narimaniSvili g., kvaWaZe m., foforaZe n., seskuria ol. TrialeTis brinjaos xanis TeTri feris mZivebi

goderZi narimaniSvili, marine kvaWaZe, saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi) nodar foforaZe, olRa seskuria saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

TrialeTis brinjaos xanis TeTri feris mZivebi

TrialeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriuli mxarea. is mdebareobs samxreT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi, maRalmTian platoze, mcire kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi (tab. I,1).

TrialeTis intensiuri arqeologiuri kvleva XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan daiwyo b. kuftinis xelmZRvanelobiT. man araerTi mniSvnelovani Zegli Seiswavla da am monacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava kavkasiis brinjaos xanis arqeologiuri Zeglebis periodizacia da qronologia. 1989 wlidan TrialeTSi arqeologiur kvleva-Ziebas awarmoebs saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri kvlevis centris eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli g. narimaniSvili). amjerad Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens TeTri feris masalisa Tu mineralisagan damzadebuli mZivebi. TrialeTSi aseTi saxeobis mZivebi Zv.w. III aTaswleulidan, adrebrinjaos xanidan mtkvar-araqsis kulturis Zeglebze gvxvdeba. isini mcire zomis cilindrebis saxiTaa warmodgenili. ZiriTadad aseTive formis mZivebi gvxvdeba Sua da gviani brinjaos xanis kompleqsebSi.

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis pirvel naxevaris Zeglebze aRmoCenili TeTri feris mZivebi formebisa da ornamentebis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva; ukve arsebuli cilindruli formebis mZivebis gverdiT gvxvdeba samkuTxa da rombisebri formis artefaqtebi. amave xanaSi Cndeba e.w. dominoseburi mZivebi. TrialeTSi TeTri feris mZivebi or aTeulamde Zeglzea aRmoCenili. samecniero literaturaSi ZiriTadad aRniSnulia, rom TeTri feris mZivebi pastisagan aris damzadebuli, iSviaTad maT Tvlian Zvlis nivTebad. b. kuftinma pirvelma aRwera TeTri feris mZivebi, maT Soris e.w. dominosebri mZivebi da miiCnia, rom maT dasamzadeblad talkis erT-erTi saxeobaa gamoyenebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod miviCnieT gagverkvia Tu ra masalisgan mzaddeboda aRniSnuli artefaqtebi. mineralogiuri kvlevisaTvis safar-xarabas samarovnidan SeirCa erTi mcire zomis cilindruli mZivi (inv. #192), xolo eli-babas samarovnidan ori cilindruli formisa da ori dominoseburi mZivis fragmenti (inv. # 797, 798, 939, 1045) safar-xarabas samarovani TrialeTis gvian brinjaos xanis erT-erT yvelaze saintereso arqeologiur Zegls warmoadgens, romelic Zv.w. XV-XIV ss_iT TariRdeba. aq aRmoCenilia kvarcis jgufis mineralebis (sardioni, aqati, sardoniqsi), faiansisa da minisagan damzadebuli mZivebi, romelTa erTi

nawili garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs xmelTaSuazRvispireTis analogiur artefaqtebTan. aqve aRmoCnda TeTri feris mcire zomis cilindruli formis mZivebi. eli-babas samarovani TariRdeba Zv.w. VII-V ss-iT. aq mopovebul mZiv-samkauls Soris yvelaze mravalricxovania TeTri feris mZivebi – dominoseburi, cilindruli, samkuTxa, rombisebri da marTkuTxa formis mZivebi (tab. I,2; II,1-6). zemoTaRwerili tipis mZivebi TrialeTis umetes Zeglebzea aRmoCenili; erT-erTi maTgania avranlos samarovani, romelic 1947 wels Seiswavla b. kuftinma da Zv.w. I aTaswleulis SuaxanebiT daaTariRa. eli-babas samarovanze mopovebuli mZivebis msgavsad, avranlos analogiuri artefaqtebi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva (tab. III).

TrialeTis garda, TeTri feris mZivebi da maT Soris e.w. dominosebri mZivebis calkeuli egzemplarebi aRmoCenilia rogorc aRmosavleT, ise dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaTxril Zeglebze, romlebic Zv.w. VIII-VII saukuneebiT TariRdeba aseTive tipis mZivebi aRmoCenilia somxeTSi, istoriuli taSiris teritoriaze, romelic TrialeTs samxreTidan esazRvreba. somxeTSi es mZivebi Zv.w. XI-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. azerbaijanis teritoriaze dominosebri mZivebis ramdenime egzemplari dafiqsirebulia palidlinis nekropolze. ramdenime cali dominoseburi mZivia cnobli CvenTvis TurqeTis teritoriidan: karagonduzis samarovanze, romelic mdebareobs vanis tbis aRmosavleT sanapirosTan, Zegli TariRdeba urartuli xaniT, da ankaris muzeumis gamofenaze warmodgenilia ramdenime dominosebri mZivi, romelTa aRmoCenis adgili ar aris cnobili. amrigad, e.w. dominosebri mZivebi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samxreT kavkasiis centralur nawilSi: saqarTveloSi _ istoriuli TrialeTisa da Tanamedrove somxeTis CrdiloeT nawilSi – istoriuli taSiris teritoriaze. aRniSnul teritoriaze e.w. dominosebri mZivebi didi raodenobiTaa aRmoCenili da formaTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. dominosebr mZivebs mkvlevarebi drois did monakveTSi aTavseben da zogadad Zv.w. XI-V saukuneebiT aTariReben, Tumca b. kuftini aRniSnavda, rom am tipis mZivebi arsebobda mxolod drois gansazRvrul mokle monakveTSi. Cvenc migvaCnia, rom am tipis mZivebis warmoeba drois mokle monakveTSi mimdinareobda. aseve vfiqrobT, rom maTi sawaroo centri mcire kavkasionis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi, kerZod TrialeTSi mdebareobda. ukanasknel wlebSi eli-babasa da knoles samarovnebze Catarebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, da TrialeTSi adre gaTxrili samarovnebis xelaxali gaazreba safuZvels gvaZlevs, „dominosebri“ mZivebi da maTi Semcveli kompleqsebi Zv.w. VII-VI ss-iT unda daTariRdes. aqedan gamomdinare, saWirod CavTvaleT gagverkvia, Tu ra masalisgan mzaddeboda zemoxsenebuli artefaqtebi. mineralogiuri kvlevisaTvis SeirCa safar-xarabas samarovnidan cilindruli formis erTi mcire zomis mZivis (inv. # 192) da eli-babas samarovnidan ori cilindruli formis da ori dominoseburi mZivis fragmenti (inv. ## 797, 798, 949, 1045) (tab. IV, 1b-d).

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis gamoyenebiTi geologiis departamentSi (xelmZRvaneli geologia-mineralogiis mec. doqt. n. foforaZe) Catarda TrialeTSi mopovebuli mZivebis mineralogiuri analizi. Catarebuli kvlevis Tanmimdevroba aseTia: vizualuri daTvalierebis Semdeg, polarizaciuli mikroskopiT sargeblobisas, mZivebis mcire zomebisa da maTi Semadgeneli fazebis wvrilmarcvlovnebis gamo calsaxad identificireba, rogorc talkisa da enstatitisa, gaZnelebulia. analizis erTmniSvnelovani Sedegi (fazebi) dafiqsirda mZivis nimuSebis rentgenofazuri analiziT da optikuri fotometriis monacemebiT. sakvlev masalaze Catarda optikur-fotometruli, rentgenofazuri, qimiuri da rentgenofluorescentuli analizi, romelTa safuZvelze saintereso Sedegebia miRebuli. zogierTi nimuSi, marTlac, TiTqmis mTlianad talkiTaa warmodgenili (tab. IV, 3a), zogSi talkTan erTad enstatitis faza gvxvdeba sxvadasxva procentuli TanafardobiT (tab. IV, 3b) da zogic TiTqmis mTlianad enstatitiTaa warmodgenili (tab. IV, 3c). gairkva, rom erTi mZivis calkeul marcvlebSi gvaqvs talkis an enstatitis damoukidebeli fazebi, aseve erT marcvalSi orive faza erTad sxvadasxva raodenobiT, ise rom marcvlebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba praqtikulad ar icvleba. gaCnda eWvi, rom talkis bunebriv masalas Catarebuli aqvs Termuli damuSaveba sxvadasxva temperaturaze. sawyisi faza iyo talki da temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT igi ufro mkvriv masalad (enstatiti) gardaiqmna. nimuSebi makroskopulad, ZiriTadad, TeTri ferisaa, wvril da Tanabarmarcvlovani. mikroskopSi calkeuli fazis gansazRvra erTmniSvnelovnad SeuZlebelia maTi wvrilmarcvlovnebis gamo. rentgenostruqturuli fazuri analizis saSualebiT, warmodgenili masala, ZiriTadad, Seesabameba enstatits da talks (tab. IV, 2a). mZivebis rentgenofluorescentuli analiziT maTi qimiuri Sedgeniloba praqtikulad erTnairia. analizis monacemebis gasaSualoebuli mniSvneloba warmodgenilia cxrilSi (tab. IV, 1a). optikuri fotometriis monacemebiT masala warmodgenilia piroqseniTa (enstatitiT) da talkiT. vizualurad erTnairi sakvlevi nimuSebis optikuri, rentgenostruqturuli da optikuri fotometriis meTodebiT kvlevam saSualeba mogvca zogierT nimuSSi talkisa da enstatitis fazebis erTdroulad arseboba agvexsna talkze temperaturuli zemoqmedebiT. amdenad, Catarebuli iqna eqsperimenti: Cveulebriv pirobebSi gadaRebuli talkis nimuSis rentgenograma mTlianad talks Seesabameba (tab. IV, 4a). Semdeg gadaviReT 600°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma, sadac ukve talkTan erTad gamoCnda enstatitis damoukidebeli faza (tab. IV, 4b). axali nimuSis 900°C temperaturaze gaxurebis Semdeg gadaRebul rentgenogramaze talkis fazis raodenoba katastrofulad Semcirebulia, xolo enstatitisa _ gazrdili (tab. IV, 4c). aqedan gamomdinare, aRmoCnda, rom mZivebis nedleulad gamoyenebulia minerali talki, romelsac damzadebis

procesSi gamowvavdnen sxvadasxva temperaturaze. talki 5000C-ze zemoT gaxurebiT TandaTan gardaiqmneba enstatitad da rac ufro maRalia temperatura, miT meti raodenobiT gadadis igi enstatitSi da zogjer mTlianad enstatitad gardaiqmneba. saqarTveloSi talkis qva, ZiriTadad, dakavSirebulia lopanisxevisa da WeraTxevis (suramulas marcxena Senakadi, xaSuris raioni) serpentinizebul ultrafuZe qanebTan _ Zirulis masivis periferiul nawilSi, sxva qanebTan kontaqtis zonaSi. bunebaSi talki gvxvdeba talkis qvis (karbonatis an qloritis minareviT) an ufro sufTa talkitis saxiT. talkiti wvrilmarcvlovani talkiani qania, Seicavs 90%-mde talks. arCeven talkitis or saxesxvaobas: mkvrivs _ steatitsa da fiqlebrivs _ talkian fiqals. steatiti talkis masiuri saxesxvaobaa. igi farulkristaluri, TeTri, Ria mwvane, muqi mwvane, odnav moyviTalo, an nacrisferi talkia. dabali simagris gamo, Sexebisas gveCveneba cximovanad, aqedanaa misi saxelwodebac _ steatiti. steatitis samrewvelo mniSvnelobis sabadoebi warmoSobiT dakavSirebulia hiperbazitebTan da magniumian karbonatul qanebTan (dolomiti, magneziti). talki warmoiqmneba magniumiT mdidar ultrafuZe qanebze (peridotitebi, serpentinitebi da sxv.) hidroTermuli xsnarebis zemoqmedebiT, kaJiani karbonatuli qanebis kontaqtur-metasomaturi cvlilebebiT, Tixiani qanebis metamorfizmiT. steatitis mcire zomis budobi cnobilia md. bJineurasa (Zirulas marcxena Senakadi) da lopaniswylis (dasavleT frones marjvena Senakadi, znaurisa da qarelis municip.) xeobebSi. praqtikulad mniSvnelovania TeTri mindvris, qvaSavasa da WeSuras (lopaniswylis xeoba) talkis budobebi. met-naklebad Secvlil serpentinitebs Soris talki gvxvdeba calkeuli ZarRvebisa da budisebri sxeulebis saxiT. CvenSi talki ori tipisaa: Ria nacrisferi da momwvano steatiti. budobi, ZiriTadad, nacrisferi saxesxvaobisgan Sedgeba, mwvane saxesxvaoba umniSvnelo raodenobiTaa (10%-mde). rkinis Semcveli steatiti sanaxelavo qvaa. misgan amzadeben samkauls, gamanawilebel dafebs, magidebs, zardaxSebs, Cibuxis tarebs. igi saucxoo masalaa gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi. amrigad, samxreT kavkasiis teritoriaze mcire zomis TeTri feris mZivebi Cndeba adreuli brinjaos xanidan da misi farTo warmoeba xdeba Zv.w. I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi.

Bibliography:

Avetisyan, Hayk, and Avetisyan, Pavel. Culture of the Ararat Plain XI - VI centuries BC. Yerevan, 2006 (In Armenian). Avetisyan, Pavel, Engibaryan, Nora, and Sarkisyan, Hamlet. “Newly discovered archeological monuments of Armenia”, Handes Amsorya, 1-12, tab. 14, Fig. 40 (1998) (in Armenian). Davlianidze, Tsira. Kvemo Kartlis kultura dzv. ts. II atastsleulis meore nakhevarshi (Lower

Kartli (Trialeti) Culture in the Second half of the IstMillenium BC.), Tbilisi, 1983. Engibaryan Nora. “Urartian Burials from Noratus”, Abstracts of the conference dedicated to the results of field archaeological work in the Republic of Armenia in 1989-1990, (Yerevan, 1991), 68 (in Armenian). Gidaiat Jafarov, Diana Jafarova. Predvaritelnie rezultati polevikh issledovanii Karabakhskoi arkheologicheskoi ekspedicii (Preliminary Results of Field Research of the “Karabakh Archaeological Expedition”). Archaeological Research in Azerbaijan. Baku 2011. Gogadze Elguja, Pantskhava Leila, and Darispanashvili Mikheil. ”Nosiri-Mukhurchis arqeologiuri eqspediciis savele kvleva 1974-195” (The Field Research of the Nosiri-Mukhurcha Archaeological Expedition in 1974-1975), Archaeological Expeditions of Georgian

National museum V, 1977, 60-78. Ingram, Rebecca S. Faience and Glass Beads from the Late Bronze Age Shipwreck at Uluburun,

Ma thesis, Texas A&M University (2005). Japaridze Otar. Shida Kartlis udzvelesi istoria (The Ancient History of Shida Kartli (Inner

Kartli)).Tbilisi, 2009. Khachatyan Telemak. Drevnaya istoria Shiraka (Ancient Culture of Shirak). Yerevan, 1975. Kuftin Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v Trialeti (Archaeological Excavations in Trialeti).

Tbilisi, 1941. Kuftin Boris. Arkheologicheskie raskopki v 1947 godu v Tsalke (Archaeological Excavations in 1947 in the Tsalka district). Tbilisi, 1948. Kvachadze Marina. “Mdzivebi Eli-Babas samarovnidan” (The Beads from Eli-Baba Cemetery), Iberia-Colchis 8, 2012, 116-126. Kvachadze Marina, and Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Late Bronze – Early Iron Ages Beads from Trialeti”, Aegean World and South Caucasus. Tbilisi 2016, p.180-209 Maghalashvili George. Non-metallic mineral ores Indastrial Types, (Tbilisi, 2000). Martirosyan Arutiun. Armenia v epokhu pozneu bronzi i pannego jeleza (Armenia in the Late

Bronze and Early Iron Age). Yerevan, 1964. Menabde Medea, and DavlianidzeTsira. Trialetis samarovnebi (Trialeti Cemeteris). Tbilisi, 1968. Murvanidze Bidzina. “Eli-Babas samarovani” (The Eli-baba Burial Graund), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology. # 15-16, Tbilisi, 2005, 147-163. (in Georgian). Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Sapar-kharabas samarovani” (“Saphar-Kharaba Burial Ground”), Dziebani, Journal of the Georgian Archaeology. # 17-18, Tbilisi, 2006, 92-126. (in Georgian). Narimanishvili Goderdzi. “Trialeti in the 15th and 14th centuries BC”, Rescue Archaeology in

Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines. Tbilisi. 2010, 312-369.

Narimanishvili Goderdzi; Makharadze Zurab; Shanshashvili Nino; and Melikidze Shalva.

“Die Grabungskompanie in Zalka 1990-1992”, Archäclogische Geländearbeiten in Georgien 1989-1992. Tbilisi, 2004, 123-128.

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Collective Burial Grounds), Journal of Archaeology V, Tbilisi. 2010. 32-43 (in Georgian). Petrosyan Levon. Raskopki v Keti i Voskeask (Excavations in Keti and Voskeask). Yerevan. 1989. Sevin Veli. An Early Iron Age Cemetery. Istanbul, 1996. Shanshashvili Nino. “Sites of the Kura-Araxes Culture in Trialeti”, Rescue Archaeology in

Georgia: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasian Pipelines. Tbilisi. 2010, 161-184. Zhorzhikashvili Lamara, and Gogadze Elguja. Pamyatniki Trialeti v epokhu rannei i sredneu bronzi (Monuments of the Trialeti in the Early and Middle Bronze Age). Tbilisi. 1974 (in

Russian).

Illustrations:

I - 1. Location of Trialeti; Eli-baba cemetery: 2. Burial 38, inv. 798; 3. Burial 56, inv. 938. II - Eli-baba cemetery: 1. Burial 38, inv. 802; 2. Burial 38, inv. 799; 3. Burial 38, inv. 797; 4.

Burial 38, inv. 796; 5. Burial 38, inv. 800; 6. Burial 56, inv. 939. III - Avranlo cemetery: 1,2. Burial 3, inv. 33-65: 37; 3. Burial 10, inv. 33-65: 70; 4. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:5; 5. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:4; 6,7. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:7; 8-10. Burial 1: inv. 33-65:6. IV - 1, a. Chemical composition of beads; b. The bead from Sapar-kharaba cemetery (inv.192); c,d. The beads from Eli-baba cemetery (inv. 1045, 797) IV - 2, a. X-ray pattern of bead from Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 797; b. X-ray pattern of bead from

Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 949. IV - 3, a. X-ray pattern of talc bead (Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 1045); b. X-ray pattrn of talc and enstatit phases (Sapar-kharaba cemetery, inv. 192); c. X-ray pattern of enstatit (Eli-baba cemetery, inv. 798). IV - 4, a. X-ray pattern of a natural sample; b. X-ray pattern of a natural sample heated at 600°C temperature; c. X-ray pattern of a natural sample heated at 900°C temperature.

tabulebis aRweriloba:

I – 1. TrialeTis mdebareoba; mZivebi eli-babas samarovnidan: 2. samarxi #38, inv. 798; 3. samarxi #56, inv. 938. II – mZivebi eli-babas samarovnidan: 1. samarxi #38, inv. 802; 2. samarxi #38, inv. 799; 3. samarxi #38, inv. 797; 4. samarxi #38, inv. 796; 5. samarxi #38, inv. 800; 6. samarxi #56, inv. 939. III – mZivebi avranlos samarovnidan: 1,2. samarxi #3, inv. 33-65: 37; 3. samarxi #10, inv. 33-65: 70; 4. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 5; 5. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 4; 6,7. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 7; 8-10. samarxi #1, inv. 33-65: 6. IV - 1,a. mZivebis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, %; talkis mZivebi: 1,b. safar-xarabas samarovnidan (inv. #192); 1,c,d. eli-babas samarovnidan (inv. #1045, 797). IV - 2,a. eli-babas samarovnis mZivis rentgenograma (inv. #797); 2,b. eli-babas samarovnis mZivis rentgenograma (inv. #949). IV - 3,a. talkis mZivis rentgenograma (eli-babas samarovani, inv. # 1045);

3,b. talkisa da enstatitis fazebis rentgenograma (safar-xarabas samarovani, inv. #192); 3,c. enstatitis rentgenograma (eli-babas samarovani, inv. #798). IV - 4, a. talkis bunebrivi nimuSis rentgenograma; 4,b. talkis 600°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma; 4,c. talkis 900°C temperaturaze gaxurebuli nimuSis rentgenograma.

I

II

III

IV

zurab bragvaZe saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi)

sairxis skeptuxia

werilobiTi wyaroebiT (straboni) da arqeologiuri monacemebiT dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze navaraudebia ramdenime qveynis (skeptuxiis) arseboba1 . Tumca, eWvs gareSea, rom vanis garda, aRniSnuli problemis kvlevis saqmeSi arc erT sxva Zegls jer-jerobiT ar moucia iseTi xelSesaxebi masala, rogorc sairxes.

Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebi sairxeSi warmodgenilia mdidruli samarxebiT, saritualo moedniT da namosaxlari fenebiT. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom am periodSi sabaduris borcvi warmoadgenda adgilobrivi aristokratiis saZvales2. samarxeuli inventaris detaluri Seswavlis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda am mosazrebis Semdgomi ganviTareba da kolxeTis erTian socialur-politikur sistemaSi sairxis rolisa da funqciis garkveva. am konteqstSi savsebiT viziareb Sexedulebas imasTan dakavSirebiT, rom skeptuxiebis warmoqmna kolxeTis samefos Tavdapirvel etapzeve moxda da es RonisZieba miznad isaxavda marTva-gamgeobis mowesrigebas3. analogiur viTarebas vxvdebiT leonti mrovelis cnobaSi farnavazis mier qarTlis samefos saerisTaoebad dayofis Sesaxeb4. adreantikuri xanis kolxeTis skeptuxiebi Tavisi genezisiT iberiis saerisTaoebis msgavsni iyvnen da kolxeTSic, iseve rogorc iberiaSi, sagamgeo erTeulebad dayofas safuZvlad edo teritoriuli principi. Zveli kolxeTis politikuri viTarebis amsaxveli werilobiTi wyaroebis simwire saSualebas ar iZleva amomwuravad ganvaviTaroT es varaudi, magram erTi mxriv, arqeologiuri monacemebi da meore mxriv, qarTuli saistorio tradiciis (leonti mroveli) cnoba SedarebiT mogviano xanis qarTlis samefoSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Sesaxeb, iZleva safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom kolxeTsa da iberiaSi saqme unda gvqondes administraciuli dayofis msgavs movlenebTan. skeptuxiebis gaCenas TavisTavad Tan sdevda am sagamgeo centrebis warmoqmna-ganviTarebac. aRniSnuli centrebi skeptuxiis SigniT Tavis garSemo aerTianebdnen garkveul miwa-wyals, romelic politikurad da ekonomikurad damokidebuli iyo am centrebze. skeptuxiis mTavar centrebs upiratesi roli unda SesrulebinaT rogorc qveynis Sida politikur marTvaSi, aseve - sagareo savaWro urTierTobebSic. arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi saSualebas iZleva vivaraudoT, rom calkeuli skeptuxiebis

1. gela gamyreliZe, `miTridate evpatori da kolxeT-iberiis istoriis zogierTi sakiTxi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, ... seria, 2 (1989), 59. 2. jurxa nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, (Tbilisi, 1990), 22-90. 3. meri inaZe, `kolxeTis samefos skeptuxiaTa sakiTxisaTvis~, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe (1961), 783-790. 4. qarTlis cxovreba (Tbilisi, 1955), 24.

mTavari centrebi amavdroulad mTavri religiuri da savaWro-gamanawilebeli datvirTvis mqone dasaxlebebic iyvnen (vani, sairxe). ase rom, Cemi azriT, araerTi safuZveli arsebobs, romlis mixedviTac Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis sairxe warmovidginoT, rogorc kolxeTis samefos erT-erTi administraciuli erTeulis (skeptuxiis) centri da importis gamanawilebeli mTavari kera aRmosavleT kolxeTSi. sairxis adgilobrivi gvarovnuli aristokratia aRWurvili unda yofiliyo administraciuli uflebebiT, rac qmnida socialuri gancalkevebisa da kolx warCinebulTa kidev ufro gamdidrebis mtkice safuZvels, ramdenadac samefos mier boZebul administraciul funqcias mohqonda axali Semosavali, romelic ganisazRvreboda rogorc sasoflo-sameurneo produqtebiT, aseve oqrosa da vercxlis Zvirfasi nivTebis saxiTac5. am mxriv sayuradReboa sabaduris goris Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis samarxeuli inventari. Zv.w. V saukunes sairxeSi miekuTvneba ori mdidruli samarxi, #13 (Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli naxevari) da #5 (Zv.w. V saukunis meore naxevari). Tavisi garegnuli formiT, mexuTe samarxi tovebda grandiozul STabeWdilebas. masSi dakrZaluli iyo sami micvalebuli da xuTi cxeni. samarxeul masalas warmovadgen calk-calke, TiToeul micvalebulTan mimarTebaSi, radgan rogorc qvemoT Sevecdebi vaCveno, am faqts gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs sairxis sazogadoebis socialuri stratifikaciis dadgenis saqmeSi. pirvel micvalebulTan aRmoCnda grexilrkaliani vercxlis diadema da cvaraTi Semkuli mTvariseburi formis oqros sayureebi. meore micvalebuls aRmoaCnda vercxlis diadema, oqros ori sayure, arwivis ori oqros firfita da lekiTosi. mesame micvalebuls ekuTvnoda vercxlis diadema, vercxlis samajurebi, oqros sakidi, oqros sayureebi, mZivi da verZis Tavebis oqros yelsabami6. mexuTe samarxis nivTebidan yuradRebas iqcevs micvalebulTaTvis vercxlis diademebis Cayolebis faqti7. Tumca, igi ar aris erTaderTi samarxi, romelSic gamovlenili iqna es artefaqtebi. oqros diadema aRmoCenilia mecamete samarxSi (tab. II,1). diademebis Cataneba Zv.w. V saukunis kolxeTis sazogadoebaSi dawinaurebul pirTaTvis gankuTvnili wesia. analogiuri situacia dadasturebulia vanis meTerTmete samarxSic8. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom mTavar micvalebulTan erTad dakrZaluli qalebi warmoadgendnen pirad moaxleebs da Sesabamisad, socialurad uuflebo adamianebs9. magram is garemoeba, rom maTac mTavari micvalebulebis msgavsad Catanebuli aqvT diademebi, unda mianiSnebdes, rom maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs ekonomikurad da socialurad sakmaod dawinaurebuli fenis warmomadgenlebTan. aRniSnuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, dakrZalvis es Taviseburi wesi unda aixsnas misi sakulto xasiaTiT. dakrZalvis am ritualis Sesrulebis

5. oTar lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~. vani, III (1977), 16. 6. nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 30-37 7. nadiraZe, sairxe - saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 36 8. lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~, 16 9. meri inaZe, `sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi~. macne. istoriis, arqeologiis,... seria 4(1986), 43.

dros yvelaferi xdeba uzenaesi RvTaebis-RmerTebis didi dedis saxeliT da emsaxureba mis Semdgom ganaxlebas da gaZlierebas10. ase rom, sairxis mexuTe samarxSi dakrZaluli Tanmxlebi micvalebulebis saxiT saqme unda gvqondes warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgenlebTan, romlebic qalRvTaebis msaxurebisTvis iyvnen Sewirulni. am mosazrebas garkveulwilad mxars uWers strabonis cnobac anatidas taZrebSi qalRvTaebisTvis qalwulTa Sewirvis Sesaxeb, rac miznad isaxavda am RvTaebisadmi samsaxurs11. imisaTvis, raTa erT aspeqtSi gaviazroT Zv.w. V_IV saukuneebis kolxeTis warCinebulTa wreSi arsebuli diferenciacia da ierarqiuli gansxvavebuloba, aucilebelia ganvixiloT sairxis sabaduris goris danarCeni mdidruli samarxebis inventari.

Zv.w. IV saukunis pirvel naxevars miekuTvneba #8 da #10 samarxebi. meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli iyo ori micvalebuli. samarxSi aRmoCnda asze meti yvavilis formis oqros firfita, oqros sayureebi, xaris gamosaxulebiani oqros medalioni, oqros yelsabamebi, oqros beWdebi, oqros balTa, oqros samajurebi, oqros CamCa da kovzi, vercxlis fiala da sura12 . sairxeSi gaTxrili Zv.w. IV saukunis samarxebidan SedarebiT ukeT iyo SemorCenili merve samarxis miwiszeda nageboba (tab. I,1). samarxi orkameriani iyo. CrdiloeTis kameraSi dakrZalul sam micvalebuls aRmoaCnda vercxlis sakisre rolebi da naxevarmTvariseburi formis oqros sayureebi. samxreTis kameraSi idga didi zomis brinjaos situla. aqve, aRmoCnda vercxlisa da oqros samajurebi, oqros sayure, oqros sakidebi, kolxuri monetebi, sabeWdavi beWdebi da lekiTosis fragmentebi13 . sairxis mdidruli samarxebi nagebia xis morebiT, didi zomis rkinis lursmnebiT, qvis mSrali wyobiT da yvela maTgani daculia qvayrilebiT14 . aRmosavleT kolxeTSi arsebuli qonebrivi diferenciaciis mowmobaa iTxvisisa da modinaxes adreantikuri xanis samarxebi, romlebic inventaris mxriv mkveTrad gansxvavdeba sabaduris goris mdidruli kompleqsebisgan. modinaxeze am epoqis oTxi samarxia aRmoCenili da maTi aRnagoba araerTgvarovania. gvxvdeba qvayriliani, qvis kedlebiani da iatakmokirwyluli samarxebi, romlebSic dakrZalulia TiTo micvalebuli. samarxeuli artefaqtebi ZiriTadad keramikaa, Tumca gvxvdeba oqrosa da vercxlis nivTebic da monetebi15. safiqrebelia, rom modinaxeze dakrZalulTa saxiT saqme unda gvqondes mwarmoebel fenasTan, romelTa Semosavlis nawili warmoadgenda didebulTa sakuTrebas. arqeologiuri konteqstidan gamomdinare, aseTi didebulebi unda yofiliyvnen sairxeSi, sabaduris goris mdidrul samarxebSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi. aqedan ki im azris gamotana SeiZleba, rom Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi sairxe, rogorc skeptuxiis mTavari centri, Tavis garSemo aerTianebda dasavleT saqarTvelos ukiduresi aRmosavleTi mTis wina zo-

10. inaZe, `sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi~, 45. 11. TinaTin yauxCiSvili, strabonis geografia (Tbilisi 1957), 198. 12. nadiraZe, sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 88-90. 13. nadiraZe, sairxe saqarTvelos uZvelesi qalaqi, 45-46 14. giorgi maxaraZe da manana wereTeli, sairxe, (Tbilisi 2007), 43. 15. jurxa nadiraZe, yvirilis xeobis arqeologiuri Zeglebi, (Tbilisi, 1975), 90-117.

lis mosaxleobasac, romelTac modinaxeze gamovlenili samarxebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mwarmoebeli bunebis miuxedavad, arc Tu dabali adgili unda sWerodaT Zveli kolxeTis socialur ierarqiaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi, ar gamoiricxeba ufro dabali sazogadoebrivi fenis arsebobac. gansxvavebul socialur wres miekuTvneba iTxvisis Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis mdidrul samarxebSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi. maT inventarSi yuradRebas ipyrobs saomari culi, isrispirebi da raRa Tqma unda, vercxlis diadema da atikuri Savlakiani kilki, romelzedac amokawrulia misi mflobelis vinaoba16. iTxvisis #2 samarxi imdenad imsaxurebs yuradRebas, ramdenadac yvrilis xeobis zemo welze jer-jerobiT erTad-erTi iaraRiani samarxia, xolo masSi dakrZaluli micvalebulis warCinebulobaze metyvelebs vercxlis diadema. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, diadema saxelisuflebo insigniaa da misi daniSnuleba ar Semoifargleba mxolod dakrZalvis ritualSi monawileobiT17. am sakiTxs kidev davubrundebi, axla ki aRvniSnav, rom iTxvisis aRniSnul samarxs didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebis ierarqiuli kibis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT. kolxeTis samefos mosaxleobis Sinagani struqturis ganviTarebasTan erTad kidev ufro Rrmavdeba sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi fenebis warmoqmnis procesi. izrdeba moTxovnileba mwarmoebel Tu meomar saqmeSi daspecialebul adamianebze. xSiri omianobis pirobebSi TandaTan SeuZlebeli xdeba miwaTmoqmedisa da meomris funqciebis SeTavseba, rac esoden axasiaTebs winare antikuri xanis kolxeTs. gvianantikuri xanis qarTlis saxelmwifo wes-wyobilebis daxasiaTebisas g. meliqiSvili aRniSnavda, rom axali welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan laSqrobebSi monawileobis miReba iqca SeZlebuli meTemeebis privilegiad da am gziT isini TandaTan yalibdebian mxedrebis samxedro fenad, maTgan iqmneba samxedro razmebi da iniSnebian samxedro moxeleebi18. bolo aTwleulebis arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom analogiuri fena kolxeTSic arsebobda da am process aqvs sakmaod Rrma fesvebi. mimaCnia, rom swored iTxvisSi aRmoCenili samarxiT SeiZleba davadasturoT varaudi Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis kolxeTSi meomari zedafenis arsebobis Sesaxeb. naTqvams mxars uWers vanSi da dablagomSi mikvleuli meomrebis samarxebic. iTxvisis warCinebuli mxedari SesaZloa, skeptuxiis SigniT skeptuxis Semdeg meore pirsac warmoadgenda. mas rom raRac msgavsi funqcia eqneboda, dasturdeba iTxvisis samarovanze rigiTi ormosamarxebis aRmoCenis faqtiTac19, rac miuTiTebs, rom igi ar iyo uzenaesi mmarTveli aristokratiis sagvareulos warmomadgeneli, TumcaRa sazogadoebaSi unda sWeroda dawinaurebuli ad-

16. iulon gagoSiZe, `iTxvisis samarxi~, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 15 (1976), 31-45. 17. inaZe, sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, 43. 18. giorgi meliqiSvili, `ax.w. pirveli saukuneebis qarTlis socialur-ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi wyobilebis sakiTxebi~, saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi (Tbilisi 1970), 580. 19. iulon gagoSiZe da sxvebi, `iTxvisis samarovani~, arqeologiuri Jurnali, 4 (2006).

gili. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo paralelebs warmoadgens vanis qveynis farglebSi aRmoCenili dablagomisa da mTisZiris samarxebi. rogorc varaudoben, maTSi dakrZaluli pirovnebebi garkveul rols asrulebdnen vanis qveynis sasoflo raionebis marTva-gamgeobaSi20. aqedan ki, im zogadi daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom vanisa da sairxis skeptuxiebSi sagamgeo xelisufleba diferencirebuli iyo. ase rom, Cemi azriT, iTxviss zustad iseTive funqcia unda hqonoda sairxis qveynisTvis, rogorc mTisZirs da dablagoms vanis skeptuxiisTvis. axla mokled Sevexebi sairxis mmarTveli zedafenis, sagvareulo aristokratiis, socialur-politikur arss. mimoxiluli samarxeuli artefaqtebidanac Cans, rom dakrZalul micvalebulTa Soris qonebrivi gansxvaveba aSkaraa da am mxriv es samarxebi araerTgvarovania. sxvadasxvanairia sakuTriv samarxebis aRnagobac. magaliTad, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi or-or kameriani nagebobebia, maSin rodesac meaTe samarxs aqvs mxolod erTi kamera. sxvadasxvanairia mTavar micvalebulTaTvis Cayolebuli Tanmxlebi pirebis raodenobac da Tu mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebis mTavar micvalebulebTan erTad sam-sami piria dakrZaluli, meaTe samarxSi - mxolod erTia. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sairxis didebulebi miekuTvnebian kolxeTis uzenaes mmarTvel zedafenas da maT xelSi Tavmoyrilia sasuliero da saero funqciebi. is realobac unda aRiniSnos, rom sabaduris goraze dakrZalul warCinebul pirTa Sorisac SesaZlebeli xdeba ierarqiuli safexuris gamoyofa da am TvalsazrisiT interess iwvevs samarxTa aRnagoba da inventaris Tavisebureba. am mxriv calke unda gamoiyos mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi.

Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis kolxeTis samefoSi Zireuli Zvrebi xdeba. viTardebian da sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul mdgomareobas ikaveben nayofieri miwebiT garSemortymuli sataZro Temebi21, romlebic TavianT garSemo aerTianeben garkveul miwa-wyals da amiT mtkice safuZvels qmnian marTva-gamgeobaSi hegemonobis misaRwevad. amdenad, qurumTa zedafena xdeba skeptuxiis SigniT sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis warmmarTveli Zala. sairxis sabaduris goris mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebi gvixataven am viTarebis amsaxvel situacias. samive samarxi mozrdili nagebobaa da maTSi adamianebis garda dakrZaluli arian cxenebic. cxenebis Sewirvis SemTxvevas da samarxTa aRnagobas kvlevis am etapze eniWeba gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, radgan rodesac erTi da igive sagvareulo aristokratiis warmomadgenelTa SigniT arsebul ierarqiis dadgenas vcdilobT, daxmareba SeiZleba gagviwios swored am faqtma. am kuTxiT mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebis upiratesoba danarCen samarxebTan SedarebiT aSkarad Cans. aSkaraa gansxvaveba samarxeuli inventaris mxrivac. magaliTad, meaTe samarxSi ar gvxvdeba xsenebuli kompleqsebisTvis

20. gela gamyreliZe, `mTisZiris arqeologiuri Zeglebi~, vani, III, (Tbilisi, 1977): 66 21. inaZe, sataZro centrebi Zvel kolxeTSi, 43.

damaxasiaTebeli saxelisuflebo insigniebi (diademebi). TviT meaTe samarxis agebulebac (mxolod erTi dasakrZalavi kamera) mianiSnebs, rom masSi dakrZaluli pirovneba socialuri statusiT Camouvardeba mexuTe, merve da meaTe samarxebis didebulebs. SedarebisTvis aRvniSnav, rom meaTe samarxis moculoba udrida sul 4m2-s (tab. I,2), maSin rodesac mexuTe da merve samarxebis farTobi iyo 20 m2 , xolo mecamete samarxis - 16 m2. erTi gvaris SigniT samarxTa gansxvavebuli aRnagoba da farTobi unda aixsnas maTSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebis socialur-politikuri statusiT. am Tvalsazriss erTgvarad mxars uWers cxenebis TanadakrZalvis faqtic. mexuTe da merve samarxebSi xuT-xuTi cxeni iyo darZaluli, xolo mecamete samarxSi - sami. cxenebis Sewirva ukavSirdeba moqalaqeTa uflebriv mdgomareobas da meaTe samarxSi cxenis Cauyoleblobis faqti ar unda iyos SemTxveviTi movlena. mTavar micvalebulTan erTad Sewiruli erTad-erTi micvalebulic (maSin rodesac mexuTe da merve samarxebSi sami-sami qalia Sewiruli), unda mianiSnebdes, rom meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli pirovneba ver amaRlda mmarTvelis statusamde da is garemoeba, rom mas ar aRmoaCnda saxelisuflebo insignia, niSandoblivi Cans. diademebiT iyvnen Semkulni mexuTe samarxis mTavar micvalebulTan erTad dakrZaluli qalebi. gamoTqmuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, maTi saxiT saqme gvaqvs mTavar sasuliero da religiur xelisuflisadmi nebiT Sewirul RvTiT STagonebul qalebTan, romelTac Zveli kolxeTis sazogadoebaSi ekavaT sakmaod dawinaurebuli mdgomareoba. amitom am sakiTxze sityvas aRar gavagrZeleb, mxolod aRvniSnav, rom mexuTe samarxSi Cayolebul qalebs diademebiT Semkobis uflebas rTavda sairxis umaRlesi xelisuflebisadmi samsaxuri. amis sapirispirod, meaTe samarxSi dakrZaluli qalisTvis, rogorc Cans, aseTi privilegia xelmisawvdomi ar iyo. amrigad, sairxis mmarTvel zedafenaSic SesaZlebeli xdeba diferenciacia. mimaCnia, rom skeptuxiis umaRles xelisuflebas sabaduris goraze dakrZaluli pirvel, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebSi dakrZaluli warCinebuli pirovnebebi axorcielebdnen. gansakuTrebiT gamosayofia mecamete samarxSi dakrZaluli mTavari micvalebuli. mecamete samarxi yvelaze adreuli kompleqsia sabaduris goraze da saerTod, yvelaze adreuli mdidruli samarxia kolxeTis arqeologiaSi. oqros diademis garda, aq aRmoCenilia, albaT, Zvel kolxeTSi dadasturebuli yvelaze TvalsaCino saxelisuflebo insignia; esaa skiptra, romelic xelSi ekava micvalebuls. igi warmoadgens rkinis ovalurTavian artefaqts (tab. II,2) da vizualurad sakmaod hgavs egviptis faraonebis oqros skiptrebs. gaTxrebis procesSi gamoCnda, rom igi dafaruli iyo molurjo qsoviliT. samwuxarod, qsovilis SenarCuneba ver moxerxda. oqros diademis da skiptris aRmoCena erT samarxSi eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom aq dakrZaluli pirovnebis saxiT davinaxoT skeptuxiis umaRlesi xelisufali. sainteresod gamoiyureba amave samarxSi aRmoCenili kilikze amokawruli berZnuli grafitoebi - monograma da warwera (tab.

II,3). isini dawvrilebiT Seiswavla T.yauxCiSvilma. monogramasTan dakavSirebiT mkvlevari aRniSnavda, rom is SeiZleboda yofiliyo EP marcvliT dawyebuli nebismieri sakuTari saxeli22. Tumca, imis gamo, rom kolxeTis onomastikoni saerTod ar aris Seswavlili, Znelia dadgena am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs adamianis sakuTar saxelTan, Tu romelime RvTaebis saxelwodebasTan23. gansakuTrebul sirTules iwvevs meore grafitos wakiTxva. T.yauxCiSvilis varaudiT, aq SeiZleba saqme gvqondes iranuli warmoSobis qalis sakuTar saxelTan24. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom kilikze amokawruli qalis saxeli swored im pirovnebis saxelia, romelic dakrZalulia mecamete samarxSi da romelic gvevlineba rogorc skeptuxTa Stos yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, ara mxolod sairxeSi, aramed zogadad, kolxeTSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, sairxis mecamete samarxi yvelaze adreuli mdidruli samarxia kolxeTis masStabiT. rac Seexeba meaTe samarxSi dakrZalul pirovnebas, misi saxiT saqme unda gvqondes skeptuxiis mmarTveli sagvareulos warmomadgenelTan, romlis funqcias ar warmoadgenda xelisuflebis uSualo ganxorcieleba. es viTareba mianiSnebs, rom skeptuxias ganagebdnen erTi sagvareulos konkretuli warmomadgenlebi, xolo am samarovanze ikrZalebodnen am aristokratuli ojaxis sxva warmomadgenlebic. am realobidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom sairxis uzenaesi mmarTveloba moqceuli iyo erTi ojaxis xelSi da igi memkvidreobiT gadaecemoda. am faqtis dasturad SeiZleba gamodges sabaduris gorazed aRmoCenili meoTxe, meeqvse da mecxre samarxebi. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa mecxre samarxis aRmoCenis faqti. igi sagangebod iyo CaSvebuli merve samarxis qvayrilSi (tab. II,4), rac mianiSnebs am or samarxSi dakrZalul pirTa aSkara naTesaobaze. Zvel kolxeTSi rom skeptuxiis umaRlesi mmarTveloba Tavmoyrili iyo erTi sagvareulos (erTi ojaxis) xelSi, kargad dasturdeba vanis meoTxe samarxis magaliTzec, sadac dakrZalulia mcirewlovani gogona25. sairxis skeptuxTa rangSi unda ganvixiloT pirveli samarxic, romelic yvelaze gviandeli kompleqsia sabaduris goris mdidrul samarxTa Soris da igi Zv.w. IV-III saukuneTa mijniT TariRdeba; Cemi azriT, swored masSia dakrZaluli sairxis qveynis ukanaskneli skeptuxi, ris Semdegac sairxeSi skeptuxiis centri uqmdeba. skeptuxiis gauqmeba im periodis globalur saerTaSoriso movlenebs ukavSirdeba da es sakiTxi calke maqvs ganxiluli26 . amrigad, skeptuxTa saxelisuflebo Stos warmomadgenlebi dakrZalulni arian sabaduris goris pirvel, mexuTe, merve da mecamete samarxebSi. es Sto sairxeSi saTaves iRebs mecamete samarxidan (Zv.w. V saukunis pirveli

22. TinaTin yauxCiSvili, `sairxis berZnuli grafito~, qarTuli wyaroTmcodneoba, 7 (1993): 15-17. 23. marika nasiZe, saqarTvelos berZnuli grafito, (Tbilisi 2002): 20. 24. yauxCiSvili, “sairxis berZnuli grafito”, 15-17. 25. lorTqifaniZe, `vanis naqalaqari~, 16. 26. zurab bragvaZe, `aqemeniduri irani da kolxeTis samefo~, iberia-kolxeTi, 11 (2015).

naxevari) da arsebobs Zv.w. IV-III saukuneTa mijnamde (pirveli samarxi). rac Seexeba meoTxe, meeqvse, mecxre da meaTe samarxebs, maTSi Cemi varaudiT, dakrZalulni unda iyvnen skeptuxTa ojaxis is wevrebi, romlebic ar iyvnen xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi, magram am samarovanze dakrZalvis uflebas maT aniWebda mmarTveli sagvareulo ojaxis uSualo wevroba. am faqts ki TavisTavd mivyevarT Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis sairxeSi (aRmosavleT kolxeTSi) memkvidreobiTobis institutis arsebobasa da am mmarTveli ojaxis social-politikuri kontinuitetis aRiarebamde.