Jalabadze M. Archaeological excavations at Gadachrili Gora – results and perspective

Mindia Jalabadze Georgian National Museum (Georgia, Tbilisi)

Archaeological excavations at Gadachrili Gora – results and perspective

Summary

The article briefly describes the archaeological excavations carried out in Marneuli Valley, at the site of Gadachrili Gora, where a significant part of the Neolithic settlement was studied from 2006 to 2019. The stratigraphy of the site was defined, architectural remains, ceramics, various stone and bone tools and jewelry were retrieved. An interdisciplinary study is currently underway, involving Georgian, American, Canadian, Jewish, French, Italian and Danish specialists.

Under the support of Marneuli Municipality, work is underway on a project for the conservation and restoration of the site, which provides for covering the archaeological site with a roof and creating a small center for visitors.

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qvemo qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis Sedegebi (1965-1971 ww.) (Tbilisi, 1975). jalabaZe mindia. `gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi~. 2017 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. Tbilisi. 2018, 212-216. jalabaZe mindia. `gadaWril gorasa da Sulaveris goraze 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSi~. 2018 wels Catarebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis mokle angariSebis krebuli. Tbilisi. 2019, 298-302. jalabaZe mindia, esakia qeTevan, rusiSvili nana, yvavaZe eliso, qoriZe irakli,

SayulaSvili nikoloz, wereTeli mixeil. `gadaWril goraze 2006-2007 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi~. Ziebani saqar-

Tvelos arqeologiaSi, 19 (Tbilisi, 2010): 17-32. jafariZe oTar, javaxiSvili aleqsandre. uZvelesi miwaTmoqmedi mosaxleobis kultura saqarTvelos teritoriaze (Tbilisi, 1971)

Джавахишвили Александр. Стройтельное дело и архитектура поселений Южного Кавказа

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tabulebis aRweriloba:

I. 1. marneulis velze 1960-ian wlebSi dafiqsirebuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi (al. javaxiSvilis mixedviT); 2. gadaWrili gora. 1968 weli. II. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2006 weli. namosaxlaris Wrili; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2012 weli. I TxrilSi gamoCenili qveda fenis nagebobebisa da ormoebis naSTebi. III. 1-2. gadaWrili gora. 2013 weli. IV. 1-3. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. nasoflaris qveda fenis nagebobebis naSTebi. V. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. nasoflaris qveda fenaSi aRmoCenili nagebobis naSTi; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2014-2015 ww. qveda fenis nagebobebis naSTebi. VI. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. qveda fenis naxevradmiwuri nagebobis profili; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2014 weli. qveda fenis naxevradmiwuri nagebobis kedlis wyoba. VII. 1-2. gadaWrili gora. aerofotoebi. VIII. 1. gadaWrili gora. 2019 weli. gaTxrebis saerTo xedi; 2. gadaWrili gora. 2019 weli. gaTxrebis generaluri gegma. IX. 1. Sulaveris gora. 2019 weli. saerTo xedi; 2. Sulaveris gora. 2019 weli. Zeglis dasavleT nawilSi gaTxrili stratigrafiuli Wrili da nasoflaris uadresi fena.

Illustrations:

I. 1. Archaeological sites revealed in the Marneuli Valley in 1960-s (by A. Javakhishvili); 2.

Gadachrili Gora. 1968. II. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2006. Settlement incision; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2012. Remains of lower layer buildings and pits in Trench I. III. 1-2. Gadachrili Gora. 2013. IV. 1-3. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Remains of lower layer buildings. V. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Remains of a building found in the lower layer; 2. Gadachrili

Gora. 2014-2015. Remains of lower layer buildings. VI. 1. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Profile of the lower layer semi-subterranean building; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2014. Wall structure of a lower layer semi-subterranean building. VII. 1-2. Gadachrili Gora. Aerial photos. VIII.1. Gadachrili Gora. 2019. General view of the excavation; 2. Gadachrili Gora. 2019. General plan of excavation. IX. 1. Shulaveris Gora. 2019. General view; 2. Shulaveris Gora. 2019. Stratigraphic trench, excavated in the western part of the site and the earliest layer of the site.

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leri jiblaZe, nino CxartiSvili saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

brinjaos anTropomorfuli figura muxranidan

saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT da SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebiT, brinjao-adrerkinisa da klasikuri xanis meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi rqis, xis, Tixis, vercxlisa da oqros sasmisia mopovebuli 1. arqeologiur monapovrebs Soris, aseve, gvxvdeba mcire zomis brinjaos anTropomorfuli qandakebebi, romelTagan zogierTs xelSi yanwi uWiravs2 . es arqeologiuri artefaqtebi safuZvlianadaa Seswavlili, amitom sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. SevCerdebiT mxolod mcxeTis municipalitetis teritoriaze, sof. muxranSi axlaxan aRmoCenil brinjaos mcire zomis qandakebaze, romelsac orive xeliT sasmisi uWiravs. muxranis anTropomorfuli figuris daxasiaTebis fonze ganvixilavT amAtipis artefaqtebis gavrcelebas saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis sxvadasxva mxareSi.3 2018 wels saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri koleqciebis ZiriTad fondSi Semovida brinjaosgan Camosxmuli mcire zomis anTropomorfuli qandakeba (sainventaro #GN MI-47-2018/1; tab. I). es artefaqti SemTxveviT aRmoCnda mcxeTis municipalitetis teritoriaze sof. muxranSi; anTropomorfuli qandakeba saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums gadasca `Sato muxranis~ generalurma direqtorma patrik honefim. samwuxarod CvenTvis ucnobia brinjaos figuris aRmoCenis viTareba da misi SesaZlo Tanmxlebi inventari. brinjaos anTropomorfuli skupltura warmoadgens stilizebul mcire zomis qandakebas; misi simaRlea 7.6 sm, wona - 105 gr. artefaqti masiuria da dauzianebladaa Semonaxuli. figura warmoadgens fexze mdgom mamakacs,

1. aleqsi boxoCaZe, mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT, (Tbilisi, 1963), 108-191; revaz ramiSvili, qarTuli vazisa da Rvinis istoria, (Tbilisi, 2001); gela gamyreliZe, `Rvinis sasmisebi saqarTvelos arqeologiuri masalidan~, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis samecniero-popularuli almanaxi aia #1, (Tbilisi, 2008), 15; gela gamyreliZe, centraluri kolxeTis Zveli namosaxlarebi (Tbilisi, 1982), 73-81; revaz papuaSvili, leri jiblaZe, `Tixis sasmisebis erTi jgufi centraluri kolxeTidan~, Jurnali iberia-kolxeTi #10, (Tbilisi 2013), 80-84; leri jiblaZe, `mevenaxeoba-meRvineobasTan dakavSirebuli arqeologiuri artefaqtebi kolxeTis dablobidan da maTi urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxebi eTnografiul monacemebTan~, kavkasiologiis saerTaSoriso samecniero kvleviTi sazogadoebrivi institutis moambe. krebuli amirani, #25 (Tbilisi-monreali, 2014), 42-64. nino xoStaria, `sof. yulevis arqeologiuri gamokvleva~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe, VII, #1-2, (Tbilisi, 1946), 77-83.; leri jiblaZe, revaz kvirkvaia, `sayuradRebo artefaqtebi centraluri kolxeTidan~, Ziebani, 21, (Tbilisi, 2013), 241-247. 2. sulxan xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura sofel inaSauridan (vanis r-ni)~, Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi,N#17-18, (Tbilisi 2006), 145-150 3. giorgi javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika warmarTuli xanis saqarTveloSi, (Tbilisi 1984), 45-77, tab. IX-XX; Владимир Марковин, “Культовая пластика Кавказа”, Новое в археологии Северного Кавказа, (Москва, 1986), 74-124; Ольга Брилева, Древняя бронзовая Антропоморфная пластика Кавказа (XV в. до. н.э.-X в. до. н.э.) (Москва, 2012).

romelic myarad dgas odnav ganze gadgmul fexebze, beWebganieria; SeiniSneba sxeulis kunTebis msubuqi modelireba. mamakacs piri-saxe zemoT aqvs aweuli, saxis yvela nakvTi uxeSadaa gamokveTili: aqvs mogrZo cxviri, Rariseburad CakveTili piri da win wamoweuli, masiuri nikapi. Tvalebi gadmocemulia kopiseburi danaZerwebiT; mxolod yurebi ar Cans gamosaxuli. orive xeli idayvSi aqvs moxrili da zeaweuli, gaSlili xelis mtevnebiT ki, mWidrod uWiravs sakmaod mozrdili, welSi gamoyvanili brtyelZiriani jamiseburad CaRrmavebuli sasmisi (simaRle 2.1 sm, dm 1.3 sm). mamakacs Tavze axuravs svanuri qudis msgavsi Tavsaburavi, xolo kefaze, qudis qvemoT Tmebi aqvs Sekruli. qandakeba wels zemoT SiSvelia, xolo wels qvemoT muxlebamde mokle kabiTaa Semosili; oTxkuTxaganikveTiani, Tokiseburi formis sartyeli welze Semovlebuli aqvs orjer ise, rom maT Soris mcire manZilia datovebuli. savaraudod jer figuraa Camosxmuli, Semdeg ki kabaaA mirCiluli zed. gadabmis adgili kargad ikiTxeba Tokisebur sartyelTan. qandakebis ovaluri moyvanilobis ETavi, gaSlili xelis mtevnebi da sasmisi tanTan SedarebiT araproporciulia, rac garkveul eqspresiulobas sZens skulpturas. miniaturulobis miuxedavad figura metyvelia; igi ise dgas, TiTqos sadRegrZelos ambobs, an raRacas SesTxovs sasmiss. kavkasiis teritoriaze liTonisgan Camosxmuli mcire zomis adamianis moculobiTi gamosaxuleba gavrcelebulia Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi. es figurebi, muxranis qandakebis msgavsad, ritualuri daniSnulebisaa. zogadi niSnebis erTgvarovnebis miuxedavad, maT formis, Sinaarsis gamoxatvis, daniSnulebisa da Sesrulebis teqnikis TvalsazrisiT bevri ram aqvT gansxvavebuli. figurebis umetesoba SemTxveviTi monapovaria; zogjer gvxvdeba ganZebSi, samarxebSi da sakulto (samlocvelo) adgilebSi4 . saqarTveloSi brinjaos anTropomorfuli figurebi aRmoCenilia Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT daTariRebul Zeglebze: ergetas, nigvzianis, muxurCas, dRvabas, caiSis samarovnebze.5 zogierT anTropomorful figuras xelSi yanwi

4. germane gobejiSvili, arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sabWoTa saqarTveloSi, (Tbilisi, 1952), 130, tab. XXIII-1; oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi, 2002), 188, sur.165-167; revaz papuaSvili, gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis centraluri kolxeTis samarxormoTa fardobiTi qronologiisaTvis sabrZolo iaraRis mixedviT, sakandidato disertacia, (Tbilisi, 1998); leila fancxava, besarion maisuraZe, `brinjaos anTropomorfuli figurebi Sildis samlocvelodan~, kavkasia, neoliT-brinjaos xanis sakiTxebi, Ziebani, VI, damateba (Tbilisi, 2001), 147-155; javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika; daviT berZeniSvili, `sami anTropomorfuli qandakeba quTaisis muzeumidan~, quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriul-eTnografiuli muzeumis masalebi V, (quTaisi, 1988), 62-68; Ярослав Доманский, Древняя художственная бронза Кавказа. (Москва, 1984), 64-67, sur. 180,181, 187-191; Степан Есаян, Скульптура древней Армении. (Ереван, 1970), 157-168, sur. 2-1-4,8; Валентина Козенкова, Типология и хронологическая классификация предметов Кобанской культуры. – САИ, вып. В2-5, (Москва, 1982) 6, tab. X,LII-25-30. 5. Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “Основные итоги полевых исследований Колхидской экспедиции”, ПАИ в 1982, (1985), 37-40; Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “О работах Колхидской археологической экспедиции”, ПАИ в 1984-1985 гг., (1987), 39-42; Теимураз Микеладзе и др. “Колхидская экспедиция”, ПАИ в 1986 г., (1991), 59-65; Teimuraz miqelaZe, kolxeTis adrerkinis xanis samarovnebi, (Tbilisi, 1985), 62; givi eliava, petres nakarus arqeologiuri masala, martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis Sromebi II, Tbilisi, 2017, 65; Теймураз Микеладзе, и др. “Колхидская экспедиция”. ПАИ в 1987 г., Тбилиси, 1995, 130; revaz papuaSvili da sxv. caiSis samarovani, Tb., 2015,A15.

uWiravs. aseTi artefaqtebi cnobilia melaanis samlocvelodan, romelic TariRdeba Zv.w VIII-VII ss-iT6, inaSauridan (Zv.w.VII-VIs.)7, bomboradan (Zv.w. VIII s.)8, Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT daTariRebul yazbegis ganZidan9. aseTive figurebi cnobilia daRestnidan10 da somxeTidan11 . rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, muxranis anTropomorful figuras xelSi uWiravs cilindruli formis, welSi gamoyvanili sasmisi. yvelaze adreuli gamosaxuleba msgavsi formis sasmisisa mocemulia Sua brinjaos epoqiT daTariRebul TrialeTis Tasze12. muxranis figuris sasmisi, aseve, Zalze waagavs Tlias #74-a samarxSi (Zv.w. VIII-VII ss.) aRmoCenil brinjaos gravirebul sartyelze gadmocemul purobis procesze gamosaxul sasmiss, romelsac zedapiri ornamentiT aqvs dafaruli13; yazbegis Standartis Tavze moTasebuli mamakacis figurasac marcxena xelSi uWiravs welSi gamoyvanili, cilindruli formis sasmisi14 .

Tixis welSi gamoyvanili sasmisebi, romlebic formis mixedviT Zalze axlos dganan brinjaos sasmisTan, romelic muxranSi gamovlenil qandakebas uWiravs xelSi, cnobilia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis arqeologiur Zeglebze: samTavros samarovanis N18 samarxsa da baiernis mier gaTxrili # 601 samarxSi15, TrialeTis samarovnebze16, aseve bambebis namosaxlaridan, lori-berdi # 21 samarxSi17 da sxv. kavkasiaSi aRmoCenili Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris brinjaos figurebis umravlesoba SiSveli da iTifaluria. maT Soris iSviaTad gvxvdeba tansacmliT Semosili da Tavdaburuli artefaqtebi18 . amrigad, muxranis mcire plastikis nimuSi arcerT, CvenTvis cnobil anTropomorful qandakebas ar hgavs, Tumca calkeuli detalebis mixedviT zogadad eZebneba paralelebi Zv.w. I aTaswleulis anTropomorful figurebTan. magaliTad: saxis nakvTebiT yazbegis Standartze gamosaxul Rvinis msmel anTropomorful qandakebasTan, xolo siuJetis mixedviT inaSauris

6. konstantine ficxelauri, ior-alaznis auzis teritoriaze mosaxle tomTa uZvelesi kultura, Tb., 1965, 83, tab. XVI,1. 7 xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura~, tab.II-1. 8. Юрий Воронов, Археологическая карта, Абхазии. Сухуми, 1969, 20, tab. XLVIII-11. 9 leila wiTlanaZe, xevis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1976, 33-38,104-105, tab.VIII-VII. 10 Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, Москва, 1986, 86-90, sur.10-2,5,7,9. 11 Степан Есаян, А. Мнацаканян, Находки новых бронзовых статуэток в Армении, 1970, sur.2-1-4,8; Степан Есаян, Скульптура древней Армении. Ереван 1980:40-59, tab.59-1,2,4,5. 12. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки, таб. 89, .XCI. 13. manana xidaSeli, centraluri amierkavkasiis grafikuli xelovneba adrerkinis xanaSi (Tbilisi, 1982), tab. I, X, XXXVIII, XXIX 14. javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika, 11, tab. XX-54 15. aleqsandre kalandaZe, samTavros winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, mcxeTa, arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi, tomi IV, (Tbilisi, 1980), 142 sur. 687; aleqsandre kalandaZe, samTavros samarovnis winaantikuri xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, (Tbilisi, 1981),70, sur. 300,301 16. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети, (Тбилиси, 1941), 66-67,341, sur. 66, 67, tab. LIII 17. Брилева, Антропоморфная пластика, 109, 124-5 18. javaxiSvili, anTropomorfuli plastika, 62-63, tab. XV-43; Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, sur.10-5,7,8,9,14-5; Брилева, Антропоморфная пластика; xarabaZe, Rvinis msmelis figura, 146, tab.II-1,6,8-11,20-22; givi eliava, `petres nakarus arqeologiuri masala~, martvilis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumis Sromebi II, (Tbilisi, 2017), 41-100.

qandakebasTan19. aseve msgavseba gamoixateba daRestanSi (sof. sorgatli) napovn brinjaos qandakebasTan poziT, romelsac idayvmoxrili xelebiT welSi gamoyvanili formis sasmisi uWiravs; zogierTi detaliT emsgavseba arRunis xeobidan momdinare monadiris figuras, romelsac acvia wina da ukana mxridan qobaSeWrili kaba, welze Semortymuli aqvs brtyeli qamari, Tumca Tavze axuravs muzaradi, romlis wveri niskartiviTaa moxrili20 da a.S. muxranis brinjaos figuras Cautarda laboratoriuli gamokvleva aradestruqciuli retgenofluorescentruli ELVAX speqtrometriT. analizebi Catarda 45 kilo-eleqtronvoltiT (KЕV) 0.100 cocxali droiT. koncentraciis xarisxi (wonis %-Si) ganisazRvra regresiis kvadratuli modelis saSualebiT, SerCeuli masalis Sesabamisi standartebis analizis safuZvelze21. Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze gairkva, rom muxranis brinjaos qandakebis qimiuri Semadgenloba aseTia: Cu - 91.26 %, Zn - 6.46 %, Sn - 1,31 %, Pb - 0,45 %, Ag - 0,52 %. rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, muxranis brinjaos skupltura SemTxveviTi monapovari nivTia. rogorc cnobilia, upasporto nivTebis daTariReba garkveul sirTulesTanaa dakavSirebuli. Ddidi albaTobiT, igi unda momdinareobdes samarxeuli kompleqsidan, an sakulto (samlocvelo) adgilidan. savaraudoa, rom muxranSi aRmoCenili brinjaos skulptura, romelsac xelSi sasmisi uWiravs, gankuTvnili unda yofiliyo ara yoveldRiuri moxmarebisaTvis, aramed sagangebo SemTxvevisaTvis, saritualo sadResaswaulo purobisaTvis. amrigad, ganxiluli paralelebis gaTvaliswinebiT, muxranis anTropomorfuli skulptura savarudod SesaZlebelia daTariRdesAdaaxloebiT Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebiT.

19. xarabaZe, `Rvinis msmelis figura~, tab. I-1, II-1. 20. Марковин, Культовая пластика Кавказа, sur. 10-6 21. kvleva Catarda s.janaSias sax. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri da eTnografiuli masalis sakonservacio-kvleviT laboratoriaSi (xelmZRv. ist.Ddok. nino qebulaZe).