Pirtskhalava M. The Set of the Pre-ancient Colchian Pottery from the Vani Archaeological Site

Marine Pirtskhalava Georgian National museum (Georgia, Tbilisi)

The Set of the Pre-ancient Colchian Pottery from the Vani Archaeological Site

Summary

In 2003-2004, on the central terrace of the city of Vani, in its western part, one of the main parts of the hydro-engineering system was identified - namely, a pair of cisterns separated by a rock partition, a necessary element for water supply; One of them, considerably deeper, revealed up to 1,000 fragments of Colchian pottery, dating to the eighth and seventh centuries BC, which like any other cisterns from the ancient world were used for filtration. Another one, revealed the fragments of the Late Hellenistic period pottery, used for collecting filtered water. It is a single complex that once functioned as a whole and collapsed as a whole: the materials found in the small pit-cistern belong to the period of its functioning, and the pre-ancient ceramic material found in the “big pit” filling is an emergency “filling” that was entrapped there align with the friable layers during the pit arrangement. No pieces of that period were found among the pottery fragments from the eighth and seventh centuries BC.

This is a collection that represents a new stage in the development of Colchian pottery. It is characterized by a special variety of forms and an exquisite drawing. This time the article focuses on the ornament composed of engraved concentric circles which triggers particular interest. This ornament forms a belt composed of concentric circles on the shoulder of a large vessel. The circle carvings are so deep that they create a relief-like finish. The similar image is known to us from contemporary monuments of Colchis, and most importantly, we have unique examples of ceramic vessels showing a row of concentric circles depicted on the animal bodies featuring on the shoulder of a pottery vessel. A row of these circles extends from the animal’s body to the long neck and then to the nuzzle. The study of this motif has led us to some synchronous artefacts of small geometric figurines from Greece: a similar feature showing the animal body with concentric circles is found on the small bronze statues of the horse and roe deer dating back to the eighth century B.C: such as the small statue of Thebes Cabeirion - a deer feeding its fawn, and similar concentric circles can be seen on the bronze figures of horses - this type of horse, with concentric circles, is believed to belong to the craftsmen of Corinthian school of geometry. These archeological materials may well confirm the proposition, which itself is backed up with relevant evidence (Ot. Lordkipanidze), about Greece - Colchis relations in the eighth and seventh centuries BC (i.e. before the Greek colonization).

bibliografia:

Tolordava vera, `vanis Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebis sakulto kompleqsi (qronologiisaTvis)~, Ziebani, damatebani IV (Tbilisi 2001), 37-42. lorTqifaniZe oTar, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, Tbilisi, 2002.

Kunisch Norbert, Ornamente Geometrischer Vasen, Böhlau, 1998. Mery Comstock and Cornelius Vermeule, Greek, Etruscan and Roman Bronzes in the Muzeum of Fine Arts ( Boston, Massachsetts. 1971. Борис Куфтин, Материалы к Археологии Колхиды II, Тбилиси, 1950.

tabulebis aRweriloba:

I. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss kolxuri keramikis ZiriTadi formebi. II. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss kolxuri Tixis WurWeli da ornamentuli motivis saxeobebi: 1,2,5. sasmisebi; 4,6. didi zomis sameurneo WurWeli; 7-19.

WurWlis ornamentirebuli kedlebi. III. Zv.w. VIII-VII ss ornamentuli motivebis saxeebi da koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenili sartyliT Semkuli didi zomis WurWeli. IV. 1. koncentruli wreebiT Sedgenili sartyliT Semkuli WurWlis mxris (1, 2, 3) da kedlis (4) fragmentebi; 2. cxovelebis gamosaxulebebiani

WurWlis mxris fragmentebi (5, 6, 7); 3. WurWlis e.w. “uTosebri yuri”,

Semkuli koncentruli wreebiT (7). V. geometriuli xanis brinjaos mcire qandakebebi cxenisa (1, 2) da irmis (3) gamosaxulebebiT saberZneTidan.

Illustrations:

I. The main types of Colchian pottery of the 8th -7th centuries BC. II III. Fragments of Colchian pottery and the examples of ornamental motives from Vani City

Site. IV. 1. A band composed of concentric circles on the shoulder of a large vessel. 2. Examples of ceramic vessels showing a row of concentric circles depicted on the animal bodies featuring on the shoulder of a pottery vessel from Western Georgia. V. Small bronze Geometric figurines from Greece.

I

II

III

IV

V

marine fuTuriZe Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

TrialeTis kultura – cvlilebebi Zv.w. III - II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze da misi mizezebi

Zv.w. XXII/XXI saukunis mijnidan samxreT kavkasiis geokulturul sivrceSi gamoCenas iwyebs axali fenomeni, romelic Zveli samyaros civilizaciaTa Soris cnobilia TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis saxeliT. misi dasawyisi dakavSirebulia arsebiTi mniSvnelobis siaxleebsa da gardatexebTan rogorc materialur kulturaSi, ise socialur da savaWro-ekonomikur sferoSi da, rac yvelaze niSandoblivia, kulturis saerTo xasiaTsa da misi ganviTarebis manamde arnaxul aRmavlobaSi. amave dros, aRsaniSnavia, rom TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad samxreT kavkasiis momijnave - wina aziis zogierT arealSi (Sumeri, centraluri anatolia, siria-palestina) dgeba mkafio cvlilebebisa da dawinaurebis axali etapi, rac kargad Cans iseT dargebSi, rogorebicaa mxatvruli xelosnobis sxvadasxva mimarTulebebi (oqromWedloba, mxatvruli brinjao), meTuneoba, msoflmxedvelobrivi da, Sesabamisad, ritualTan dakavSirebuli sfero da sxva. amjerad aqcenti gvinda gavakeToT swored im cvlilebebze, rac yvela am dawinaurebul dargSi erTdroulad aseve TvalsaCino xdeba samxreT kavkasiis im vrcel arealSi, romelic TrialeTis kulturam moicva. es movlena aSkarad metyvelebs TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad inovaciebisa da cvlilebebis procesis dasawyisze, romelic qronologiurad, maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva arealSi momxdar gardatexebs sinqronulad Tanxvdeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba TrialeTis kulturis garemomcveli paleo-kulturuli da politikuri viTarebis farTod gaTvaliswinebas. sazogadoebis yofis sxvadasxva sferoSi momxdari cvlilebebis da TrialeTis kulturis saerTo aRmavlobis dinamika, Cveni azriT, miuTiTebs Semobrunebis im etapze, romelsac adgili hqonda Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze da romelic uZveles maxlobel aRmosavleTSi mimdinare arsebiTi xasiaTis procesebis paralelurad mimdinareobda. Sesabamisad, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi b.kuftinis mier aRmoCenili1 da mas Semdeg sxvadasxva arqeologiuri skolis specialistTa interesis sagani – TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kultura, swored am TvalTaxedviT gvinda davaxasiaTod. zogadad, Zveli samyaros udidesi nawilisaTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani siaxleebiTa da movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda CvenTvis sayuradRebo perio-

1. Борис Куфтин, Археологические раскопки в Триалети.Опыт Периодизации памятников, I (Тбилиси: Изд-во Академии Наук Грузинской ССР:1941), 78 -100.

di - Zv.w III aTaswleulis miwuruli da II-is pirveli meoTxedi.Ees iTqmis saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri, kulturuli Tu ekonomikuri dawinaurebis TvalsazrisiT. rogorc Cans, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanaSi, xolo Semdeg ki ukve mis miwurulSi wina aziaSi gaaqtiurebuli tomTa moZraoba2 da axal, adresaxelmwifoebriv da saxelmwifoebriv garTianebaTa warmonaqmnebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda im geopolitikur, savaWro-ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirurTierTobaTa qselis3 Seqmnas, romelsac udavo zegavlena unda moexdina sakuTriv am regionis, da aseve, misi mezobeli samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli landSaftis formirebazec. Sesabamisad, am ori dasaxelebuli regionis kulturuli da ekonomikuri kavSirebi bevrad gansazRvravda aRniSnul epoqaSi Camoyalibebul realobas, romlis aRdgenac arqeologiuri Zeglebis mixedviT bolomde mkafiod jer kidev ver xerxdeba. TavisTavad is, rom Zveli samyaros am or sxvadasxva regions Soris arsebul kavSirurTierTobaTa dadgena Zv.w. III aTaswleulisa da II–is pirveli naxevris geokulturuli suraTis rekonstruqciis upirvelesi winapirobaa, es sadavo aravisTvis ar aris. amitomacaa, rom mis Seswavlas ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba dReisaTvis sadiskusiod qceul mravalferovan arqeologiur problematikaSi. am sakiTxze aqcentirebamde mokled SevexoT TrialeTis kulturisaTvis yvelaze niSandobliv Taviseburebebs. samxreT kavkasiis preistoriul sivrceSi es kultura aSkarad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis movlena iyo mravali TvalsazrisiT. upirvelesad ki, kulturuli da social-ekonomikuri ayvavebis iseTi maRali xarisxiT, romelic mkvlevarTa mier civilizaciis zRvarTan myof movlenadac ki ganixileba4. adamianTa saqmianobis araerT sferoSi is iseTi maRali miRwevebiT xasiaTdeboda, romelic araTu ar Camouvardeboda, aramed zog SemTxvevaSi winac ki uswrebda rig winaaziur civilizaciur erTobebs, Tundac oqromWedlobis maRali standartis TvalsazrisiT.

TrialeTis kultura samxreT kavkasiis regionSi gamorCeuli aRmoCnda misi gavrcelebis masStabebis mxrivac.Ffaqtobrivad, adre brinjaos xanis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Semdeg, man yvelaze farTo teritoria dafara (tab. I1) da, garda amisa, aris tendencia misi sazRvrebis kidev ufro gafarToebis ukiduresi samxreT-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT5. faqtobrivad, TrialeTis kulturam moicva Tanamedrove sami saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis (saqarTvelo, somxeTi da azerbaijani) teritoria, xolo samxreTiT misma ukiduresma sazRvarma gaiara mdinare araqsis kalapotis gaswvriv, romelic amave dros samxreT kavkasias Semofarglavs. rac Seexeba, saqarTvelos, sivr-

2. История Древного Востока. Зарождение древнеиших классовых обществ и первые очаги рабовладельческой цивилизации. Часть вторая. Под. Ред. Г.М. Бонград-Левина (Москва: «Наука»,1988), 90-103. 3. История Древного Востока. 25-43, 90-94. 4. oTar jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis saTaveebTan. (Tbilisi: artanuji: 2006), 342. 5. Каринэ Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс. до н.э. Этапы культурного и социально-экономического развития (Санкт-Петербург: изд-во «Петербургское Востоковедение»,1993), 98, Рис. 331 ; Marina Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts in the South Caucasian Middle Bronze Age”, in Archaeology in the Borderlands. Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, ed. Adam Smith et al. (Los Angeles:Cotsen Institute of Archaeology University of California, 2003), Figure 5.1.

cobrivad man mxolod aRmosavleT regioni moicva srulad da lixis qedi is bunebrivi barieri aRmoCnda, romlis dasavleTiTac TrialeTi arsebiTad ucnobi darCa. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze ramdenime olqi SeiZleba gamoiyos, romelic am kulturis gansakuTrebuli dawinaurebiTa da elituri Zeglebis koncentraciiT gamoirCeva. maT Sorisaa walka-TrialeTi, dmanisi da kaxeTi. gamorCeulad mdidruli kompleqsebis intensiuri Tavmoyris kidev erT mZlavr kerad TrialeTis kulturis gavrcelebis farglebSi miCneulia somxeTis sxvadasxva arealSi aRmoCenili samarxeuli Zeglebi yaraSambidan, vanaZoridan, lori-berdidan, mewamoridan da sxva punqtebidan6. rac Seexeba, qronologiur sazRvrebs, sagangebod am Temisadmi miZRvnili kvlevebiT is kidev ufro dazustda7 da bolodroindeli Cvens mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis mixedviT, Zv.w. XXII/XXI – XVII saukunis dasawyisis farglebSi moeqca8 . yvela epoqa, maT Soris preistoriulic, garkveul niSan-TaviseburebaTa blokiT da winamorbedisagan gansxvavebuli ganviTarebis dinamikiT gamoirCeva. es sruliad logikuri da cxadi procesia. TrialeTis kulturis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel, wamyvan TaviseburebaTa Soris gamorCeulad aRvniSnavT: sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis struqturulad TiTqmis umaRlesTan miaxloebul safexurs, rac kargad gamovlinda maTi kuTvnili samarxeuli inventarisa da dasakrZalavi konstruqciis mixedviT, elituri dargebis calkeuli mimarTulebis (liTonis WurWeli) pirvel gamoCenas, xolo oqromWedlobis, maT Soris torevtikis, arnaxulad maRal doneze dawinaurebas, kulturis yvela sferoSi gamorCeulad did miRwevebs, saerTaSoriso komunikaciebis mniSvnelovnad gaaqtiurebas da sxva. rasakvirvelia, yvelaferma aman TrialeTis kultura gansakuTrebiT gamokveTa Zveli samyaros geokulturi landSaftis saerTo rukaze. amasTan mimarTebiT mkvlevarebi yovelTvis sagangebod miuTiTebdnen TrialeTuri oqromWedlobis unikalurobasa da umaRles standartze9 .

Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebi da Semdeg miwurulic, bunebrivia, Tavisi ganviTarebis dinamikiTa da standartebiT iyo gamorCeuli da, amave dros, gansxvavebulic winamorbedi kulturuli plastisagan. es monakveTi uaRresad

6. Каринэ Кушнарева,”Памятники Триалетской культуры на территории Южного Закавказья”, в: Археология. Эпоха бронзы Кавказа и Средней Азии.Ранняя и средняя бронза Кавказа, Ред.:К. Кушнарева et al.(Москва: «Наука»:1994),93-105; Seda Devedjian,Lori Berd II (Bronze Moyen), (Erevan:”Guitoutiun”, 2006), 271-417. 7. Каринэ Кушнарева, Михаил Рысин, “Новые данные к проблеме датировки памятников «цветущей поры» Триалетской культуры”, Ziebani. damatebani VI. kavkasia. neoliT-brinjaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi. (2001), 101-106; mixeil abramiSvili, “TrialeTis kulturis absoluturi qronologiis sakiTxisaTvis (damatebiTi sabuTebi “maRali qronologiisaTvis”)”, Ziebani. damatebani X. kavkasiis brinjao-rkinis xanis arqeologiis problemebi, (2003), 48-52. 8. Marina Puturidze, “For the Assign of Middle Bronze Age Phases and Upper Chronological Limit of the Trialeti Culture”. in Proceedings of International Conference “Problems of Early Metal Age Archaeology of Caucasus and Anatolia” (2014), 278 - 285. 9. Karen Rubinson,“Silver Vessels and Cylinder Sealings:Precious Reflections of Economic Exchange in the Early Second Millennium BC”, in Archaeology in the Borderlands. Investigations in Caucasia and Beyond, ed. Adam Smith et al. (Los Angeles:Cotsen Institute of Archaeology University of California, 2003),128-143; Kathleen Rachel Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiatic Jewellery c.3000-612 BC. (London: Methuen & CO LTD, 1971), 74-76.

arsebiTi da rTuli movlenebiT datvirTuli aRmoCnda samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli ganviTarebis istoriaSi. am sakiTxebis Sesaxeb araerTi, maT Soris gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisic gamoiTqva10 . istoriuli procesebi, cvlilebebi Tu kataklizmebi da maTi mizezebi, romelsac adgili hqonda ganviTarebul preistoriul epoqaSi, arcTu iSviaTad kvlav bundovani rCeba. SevecdebiT kidev erTxel CavukvirdeT da Tvali gavadevnoT maT, kulturaTa da epoqaTa cvlilebebis WrilSi.Ees saSualebas mogvcems TrialeTis kulturis uSualod winamorbedi istoriul-kulturuli realoba SevafasoT rogorc im xasiaTis viTareba, romelmac Tavis mxriv garkveulwilad gansazRvra kidec cota mogvianebiT am kulturis ayvavebis maRali standarti.Aamitom, vfiqrobT, rom winare periodzec garkveulad unda SevaCeroT yuradReba.

Zv.w. IV aTaswleulis Sua xanaSi gamoCenilma kulturulma erTobam, romelsac b. kuftinis saetapo aRmoCenaTa Sedegad mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeli ewoda, Zv.w. III aTaswleulis mTeli pirveli naxevris manZilzec met-naklebad mdored, magram ganviTarebis aRmavali gziT gaagrZela arseboba. kulturas, romelsac yvelaze meti raodenobiT mkvlevari aRmoaCnda11 , gansakuTrebiT saintereso ganviTareba hqonda dasasrul safexurze. intermedialuri periodi, romelic finalur mtkvar-araqsul masalebTan erTad (umTavresad mainc namosaxlari Zeglebis safuZvelze) warmoaCens axal, e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel keramikas, ZiriTadad Zv.w XXVI-XXIV saukuneebs emTxveva12. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xana vfiqrob, rom gardatexebis da mkafio Semobrunebis niSnuli aRmoCnda epoqaTa da, amave dros, kulturaTa cvlis TvalsazrisiT. mtkvar-araqsis erTi aTaswleulis manZilze arsebuli mZlavri da farTod gavrcelebuli kultura Secvala inovaciebiT gamorCeulma realobam, romelic dRes bedenis kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili. man moitana cvililebaTa is nakadi, romelmac calsaxad mkafiod Secvala winare kulturis dros damkvidrebuli stabiluri da mdored mimdinare cxovrebis gezi. mtkvar-araqsis kultura preistoriul sinamdvileSi yvela sxva erTobebisagan gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda farTo radiaciis TvalsazrisiT, radgan man dafara kavkasiisa TiTqmis mTeli da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis sakmaod didi areali13.Mamis Semdeg arc erTi kulturuli erToba ar gavrcelebula aseTi gamorCeuli sivrcobrivi masStabiT, risi mizezic, vfiqrob, Tavad am kulturis arsSi devs. mtkvar-araqsis kultura prioritetis mqone aRmoCnda brinjaos produqciis damkvidrebis da, aseve, meTuneobaSi gardamtexi siaxleebis TvalsazrisiT. amitom man udavod, Seqmna is mdgradi baza, romelzec Semdgom garkveulad daefuZna kidec

10. Antonio Sagona, Paul Zimansky,Ancient Turkey, (London and New York:Routledge:2009), 187-191, 210224. 11. marine fuTuriZe, “adreliTonebis xanis anatoliur-samxreT kavkasiuri kavSirurTierTobebis kvleva arqeologiur mecnierebaSi da misi perspeqtivebi”. kavkasiologiuri Ziebani # 4 (2012): 219-223. 12. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 334 13. Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс., 51-54, Рис. 18.

e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis etapze momxdari (Tumca, sxva faqtorebiTac ganpirobebuli) arsebiTi xasiaTis winsvla. unda iTqvas, rom zogierTma mtkvar-araqsulma maxasiaTebelma niSanma Tavi kidev ufro xangrZlivadac ki Semoinaxa. TrialeTis kulturis Tixis WurWelSi es tendencia pirvelad e.gogaZem SeniSna14. amasTanave, sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis pirveli, uadresi niSnebic swored mtkvar-araqsulma Zeglebma gamoavlines, Tumca am mxriv yvelgan erTgvari viTareba ar iyo. socialuri diferencirebis procesi yvelaze Sors wasuli aRmosavleT anatoliaSi Cans, rasac kargad adasturebs adre brinjaos xanis samarxebi arslanTefedan15.Mam kulturis dasasruli faza ki bevrad aCqarebuli winsvliT aRiniSna, rac, vfiqrobT, rom axali fenomenis – e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis pirveli gamoCeniTa da masTan SexvedriT unda iyos gamowveuli. am faqtTan dakavSirebiT, erT mniSvnelovan, Tumca, dRemde sadiskusio Temad darCenil aspeqtsac unda SevexoT, romelic adreyorRanuli kulturis sruliad dasawyis, mis uadres etapad miCneul martyofis jgufis Zeglebs exeba. vfiqrobT, rom martyofis etapis kompleqsebi sagangebod Rrma kvlevas da xelaxal gadaazrebas saWiroebs brinjaos xanis qrono-kulturuli monacvleobis dadgenil sqemaSi misi adgilis dazustebis mxriv.Aamis erT-erT mizezad isic SeiZleba davasaxeloT, rom martyofisa da bedenis jgufis Zeglebs, romelTac akad. oTar jafariZe erTi fenomenis - adreyorRanuli kulturis wreSi aerTianebs16, TiTqmis araferi saerTo ar eZebnebaT yvelaze sadiagnostiko masalaSi-keramikaSi. e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis am ori jgufis saxvadasxva tipis monacemTa interpretirebisas, martyofis jgufis Zeglebis mtkvar-araqsis kulturis finalur etapad17 an mis uSualo genetikur gagrZelebad (post-mtkvar-araqsad) varaudi, romelic axleburi poziciis saxiT SemogvTavazes adre brinjaos xanis qarTvelma specialistebma18, amjerad me ufro marTebulad mimaCnia. iqneb dasaSvebicaa, rom swored martyofis jgufis Zeglebi miviCnioT im mokle intermedialur fazad, romelmac Tavis TavSi TiTqos gaaerTiana ori sxvadasxva kulturuli fenomeni da amiT simbiozis imgvari magaliTi mogvca, romelmac asaxa ori qronologiuri monakveTisa da ori kulturuli plastis (mtkvar-araqsisa da bedenis kulturebis) mokle xniT Tanaarseboba Tu Sexvedris dro. swored am procesebis sakvanZo sakiTxebis gaxsnas sWirdeba mkvlevarTa sagangebo da gacilebiT detaluri kvleva. dRevandeli monacemebis safuZvelze, vfiqrobT, naTlad ikveTeba is monace-

14. elguja gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli kulturis periodizacia da genezisi. (Tbilisi: mecn. akad. gamomcemloba: 1972),39-47. 15. Marchella Frangipane, Arslantepe, (Roma: 2007), 469-477 16. oTar jafariZe, qarTveli tomebis eTno-kulturuli istoriisTvis Zv.w. mesame aTaswleulSi (adreyorRanuli kultura). (Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998),7-11, 167-179; jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 309-340 17. Каринэ Кушнарева, Тариэл Чубинишвили, Древние культуры Южного Кавказа (Ленинград: (VIII). Ленинград: Издательство «Наука»,Ленинградское отделение, 1970), 159; giorgi mindiaSvili, adreuli yorRanebi samxreT kavkasiaSi (social-ekonomikuri aspeqti), sakandidato disertacia, (Tbilisi,1993); 18. Зураб Махарадзе, Александр Орджоникидзе, Проблемы изучения т.н. «культуры ранных курганов» в Грузии, в: Археология,Этнография и Фольклористика Кавказа, (Махачкала, 2007), 83-84

mebi, rac saSualebas iZleva, rom swored es etapi – Zv.w. 2500-2400 ww miviCnioT ara mxolod siaxleTa pirveli gamoCenis, aramed epoqaTa cvlis periodadac. Sua brinjaos epoqis dadgoma an, sxvagvarad gariJraJi, sxvadasxva mkvlevarTa mier swored im xanas ukavSirdeba, roca pirvelad Cndeba e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturis damaxasiaTebeli Zeglebi19 . Sesabamisad, naTelia, rom swored Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanisaTvis samxreT kavkasiaSi aSkarad iwyebs rRvevas mtkvar-araqsis sakmaod stabiluri ganviTarebis mqone kultura, xolo cvlilebaTa biZgi bedenis kulturis etapze, rogorc varaudoben, SesaZlebelia, samxreT ruseTis stepuri arealidan momdinare gavlenasac ukavSirdebodes20 . bedenis kulturasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSnav, rom is Zv. w. III aTaswleulis SedarebiT mokle periodSi (Zv.w. 2400/2300-2200 ww) momxdari arsebiTi gardatexebis mqone21 kulturuli erToba aRmoCnda, erTis mxriv, inovaciaTa da arqeologiur kulturaTa cvlis, xolo, meores mxriv, ki swored epoqaTa urTierTmonacvleobis TvalsazrisiTac. adre arsebuli viTarebis mkafio cvla socialuri da ekonomikuri winsvlis TvalsazrisiTac, vfiqrob, bedenis etapze Zalian gamWvirvaled Cans. niSandoblivia, rom cirkumpontos provinciis sivrceSic Sua brinjaos xanaze gadasvlis TariRad, ZiriTadad mainc liTonwarmoebis masalebze dayrdnobiT, mkvlevarebi daaxloebiT Zv.w. 2300-2100 wlebs asaxeleben22. ganviTarebuli etapis mtkvar-araqsisa da e.w. adreyorRanuli kulturebis periodSi samxreT kavkasiis garesamyarosTan saerTaSoriso kavSirebisa da sakomunikacio gzebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobze Rrma kvleva aqvT Catarebuli qarTvel mecnierebs, romelTac arsebiTi Sedegebi dades am mimarTulebiT23. maT mier gamoTqmuli pozicia CemTvis sruliad damajerebelia, amitom maT dawvrilebiT aq aRar Sevexebi, Tanac, is Cveni interesis fargleSi qronologiurad ar eqceva. imdenad, ramdenadac winamdebare naSromi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayarze ganviTarebul procesebs eZRvneba, ufro dawvrilebiT SevCerdebi am periodis kulturaze. Zv.w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanidan daaxloebiT oTxi saukunis Semdeg anu ukve mis miwuruls (Zv.w. 2200/2100 ww), kidev erTi mniSvnelovani inovacia da axali kulturuli fenomeni Cndeba samxreT kavkasiis sakmaod vrcel regionSi24, romelic mkafiod identificirdeba TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis dasawyisTan. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom

19. Отар Джапаридзе, «Из истории археологического изучения Грузии», saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe XXXVI-(1982): 37; Марина Путуридзе, «Традиции и инновации в Триалетской культуре эпохи Средней Бронзы », Кавказ в системе палеометаллических культур Евразии (1991):218219; nino SanSaSvili, goderZi narimaniSvili, giorgi narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi samxreT kavkasiasa da axlo aRmosavleTs Soris (Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebi) (Tbilisi: mwignobari, 2016), 77 20. jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 335-340; aleqsandre orjonikiZe, adreuli yorRanebi saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi: mwignobari, 2015), 13, 28-34. 21. jafariZe, qarTveli tomebis, 166-188; Путуридзе, «Традиции и инновации, 213-216. 22. Евгений Черных, Горное дело и металлургия в Древней Болгарии. (София: издательство «Болгария», 1979), 271. 23. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 68-82. 24. Puturidze, “For the Assign of Middle Bronze. 278-285.

es periodi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebisa da gardatexebis xanad moiazreba maxlobeli aRmosavleTis ganviTarebis istoriuli da kulturuli ganviTarebis regionisTvisac.

TrialeTis kulturis yvelaze metad damaxasiaTebel wamyvan TaviseburebaTa Soris gamorCeulad aRvniSnavT: sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis TiTqmis umaRles struqturasTan miaxloebul safexurs, rac kargad gamovlinda maTi kuTvnili samarxeuli inventarisa da dasakrZalavi konstruqciis mixedviT, elituri dargebis calkeuli mimarTulebis (liTonis WurWeli) pirvelad gamoCenas, xolo oqromWedlobis, maT Soris torevtikis, arnaxulad maRal doneze dawinaurebas, kulturis yvela sferoSi gamorCeulad did miRwevebs, saerTaSoriso komunikaciebis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas da sxva. rasakvirvelia, yvelaferma aman TrialeTis kultura gansakuTrebuli sikaSkaSiT gamokveTa Zveli samyaros geokulturuli landSaftis saerTo rukaze. am TvalsazrisiT, mkvlevarebi yovelTvis sagangebod miuTiTebdnen TrialeTuri oqromWedlobis unikalurobasa da umaRles standartze25 .

Cven yuradRebas vamaxvilebT swored im cvlilebebze, rac TvalsaCinoa yvela zemoaRniSnuli dawinaurebuli dargebis mxriv da rac aSkarad metyvelebs TrialeTis kulturis dadgomasTan erTad mkveTri inovaciebisa da cvlilebebis dinamikaze. es siaxleebi Seexo TrialeTelTa saqmianobis araerT sferos, romelTa Soris, sameTuneo warmoebis produqcia, udavod, erT-erTi sadiagnostiko masalaa. TrialeTuri keramika arsebiTad zurgs aqcevs da bolomde iviwyebs yvela im maxasiaTebels, rac wamyvani iyo bedenis kulturis (aseve, ufro adreuli etapebis – gvian mtkvar-aqsisa da martyofis) Tixis WurWlisaTvis. icvleba WurWlis tipi, zogadad forma, korpusis profilis konturi, ornamentacia, misi Semkobis monakveTebi, kecis struqtura da fabrikacia, anu arsebiTad sxvaobaa yvela parametrSi. TrialeTis kulturis WurWeli gansxvavebuli niSnebis erTobliobiT gamoirCeva, kerZod ki imiT, rac radikalurad ganasxvavebs mas bedenuri keramikuli kompleqsebis wamyvani Taviseburebebisagan. TrialeTuri keramika26 tipobriv mravalferovnebasTan (hidria, qoTnisa da badiis sxvadasxva variantebi, calyura doqebi) erTad dekoris mxatvrul-stilisturad mdidruli ieriTa (geometriuli, zoomorfuli, kombinirebuli saxeebi) da ornamentaciis datanis axali xerxebiTac gamoirCeva, romelTa Soris dominirebs: e.w. “savarcxlis kbilis StampiT”, kopebiT, naWdevi teqnikiT frizebad Sesrulebuli geometriuli saxeebi, zoomorfuli stilis geometriul ornamentTan kombinirebiT gadmocemuli rTuli siuJetebi da sxva. es yvelaferi sruliad gansxvavebulia bedenis kulturis natifi, Txeli, zedmiwevniT kargad ganleqili da liToniseburi bzinvarebiT gamorCeulzedapiriani, idealurad gamomwvari kecisagan, romlisaTvisac formaTa da ornamentTa naklebi mravalferovneba

25. Maxwell-Hyslop, Western Asiatic. 74-76. 26. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки. Табл. LXXIII-LXXXIII ; Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts, Fig. 5.6.

da mdidruli ieri, xolo ornamentaciis mxriv ki, gacilebiT martivi saxeebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli27. Sesabamisad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TrialeTis kulturisK keramika sruli inovaciaa dawyebuli Zv.w. XXI saukunidan samxreT kavkasiis regionisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, ismis sakiTxi Tu ra SeiZleba dasdeboda safuZvlad Sua brinjaos xanis II, ganviTarebul fazaSi TrialeTis kulturis amgvar sruliad inovaciur, gamorCeulad mdidruli ornamentisa da daxvewili formebis keramikas, romelsac, miuxedavad mkvlevarTa gulmodgine Ziebisa, arc winamorbedi etapebis samxeTkavkasiur masalaSi moepoveba saerTo da, amave dros, arc garemomcveli ZvelaRmosavluri samyaros, arc CrdiloeTis stepebis Tu sxva regionebis kulturaTa Tixis produqciaSi aqvs raime, Tundac Soreuli analogebi. Cveni azriT, Savad gamomwvari, gamorCeulad daxvewili da mravalferovani TrialeTuri keramika warmoadgens sameTuneo dargis sakuTriv am kulturisaTvis niSandobliv erTerT did miRwevas (iseve rogorc xelosnobis sxva mimarTulebebisa), romelic maTi Semqmnelebis maRal SemoqmedebiT unarsa da SesaZleblobebze metyveleben da amitomac is, udavod, lokaluri tradiciis nawarmad unda ganvixiloT. sayuradReboa keramikaSi warmodgenili erTi sagangebo mimarTuleba, romelic samecniero literaturaSi wiTelze Savad moxatuli “wylis sqemis” motivis stiladaa cnobili28. am masalis mravalwliani kvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom moxatuli keramikis es tipi aSkarad winaaziuri, ufro konkretulad ki, vani-urmiispireTis zegavlenis Sedegad Seqmnili nawarmia29 . is, Cven im kategoriis jgufad migvaCnia, romelic erTmniSvnelovnad naTlad avlens TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis interkulturul kontaqtebs maxlobeli aRmosavleTisAam regionTan. rac Seexeba, sakvlevi kulturis xelosnobis sxva dargebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel masalebs, aqac SeiZleba diferencirdes lokaluri da ucxo stilis nawarmi, Tanac gacilebiT farTod. es tendencia gansakuTrebiT mkafiod ikveTeba torevtikasa da samkaulSi. maTi raodenoba da tipobrivad mravalferovani jgufebi imdenad farToa da, Tanac ukve kargad publicirebuli, rom aq zedmetad migvaCia TiToeul nimuSebze cal-calke yuradRebis SeCereba.Ddainteresebul mkiTxvels maTi daxasiaTeba da dawvrilebiTi interpretireba SeuZlia ixilos Cvens mier bibliografiul nawilSi motanil literaturaSi.A

TrialeTis kulturisaTvis yvelaze sayvarel samkauls mZivebi warmoadgens, romelTa tipobrivi da stilisturi mravalferovneba farTodaa warmodgenili am kulturis umravles samarxeul Zeglebze30. maT Soris, lo -

27. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts, Fig. 5.3. 28. Куфтин, Археологически раскопки. 80,84-85, Табл. LXXVI, LXXVIII-LXXXIII; Кушнарева, Кавказ в 9-2 тыс., 123-127,. 38,39, 42,43,47-49; gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli. 55-61. 29. marine fuTuriZe, “urmiispireTis regionis gavlena samxreT kavkasiaze: TrialeTis kulturis erTi tipis keramikis kvleva”, aRmosavleTmcodneoba #8 (2019), 115-130. 30. marine fuTuriZe, “TrialeTis kulturis oqromWedlobis nawarmis erTi tipis kvlevisaTvis”, kavkasia. neoliT-brinjaos xanis arqeologiis sakiTxebi, “Ziebani”, damatebani VI, (Tbilisi: arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, 2001, 117-122.

kalur stilTan erTad, sakmao raodenobiT gvxvdeba winaaziuri tipisa31 da egeosuri samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZivebic32. artefaqtebis es jgufi naTlad miuTiTebs aRniSnuli sivrcis oqromWedlobis sxvadasxva mowinave centrebTan TrialeTis kulturis sazogadoebis garkveuli socialuri fenis/fenebis (oqromWedeli xelosnebi, vaWrebi)komunikaciis sasargeblod. aseve, is wina aziis calkeul regionTa (tab.I2) samxreT kavkasiis am dawinaurebul kulturaze savaWro-ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli zegavlenis maniSnebelicaa. amgvari procesebis maCvenebel masalaTa sxvasxva tipobrivi jgufebi (sakinZebi, mrgvali firfitebi, sakidebi, sasafeTqle xviebi, Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi liTonis WurWeli da sxva) sakmaod mravalferovania da mkvlevarTa yuradRebis sagani isini, ara mxolod konkretuli nimuSebis sagangebod ganxilvis, aramed Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulTa sivrceSi arsebuli interkulturuli kavSirebis garkvevisa da Sefasebis TvalsazrisiTac araerTxel gamxdara33. mkvlevarTa nawili ki, miuxedavad wina aziis centrebidan momdinare gavlenebis miTiTebisa, TrialeTis oqromWedlobaSi gacilebiT metad xedavs adgilobriv tendenciebs da uSualod akavSirebs mas oqromWedlobis lokaluri niadagis mqone tradiciasTan34 .

TrialeTis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel arsebiT konteqstze farTod saubrisas akad. o.lorTqifaniZe, gansxvavebul poziciaTa analizisa da Sejerebis safuZvelze gvTavazobs dRevanedli Cveni codnis doneze am fenomenis Sesaxeb, vfiqrob, yvelaze ufro marTebul da gasaziarebel Tvalsazriss, romelic mixedviTac uSualod winamorbedi xanis samxreTkavkasiurma kulturulma plastma garkveuli substratis roli Seasrula, romlis niadagzec Zv.w. III aTaswleulis miwurulsa da II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi wina aziidan momdinare ucxo gavlenebTan Sexebisa da organuli Serwymis Sedegad Camoayalibda “aSkarad ZvelaRmosavluri ieris brwyinvale yorRanebis kultura35 .

31. marine fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani TrialeTuri kulturis mxatvruli xelosnobis ganviTarebis tendenciebis Sesaxeb”, Ziebani saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi #17-18 (Tbilisi: arqeologiuri kvlevis centri, 2006), 66-76. 32. Marina Puturidze, “Some Evidences for the South Caucasian-Aegean World Relationship”, Aegean World and South Caucasus: Cultural Relations in the Bronze Age. Proceedings of the International Workshop (Tbilisi: “Mtsignobari”, 2016), 139-162. 33. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки. 78-100; gogaZe, TrialeTis yorRanuli. 79-94; jafariZe, qarTveli eris eTnogenezis, 341-259; Mikheil Abramishvili, “In search of the origins of Metallurgy – An overview of South Caucasian evidence”, Von Majkop bis Trialeti (Berlin, 2010), 167- 178; SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi. 78-82; Devedjian, Lori Berd II. 397-402. 411-417; Sagona, Zimansky,Ancient Turkey. 225- 244; Rubinson,“Silver Vessels. 128-143; Karen Rubinson, “Actual imports or just ideas? Investigations in Anatolia and the Caucasus”, Cultures in Contact. From Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean in the II Millennium B.C. Edited by J. Aruz, S. Graff and Y. Radik, (New York: The Metropolitan Muzeum of Art,2013), 12-25; Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts. 120-122,127; fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani. 66-76; marine fuTuriZe, “analogiuri tendenciebis SedarebiTi kvlevisaTvis samxreT kavkasiis da wina aziis Sua brinjaos xanis mxatvrul xelosnobaSi”, civilizaciuri Ziebani #9(Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 2011), 95-106. 34. nana jafariZe, brinjaos xanis oqromWedloba saqarTveloSi (TrialeTis kultura). (Tbilisi: gamomcemloba “xelovneba”, 1981), 81-82, 99-104; nino lorTqifaniZe, qarTuli oqromWedloba, (Tbilisi, 2015). 35. oTar lorTqifaniZe, Zveli qarTuli civilizaciis saTaveebTan, (Tbilisi: Tbilisis

arsebuli masalebis mixedviT, vfiqrobT, rom Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis mijnaze da mas Semdeg, daaxloebiT kidev meoTxedi saukunis manZilze, ganviTarebuli movlenebi savaWro-ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebis gansakuTrebulad gaaqtiurebis sasargeblod metyvelebs. torevtikisa da samkaulis mravalricxovan nimuSTa Soris sagangebodaa aRsaniSnavi artefaqtTa arcTu mcire jgufi (oqros fuye sasafeTqle xviebi, oqros mrgvali, geometriuli saxeebiT ornamentirebuli firfitebi, aSuris tipis wiboiangverdiani mZivi, dedofal fu-abis samkaulis ansamblidan cnobili milakis formis, gavarsiT Semkuli Sumeruli tipis mZivebi, ToTxmetmZiviani yelsabamis erTi komponenti – oqros CarCoSi Casmuli, TeTrZarRviani aqatis kuloni, walkisa da yaraSambis yorRanebidan cnobili vercxlis saritualo Tasebis frizebSi ganawilebuli ikonografiuli kompoziciebi, vercxlis wyvili, sadazedapiriani Tasebi, vercxlis cilindruli formis, saxeluriani WurWeli vanaZoris (kirovakanis) #1 yorRanidan, brinjaos kalaTiseburi tipis vaza, garda amisa, wina aziis oqromWedlobaSi farTod gavrcelebuli dekoris - wvrili cvaraTi Sesrulebuli, erTmaneTis sapirispirod mimarTuli samkuTxedebis rigis ornamentuli saxis xSiri gamoyeneba TrialeTur nimuSebze, dakrZalvis tradiciis inovaciuri saxe- kremacia da araerTi sxva SemTxveva tradiciebsa Tu materialuri kulturis ZeglebSi), romelTac pirdapiri analogebi eZebnebaT winaaziuri kulturebis kompleqsTa Soris. rasakvirvelia, aseTi raodenobisa da amgvari analogiebis maniSnebeli nimuSebis aRmoCena TrialeTis kulturis samarxeul ZeglebSi SemTxveviToba an importirebuli nivTis gamonaklisi SemTxveva ar SeiZleba iyos. rogorc Cans, swored Zv.w. XXII/XXI saukunidan vidre Zv.w. XVII saukunis Sua xanamde, wina aziis zogierT regionebTan (centraluri anatolia, Sumeri, vani-urmiispireTi) kavSirurTierTobebis arsebuli sqema unda iyos mizezi, ris gamoc moxda dawinaurebuli civilizaciuri centrebidan wamosuli kulturuli gavlenebis, im epoqis sxvadasxva miRwevebisa da axali modis nakadis farTod adaptireba TrialeTis kulturis elitis mier. vfiqrobT, rom procesebi, romlis Sedegadac Sumeruli kulturuli plastis samxreT kavkasiaSi gamoCena Cans, ukavSirdeba am regionSi TrialeTis kulturis gamoCenas, sadac oqromWedlobis mdidar repertuarSi sakmaod Cndeba iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebicaa: fuye, erTnaxevarbruniani sasafeTqle xviebi, TeTrZarRviani aqati, gamoyenebuli rogorc sardioniT inkrustirebul oqros CarCoSi Casmuli sakidis mTavari komponenti36 da, aseve, damoukidebeli gulsakidebis saxiTac yaraSambisa da lori-berdis yorRanebis yelsabamebSi, gavarsis teqnikiT ornamentirebuli oqros patara zomis milakiseburi mZivebi da sxva, romlebis Zalian tipiuria nimuSebia samxreTmesopotamiuri kulturisaTvis. samxreT kavkasiisa da maxlobel aRmosavleTis kavSirebisa da savaWro-sakomunikacio gzebze sagangebod momuSave specialistebi fiqroben, rom Su-

universitetis gamomcemloba, 2002), 99. 36. Куфтин, Археологические раскопки, 94, Табл. XCIV, XCV.

meruli kvali samxreT kavkasiaSi bevrad adre, neoliTis xanaSic Cans37 . rac Seexeba adre brinjaos xanaSi SeniSnul kavSirebs, sruliad marTebuli mgonia is Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixedviTac mtkvar-araqsis kulturis matarebelTa damkvidreba aRmosavleT anatoliis mdinareTa dablobebSi da liToniT vaWrobaze monopolizeba cxadi xdeba arslanTefes VI B aRmoCenebis mixedviT. am sakiTxebis garSemo Catarebuli detaluri kvleva, cxadia, mniSvnelovnad waadgeba rogorc mtkvar-araqsis fenomenis kidev ufro Rrmad gaazrebas, aseve, amave mkvlevarTa mier SeniSnuli faqtis – “rom brinjaosTan erTad isini SesaZloa oqros mimwodeblebic iyvnen arslanTefes sazogadoebisaTvis”38 – momavalSi utyuar dasabuTebasac. aRniSnuli movlenebis detaluri interpretireba adre brinjaos xanis samxreT kavkasia – wina aziis sivrcis kulturebisaTvis39 da maTze dayrdnobiT ki, TiTqmis naxevar aTaswleulis Semdeg ganviTarebuli movlenebi, romelic ukavSirdeba TrialeTis brwyinvale yorRanebis kulturis dasawyiss (romelic amjerad Cveni interesis uSualo sagania), vfiqrob, rom cvlis saerTaSoriso kavSirurTierTobis veqtorebs. ufro konkretulad ki, amis ganmapirobebeli mizezi is gansxvavebuli viTareba unda iyos, romelic sakuTriv Sua brinjaos xanis II, ganviTarebul etapzeASeiqmna wina aziis vrcel arealSi sxvadasxva politikuri da eTno-kulturuli erTeulebis gamoCenisa da dominirebis gamo (ZvelxeTuri imperia, aSuris rolis win wamoweva saerTaSoriso savaWro qselSi) regionSi, romelTan kavSirebisaken swrafvac, bunebrivia, rom didi eqneboda sxvebTan erTad samxreT kavkasiaSi momZlavrebul TrialeTis kulturasac. maxlobel aRmosavleTTan interkulturuli urTierTobebi da iqidan momdinare gavlenebisa da modis Semosvla, upirvelesad saerTaSoriso sakomunikacio qselis ganaxlebas da/an axlis Camoyalibebas iTvaliswinebda. es ganpirobebuli iyo rogorc sxvadasxva resursebis mopovebisa da mza produqciis mowodeba-gasaRebis gzebTan wvdomis aucileblobiT, ise TrialeTis kulturis sazogadoebis elituri fenis socialuri dakveTebisa da misi ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobebis ZiebiT40. simdidris xelSi Cagdebisa da ekonomikuri gaZlierebisaken mkafiod orientirebuli TrialeTis elita, cxadia, am mizeziTac eZiebs da amyarebs axal kavSirurTierTobebs da srulad iTvaliswinebs mis samxreT samezobloSi Seqmnil savaWro-ekonomikur Tu politikurad wamyvani erTeulebis arsebobis faqtorebs.Aam periodisaTvis, rogorc Cans, ukve damyarda garkveuli balansi mmarTveli da, aseve, masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli, socialuri jgufebis maRali standartis moTxovnasa da mis miwodebas Soris, rac aisaxa kidec ideaTa translaciis an/da umTavresad mxatvruli xelosnobis prestiJuli nawarmisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli maRali stilis aTvisebiTa Tu miwodebiT.

37. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 67. 38. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 71-74. 39. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 67-77. 40. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts”. 126-127; fuTuriZe, “zogierTi mosazrebani~. 66-76; SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 79.

aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT misaRebad mimaCnia is varaudi, romelsac Sua brinjaos xanis am etapTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnaven mkvlevarebi da xazs usvamen sxvadasxva prestiJuli masalis mopovebisaken swrafvasa da maTi arsebobis konkretul magaliTebs TrialeTis kulturis ZeglebSi dadasturebul artefaqtTa Soris41 .

SejamebisaTvis aRvniSnavT, rom imdenad, ramdenadac TrialeTis kulturis sxvadasxva tipis artefaqtTa sakmao raodenoba adgilobrivTan erTad, aseve naTlad avlens ucxo da lokaluri garemosaTvis Zalian naklebad damaxasiaTebel tendenciebsac, romlebic ara mxolod uecrad iWreba samxreT kavkasiis am geografiul nawilSi, aramed ukve sruliad Camoyalibebuli da mza saxiTac, es safuZvels gvaZlevs misi warmomavlobis Tavdapirveli sawyisebi maxlobeli aRmosavleTis dawinaurebuli centrebisaken veZioT. samxreT kavkasiis geokulturul lanSaftSi Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnasa da II –is dasawyisSi dadasturebuli yvela zemoaRniSnuli siaxle sakmaod arsebiTi iyo da maT TvalsaCinod Secvales manmade arsebuli realoba. maT Soris gadamwyveti aRmoCnda TrialeTis kulturis politikur asparezze gamoCena, misTvis damaxasiaTebel siaxleTa mTeli ansambliT, sazogadoebis socializaciis garTuleba, adresaxelmwifoebrivi institutis zRvramde misvla da sameurneo meqanizmis morgeba xelosnoba-mesaqonleoba-miwaTmoqmedebis Tanaarsebobaze42; rasakvirvelia, TrialeTis kulturaze (iseve rogorc sxva SemTxvevebSi), garemomcveli geopolitikur-kulturuli landSafti garkveulad zemoqmedebda mis dawinaurebaze. Tumca, niSandoblivi faqtoria isic, rom garemomcveli kulturuli garemos zemoqmedebis xarisxi yvela garkveul SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia xolme da is ar SeiZleba iyos erTnairi siZlierisa da gavlenis mqone, iqidan gamomdinare Tu ramdenad dawinaurebuli da rogori xasiaTis civilizaciaTa garemocvaSia esa Tu is kultura, kerZod – masze bevrad aRmatebuli donisa da politikurad mZlavri Tu misi identuri ganviTarebis, an ufro naklebis, mqone. CvenTvis saintereso SemTxvevaSi, ZvelaRmosavluri samyaros istoriul garemocvaSi misi arsebobis qronologiuri monakveTi emTxveva sakmaod arsebiTi geopolitikuri da geokulturuli Zvrebis (cvlilebebis) periods, rasac ar SeiZleboda gavlena ar eqonia mis ganviTarebaze, miT ufro, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT, rom TrialeTis kulturis damaxasiaTebeli bunebaa sakmaod gaxsniloba, Zieba da mzaoba yovelgvari ucxosa da mowinave siaxleebis aTvisebisaken. cxadia, aRniSnuli faqtoris gaTvaliswineba umniSvnelovanesia am fenomenis saboloo saxis Camoyalibebis gaazrebisaTvis.

Zv.w. II aTaswleulis dasawyisi gamorCeuli periodi aRmoCnda wina aziis sivrceSi saerTaSoriso ekonomikur sistemebSi cvlilebebisa43 da amave dros savaWro-gacvliTi kavSirebis axali qselis gaCeniT. swored am pe-

41. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi,77-80. 42. Puturidze, “Social and Economic Shifts,” 122-126. 43. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 81-82.

riodSi aarsebs kulturul-ekonomikurad momZlavrebuli asiria Tavis savaWro koloniebs sxvadasxva, maT Soris misgan moSorebul regionSic, risi magaliTic centralur anatoliaSi dafuZnebuli msxvili savaWro kolonia karum kaneSia. Zv.w. XIX saukunidan is erT-erTi yvelaze mZlavri ekonomikur-savaWro centri iyo uZveles maxlobel aRmosavleTSi, sadac Tavs iyrida imdroindeli teqnikuri da mxatvrul-stilisturi miRwevebiTa da axali modis nimuSebiT gamorCeuli prestiJuli produqciis didi raodenoba. TrialeTis kulturis ZeglebSi dadasturebuli araerTi nawarmi44 swored am umniSvnelovanesi savaWro koloniis centrSi da, aseve, aSuris mdidar vaWarTa ## 18, 20 da 21 samarxebSi45 aRmoCenili masalebis axlo analogebia. zogadad, TrialeTis kulturis nimuSTa sakmaod soliduri raodenoba cxads xdis imas, rom am samxreTkavkasiuri kulturuli erTobisaTvis sakmaod kargad iyo cnobili maxlobeli aRmosavleTis savaWro-gacvliTi qselis farTo mimoqcevaSi arsebuli prestiJuli produqcia. cxadia, rom is zedmiwevniT kargad icnobda wina aziis kulturaTa sxvadasxva miRwevebsa da kulturul tradiciebs da iTavisebda kidec maT siaxleebs. vfiqrobT, rom TrialeTis mdidrul yorRanebSi amgvari masalis arseboba mkafio amsaxvelia Sua brinjaos xanis ganviTarebul safexurze mWidro komunikaciisa da samxreTul civilizaciaTa masze zegavlenis arsebobisa. amgvar urTierTobaTa da savaWro gzebis warmatebiT dawyebuli Zieba46, cxadia, perspeqtiulia da samomavlod unda gafarTovdes ara mxolod wina aziasTan, aramed mis miRma regionebis gaSuqebis mxrivac. amjerad ki, im regionTa Soris, romlebTanac TrialeTis kulturis mravalferovani masalebi amJRavnebs uSualo analogebs moviazrebT asiriul savaWro kolonias centralur anatoliaSi, Sumersa da vani-urmiispireTis raions (tab. I2). vfiqrobT, rom TrialeTis kulturis realoba uTuod nayofieri niadagi aRmoCnda garemomcveli winaaziuri vrceli geokulturuli landSaftisaTvis mis miRwevaTa ufro Soreul regionebSi gavrceleba-gatanisa da danergvis TvalsazrisiT, xolo sakvlevi samxreTkavkasiuri kulturisaTvis ki, is aSkarad winapiroba gaxda manamde arnaxuli dawinaurebisa da ayvavebis gzaze47 . rogorc Cans, Zv. w. III aTaswleulis meore naxevarsa, xolo Semdeg ki, ukve misi miwurulisaTvis wina aziaSi gaaqtiurebuli tomTa moZraoba da axal, winaresaxelmwifoebriv da adresaxelmwifoebriv garTianebaTa warmonaqmnebi mniSvnelovanwilad ganapirobebda im geopolitikur, savaWro-ekonomikur da

44. Marina Puturidze, “On the Origins and Development of Gold Working in the Middle Bronze Age Trialeti CulTure”. At the Northern Frontier of the Near Eastern Archaeology. Recent Research on Caucasia and Anatolia in the Bronze Age. SUBARTU, XXXVIII (Turnhout: Brepols, 2017), 213-228. 45. Michael Müller-Karpe, Zu den Erdgräbern 18, 20 und 21 von Assur. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis mesopotamischer Metallgefasse und –waffen von der Wende des 3. Zum 2. Jahrtausend v. Chr. (Mainz: „Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz“, 1995), 260-270. 46. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi, 79-83. 47. Puturidze, “On the Origins”. 213-228.

kulturul kavSirurTierTobaTa sistemis Seqmnas, romelsac udavo zegavlena unda moexdina sakuTriv am regionis da aseve, misi Crdilo mezoblis - samxreT kavkasiis geokulturuli landSaftis Camoyalibebaze. amitomacaa, rom mis Seswavlas ganmsazRvreli mniSvnelobac ki eniWeba am ukanaskneli regionis arqeologiur problematikaSi. arsebuli viTareba aSkarad imis sasargeblod metyvelebs, rom swored Zv.w. III-II aTaswleulebis gzisgasayaridan dawyebuli adgili aqvs kavSirurTierTobebis gansakuTrebul gaaqtiurebas, rac, cxadia, garkveuli, maT Soris zemoaRniSnuli, mizezebiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. am mizezTa Soris, cxadia, resursebis mopovebasTan erTad mniSvnelovani iqneboda mza produqciis gasaRebis bazrebisaTvis brZola da adgilis damkvidreba xelsayrel regionSi. samwuxarod, werilobiT wyaroebTan erTad, sxva xasiaTis monacemebis naklebobac mniSvnelovnad abrkolebs imis mkafiod warmoCenas Tu konkretulad ra saxisa da intensivobis kontaqtebi unda yofiliyo samxreT kavkasiis TrialeTis kulturasa da mis samxreTiT mezobel politikur-kulturul centrebs Soris. vfiqrobT, rom momavali kvleva, arqeologiuri xasiaTis monacemebTan erTad, saWiroa rTuli istoriuli movlenebis Tu wyaroebis gaSuqebis paralelurad da uSualod mis konteqstSi Catardes. amgvar Sedegianobasa da perspeqtiulobaze Cvens mier dasaxelebuli naSromic metyvelebs48 .

48. SanSaSvili, narimaniSvili, narimaniSvili, vaWroba da savaWro gzebi.