis mcxeTis gansaxlebis dasadgenad drosa da sivrceSi. SesaZlebloba gveZleva ganvsazRvroT dasaxlebis tipi, sama-

1. qarTlis cxovreba, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, tomi I, Tbilisi, 1955, 17-18. 2. moqcevai qarTlisai, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, red. SaniZe mzeqala, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979, 333. 3. andria afaqiZe da sxv. mcxeTa I, Tbilisi, 1955, 3; andria afaqiZe, qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1963, 20,215,220-222; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, 2005, 93-108.

rovnebis, sakulto da safortifikacio Zeglebis ganlageba; maTi analizis safuZvelze warmovadginoT Zveli mcxeTis demografiuli situacia4 axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze SeiZleba garkveulwilad Sejamdes RarTiskarze da kaciTavanaze (armazisxevSi), wiwamurTan Tu sakuTriv mcxeTaSi, agreTve mis SemogarenSi Catarebuli gaTxrebis da kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, Sejerdes igi qarTuli da ucxouri wyaroebis monacemebTan, rac TavisTavad, Zalian saintereso suraTs iZleva. saxezea qarTuli da zogi ucxouri wyaros monacemTa sruli identifikacia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis SedegebTan. mcxeTaSi, qalaqis teritoriaze aRmoCenili dasaxlebebi ZiriTadad ax.w. III_IV-VI saukuneebs ekuTvnis. sxvadasxva adgilas Cndeba aRniSnuli periodis qalaqis nawilebi, romlebic qalaqgegmarebis aRdgenisaTvis pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens. rogorc Cans, regularuli gegmarebis mqone centraluri nawili SemosazRvruli iyo zRude-galavniT. igi qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi da misi sigane zogan 6 m-s aRwevda. galavans ori karibWe hqonia: CrdiloeTiT monastrisxevTan da samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvris sanapirosTan.Ggalavani aragvis marjvena napirze iwyeboda, Semdeg monastrisxevis marjvena napirs auyveboda, mcxeTis goraze gadadioda da samxreT-dasavleTiT mtkvarTan eSveboda. galavani savaraudod, mtkvrisa da aragvis napirebsac miuyveboda da daxloebiT 35 ha farTobs moicavda5 . rac Seexeba leontiseul `did mcxeTas~, romelic qarTlis samefos Camoyalibebisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis periods emTxveva, gacilebiT did farTobs moicavda da daculi iyo sasimagro sistemiT. CrdiloeTidan mas icavda RarTiskarTan gamavali sasimagro sistema, Tavdacvis meore xazi ki, bebriscixe-wiwamurTan gadioda, samxreTiT sawkepela-didgoris qedi da iq aRmarTuli cixe-simagreebi icavda, aRmosavleTiT _ zemo avWala-devis namuxlze (qoSigora) gamavali galavani, dasavleTiT _ grZeli mindori, sarkine, cixedidis xevis dacvis sistema moqmedebda6 . sveticxovlis ezo. mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris ezoSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas qveda fena warmodgenili iyo gvianantikuri xanis samarxebiTa da misi sinqronuli romauli tipis abanos naSTebiT (II_IV ss). aRmoCnda agreTve, daaxloebiT amave xanis ramdenime arqiteqturuli detali: baza, frizis fragmenti karniziTurT da Tixis antefiqsi sicocxlis xis gamosaxulebiT. samarxebi zogadad III_IV ss-iT TariRdeba. inventaris siuxviT, mravalferovnebiTa da unikalobiT gamoirCeva samarxi _ akldama #14. samarxSi aRmoCnda oqros, vercxlis, brinjaos, rkinis, minis da sxvdasxva mineralebisagan damzadebuli 25 dasaxelebis

4. nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, 93-108. 5. aleqsandre kalandaZe, aleqsi boxoCaZe, aragvis kari, Zeglis megobari, №15, 1968, 17-28; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, qalaqi mcxeTa ax.w. III-VI ss., kavkasiis macne (specialuri gamocema, 3), Tbilisi, 2004, 39-43. 6. Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, Greater Mtskheta, ” Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Band 268, Context and connection, Studies on the Archaeologi of the Ancient Near East in Honour of Antonio Sagona , editеd by Atilla Batmaz, Giorgi Bedianashvili, Aleksandra Michalevicz and Abby Robinson”. Peeters, Leuven-Paris-Bristol, CT, 2018, 867-889.

nivTi. maT Soris unikaluria vercxlisa da oqrosagan damzadebuli saweri mowyobiloba _ penali. sami kalam-kalmistari vercxlis kolofSia moTavsebuli, romelsac oqros warweriani firfitiT morTuli vercxlis saxuravi axuravs. saxurvze damagrebulia bude, romelSiac oqros samelne yofila Cadgmuli. budeze mocemulia kompozicia sami mamakacis gamosaxulebiT, romelTac amkobs saTanado warwerebi ZvelberZnul enaze: menandre, homerosi da demosTene. oqros Wvirul firfitaze ki amokveTilia: `mefe ustmosisa da evgeniosisa~. xelsawyos zurgis mxares cxra muzis gamosaxulebaa saTanado warwerebiT. mcxeTaSi adre gamovlenil stilosebTan da samelneebTan erTad es aRmoCena qarTlis (iberiis) samefoSi mwignobrobis dawinaurebasTan erTad qalaquri kulturis maRal doneze metyvelebs7 . samTavro.Nnamosaxlarebi da samarovnebi mdebareobs mdinare aragvis marjvena napirze, qalaq mcxeTis farglebSi (farTobi 18 ha). aRmosavleTiT esazRvreba md.Aaragvi, dasavleTiT kodmanis vakobi, samxreTiT _ monastrisxevi, xolo CrdiloeTiT - baiaTxevi. gamovlinda gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis, Sua brinjaos, elinisturi, gvianantikuri da feodaluri xanis namosaxlarebis naSTebi da Sua brinjaos, gvinbrinjao-adrerkinis, antikuri da adre Suasaukuneebis oTxi aTasze meti sxvadasxva tipis samarxi (Zv.w. III aTaswleuli _ ax.w. VIIss.). arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, SeiZleba vivaraudiT mefis ojaxis warmomadgenelTa gansasvenebeli samTavros samarovnis samxreTY ubanze. amaze unda metyvelebdes erT-erT mdidrul samarxSi (samarxi-akldama 905) dadasturebul mravalricxovan da mravalferovan oqro-vercxlis nivTebTan erTad aRmoCenili warwera: `Tiridati ufliswuli (es langari) misi sakuTaria~. samarx-akldamaSi aRmoCenili oqromWedlobis (torevtikis) Zeglebi mniSvnelovania ara marto gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis (iberiis) materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, aramed, zogadad, antikuri kulturis istoriis SeswavlisaTvisac pirvelxarisxovan masalas warmoadgens8 .

RarTiskari Tanamedrove mcxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi mdebareobs. Rrma, amJamad mSrali xevi md. aragvs marjvena mxridan erTvis. CrdiloeTiT, paralelurad meore xevi uerTdeba, mas brinjiReles uwodeben. maT Soris mdebare teritoria (30 ha farTobi) ukavia sasimagro sistemas. RarTiskari mtkvris da aragvis xerTvisis yvelaze viwro yels warmoadgens da strategiulad marjve adgilia _ muxranis velidan momxdurTagan Tavis dasacavad. swored am mizniT Cans agebuli qvis safuZvelze aRmarTuli 3 m-mde siganis aliziT nagebi koSkebiani zRude-galavani, romelic brinjiReles marjvena napirs gasdevs RarTiskaris zeda Txemidan aragvamde. galavani gamovlenilia aragvis marcxena napirzec. igi aragvis napiridan iwyeba da saguramos qeds ebjineba. RarTiskaris safortifikacio sistema warmoqmnili Cans Zv.w. IV_III ss-Si, rodesac qarTlis samefo yalibdeboda. amaze metyvelebs

7. Andria Apakidze, Guram Kipiani, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, A rich burial from Mtkheta (Caukasian Iberia), Ancieent West and East,volume 3,N1, Brill, Leiden-Boston. 2004. 8. Andria Apakidze, Vakhtang Nikolaishvili, An aristokratik tomb of the roman period from Mtsketa, Georgia, The Antiquries jurnal, volume LXXIV. London ,1994.

iq aRmoCenili arqeologiuri masalebi da werilobiTi wyaroebi9. aragvis marjvena napirze – RarTiskaris Sida teritoriaze, safortifikacio sistemis sinqronuli ramdenime sayuradRebo Zegli aRmoCnda (taZari, wisqvili, xuroTmoZRvruli kompleqsi). RarTiskaris zemoaRwerili safortifikacio sistema da dasaxleba qarTlis dedaqalaqis CrdiloeT karibWes warmoadgens. swored iq miegeba nadirobidan dabrunebul gaqristianebul mirian mefes `nana dedofali da yoveli igi qalaqi~10 . wiwamuri – sisamura. naqalaqari mdebareobs sof. wiwamuris Tavze, misgan CrdiloeTiT ganlagebul goraze-serze. Mmoxseniebuli aqvs I s-is berZen swavluls - strabons Tavis `geografiaSi~, rogorc qalaqi _ armazcixesTan erTad11 . 1953 wels mcire masStabis samuSaoebi Caatara mcxeTis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZRv. Aa. afaqiZe). wiwamurze aRmoCnda Tlili qviT nagebi mrgvali nageboba (dm - 16 m). qvaTlilebi erTmaneTTan xis an liTonis solebis `uwyvetebiT” Cans gadabmuli. dadasturda mSeneblobis ori fena. erTi uZvelesi mSralad nawyobi, romelic elinisturi xaniT TariRdeba (wiwamuri I), meore ki, duRabze nagebi (wiwamuri II). igi gvianromauli xaniT unda daTariRdes. mrgvali nageboba mkvlevarTa nawils (k. meliTauri) warmarTuli taZris naSTad miaCniaT. wiwamuris seris ZirTan, gazsadenis trasis gayvanisas Seqmnil WrilSi Cans kedlis nawili, romlis sigane 3 m-de aRwevs da qvatexiliT aris nagebi. igi dasavleTiT bebriscixisken miemarTeba. bebriscixeze Catarebuli gaTxrebisas aRmoCnda msgavsi da Tanadrouli, qvis safuZvelze aliziT nagebi kedlis naSTebi12. kedeli, rogorc Cans, dedaqalaqobisdroindeli mcxeTis Tavdacvis zRudis meore rigs warmoadgenda RarTiskaris Semdeg da im damcavi sistemis nawili unda iyos, romelic antikuri xanis mcxeTas CrdiloeTidan icavda. sarkine, naqalaqari (Zv.w. II - ax.w. II ss.) Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan Semofarglulia jojoxeTis xeviT, dasvleTidan mcxeTa – SiomRvimis samanqano gziT da zangeliebis xeviT, samxreTidan ki mdinare mtkvarze Camavali cicabo kldeebiT. dasavleTi mxridan gamovlenilia saparado Sesasvleli – karibWe. kedlebi nagebia riyis qvis safuZvelze aliziT (55X40X10 sm) da mopirkeTebulia qviSaqvis pironebiani qvaTlilebiT (45X20X10 sm). kari SeWedili Cans xis safuZvelze rkinis farflebiT. Crdilo-dasavleTidan sarkines icavda zRude, romelic aseve qvis safuZvelze aliziT yofila nagebi13. sarkines centralur nawilSi aRmoCnda sakulto (Teatri?) da sacxovrebeli nagebobani, romlebic gadaxuruli yofila kramitiT (56-50

9. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, didi mcxeTis istoriuli topografia, `iberia-kolxeTi~, red. gela gamyreliZe, Tbilisi, 2005, 93-108. 10. `moqcevai qarTlisai“, Satberdis krebuli X saukunisa, red. mzeqala SaniZe, gamosacemad moamzades b. gigineiSvilma da e. giunaSvilma, Tbilisi, 1979, 320-355. 11. oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli saqarTvelo (kolxeTi da iberia) strabonis geografiaSi, Tbilisi, 2010. 12. vaxtang nikolaiSvili da sxv. beltiscixe-bebriscixe, (Tbilisi, 2009). 13. andria afaqiZe, sarkine-naqalaqari.-saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, V, Tbilisi, 1990:307-308; aleqsi boxoCaZe, nastakisi,sarkine, Zalisi (arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebi), Zeglis megobari, №33, 1973.

sm). iatakze aRmoCnda terakotis niRbebi. sarkines naqalaqari mniSvnelovani Zeglia qarTlis saqalaqo cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis. igi istoriuli didi mcxeTis Tavdacvis sistemis nawils warmoadgenda. grZeli mindori (10.5 ha) sarkines kompleqsis nawilia. CrdiloeT nawilSi koSki (dakonservebulia) da galavnis naSTi aRmoCnda.Mcentralur nawilSi ki, saxelosnoebi gaumarTavT rkinis, tyviis da spilenZis gamosadnobad. aRmoCnda rkinis quris naSTebi, agreTve saoqromWedlo tvifri da xelsawyo. es faqti adasturebs saoqromWedlo saxelosnos arsebobas. grZel mindorze dadasturda sruli metalurgiuli ciklis arseboba _ madnis dawurvidan gamoWedva-wrTobamde14 . kaciTavana armazisxevis samxreTiT zegan-borcvze mdebareobs, armazisxevis kanionis marjvena mxares. aRmosavleTiT, xelovnurad ganmxoloebuli qedis nawili daculi Cans zrude-galavniT (23 m-is sigrZeze gamoikveTa). dadasturda 6 urTierTmonacvle fena _ adre Susaukuneebidan adre elinisturi xanis CaTvliT. aRmoCnda qvis safuZvelze aliziT nagebi koSki (6.20X6.60 m). gamovlenilia samadlos tipis keramika _ Zv.w. IIIs.15 armazisxevisNnamosaxlarebi da samarovnebi. armazisxevi mdebareobs armaziswylis SesarTavTan, mtkvris marjvena napirze _ terasaze, mcxeTis rkinigzis sadguridan 2km-ze (farTobi 1 ha). iq gaTxrebi Catarda XX saukunis 30-ian _ 40-ian wlebSi. gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda sxvadasxva periodis Zeglebi, romelTa naSTebi SemozRudulia da iq Seqmnilia Ria cis qveS muzeumi (savele muzeumi). armazisxevSi aRmoCenilia SedarebiT kargad daculi romauli tipis abano _ msgavsi da sinqronuli armazcixis amave tipis abanoebisa. abanosTan aris dakavSirebuli e.w. `zRurbliani nageboba~, romelic didi zomis ori nagebobisgan Sedgeba. igi daungreviaT da gadauwvavT mtris Semosevisas, magram SemorCenili arqiteqturuli detalebi (karis morTuloba, karnizis nawili, svetisZiri da svetisTavi) gvavaraudebinebs iq pitiaxSis sasaxlis arsebobas. iqve aRmoCnda amave periodis orsenakiani (akldama?) da erTsenakiani nagebobis naSTebi da marani, romelSic 55 qvevria Cadgmuli. ax.w. II_IV ss-Si iq qarTlis samefos pitiaxSebi _ erisTavebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi saxlobdnen da ikrZalebodnen. amaze mogviTxroben epitafiebi da calkeul nivTebze amokveTili warwerebi (serafitas - armazis bilingva, Saragasis monolingva, asparugis, Saragasis da Zevaxis / javaxis warwerebi da sxv.). am warwerebSi kargad Cans qarTlis (iberiis) samefos ierarqiuli struqtura: mefe, ezoismoZRvari, pitiaxSi16 . armazcixe-bagineTi mdebareobs mcxeTis mopirdapire mxares, qarTlis qedis dasasruls, mTaze (farTobi 30 ha). qarTlis samefo rezidencia armazcixe–bagineTi cnobilia rogorc qarTuli, aseve ucxouri werilobiTi wyaroebiT.

14. andria afaqiZe, sarkine-naqalaqari.-saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRweriloba, V, Tbilisi, 1990:307-308. 15. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, Zveli mcxeTis istoriuli topografia axal aRmoCenaTa Suqze, preprinti, 1990. 16. giorgi lomTaTiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, Tbilisi, 1945; andria afaqiZe, da sxv. mcxeTa I, armazisxevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1955.

qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi armazcixe ixsenieba rogorc qarTli, qalaqi, dedaqalaqi, cixe, armazi, bagineTi; ucxourSi rogorc harmozike, hermastus, armaqtika. magram ZiriTadi informacia armazcixis istoriis Sesaxeb miRebulia arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad17. armazcixeSi aRmoCenilia galavnis nawilebi, koSkebi, burjebi, samefo rezidenciis nagebobebi (svetebiani darbazi, taZari, abanoebi, Ria da daxuruli wyalsadeni), ZvelberZnul enaze Sesrulebuli epigrafikuli Zeglebi, samefo mavzoleumis nangrevebi. didi raodenobiT oqro-vercxlis nivTebi aRmoCnda mefis asulis samarx-sarkofagSi (ax.w. II_III ss.). nagebobebi gadaxuruli yofila mcxeTuri brtyeli da Rarisebri kramitiT. karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba (Zv.w. I - ax.w. III ss). mcxeTis SemogarenSi XX saukunis samocdaaTian wlebSi gaiTxara kompleqsuri Zegli: meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, sawarmoo ubani, marnebi da samarovani. namosaxlarze dadasturda ori tipis saxli: banursaxuraviani da orferdasaxuraviani. Nnamosaxlaris siaxloves aRmoCnda misi Tanadrouli meTuneTa saxelosnos kompleqsi, sadac Tixis WurWlis damzadebis sruli cikli mimdinareobda18 . mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama (Is.) mdebareobs mcxeTis rkinigzis sadgurTan, samxreTiT 300 m-ze, mtkvris marjvena sanapirosTan, qarTlis qedis kalTis Ziras. igi agebulia sagangebod mosworebul terasaze _ qvabulSi. aRmoCnda 1951 wels (gaiTxara imave wels g. lomTaTiZis xelmZRvanelobiT). saxelwodeba momdinareobs `wminda ninos cxovrebaSi~ dadasturebuli gadmocemidan _ am adgilebSi mogvebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. mogvTakaris akldama Cadgmulia 1.6_2.1 m-is simaRlis galavniT SemosazRvrul qvabulSi. galavnis kedlebi nagebia qvatexiliT da Semtkicebulia TixiT. galavniT SemosazRvruli ezos (9X5 m) Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi ubelo cxeni daukrZalavT. miuxedavad gaZarcvisa, samarxSi sakmaod mdidruli invetari dadasturda19 . mcxeTis (mogvTakaris) akldama, SeiZleba iTqvas, antikuri xanis erTaderTi arqeologiuri Zeglia MmcxeTis sinamdvileSi, romelic saxuravianad SemorCa. igi warmoadgens models saero saxlisa, romelSic qarTlis samefos umaRlesi xelisufalni cxovrobdnen. avWaliskari _ devis namuxli (qoSigora). samSeneblo samuSoebisas Ddevis namuxlTan (mtkvris marjvena napirTan) 1867 wels aRmoCnda 17-striqoniani ZvelberZnuli warwera, romelic iuwyeboda, rom romis imperatorma vespasianem (ax.w. 69_79ww.) iberiis mefe miTridates da mis xalxs kedlebi gaumagres. vespasianes warwera ax.w. 75 wliT daTariRda. 1938 wels ki mopirdapire mxares (mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze), avWaliskarTan aRmoCnda didroni markirebuli lodebi, rogorc Cans, galavnis naSTi. iqve gaiTxara

17. andria afaqiZe, qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovreba Zvel saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 1963; vaxtang nikolaiSvili, armazcixis samefo rezidencia, Tbilisi, 2011. 18. vaxtang nikolaiSvili, karsnisxevis meTune-xelosanTa dasaxleba, Tbilisi, 1993. 19. giorgi lomTaTiZe, irakli ciciSvili, axladaRmoCenili akldama mcxeTaSi,saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, t.XII, №10, 1951, 641_648.

amave periodis samarxi20. savaraudod, vespasianes warweraca da arqeologiuri monapovaric miuTiTebs sasimagro sistemaze, romelic avWaliskari _ devis namuxlis (qoSigora) xazze gadioda da samxreT-aRmosavleTidan icavda did mcxeTas. amrigad, axali arqeologiuri aRmoCenebisa da Zveli monacemebis safuZvelze, gamoikveTa `didi mcxeTis~ gamagrebuli sistemiT SemosazRvruli teritoria: RarTiskari, savaneTis qedi, grZeli mindori - sarkine, cixedidisxevi, kaciTavana _ armazisxevi, armazcixe, devis namuxli, avWaliskari, wiwamuri, romelic Caewera didi mcxeTis cnobil geografiul sazRvrebSi. didi mcxeTis sasimagro sistemis farglebSi arsebuli sxvadasxva funqciis mqone dasaxlebebis politikuri gaerTianeba _ sinoikizmi xdeba qarTlis samefos (iberiis) warmoSobisa da mcxeTis gadedaqalaqebis procesSi.

20. lomTaTiZe, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi saqarTvelos Zvel dedaqalaqSi, 1945.