Fit 4 FUTURE Building Concept for Wat
Sakaeo School and Orphanage
on behalf of The ICEMAN CHARITY Volker Capito / Dominique Jonathan Desnoes / Chartchai Thammikakun June 2017
"Mit freundlicher Unterstützung von Gern Reisen München"
Preface Iceman Charity is not a registered organization but a private initiative of the company Volker Capito. Iceman Charity is exclusively dedicated to a qualitative improvement in the standard of living of orphans of Wat Sakaeo temple in Thai Angthong. Besides financial and active support of Volker Capito, additional financial aid is provided by friends, business partners and various foundations. In the last five years alone more than one million euros could be invested in renovation activities and improvement in the standard of living of the children. The aim of Iceman Charity by the end of 2025 is to adapt the entire establishment to the minimum requirements of European directives in order to be able to meet the growing requirements of the Thai Government and effectively the related health directives in future. The facilities provided in the orphanage are predominantly funded by donations. Construction activities are hence planned and implemented depending on the donations received. Hence it is not unusual that the planning activities are planned in the short term after receiving the donations and the quality of the construction material as well as the companies undertaking the construction are matched with the available budget. Due to these circumstances, overall projects often extend over a longer period of time. Lack of budget planning also means that projects are not planned and executed sustainably. This is obviously caused by structural damages occurring within a short time (within 12 - 24 months) such as leaking roofs, destroyed sanitary facilities, defects in fresh water supply and faulty electrical systems.
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In order to ensure a higher level of sustainability and to raise funds from sponsors more effectively, we strongly recommend that all investments be reviewed for their sustainability and that a detailed construction and financing plan be drawn up. Especially for foreign sponsors it is particularly important that investments be recognizable even after many years and that they correspond to the European ideas of sustainability. In association with the German entrepreneur and visionary Erich Erber and the generous support of the Hans-GrĂśber foundation in Liechtenstein, a sample house was built (hereinafter called Bangsadej House), which meets the requirements of sustainability and energy saving of the current international directives. This concept is intended to serve the Wat Sakaeo establishment as a model for future decisions regarding investments and repairs. By taking into account our requirements, Iceman Charity will continue to support further construction activities and other investments in the field of “improvement in the standard of living of childrenâ€? through financial sponsorship. The development of this concept is also based on the experiences gained during the general renovation of Bangsadej House (opening in February 2017). Moreover, Iceman Charity will influence the budget planning for renovating and maintaining the accommodation facilities of the entire establishment.
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Bangsadej House Bangsadej House is an accommodation for 60 youngsters aged between 13 and 17 years. The Wat Sakaeo orphanage is liable for the care of children although they go to the neighboring Bangsadej secondary school and not the school in Wat Sakaeo. This assignment of youngsters to the Bangsadej school has its origins in the early years of the orphanage. The accommodation was built in 1990 by the Thai armed forces as a donation. It met the military requirements of that time, especially with regard to sanitary facilities. No budget was provided for decent accommodation (beds and cupboards). The children had to sleep on the floor. The toilets were not designed to match the requirements and number of children and were therefore no longer usable shortly after. There were no toilets in the building at their disposal. In 2016, the building needed renovation so badly that it had to be reconstructed to the foundation walls. The renovation activities began in October 2016 under the direction of the Iceman Charity and with the support of sponsors Erich Erber, Hans Grรถber Foundation, Rotary Club of Singapore East and MA Experience. A modern, energy-saving accommodation with high sustainability was built. The accommodation is intended to be a benchmark for new investments in the Wat Sakaeo orphanage and a model facility for the accommodation of orphans in Thailand. The Bangsadej House is open to public authorities and other organizations by appointment.
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Table of contents 1. Description of WAT SAKAEO
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1.1 WAT SAKAEO orphanage / facilities 1.2 Kindergarten 1.3 Boys Area 1.4 Bangsadej House 1.5 Girls Area 1.6 Kitchen 1.7 Canteen
11 11 12 12 13 14 14
2. Division of children 2.1 Kindergarten 2.2 Boys Area 2.3 Girls Area 2.4 Canteen
15 17 18 20 21
3. Current state of WAT SAKAEO ORPHANAGE 3.1 Boys Houses 3.1.1 Boys House 1 3.1.2 Boys House 2 3.1.3 Boys House 3 3.1.4 Boys House 4 3.1.5 Boys House 5 3.2 Kindergarten 3.3 Girls Houses 3.3.1 Girls House 1 3.3.2 Girls House 2 3.3.3 Girls House 3 (Alice House) 3.3.4 Girls House 4 (canteen) 3.4 Canteen 3.5 Kitchen
22 22 22 32 38 50 57 66 73 73 82 91 96 103 111
4. Recommendation of construction material 4.1 Roof 4.2 Ceilings 4.2.1 Styrofoam ceilings 4.3 Wall paint 4.3.1 Outdoor area 4.3.2 Indoor area 4.4 Living room / passage floor 4.4.1 Stairs 4.5 Electrical systems 4.5.1 LED 4.5.2 Automatic circuit breakers 4.5.3 Clock timer 4.6 Sanitary facilities 4.6.1 Reducing consumption 4.6.2 Vandalisms 4.6.3 Hygiene
114 115 123 123 125 125 127 139 147 150 150 158 163 164 165 166 166
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4.6.4 4.6.5 4.6.6 4.7 4.7.1 4.7.2 4.8 4.8.1 4.8.2 4.8.3
Safety Floor of the outdoor area Walls (wet area) Fresh and waste water Fresh water Waste water General safety Smoke detectors Fire protection Video surveillance
167 184 184 186 186 194 198 198 200 204
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Wat Sakaew Temple, Thailand 1. Description of Wat Sakaeo
Wat Sakaeo Temple was established in 1942 Luang (por father) Chapat as an orphanage and accommodated 10 children at the time. Today it accommodates more than 2400. The Wat Sakaeo temple is located in the administrative region of Central Thailand and is around 80 kilometers from the capital city of Bangkok. For believers, the temple is a Buddhist center under the leadership of Dept. Prof. Dr. B.A., M.A., Ph.D, Pramaha Phairoh Kritsanavadea. The orphanage, which currently accommodates 2446 children, is under the control of the actual temple. The age group of children ranges from 3 to 19 years. But it is not only orphans who can find refuge in the temple, but also children of socially vulnerable families or children who are difficult to raise. The social community is home to children from all over Thailand, with the majority of children coming from the north of Thailand, which is socially weaker. In addition to the opportunity to live here, the children in Wat Sakaeo are allowed to go to the state Kindergarten and the state school in order to receive a reasonable basic education. In the state school, the children are taught all the compulsory subjects by official teachers throughout the school period. In their free time, children get the opportunity to improve their school knowledge besides sports activities. In the weekend courses, they learn languages such as English and Chinese or can improve their knowledge of science. This is considered a great advantage for the children. This is what distinguishes the Wat Sakaeo school from other state schools. The entire facility includes the temple (only monks), the accommodation for children along with canteen and kitchen, an ambulance, kindergarten and school as well as a gym and playground.
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1.1. Wat Sakaeo orphanage facilities The complex is divided into a “Boys Area”, “Girls Area”, kindergarten and “kitchen and canteen area”. Moreover there is a visitor section for sponsors and friends with separate WC and a coffeehouse. The following section shows how the individual areas are currently structured, how the children live there and how the kitchen and canteen area appears.
1.2. Kindergarten There is a kindergarten area in the complex for children above 3 years. Children live there in two buildings, in which they can sleep and play. In addition, the nursery has a toilet and a washing area (large washbasin for all). In the walled nursery with accommodations, there also is a playing area (sandy ground) with carousel, swings, climbing forts and slides. These units were set up by Iceman Charity in 2013/2014. Moreover there is another playing area under the childcare building (a shaded place) and an open area.
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1.3. Boys Area The boys area comprises four buildings with two stories each in a walled complex. Boys House 5 is located in a separate area near the canteen. The boys sleep here or spend their free time in the large courtyard. The courtyard offers little shade (it is not covered) and therefore can only be used to a limited extent on hot sunny days. (A 12 m high canopy is currently being built by Iceman Charity and should finish by the time school starts in 2017.) The boys area also has one small and 2 large communal toilets, washrooms and a drinking water dispenser in different areas.
1.4. Bangsadej House On 18th February 2017, the completely renovated accommodation for 60 children was inaugurated under the patronage of the Buddhist Dept. Prof. Dr B.A, M.A., Ph.D Pramaha Phairoh Kritsanvanadea. The children had invited their sponsors, friends, teachers and tutors to the festivities. The new building is designed as an “energy-saving building�, in which sustainability and cost-effective use are paramount. The renovated building is also intended to serve as a model building for all further investments in the living area for the children at the Wat Sakaeo orphanage. The largest changes have been made to the sanitary area, where modern stainless steel toilets and 6L showers have been fitted. The partitions are also made of stainless steel. The water quality meets the local drinking water regulations. A separate pumping station with a water filtering unit was built for this. The German company MAExperience supplied a modern antiskid Epoxi flooring, which is normally used in German hospitals.
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1.5. Girls Area The girls area comprises a large main building with three stories and two other smaller buildings in which the girls live and sleep. Furthermore, girls are also accommodated on the topmost floor of the canteen. There is a covered area under the large building, which makes it possible for the girls to stay outdoors on hot sunny days. The main building is divided into 6 living rooms (2 living rooms per story) with a washroom and toilet each. Moreover there is a large communal washroom in the outdoor area with 3 large washbasins and a separate washroom for both the smaller buildings. There is a separate drinking water facility with a drinking water dispenser for the girls area. The children accommodated in the canteen are supplied with drinking water on the ground floor.
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1.6. Kitchen 7 persons cook in the large kitchen for more than 2,400 children. The kitchen is divided into two sections. The food is prepared in the first section (cutting vegetables, peeling eggs etc..). A small modern cold storage is also available here. The food is cooked in the second section. Large rice cookers and gas hobs are available here for all dishes. The kitchen was completed in 2015 and planned according to modern, ecological directives. The gas necessary for cooking is predominantly obtained from the decomposition gases of food residue.
1.7. Canteen All 2446 children can be seated in the canteen and get breakfast, lunch and dinner there. Boys and girls are seated separately. There are 4 water dispensers, at which the children can be provided with drinking water.(Thai standard, which has not yet been implemented at all state schools) After a meal, every child must wash his/her plate, bowl and cutlery in the stainless steel washbasin intended for it. (Every child stores his/her plate, cup and cutlery in the facility.) During a meal, at least 3 adults are present in the canteen to help the children if necessary. The food is generally served by older children or by visitors / sponsors on days on which the sponsors have accepted the cost of the meal. There are no hygienic regulations for the distribution of food.
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2.
Division of children (Number) Boys
Kindergarten
Girls
Age
sanitary
housing
m²
m²
60
183
40
3-5
Boys House 1.1
120
14-15
587
Boys House 1.2
60
16-17
605
Boys House 2.2
100
10
627
Sanitary facilities 2
40
Boys House 3.1
60
13-14
609
Boys House 3.2
89
11-14
609
Sanitary facilities 3/2 Boys House 4.2
326 40
16-19
Sanitary facilities 4/1
200 254
Boys House 5.1
70
6-15
252
Boys House 5.2
70
6-15
252
Sanitary facilities 5
140
Bangsadej House 6.1
28
14-18
252
Bangsadej House 6.2
14
14-18
252
Sanitary Facilities 6
192
Girls House 1.1 Left living area
84
3-16
120
240
Girls House 1.1 Right living area
86
5-18
120
240
Girls House 1.2 Left living area
83
3-18
120
240
Girls House 1.2 Right living area
67
5-17
120
240
Girls House 1.3 Right living area
71
3-18
120
240
Girls House 1.3 Left living area
67
5-18
120
240
Outside Sanitary Facilities Girls
414
Girls House 2.2 (Nalin House)
66
3-18
Girls House 3.1 (Alice House)
92
5-18
110
13-19
Girls House 4 (canteen)
224
930 215
Kitchen area
1818 407
Canteen
Total number of children
406
2275 691
15
726
2.585 m²
11.704 m²
Boys Area Kindergarten
B1 Kinder garten
B 4
B
Boys
3
B2
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2.1 Kindergarten
K Toilet Total: 17.25 m²
6m
6.9 0
K Washing Total: 41.4 m²
6.9 0
17
6m
6m
K 1 Total: 62.4 m²
K 2 Total: 120.6 m²
6m
20. 10
10.4 0m
2.2 Boys Area 70 m
32.86 m
B Washing and Toilet Total: 325.97 m²
8.70 m
Boys House 3 Total: 1218 m² B 3.1: 609 m² B 3.2: 609 m²
32.20 m 8.60 m 9m
6.20 m
Boys House 4 Total: 199.6 m² B 4.2: 199.6 m²
31.75 m 18
7.99 m
B Washing and Toilet Total: 253.68 m²
69.60 m
Boys House 2 Total: 1252.8 m² B 2.1: 626.4 m² B 2.2: 626.4 m²
70.40 m
Boys House 1 Total: 605.44 m² B 1.2: 605.44 m²
9.92 m
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Boys House 5 Total: 504 m² B 5.1: 252 m² B 5.2: 252 m²
B Washing and Toilet Total: 140 m²
10 m
19
14 m
9 m
m
2.3 Girls Area
G Washing and Toilet Total:129.70 sqm
Girls House 2 Total: 498.96 m² G 2: 498.96 m²
39.60 m
Girls House 1 Total: 2173.5 m² G 1.1:724.5 m² G 1.2:724.5 m² G 1.3:724.5 m²
8.90 m
63 m
6.20 m G Toilet:
4 m
G Washing Total: 28.4 m²
7.10 m
G Toilet:
6.20 m
31.05 m
Girls House 3 Total: 931.5 m² G 3.1:931.5 m²
G Washing Total: 245.7 m²
5.28 m
30 m
5.28 m
10.51 m
63 m
20
9.90 m
13.20 m G Washing and Toilet Total: 162.30 m²
12.60 m 11.50 m 3.90 m
13.10 m 12.30 m
2.4 canteen
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3. Current state of WAT SAKAEO ORPHANAGE When documenting the current state of the facility, the same procedure is used for every building.Classification based on urgency of possible renovations can be carried out later by senior employees of Wat Sakaeo school. In general, more attention must be given to the choice of construction materials in future. (Material selection and construction of roofs, selection of floors in the indoor and outdoor area, sanitary facilities)
3.1 Boys Houses1 3.1.1 Boys House 1 Outdoor area Boys House 1 is a two-storied building, which you can enter through a door in the middle part of the ground floor.The first story can be accessed via two staircases, which are located on either side of the building at the back.(The right staircase is only used as an emergency exit in dangerous situations.) The roof of the boys house is in good condition. There is no humidity. This building is equipped with a mechanical ventilation system, which blows fresh air inside the building by means of rotating air wheels. The connections between the rotating air wheels and roof panels have not been established professionally and can cause water damage during heavy rainfall.
1 The houses are numbered according to official census.For more information, refer to the annex.
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The outdoor area of Boys House 1 is in good condition. There only is a little lack of cleanliness and aesthetic appeal.The walls are noticeably dirty due to mud and scribbling on them.
On the backside of the building, there is a window, which can be closed using glass slats, in the upper part near the water tower.These slats are falling because of improper use of attachments, which makes it impossible to close the window during rain or storm.This is due to the fact that the opening slits of the slats are used to secure clothing pieces for drying and the slats cannot withstand this mechanical overload.
An unidentifiable black mass runs down the outside of the building from a ventilation slot on the first floor.
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The concrete floor in the outer area around the building has minor damages due to many years of use.The damages do not contribute to reduction in the quality of life of the children. At the moment, different beautification measures are being taken in the outdoor and garden area.
Cables were improperly laid down in the outdoor area.
Indoor area Ground floor The entrance door of the ground floor is made of metal and has clearly not been maintained for a long time (painted). This has caused it to rust.
On the ground floor, you first enter a small anteroom, from which you can go left and right for the sleeping areas.The anteroom is separated from the living and sleeping areas using a gypsum wall.Windows with mosquito nets are embedded in the partitioning walls.
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The partitioning walls have major damages, which are caused due to improper use (ball games in the anteroom, vandalism).
The floor of the rooms is in good condition and is not damaged at all.
As the rooms cannot be darkened, bed sheets are used to prevent light entering through the windows at night.
Uninsulated power cables hang from walls and ceilings.
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The mosquito nets are partly torn or have holes.Due to the holes in the gypsum walls and mosquito nets, bugs enter the bedrooms. Especially this has the consequence that a few children have built a separate protection net from mosquitos and other bugs around their beds.
Steel bars are attached between the supporting columns of the building which serve to hang clothes.The columns are massively damaged due to the incorrect attachment of the poles and their overloading with clothing.
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Two fire extinguishers are fitted in the entrance area for safety in the building.Moreover, even an escape plan is available in this room.Intelligent fire warning systems are installed in all bedrooms.
For the safety of the youngsters, power supply is restricted in the buildings.However, because of this, the youngsters install multiple socket outlets and thus overload the plug sockets installed on the wall.In addition, the fuse boxes are often not covered.
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First floor
In general, the stairs are damaged.Protection strips as well as tiles have cracks.
Window shutters are partly broken from their hinges.Rainwater can enter the living area through them.
Electric cables are incorrectly laid in the indoor area, staircase and outdoor area.
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A few damaged electric cables hang from the ceilings.
Electrical distribution boxes are often openly accessible. Extension cables are not insulated. The covers are missing on some fans.
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Even here, metal bars are improperly fastened to windows and walls.
The children still sleep on wooden boxes on the first floor.Bunk beds have been installed on the lower floor. The doors of cupboards are partly broken (improper drying of laundry over doors) - The cupboards were repaired when the school began in 2017.
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Sanitary facility The toilets, which are located in the staircase area on the first floor, are very dirty.They are probably not used anymore.Severe discoloration of tiles.
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3. 1. 2 Boys House 2 Outdoor area The outdoor area of Boys House 2 is in very poor condition. Massive water damages can be seen on the walls below the sanitary area.
The roof is very old.The individual roof panels are broken and there are holes in them.The roof on the left part of the building is severely damaged and curled.
Water or rather dirty water seeps through the walls and flows down to the faรงade.
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This general condition gives a rather rundown impression of Boys House 2.
In the outdoor area, it is also noticeable that the concrete slabs that should cover the water drain are partly cracked and have fallen into the shaft.On the other hand the slabs are completely absent on the backside of the building.As this room is used for drying laundry, the lack of concrete slabs is a safety risk.Even hygienically, this is extremely risky.
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The staircase, which leads to the sleeping area of the building (1st floor), is badly damaged.
-
Broken steps
-
Cracked tiles
-
Rusty handrail
The balcony is very narrow.There is not enough room in case of an evacuation and therefore this does not comply with the applicable regulations in Thailand.
Improper mounting of lamps and power supply in the entrance area.
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Washrooms The toilets for the children are located on the first floor.Four toilets are available.These sanitary facilities are in very poor condition.The concrete walls are very dirty.
Some of the toilet doors are broken. They can no longer be properly closed.
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The tanks in the washrooms appear to be very sturdy. The area around the tank does not appear to be sufficiently inclined.This results in water accumulating in the area around the tank, which in turn is a slipping hazard. The tank concrete is discolored Indeterminable residues can be seen. The coarse surface of the concrete makes it difficult to remove dirt.
Indoor area So far major water damages occurred only occasionally indoors, which is mainly due to the steep roof design. In this case the water can run off quickly and does not seep inside the building so easily.
The wooden floor is uneven but still in good condition.
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Improper installation of cables.Some of them hang loosely from the walls.
The mosquito nets have holes.
The children sleep on mattresses on the floor. Bunk beds are not available A renovation of the building is planned within the next 2 years. Many requests are sent to the sponsors. The building must be dug at the basement so that the room height can be adjusted to the applicable regulations and can thus be reused. The total construction cost is approximately 6 – 8 millionTHB. Escape plan and fire extinguishers are available.
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3.1.3 Boys House 3 Outdoor area The gutter is clearly leaking.Minor water damages visible.Wooden slats on the porch roof are coming off because of it.
Some parts of the walls on the backside are peeling away.
A few window shutters have come off their hinges due to improper use and lack of servicing.
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Rectangular metal pipes serve as drainage outlets of the gutters, which are connected to round plastic pipes at the bottom.The pipes and pipe joints have been improperly set up and hence they have come off their holders and are now inoperable. An extensive renovation of the gutters is planned for May 2017.
Paving stones are laid in the outdoor area.Insufficient processing of the paving stones has caused bumps and holes.
The entrance area is tiled.The tiles are greatly damaged even after a short use. The use of tiles in the entrance area is critical. For the most part the tiles are broken. Major damages can be seen.
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The panes of the entrance doors are broken.The doors themselves are in good condition.
The door on the right side of the building has heavily rusted at the bottom due to lack of maintenance.
Moreover, the mosquito nets are incorrectly attached. They do not ensure effective protection from bugs.
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The door on the left side of the building has also rusted. Some of the children get electric shocks when they touch the frame. Especially when it rains.
Lamps in the outdoor area are neither time-controlled nor controlled by movement sensors. As a result the lighting system is often turned on during day.
Cables hang loosely from the walls and are not properly insulated.
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Indoor area Ground floor The floor is not damaged. The locks on most of the cupboards have been broken.This is due to the loss of keys and the non-compliance of the supervisor to manage spare keys and to hand them over when necessary.
The children sleep in twin beds
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Sanitary facilities (indoor area) The closing mechanism of toilet units is no longer available.An improper alternative involving wire was used.
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First floor The roof is leaking in the entrance area of the first floor. Rainwater directly enters the entrance and living area. Damages were poorly corrected using newspaper.
Even in the rear area of the room, traces of water damage could be seen. Sections of the ceiling are broken over large areas.
Holes can be seen in the roof.
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Tiles are partly damaged (broken).
Cupboard doors are often broken, which is caused by improper use of cupboards. (Clothes are hung across the doors for drying. The doors break from the hinges when closing.)
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Washrooms Outdoor area Water tanks are still standard in Thailand 2017. Despite the high water consumption, they are still widely used in public facilities and in the army. The facilities do not meet the necessary standard of hygiene. (Between 2500 and 4000 liters of water is filled daily in every single of the large water tanks. The children then draw water from them for washing using jugs. A few children bathe in the tank while the other children brush their teeth with the same water.)
The tiles inside and on the outer surface of the tanks are mostly heavily damaged. The tiles at the upper edge are often broken or have fallen off.
Some tanks leak, because of this dirty water does not flow into the intended waste water shafts but simply flows over the ground.
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The unprotected laying of pipes directly on the ground in the washing area of Boys House 3 is striking. The pipes are partly damaged.
The stainless steel urinals are in good condition. There are large gaps between the floor and the urinals. Improper fitting makes it difficult to clean the unit.
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Indoor area There are holes in the roof of the washroom. Some parts of the roof have completely come off, which allows rainwater to enter unrestrictedly during the rainy season.
The roof structure of the washing area is in a very bad condition. The rafters are all rusted. Protective paint was clearly not applied here.
The toilets in general are in good condition.
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The toilet doors are made of plastic. Most of the doors and door frames are damaged. Some of the doors have completely come off their hinges (possibly due to vandalism). The material of the doors do not meet the requirements.
A few toilets cannot be used because water connections to tanks behind the toilets are defective. Water has to be filled in the tank with the help of a hose.
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3.1.4 Boys House 4 Outdoor area The outdoor area of Boys House 4 is very well maintained. Even the walls and roof appear to be in good condition.
The color of walls is chipping in a few places.
Stairs, which lead to the first floor, are damaged.
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There is an option of drying laundry behind the building on the left side.It is however hardly used.
Indoor area The ceiling area suggests that the roof is not leaking. Water damage cannot be seen. Slats of the entrance door are no longer aligned. Pest control is no longer ensured.
Windows are damaged. They were improperly repaired using wood and cardboard.
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Only two functioning sockets available. The deficiency is solved using partly damaged extension cables with multiple pins, which are often poorly insulated.
The small metal cupboards are clearly not sufficient for the boys. Personal belongings are also kept on top of the cupboards. Moreover, the cupboards are damaged.
There is hardly any place for drying laundry. This results in the children drying their laundry on the roof and on window grills.
The children sleep on mattresses on the floor.
There are two fire extinguishers in the upper area.
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Washrooms The washrooms are located at the right end of the building. It is divided into an indoor and outdoor area.
Outdoor area The roof structure and the roof itself are in good condition. A weather-proof coat of protective paint has clearly been applied on the roof braces.
The outer tank shows defects similar to those of the washing areas documented so far. The tiles are partly cracked or have fallen off.
Even in this area, the original urinals have been replaced by stainless steel ones, which are in good condition. However the renovation work is not properly completed. This has resulted in an incomplete floor area.
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Indoor area In order to allow sunlight to enter during the day, sections of plastic are inserted in the roof, which are partly broken. These damages have occurred because the boys of Boys House 4 go onto the roof to dry their laundry there. Window grills would stop this. On the other hand, the roof structure has not been painted on the outer side. This has caused the metal beams to rust.
The benches at the left wall of the inner washing area are usable but even here the tiles have partly come off. Even the wall and floor tiles have partly come off.
Some of the toilet units are heavily damaged. The plastic doors and door frames are broken or have holes.
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The toilet bowls are also partly broken.Severe discoloration of tiles can be seen.
Even in this area, some of the water pipes have been laid on the floor and are therefore exposed to a high load. Pipes on the water tank are incorrectly fitted. They are partly defective.
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General outdoor area
A concrete sport’s ground is located between the four buildings for different leisure activities. The ground is made of concrete and is partly cracked. Even the borders of the football ground are damaged.
(At the moment, this sports ground is covered so that the boys can get more protection from the sun during their free time. The renovation of the ground along with sealing / painting is also planned - completion by the beginning of school in 2017)
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3.1.5 Boys House 5 Outdoor area The outdoor area appears to be well maintained. There are only a few flaws due to wear and tear. Separating the site with the help of barbed wire fence is not optimal. It involves the risk that the children could hurt themselves.
There are heavy damages to the porch roof and the roof of the building.Therefore it can be assumed that in the near future water damages can also occur in the inner part of the building.
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There are major flaws in the appearance in the rear area of the building.
The lower porch is heavily damaged. Some parts of the roofs have completely come off.
Moreover, the wooden shutters are partly damaged. They have obviously not been well maintained.
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The electronic systems have been incorrectly fitted in the outdoor area of the building. They are partly within reach of children.
Washrooms The washing area in the rear part of the building is in good and well maintained condition.
However dirty water flows into a ditch behind the washroom. In the long run the puddles of water could erode the building and make it dilapidated.Moreover, such a waste water disposal system attracts bugs.It must be changed at all cost from a hygienic point of view.
The tiles of the water tank are heavily discolored and partly broken.
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The tiled urinal is heavily discolored in places. The tiles themselves appear to be in good condition.
The toilets are functional but in a very bad condition. The doors have slits and the wood has decayed in a few places.
The locking mechanism was not properly repaired. Instead it was improperly replaced with a wire.
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The walls of the toilet units are very dirty.The part of the wall near the taps is severely discolored.This means that their locking mechanism can no longer function properly and the water flows continuously.
Even in this washroom, the pipes have been laid directly on the floor. They have been subjected to heavy loads by children walking on it. They often become brittle due to direct sunlight. Intimately this results in leaking or broken pipes.
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Indoor area Ground floor The wooden slats of the entrance doors are not aligned in places. Cracks allow pests to enter.
The tiled floor is in very good condition and is very clean. The cables for plug sockets and fans are properly installed and insulated.
Sufficient storage room is not available for the children.
The children still sleep on the floor.
Smoke detectors are available.
Fire extinguishers are not mounted on walls and are placed loose in the room. This way they can be easily accessed by smaller children in case of an emergency.
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First floor You can reach the first floor via stairs, which are located on the left and right end of the building. The steps are in a poor state. Almost all the stairs have broken edges. Overall they appear very battered.
The handrail is heavily rusted.Obviously they have not been painted in a long time, which has resulted in the damages.
Even the floor of the balcony, from which you can enter the rooms on the first floor, is badly worn out. The steel, which was recessed in the concrete, can be seen in a few places.
The socket-outlet on the right staircase was used for purposes other than intended. The socket-outlets and cables on it are damaged. A cable was clearly used to lock the door.
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The rooms on the first floor are by far the most extensively damaged than the rooms on the ground floor.
The ceiling panels have come off due to water ingress.
As they have not been repaired, dirt has accumulated under the cavities. This may have caused live pests.
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The tiles on the first floor are damaged in a few places. They are cracked or even broken.
A few window shutters on the first floor can no longer be closed properly.
Even on the first floor, the children still sleep on the floor.
Due to the lack of storage facilities, an improper design was installed there, which could possibly lead to damage in the ceiling area.
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3.2 Kindergarten The Kindergarten is in very good condition.
Outdoor area The entrance door has a close-meshed grill on the lower part in order to prevent unwanted animals from entering into the area. The grills however have large holes.
The roof is around 20 years old and there are cracks on roof panels. In some places, water has already entered into the inner part of the building.
The trees growing over the sleeping quarters are destroying the roof because of the branches falling on it.
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Broken concrete parts and open broken waste water shafts pose a risk of injury.
The colors on the walls are peeling off.
Pipes are improperly laid.It appears as if work with regard to pipes has not been completed.
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The fence around the entire area is rusted.
Playground Grills around the playground are heavily damaged. A few bars are broken or bent.
Slides and climbing frames are party damaged due to high load.
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Waste water drain was heavily damaged due to a nearby palm tree.
The waterhole has been incorrectly covered and does not provide the necessary protection for the children.
The metal fence around the playground is slanted and improper for use. There are patches of rust in a few places.
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Indoor area
The entrance doors of the sleeping area are damaged.
The tiles in the inner rooms are partly damaged.
Improper installation of electrical system. Plug socket outlets hang loosely from the walls. Live cables are not insulated in some places and children can touch them.
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There are no mosquito nets in the inner area.The open windows are covered.
The children sleep on wooden boxes without mattresses. (Mattresses have been ordered for June 2017)
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Washrooms There are 2 additional KĂ„RCHER shower heads in the washroom. This is not an ideal solution or a replacement of the water tank but more as an additional option for bathing. The hoses are not correctly connected.
(A water tank is also available here, which is in good condition and was retiled in the beginning of 2017) The toilet doors are made of plastic. Doors or rather the door frames are often damaged.
The ceramic and the tiles have discolored.
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3.3 Girls Houses 3.3.1 Girls House 1 Outdoor area The roof is heavily damaged and leaking. A complete renovation is planned for May 2017.
Gutters are rusted and leaking in a few places.
The paint is peeling off from the facade due to old age. The building has not been renovated in the last 12 years.
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Open and poorly insulated water pipes.Water damages visible on the ceilings of the outer area.
The balcony balustrades are rusted.
(The water treatment plant is in technically good condition)
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Indoor area A few pieces of the staircase awning are missing.
There is major water damage in the sleeping area of the children on the topmost floor due to leaky roof.
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The wooden entrance door is heavily damaged. Some parts on the bottom are broken. Rainwater can enter into the inner part of the building through them.
Windows often cannot be closed as the individual glass slats are falling out or broken.
The windows in the doors to the bedrooms are broken. The damage was improperly repaired by sealing the holes in the windows using cardboard.
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The doors to the balconies are badly damaged. Glass panes in the windows are often missing here.
The tiles in the bedrooms are partly cracked or have loosened.
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The cupboards or wall units are damaged due to age.
Mosquito nets are often incorrectly attached.
Escape routes are partly blocked in the right staircase. Doors are locked.
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Washrooms The false ceilings have fallen down on all floors. Pipes, which have been laid on these ceiling panels, are partly leaking.
The windows in the washing areas are destroyed or dismantled.
The floor of the washing areas seamlessly merges with the floor of the living rooms. Because of this, water from the washing area enters the living rooms.
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The sanitary facilities in the entire building are in a desolate condition and hence are no longer used as toilets at night.
The white tiles in the toilets are heavily discolored.
The toilet doors are broken or heavily damaged.
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A few toilets and washrooms are clogged due to clogged pipes.
Drain strainers were removed for no apparent reason. Due to this, waste enters the drainage pipes and adds to further clogging.
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3.3.2 Girls House 2 Outdoor area The loosened awning panels indicate a leaking roof. Water damage can be seen under the awning.
The concrete staircase is heavily damaged.
The color on the walls of the building is peeling away all over.
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Window shutters are coming away from their hinges in the rear part.
Slats have come away from their fixtures. Windows can no longer be properly closed.
The power supply cables of the building are connected so low over the floor that the children can reach them very easily.
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Heavily damaged sockets can be found on the balcony. They have not been properly repaired.
Indoor area The wooden door in the entrance area is badly damaged at the bottom. Wooden slats have come off.
The handrail of the stairs on the first floor is rusted.
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Inside, smaller water damages can be seen on the ceilings.
The building still has a wooden floor. It is very uneven.
The mosquito nets are partly defective.They cannot be properly attached to the windows.
The cupboard doors (sliding mechanisms) are partly defective.
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Incorrectly attached rods to dry laundry.
In this building, the children still sleep on the floor.
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Washrooms The walls of the washroom are made of untreated concrete and are not painted.
The wooden screen in the entrance area is broken
The water tanks overflow causing puddles on the right side of the sanitary facility.
This problem has aggravated by an improperly installed wastewater disposal system.
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The toilet doors are heavily damaged, have come away from their hinges or are broken. Incorrect maintenance of locking mechanism using cables.
Electrical cables hang loose from the walls.
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Pink washroom The roof elements are loose or broken.
There are no water level regulators. That is why water continuously flows into the tank.
The water tanks are very dirty and in a poor condition.
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The dirty water flows onto the street. Proper drainage does not appear to exist.
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3.3.3 Girls House 3 (Alice House) The so-called Alice House is in general in very good condition. The material of the building is very solid. Defects can only be seen in the outdoor area and washing area of the building.
Outdoor area One of the roof panels has come off.
Steps in the entrance area are damaged due to load. (Broken tiles)
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Rear part (washrooms)
The roof of the washroom is leaking. The transparent plastic partitions are badly damaged.
The wooden platform behind the building, which is used for drying laundry, is decayed. The floor strips are in a very poor condition.
The tiles on the steps in front of the tank are partly broken.
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The metal railings in the rear part are heavily rusted and partly broken posing a risk of falling.
Almost all the toilet doors are damaged or incorrectly repaired with wooden boards.
A few washbasins have come off from the wall. The mirrors have come off from their frames.
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The water tanks are obviously leaking at the bottom.
Water pipes are laid on the ground and are partly leaking because they are stepped on.
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The dirty water is discharged into the lawn (behind the washroom).(No wastewater disposal system)
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3. 3. 4 Girls House 4 (Canteen) Girls are accommodated in two rooms on the top floor of the canteen. The rooms can be reached via 1st floor of the canteen. The condition of the roof in this part of the canteen appears to be reasonably good. Water damages cannot be seen. Ceiling panels are coming off only in the staircase.
There is no privacy or light screen in front of the rooms. This leads to improper solutions.
Light switch buttons missing. They have not been repaired properly.
Partly incorrectly laid electronics (cables coming away from the wall).
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Improper use of extension cables. (ATTENTION: Functioning pressing irons have been found under the beds)
Due to lack of space, cupboards have been kept on the balconies. In the inner area, the laundry can only be stored using rods.
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Washrooms The washrooms are in a very poor condition. Drain strainers were often removed. This caused the drainages to get clogged. This results in water accumulating in the washing areas In principle toilets are in good condition. However they are not cleaned and are hence very dirty. The washing system used there involves the use of a hose because of which a mixture of feces and water flows on the floor of the toilets.The tiles there are heavily discolored.
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The metal tanks are beginning to rust.
Sealed pipes coming out of the walls have been improperly closed. Thus water drips from them.This causes the tiles to discolor.
Tiles have been destroyed in the washroom during maintenance work. The work has not been properly completed.
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The strainers from the washroom have been removed. This causes coarse dirt and objects to enter the pipes. Thus water can no longer drain properly and accumulates in the washrooms.
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Sanitary facilities (1st floor of the canteen)
Water damages can be seen on the ceilings.
Pipes leaking. Water not properly drained. A mixture of water and dirt can be found on the floor.
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Toilets are no longer functioning properly.Severe discoloration of ceramics. This indicates that the toilet is leaking.
The water tank is hardly used. The water drainage is obviously not functioning correctly. A mixture of water and chemicals can be found in it.
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3.4 Canteen From outside, the building appears to be solid at first glance. On second glance however, massive deficiencies in the construction material can be seen. Since the building is just 3 years old, the structural damages could not have been caused by improper construction.Moreover, the materials used cannot withstand the requirements and loads.
Outdoor area One of the most serious defects is the leaking roof and the resulting water damages, which are occurring everywhere in the building.
Water damages can be seen at the awnings around the building.
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Incorrect roof construction and bad quality of materials used can be seen.
Drains have detached themselves from the gutters, causing water to penetrate into the rooms below (guest toilets).
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Waste water pipes on the roof were incorrectly laid and have partly fallen apart.
The wall paint used obviously does not withstand the high loads of the climatic conditions. It has flaked.
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The tiles used on the stairs are often cracked or broken.
Marble slabs, which are used as top panels for walls, are also damaged.
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The rear washing area for washing the children’s plates is a major problem in the outdoor area of the canteen. Grave errors have been made here when installing the tanks and drains.
Plastic pipes have been laid directly on the ground and are now damaged due to the carelessness of the children.
The drains are not sufficiently large.
The rice remains prevent proper drainage of the water.
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The pit drainage is obviously not sufficient for the quantity of dirty water.This results in congestion of dirty water.
Indoor area Ground floor A few construction faults can be seen in the inner area of the ground floor. Here hygiene problems mainly occur due to lack of manpower and lack of supervision of the children. Water damages can be found in the guest toilets. They are caused by leaking roof and damaged gutter drains.
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Pipes improperly closed. The water runs down the tiles and discolors them.
First floor
Leaky water pipes/wastewater pipes near the ceiling also causes water damages in addition to serious faults in the roof.
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Windows are difficult or even impossible to close.
Curtain fixtures are coming away from the ceilings
Electronic systems are improperly laid. Some of the cables hang loose on the walls. They have been partly destroyed due to water damages. Spotlights hang from the cables.
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3.5 Kitchen Outdoor area Water damages can be seen at the awning in the outdoor area.
The water pipes (plastic) have come off from their attachments and partly hang loose over the water tanks.
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Indoor area There are many water damages inside the kitchen due to the ingress of water through leaking places in the roof and faulty wastewater pipes, which are laid on the ceiling.
The tiles of the kitchen are partly damaged.
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In the cooking areas, severe discoloration of tiles can be seen.
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4. Recommendation of construction material The second part of this concept is designed to make recommendations to those in charge of the WAT SAKAEO temple, which should lead to the use of building materials with a high degree of sustainability in the future. The documentation of the current state shows that the renovations made so far and even the reconstructions do not have the desired sustainability. The cumulative experience of Iceman Charity regarding the renovation of the Bangsadej House should help increase the efficiency of similar projects in future. The Bangsadej House project made it possible for Iceman Charity to work with renowned experts and construction planners (JP Construction). Therefore the renovation is also considered to be the pilot project and shows how a modern building can be sustainably planned and completed in accordance with modern standards. The aim of Iceman Charity is to bring the accommodations of children to the minimum standard of European objects of comparison by 2025. Therefore, I recommend the following pages as a guide and help for future projects. It remains undisputed that sustainability and modernity initially entail higher costs than before; however, the building materials used last a lot longer than the initially higher costs. Optimization of the quality of life of the children is still the credo of Iceman Charity. It is the basis for preparing young people for their future and enabling them not to miss the connection with the modern world (even in Bangkok). In general, I recommend using building materials that are used in the care and public sphere (e.g. hospitals and prisons etc.) in the future. They have the decisive advantage that they meet the desired requirements in public buildings and do not have a short durability like the materials from the private sector (which are often used in Wat Sakaeo for financial reasons or are provided by sponsors)
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4.1 Roof Iceman Charity used SCG Roman Tile for project Bangsadej, a roof panel that meets the modern standard in Thailand and is known for its high life span of up to 15 years. Even in bad weather, this roof tile is extremely resistant. The reason for this is the water-repellent and sun-reflective paint.
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Long durability (15 years)
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Asbestos-free
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High quality
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Energy efficient
Cost calculation:
Lab costs + material costs (m2)
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I recommend the use of SCG HOOK Bolts (bolts of roof panels). These bolts prevent the ingress of water. Ensure the use of:
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Rubber seals
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Rust-free materials
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Another elementary point that should be taken into account when constructing a roof is the sealing and the optimal thermal protection of roof panels. In the Alice House, the roof panels were additionally coated with ProColor Coating (or applied with airbrush). Term: “Coating” Advantages:
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High crack resistance and adhesion
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Forms a highly flexible and elastic coating, which withstands structural movements
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Resistant to UV radiation and weather conditions
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Thermal insulation
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Not-toxic
(The same product is also recommended for exterior painting. You can find the datasheet in the next concept “Paints”.) Alternative solution with Rain Kote Fix & Seal: This is a commercial sealant. It comprises a special type of bitumen, polymer resins and additives. It is applied cold and sticks to concrete, wood, metal, insulation boards and plastic. Rain Kote Fix & Seal has a high flow resistance, which is suitable for vertical as well as horizontal roofs. It can also be effectively applied on moist surfaces. It was used in the Bangsadej House to seal screw holes and adjacent roof panels. Advantages: -
Can be applied on moist surfaces.
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Suitable for vertical or horizontal roofs.
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Good adhesion to concrete, metal, wood and other materials.
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Sealing and stopping water leaks.
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4.2 Ceiling 4.2.1 Styrofoam ceiling panels Interior ceilings can be easily attached with panels made of Styrofoam / Polystyrene. They are cost-efficient and do not require expensive superstructure. This form of ceiling lining is however only recommended for dry living rooms. Advantages:
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easy to install
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Revision options for electrical installations and cables
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easy to replace
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no paint required
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The substructure can be strengthened in a targeted manner in order to attach fans and lamps among other things.
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4.2.2 Stainless steel slats Stainless steel slats should be used in wet and outdoor areas. The often colormatched slats are rustproof and very resistant to climatic conditions of all kinds. They are easy to clean with high-pressure cleaners. In Thailand, there are two types of slats: slats that are screwed and slats that are attached to a superstructure. The slats in Bangsadej House were screwed.
Data sheets
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4.3 Wall paint Iceman Charity will exclusively use Pro Color for future renovations or reconstructions. It is a new premium product made in Germany, which has also been available in Thailand for one year. In the Alice House, all the inner and outer walls as well as the complete roof were painted with Pro Color while in Bangsadej House all the inner and outer walls. The complete “coating� with heat-proof Pro Color led to a 9 degree lower room temperature during the hot months of summer. 4.3.1 Outdoor area I recommend Pro Color House color for the outdoor area. It is: -
resistant to wind-driven rain
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crack-bridging
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permeable
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heat-reflecting (UV-resistant)
Preparation The outer walls should be cleaned with a water-driven high-pressure cleaner. The preliminary work guarantees that the background is dust-free and optimally prepared for later work. Smaller cracks must not be treated when using Pro Color House. The product fills/bridges small cracks and prevents visible cracks from forming thanks to the high elasticity of the paint (refer to product description). This considerably reduces the cost of crack treatments on the outer walls. Larger damaged areas must be repaired before painting.
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Preparation Pro Color After the base coat, two finishing coats must be applied to ensure all properties (thermal insulation, crack bridging).Here the total thickness of the coat of paint must be 7 Âľ.
1. Basic (base coat) The base coat is enriched with special additives for the Thai market, because of this it is possible to directly apply the paint on old acrylic paints.This absolutely necessary base allows for a solid and stable primer for Pro Color house, Pro Color home, Pro Color seal and Pro Color wind. 2. White top coat In order to achieve the necessary thickness of the coat, the walls must be painted twice. For financial reasons, the first coat applied is white and without pigments. 3. Colored top coat The second coat is applied in the desired color (refer to the color table) The manufacturer provides a 10-year guarantee on the outer coat by means of thorough preparation and the observance of the drying times. Suitable backgrounds: o
Mineral backgrounds
o
Plaster
o
Concrete
o
Lime sandstone
o
Fiber cement boards
o
Intact old coats
o
Hard-PVC
o
Wood
o
Wallpaper
o
Metal
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Advantages of Pro Color (outdoor area): o
ceramic performance coating
o
Free from toxic substances
o
Permeable
o
Water vapor permeable
o
Water-repellent and rainproof
o
Reflected heat
o
Color-fast / crack-bridging (elongation at break over 150%)
o
Abrasion-resistant (wash-resistant)
o
Non-combustible
o
Resistant to harmful emissions
o
Enormously resistant to UV radiation and climatic conditions
4. 3. 2 Indoor area The preparation of the indoor area is the same as that of the outdoor area. Advantages of Pro Color (indoor area): o
is heat-regulating
o
can positively influence the indoor climate
o
reduces mold risk
o
solvent-free
o
permeable
o
non-combustible (A2)
o
durable and abrasion resistant
o
environmentally friendly
o
TĂœV certified
The Pro Color is generally 30% more expensive than conventional paints in Thailand. Cost saving can be achieved by avoiding unnecessary crack treatment on walls and sustainability, which is guaranteed for at least 10 years. For Iceman Charity, it is a decisive advantage that the color is washable and the interior and exterior walls can be cleaned.
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4.4 Living room / passage floor
In order to increase the sustainability of the floor area, Iceman Charity has used a socalled Atox Atria flooring when renovating the Bangsadej House. This flooring is usually used in company buildings, warehouses, garages, hospitals and similar facilities. This flooring, which is based on polyamide epoxide resin, is considered to be easy to clean. Dirt and other substances cannot enter the pores (no absorption) because the floor is completely impermeable. The floor can be classified as non-toxic. The Atox Atria flooring is a very stable, high-quality flooring, which is frequently used where there are high loads. The coat comprises 2 components: epoxide resin (EP) and the so-called hardener. They are combined shortly before processing.The coat thickness is only a few millimeters when applying the epoxide resins. The performance characteristics of floors similar to epoxide resins depend on the correct ratio of the binding agent and the hardener. We strongly advise you to observe the mixing ratio on the product packaging. Please note that when laying such a floor, a non-slip version is used to prevent the children from being injured. For this purpose, glass spheres are incorporated into the top coat. They are not charged extra and are included in the price. The optical antislip class is R13. The square meter price for such a floor is around â‚Ź12.15 (≈ 376.00 THB)
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Advantages of Atox Atria flooring •
stable, abrasion-resistant, dirt and wear-free
•
very resilient
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smooth, easy to clean
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exceptionally good adhesion
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good chemical resistance
•
water-repellent, oil-resistant
•
heat-resistant
A major advantage is quick processing of the epoxide resin. Atox Atria floors can often be walked on after approximately 20 hours and can be subjected to loads after 3 days. This is also advantageous for using in the living rooms of the children since they can be inhabited after a short time.
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Preparations for the floor In our opinion, preparations should be carried out by an expert.If the ground is not properly prepared, the floor life can be very short. In order for the floor to form a firm bond with the ground, certain criteria must be fulfilled. The ground must have sufficient compressive strength, which can be determined using a Schmidt hammer. Moreover, the ground must be sufficiently dry before the Atox Atria Harz is applied. The residual moisture can be checked using a hygrometer. It should be maximum 4 percent by mass. The steps of ground preparation for an epoxide resin floor without going into the details are cleaning, grinding, milling and shot peening. Primer (Idrosem) The use of a primer can also support durability of the floor. As with the other products that I recommended, Idrosem is mainly used in public facilities such as hospitals, schools, prisons, etc. and can therefore withstand high loads. Idrosem is a primer, which can be universally used. Simple applicability with very good properties such as chemical resistance, high adhesive strength and suitability as filler make Idrosem the perfect base coat for the Atriaplastic floor. An applied and dried coat is antiabsorbent, dust-free and resistant to mold and bacteria. For the successful application of Idrosem WP, it is eminently important that the ground is thoroughly cleaned. It should be ensured that there are no oil spills, damp places, dust and residues of cement mortar. In addition, care should be taken to ensure that the previous background does not contain epoxide resin as it could be incompatible with Idrosem WP. After cleaning the ground thoroughly, 1-2 coats (depending on the property of the floor) of Idrosem-Primer are applied. Care should be taken that at least 12-24 hours of dry time is provided before the Atriaplastic floor is applied.
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4.4.1 Stairs In future, I recommend the use of natural stone for the stairs. Natural stones are all the stones found in nature. They are mostly obtained in quarries or gravel pits.Only their surface is treated (polished). Typical natural stones: Slate, marble, granite, basalt, lime sandstone, gravel stones
Slip resistance Just as for the wet areas, it is also important for stairs in the outdoor and indoor areas that they are slip-resistant and hence safe for use. Here I recommend slip resistance class R10 (10° to 19°).
Slip resistance Working areas, commercial and public areas DIN 51130 Evaluation group
Inclination angle
R9
>6°-10° Low adhesion friction coefficient
R 10
>10°-19° Normal adhesion friction coefficient
R 11
>19°-27° High adhesion friction coefficient
R 12
>27°-35° Large adhesion friction coefficient
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Abrasion resistance All floor coverings are subject to wear. This mainly depends on the following factors: •
usage frequency
•
soiling or cleaning conditions
•
of the type of mechanical stress due to walking, running...
•
hardness of the glaze
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thickness of glaze coat
•
degree of gloss of the glaze (matt, half-matt, glossy)
•
color and brightness of the glaze
The theoretical exposure of the glaze (surface wear / abrasion) during use is tested by means of a standardized testing method involving a test machine of the American Porcelain and Enamel Institute (PEI) and divided into classes 0-5 according to DIN EN ISO 10545-7 (refer to table). Class Rotations
typical applications
0
100
generally only theoretical value
1
150
only wall material
2
600
only wall material
3
750/1500
e.g. for surfaces not subject to loads (barefoot in bathrooms)
4
2100*6000/12000 e.g. high loads at the front door
5
>12000
for highest load e.g. garages
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Stair protection Both in the indoor and outdoor area, Iceman Charity has used stair protection made of stainless steel. In Bangsadej House, stainless steel stair edges with fluting were laid on all the stairs (slip resistance class R10 DIN 51130). The durability can be increased especially in areas which are particularly subject to loads, such as stairs. At the same time safety is ensured upstairs and downstairs.
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4.5 Electrics 4.5.1 LED Sustainability should also be taken into account in case of lighting. In the future, I recommend replacing the existing lamps with LEDs and in general using LED lamps for renovations and new buildings. During the renovation of the Bangsadej House, the so-called T-8 tubes were used. LED tubes T8 replacement of fluorescent tubes Advantages von LED tubes, a summary Functioning •
100% maximum brightness immediately after they are switched on
•
Uniformly bright illumination Flicker-free, ideal illuminant to illuminate bedrooms, common rooms and corridors
•
Noiseless, no disturbing hum of the ballast
•
Brightness is much more constant across the lifetime compared to the brightness loss of a fluorescent tube (LED tubes typically about 5 ‰ over 1,000 hours)
•
Illuminance directly comparable to fluorescent tubes.
•
Very long life (50,000 hours compared to the 6,500 hours of fluorescent tube)
•
Life of an LED tube at 24 hours per day is about 5.7 years compared to 0.74 years for fluorescence tube
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Cost reduction •
Low energy consumption: LED tube of 60 cm length consumes only 9 watts, LED tube of 120 cm 18 watts and LED tube of 150 cm just 22 watts
•
High efficiency and thus low energy consumption (saving of approx. 13 watts by eliminating starters and ballast). For example, 150 cm fluorescent tube: Total power rating = 58 W + 13 W = 71 W
•
Saving power cost (in case of 150 cm fluorescent tube: 22 W as opposed to 71 W equals approx. 70 % energy saving)
•
Reduction of maintenance costs; LED tubes are practically maintenance-free
•
Reduction of replacement costs
•
Reduction of air conditioning costs due to low heat generation
•
Reduction of storage cost of illuminants
•
Reduction of transport cost of illuminants
Break resistance, shatter protection •
High break resistance due to polycarbonate (PC) cover, no splinter protection necessary
(The cover of the lamps have multiple advantages. Access by children is prevented. It is easier to remove dirt. The lamp is protected from external influences.)
Amortization •
Amortization within a short time, due to the saved electricity costs.If all cost savings (see above:cost reduction) are included in the calculation, an LED tube is paid off in less than 2 replacement cycles of a standard fluorescent tube.
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Installation •
Standard G13 base
•
Easy replacement of all diffuser luminaires with starter
•
LED tubes require neither starters nor ballasts (choke or ballast)
•
Conversion without structural modification
•
LED tube is directly connected to mains voltage 230 VAC, no external power supply
•
The design prevents touching of live parts during conversion
•
No wattless current compensation required
Environment •
Protection of environment
•
LED tubes contain no harmful substances
•
Compliant with RoHS requirements, i.e. No special disposal required
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ORCA is a robust and long-lasting lighting solution for standard applications in damp and dusty environment. The modern LED technology has a robust casing and simple assembly. With luminosity of up to 116 lm / W and system service life of up to 50,000 hours, ORCA is a low-maintenance and energy-efficient replacement of standard T8 lighting systems with 1 x 58W and 2 x 36W / 58W. Easy assembly and high installation safety.Available in two lengths, ORCA facilitates easy installation and can be flexibly shifted on site according to diverse spatial requirements because of its wide range of familiar accessories. Moreover, the integrated touch protection offers additional safety and more comfort during installation and operation.
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4.5.2 Automatic circuit breakers Installing automatic circuit breakers is very important especially in combination with electronic drinking water facilities. They should also be installed for electronic systems used in wet and outdoor areas. In order to prevent short circuits or even electric shocks in the areas mentioned above, the installation of such systems is extremely important. These are the so-called RCCB Residual Current operated Circuit-Breaker).
The requirements for the protection of persons and animals against electric shock are defined in the electro-technical standards. This is achieved through a combination of: •
Basic protection as a precaution for the protection against direct contact with live parts by means of a basic insulation in the fault-free state
•
Fault protection in the case of indirect contact with touchable parts, for example the metallic housing of an electrical device, which can become dangerous live parts in the event of a fault
With the publication of DIN VDE 0100-410 (200706), all plug-in power circuits, which can be operated by laymen, with a rated current of up to and including 20 A and outdoor end-circuits for portable devices up to and including 32 A must be protected using a fault current circuit breaker (tripping current max. 30 mA) in EU states. According to the requirements of DIN 18015-2 (requirements of the electrical equipment in apartments), the entire network must not be disconnected from mains in the event of a fault. These requirements make the use of these combination devices more and more popular since due to their space-saving design only two subunits are required on the cap rail (in case of two-pole models).
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This standard has not yet been prescribed in Thailand. An RCCB is recommended for the entire circuit or at least for the additional protection of the electric drinking water units.
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4.5.3 Clock timer With the help of clock timers, the power supply for each building is regulated centrally. This makes it possible to regulate the current usage of the children and, above all, to maintain the rest period at night time.In order to successfully implement this, I recommend that you install the clock timer in a closed metal box (or room) in order to prevent the children accessing it. Another advantage of clock timers is that they save energy. Even lamps in the outdoor area can be switched off during the day. If this clock timer is supplemented by a motion sensor, power can be optimally saved in the evening (until night time). It is necessary to adjust time to different circuits or users.
Example: power supply at Bangsadej:
-
The lamps in the outdoor area are turned off during the day
-
In the evening, they are turned on by motion sensors
-
Power supply in the rooms up to night time
-
Current from 05:00 hours to 21:30 hours.
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4.6 Sanitary facility The increasing water scarcity in Thailand must also lead to further advancement in the modernization of the systems in the WAT SAKAEO facility. Water is a valuable resource and must therefore be used as sparingly as possible because increasing scarcity will result in increased costs in the future. Therefore, old sanitary facilities must be modernized as soon as possible. Especially in institutions such as orphanages, water consumption is 50% higher than in private households. In the public area, a consumption of 200 liters per person is measured per day.Moreover, the behavior of the public users, who do not have to pay for consumption, is different from private. Even the use of water tanks leads to an extremely high consumption of water. In addition, these tanks no longer meet modern hygienic requirements. With the help of Delabie, which specializes in public and commercial facilities, we have been able to install one of the most modern facilities in the whole of Thailand at Bangsadej House. Energy and water savings, adapted hygienic solutions as well as safety and protection from vandalism are a given in this building. The use of stainless steel also leads to a very high durability and service life and can be thoroughly cleaned. The products are used in public and commercial institutions such as prisons, airports, motorway service stations. The use of these products is intuitive and therefore they are easy to use especially for children.
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4.6.1 Reducing consumption The water consumption of modern facilities is 3 l / min for washbasins and 6 l / min for showers. Metered water release and automatic closing restrict water consumption and the impact of user inattentiveness. The flowing time of washbasin taps is limited to 7 seconds. The WC dual flushers 3l/6l, the urinal flush time of 3 seconds and the peak time system for electronic urinal flushers are further examples for optimizing water consumption. Water saving In order to make it clear to you what amount of water can be saved daily, measurement of the water consumption of 609 children was carried out over the course of creation of the concept. The consumption was exclusively determined during the daily washing process of the children. This consumption was compared with the water quantity required by modern showers used in the Bangsadej House.
Liter 6000000 5000000 4000000 3000000 2000000 1000000 0 Days Saved Water
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
10
30
90
180
360
720
1800
3600
1452
14520
43560
130680
261360
522720
1045440
2613600
5227200
The graph shows which enormous quantities of water can be saved.If the consumption of all children is calculated, including the use of modern toilets and water taps, the value multiplies drastically. This shows how eminently important the modernization of the sanitary facilities is in the complete temple area and that this can make a significant contribution to sustainability.
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4.6.2 Vandalism Intentional and unintentional vandalism is present especially in an accommodation consisting a larger number of people. Even in an institution such as WAT SAKAEO Temple, it is a significant problem. The maintenance of the products used so far is extraordinarily difficult. In addition, malfunctions or leaks were not noticed and corrected so quickly thus leading to unsuitability of the sanitary installations or even to secondary damages to the infrastructure. The taps used in the Bangsadej House are made of high-strength materials such as brass, stainless steel or optical fibers reinforced with synthetic elements. Thanks to their flowing forms without contact points, any attempt at tearing is made more difficult. All functional parts and attachments are inaccessible to the user. . 4.6.3 HYGIENE As the taps close automatically, no manual contact is required after washing, which prevents the transmission of bacteria via hands. The automatic flushing systems ensure flushing after each use. This way hygiene is maintained for the subsequent user. Toilet tank systems promote bacterial growth due to the accumulation of water at room temperature. In contrast, flush valves facilitate maximum hygiene. Cleaning Stainless steel can be easily cleaned.Even the use of steel sponges is possible here. This ensures that the children take care of the cleaning themselves and do not run the risk of damaging the equipment. However, we strongly recommend that the supervisors specifically point out that even in the case of stainless steel installations, the facilities must be regularly cleaned.
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4.6.4 Safety Prevention of injuries Rounded and deburred edges of the taps prevent any risk of cutting injuries. Flowing forms, without the option of holding, also contribute to safety.
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4.6.5 Floor of the outdoor area
In the outdoor area, I recommend the use of tiles from the public area, which correspond to an R10 slip resistance (DIN 51130). These products are more resistant and therefore have a longer shelf life. Slip-resistant tiles are special tiles with different strongly profiled or rough surface. For the barefoot area near swimming pools, public saunas, at the pool and in the cleaning areas of sports facilities, the assessment is carried out in groups: groups A (minimum requirements), B and C (highest requirements) (DIN 51097). We therefore recommend the use of tiles in wet areas, which correspond to assessment group B. Assessment groups of slip resistance in accordance with GUV.85.27 (former GUV.26.17) Assessment
Minimum inclination
group
angle
B
18°
Areas
•
Barefoot passages
•
Showers
•
Tank borders
4.6.6 Walls (wet area) The so-called hydrotech tiles have been used for the walls. They are also used in swimming pools. They have been subjected to a surface treatment and have three advantages: -
Effective against bacteria
-
Effective against dirt (easy to clean)
-
Effective against smells
These properties are of extreme importance especially for toilets and washrooms. The antibacterial effect of Hydrotect is based on the principle of photocatalysis.
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Oxygen is activated by light, which destroys bacteria and germs. The antibacterial effect of Hydrotect also builds up again and again.
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4.7 Fresh and waste water 4.7.1 Fresh water Due to the relatively poor water quality, we recommend filtering the water in advance for the sanitary facilities (especially for showers and taps). Pollutants, which cannot be filtered in the natural way, must be treated by means of special procedures. The iron and heavy metal content in the water requires technical treatment. In addition to increased hygiene, this results in a longer service life of the taps. Filter unit In Bangsadej House, the filter unit Mazuma i S19-122-20LM has been installed. This filter unit is designed for frequent use based on the children's water consumption. The filtered water is fit for drinking. (Find datasheet)
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Water storage DOS Life Natura Tank is recommended for storing water. The Iceman Charity has a positive experience with this product during the renovation of the Bangsadej House. Additional tanks can be added depending on the amount of water required. They are available in versions 700, 1000, 1500, 2000 liters depending on the demand. Nowadays these tanks are used not only in public buildings, but also in private areas. Moreover, a guarantee of 20 years is provided. In order to maintain the quality of the water, an antibacterial protective layer is incorporated into the tank, which destroys bacteria and other microorganisms. Besides, the tanks are resistant to UV radiation. However, we still recommend protecting the tanks from external influences such as vandalism and weathering
by placing them in a covered
and enclosed room.
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Water pump The water supply was provided with a pump for the required water pressure. Water is pumped at up to 4 bar to the consumers from the water tank. In a two-story building, such as the Bangsadej House, 2 P350GX water pumps by Hitachi were used. (One pump per story) It is important that the water pressure of the pumps is individually adjustable. Debiel recommends 4-6 bar water pressure on all fittings.
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4.7.2 Waste water A septic tank is a mechanical and the simplest form of waste water treatment for individual buildings. It consists of a container, in which the undissolved parts of the waste water are deposited. The excess water is either suctioned off regularly using a vacuum tanker and discharged into a water body or is drained away. Septic or pit drainages were one of the most common forms of waste water treatment.More complex septic tanks consist of 3 chambers. The waste water is decomposed anaerobically (without oxygen) in a well-maintained modern 3-chamber septic tank. Therefore, there are no faces and toilet paper residues there. With regard to cleaning capacity, these tanks can compete with small sewage plants, with the exception of the nitrate content of the treated waste water.
Primary treatment - mechanical waste water treatment This can be done in two ways: 1. In a sedimentation basin (e.g. multi-chamber septic tank). In this basin, sewage pollutants not dissolved in the water deposit on the basin floor. At the same time, the particles that are lighter than water float on the surface of the water. This accumulated sludge (fecal sludge) must be disposed of. Disposal is usually required approximately once a year depending on the size, contamination and sewage properties of the wastewater in different periods of time. There are also cases where the sludge partially dissolves through biological degradation in the sedimentation basin or the waste water to be purified hardly contains sedimentable substances and thus the emptying is only necessary after several years.
2. In a dry filter basin with two chambers (e.g. decomposition containers). The filter consists of a mat, which is covered with a layer of coarse gravel and then with a layer of wood chips (only hardwood, since softwood is antibiotic). The particles deposit on the filter and remain permanently in the air. This does not cause decay and odor emissions. When the first chamber is full, the second is used.
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Comparison of procedures: Separation Volume/area Procedure
per inhabitant
Operating experiences
of deposition and sludge
(E)
Minimum
Disposal
disposal
costs
period
chambers Sedimentation procedure (deposition procedure) Multi-chamber
0.3 - 1.5
septic tanks
m³/E
Sedimentation pond
very
great
no
1 x year
great
no
1 x year
low
0.3 m³/E
low
yes
2 x year
high
3 - 5 m²/E
very small
yes
0.5 m³/E
small
Filtration procedure Decomposition chamber Plant bed for pre-cleaning
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?x yearly
very high
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4.8 General safety 4.8.1 Smoke detectors Often, fire sources cannot be detected quickly enough. For example, if the children are at school or absent for other reasons, this can lead to fatal consequences. Even at night, fire is very dangerous. Because humans cannot detect the smell of smoke or fire after falling asleep. The victims are surprised in their sleep without noticing the dangerous fire gases. Carbon monoxide (CO) is very poisonous and can quickly become fatal. This gas is odorless, colorless and tasteless. However negligence is not the only cause of fire in contrast to popular opinion. Technical defects often cause fires too. Smoke detectors (fire detectors) save lives the loud alarm of the smoke detector warns in advance of the risk of fire, even in sleep, and provides the necessary head start to evacuate buildings and keep the children safe.
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Networking Networking (W2 radio system) of the individual smoke detectors is an elementary point. By means of the so-called WiFi alarm systems, up to 50 smoke detectors can be connected to each other. This allows nearby buildings to be warned in the event of a fire, which provides additional safety. Call & SMS In addition, smoke detectors, which warn the supervisors by SMS and call, should be installed in the future. This allows them to react more quickly and, if necessary, to ensure the safety of the children.
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4.8.2 Fire protection In general, it should be noted that, when selecting construction materials, materials which have the highest possible fire protection are preferably used. In addition to the installation of fire extinguishers, regular exercises, in cooperation with the local fire brigade, can reduce the risk of injury or even death. I recommend carrying out such exercises at regular intervals. Such an exercise must be carried out at the beginning of each school year in order to prepare the new children for an emergency and establish a certain routine. Basic principles for the equipment of buildings with fire extinguishers These rules were drawn up in cooperation with the company VdS and the Federal Association of Accident Insurance Companies of the public sector (BAGUV), the Federation of German Industries (BDI) and the German Insurance Association (GDV).VdS is one of the world's most prestigious institutions for corporate safety with focus on fire protection, security, prevention of natural hazards and cyber security.
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Suitability for the relevant intended use Type of fire
A
B
C
D
extinguishers
Solid,
Liquid
Gaseous,
Combustible
glowing
substances or
even
metals
substances
substances that
pressurized (application
are about to
only with
turn liquid
powder spray)
Powder extinguisher with ABC extinguishing powder Powder extinguisher with BC extinguishing powder Powder extinguisher with metal fire powder Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher Water extinguishers (also with additives such as wetting agents, antifreeze or anti-corrosive agents) Water extinguishers with additives which, in combination with water, also extinguish fires of fire class B Foam extinguisher suitable Unsuitable
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Risk of fire Depending on the fire risk, the individual buildings must be classified in one of the following fire hazard classes: 1. low risk of fire (is present when substances with low flammability are present and the local and operational conditions offer only a few possibilities for starting a fire and if a fire can be expected to have low fire spread) 2. average risk of fire (is present when substances with high flammability are present and the local and operational conditions are favorable for starting a fire but a large fire spread cannot be expected in the initial phase) 3. high risk of fire (when there is a great possibility of fire formation due to substances with high flammability and due to the local and operational conditions and in the initial phase large fire spread can be expected or an assignment to medium or small fire hazard is not possible)
Exemplary assignment of areas to the fire hazard Low risk of fire
Average risk of fire
High risk of fire
- non-combustible substances
- combustible material present
- highly inflammable substances
(e.g. tiles, ceramic)
- Wooden construction
present (e.g. storage of
(furniture, doors etc..)
chemical substances)
- combustible objects (e.g.
- Lumberyard, recycled paper
books, electronic articles, paper
storage, foam storage, storage
etc..)
for textiles
- Dry cleaning of areas - Entrance and reception halls
IT areas with paper
Movie theatres, clubs (rooms
- Medical practices
Kitchen
with many electronic devices)
- IT areas without paper
Guest areas (bedrooms, living
Rooms with stages
- Office area without file storage
rooms)
Refuse rooms
- Libraries
Office area with file storage
Number of fire extinguishers to be provided and their installation
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Sufficient number of fire extinguishers must be provided depending on the type and extent of fire risk and the size of the area to be protected. Fire extinguishing units depending on area and fire hazard Area m2
Low risk of fire
Average risk of fire
High risk of fire
50
6
12
18
100
9
18
27
200
12
24
36
300
15
30
45
400
18
36
54
500
21
42
63
600
24
48
72
700
27
54
81
800
30
60
90
900
33
66
99
1000
36
72
108
Every additional 250
6
12
18
Selection of location and installation of fire extinguishers Suitable sites are, for example, emergency routes, main danger zones (e.g. on machines), exits (entrances) and staircases. Unsuitable locations are, for example, enclosed spaces, spaces below stairs, confusing wall niches without any signposting and places where materials can be stored or stacked. The distances between the installation locations should not exceed 30 m, where the structural conditions can be taken into account during installation.
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4.8.3 Video surveillance Violence, vandalism and abuse are topics that can also occur in institutions such as the WAT SAKAEO ORPHANAGE. Introduction of video surveillance is one way to deal with these problems according to the schools and school authorities.
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Reference House Bangsadeij 1. Floor
2. Floor
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