Ecology and Farming No 2/2011 by Ecology and Farming

ecology farming nr 2 // April 2011

AND

IFOAM

It started with rumours

CLIMATE CHANGE

ORGANIC INTEGRITY 40

Organic agriculture can play a major role to combat climate change

Growth of organic agricultural land 1999-2009 in million hectares

CURRENT

STATUS

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

of organic farming worldwide 2007

2008

2009

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Table of Con tents

APRIL 2011 // NR 2

Facts & Figures 11 C urrent status of organic farming worldwide

Helga Willer reports about the current status of organic farming worldwide.

Country reports 16 T he organic sector in Turkey Turkey is a large player on the international market for organic dried fruits and nuts, but produces a lot more.

Aquaculture 18 F rom a ‘nice niche’ to the ‘whole cake’?

Stefan Bergleiter gives an overview and argues how to make the next step.

And more.... Editorial 5 News 6 Column by Gunnar Rundgren 7 Calendar 49 Preview next issue 50

Market & economy 22 T he global market for organic food and drink

Events 32 B ioFach/Vivaness assert their posi-

34 US market perspective A North American update by Laura Batcha

tion as leading world trade fairs

46 A frican organic cocoa

42 W hat you see is what you get

Africa is struggling to take a better share of the global organic cocoa market

Geo Fair Trade Symposium

Standards & certification 39 IFOAM launches new logos 40 From anti fraud initiative to

Innovation in Agriculture 24 M ore regulations for organic

organic integrity

How to prevent fraud and maintain integrity in a fast growing market with premium prices?

greenhouse production?

The discussion about soil based production in greenhouses continues.

Politics Eco-Farming can double food 45

environment 28 O rganic agriculture: Fit for the challenges of climate change?

Urs Niggli explores the question of whether organic agriculture is fit for climate change.

Facts & Figures 11 C urrent status of organic farming worldwide Helga Willer reports about the current status of organic farming worldwide. Not only is production increasing, but the world market also normally shows double digit growth figures. The recession year 2009 was different, as Amarjit Sahota shows.

12 production

Australia Argentina USA (2008) China (2008) Brazil (2007) Spain India Italy Germany Uruguay (2006)

4,40

A new 1,95report from FAO argues 1,85 that ecological farming systems 1,77 1,33 are the answer to new challenges 1,18 1,11 in feeding a growing world 0,95 0,93 population.

Australia Argentina USA (2008) China (2008) Brazil (2007) Spain India Italy Germany Uruguay (2006) 0

Million hectares

Million Hectares

Aquaculture 18 F rom a ‘nice niche’ to the ‘whole cake’? Organic aquaculture is developing fast, but it is still an absolute niche. Stefan Bergleiter gives an overview and argues how to make the next step.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Work ing Working with

Nature

introduction

Denise Godinho

Peter Brul

At different times In different places

Facts and figures

Bejo, a name that stands for quality

World leader in seed for organic outdoor vegetables • Breeding • Seed production • Processing • Sales For the organic market

This edition of Ecology & Farming presents a lot of figures about the continuing growth in the number of organic producers, the acreage and the consumption of organic food and beverages. Nowadays there are more than 1.8 million farmer families, that is (far) more than 5 million people, working on organic farms and probably more than 10 million people working in the entire chain: farming, processing, trading, retailing, doing research and providing advice and other services. The power of the organic movement is in the people involved; people who earn their daily living in this exciting sector. People who are dedicated to bringing about change! Organic agriculture has seen double digit growth figures almost every year since records were first kept. Such growth has positive environmental effects, sustains long term soil fertility and improves animal welfare. It strengthens consumer awareness about food production issues and is attracting more and more political interest. Decision makers are keen on hard figures and the figures provided by the organic movement are convincing. A new report from the United Nations (see page 45) also carries the message that ecological agriculture is the way forward. But of course there is another side of the coin. In such a growing industry, with higher product prices, things can go wrong now and then. It can attract people expecting to make fast

money. Standards, inspection, certification, accreditation of certifiers: all the serious and bureaucratic measures to control the entire production chain from farmer to consumer, are normally enough to guarantee that the system works. In this issue we also report about cases where practices are uncovered which cannot be tolerated and measures to prevent this from occurring. IFOAM is a federation of movements. Typically for organic movements, it is not centralized, but consists of thousands of active centres. That is a strength, but it means that communication is a challenge. Communication is a key, to inform each other about new developments, inspiring initiatives, facts from elsewhere and global trends; all this knowledge is useful in our own local circumstances. Fairs and conferences are a good platform. Every day of the year, there are several conferences, fairs or workshops on organic production taking place somewhere in the world. Many farmers’ organizations have their own magazines and there are private initiatives to inform traders digitally about market trends. With Ecology & Farming, we aim to collaborate with the existing organic news media and the experts’ blogs to bring the most up to date and important issues to the attention of the global movement. Hope you join us and will subscribe.

More information about our organic seed programme? Bejo Zaden B.V. • (+31) (0) 226 396 162 • www.bejo.com

www.bejo.com

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

// New Centre opens its doors At a time when agricultural research centres are down-sizing or closing completely, it comes as good news that Coventry University and Garden

News // New quality management programme Organic products are strictly controlled: detailed quality standards and complex certification systems, as well intensive monitoring by the media, create a clear regulatory burden for the organic sector. In spite of long standing efforts from trade partners, certification bodies and authorities to avoid contamination by chemical residues (and identify the reasons when this does occur), these efforts impose enormous costs on the parties concerned and don’t always provide satisfactory results. IMO has launched a new quality management service aimed at strengthening international trade relations in the organic sector. “As an international control body active in quality assurance for sustainable produce, it is really important to us to improve the competitiveness of organic products, through a quality management system for imports”, explains Dr. Peter Schaumberger, CEO of the Institute. “Together with our clients we have developed a new service ‘ConCert - IMO Import Safety Services’ designed especially for importers. The programme facilitates compliance with

Organic (formerly the Henry Doubleday Research Association) have come together to form the new Centre for Agroecology and Food Security, based in the Midlands, UK. This applied research centre captures the 25+ years of international expertise in organic farming and agroforestry research of both institutes, along with several of the staff including Prof Phil Harris, Dr Julia Wright, and Dr Margi Lennartsson. The Centre will undertake both research and education, with a Masters degree and several short courses already in the pipeline. Four main themes will drive the research: fair

residue limits, food safety guidelines and traceability requirements.” IMO’s approach is based on the conviction that an effective quality management system can only be created with the involvement and commitment of all the trading partners. “All the involved parties must understand the requirements of the international market and should be willing to support the establishment of a common internal quality management system. The best possible product quality can only be reached through continuous self-monitoring and improvement”, said Judith Hobmeier, Head of the new service. ConCert consists of different modules, which provide the tools and methods required to build up a comprehensive quality management system along the supply chain. Sampling by experienced inspectors, in the field, before shipping, or in the country of import, allows timely analysis to detect possible residues. The competent evaluation of analysis reports, against different organic standards, allows any further action required to be quickly initiated. A new traceability software ensures product flow transparency. The programme is specially designed for the needs of

markets, agriculture in unstable environments (including conflict zones), sustainable technology development and the socio-political dimensions of food and farming. Dr Wright states “We are on the cusp of a rennaissance in agriculture and everybody knows that there is only one direction left to us if we want to survive. The scientific domain for this pathway is agroecology – the science of sustainable agriculture. This Centre aims to spearhead and mainstream this pathway, in collaboration with all our colleagues and friends with whom we’ve worked for so many years. Now is the time.”

small and medium businesses in developing countries. The modules can be customised to the individual needs of the client and can be used worldwide, even when the organic certification is not issued by IMO. Matthias M. Werner, NCT Nord Trading GmbH, uses ConCert successfully in China. “With the help of the ConCert Programm from IMO we have succeeded in creating a regulatory framework for the purchasing of organic Goji products from China. With this framework we can achieve the highest possible product safety, while avoiding the possible perception of mistrust in our suppliers. Due to well known problems with pesticide residues in Goji products from China, the authorities required us to submit a conclusive concept to ensure no contaminated products are imported. The controls included in IMO’s ConCert Programme, in which the product is sampled and analysed in the port before shipping, it was possible to achieve all the special conditions imposed by the authorities and to import residue free organic GojiBerries. The cooperation and flexibility of IMO was outstanding.”

Gunnar Rundgren Organic Energy

Co lumn

// BtoBIO lands in Milan and looks ahead to the Universal Expo 2015 BtoBIO EXPO, the new biennial international exhibition of certified organic products, makes its debut on May 8-11, 2011 at Fiera Milano, in Rho-Pero, in Hall 18, alongside and in synergy with the trade show TUTTO FOOD. At BtoBIO EXPO, the only Business 2 Business exhibition for the organic sector in Italy, thousands of operators in the Italian and agro-food business will be able to find a complete range of certified organic products. BtoBIO was created in response to express demand from lots of players in the sector (first and foremost producers and processors), who feel the need for a new boost for the sector to ensure broader and better dissemination of organic products, both abroad and on domestic markets and through all distribution channels. Apart from some specialized businesses, the majority of exhibitors at BtoBIO are closely focused on normal trade, serving and developing a market that has never suffered a crisis anywhere in the world, and that has safety, genuineness, and respect for the environment as its core values.. One of the main goals is to continue to cooperate with TUTTO FOOD and take part in the Universal EXPO in 2015: one of the world’s main international shows for the agro-food sector (as well as for the entire organic chain, including non-food). More details at www.btobio.it

There was always a simple agrarian equation that farmers must produce more energy as food than the energy they spent on growing it. For a long time this energy equation remained the same. Gradually, productivity increased and new lands could be tilled, thereby allowing a slow increase in population. Overall productivity per worker didn‘t increase so much; slash and burn farming, almost without tools, is almost as productive as farming with oxen and a plough. Three things, all linked to each other, changed this dramatically: the emergence of the capitalist market economy, industrialization and fossil fuel energy. The production per agricultural worker in the most advanced economies has now reached 2,000 tons of grain per person year, compared to historical times when it was just a few tons; an increase in labour productivity of about a thousand fold. In the poorest countries the average value produced by a farm worker is just above 100 dollars per year. In France it is some 40,000 dollars. And, the gap in productivity between the rich and the poor is widening. Labour productivity in modern farming can largely be explained in terms of the command of energy resources. The modern farmer is de facto in command of a massive army of ‘energy slaves’; a barrel of oil represents the energy of 25,000 hours of human toil – the equivalent of 14 people working a year under normal Western labour standards. The energy efficiency of modern farming is considerably lower than in pre-industrial farming systems. Our ancestors would have starved to death if their energy ratios were as bad as ours; industrial countries use between 10 and 15 times more energy in the food system than is contained in the food they end up eating. Organic farming is somewhat more efficient than non-organic, but organic farmers in industrialized countries also have a very energy-inefficient production. Most farmers in developing countries, have almost no access to fossil fuel energy resources. Yet they are supposed to compete with their colleagues in developed countries who use energy resources that are the equivalent of hundreds of labourers. Perverse subsidy systems, trade and food policies further bend the rules in favour of farmers in rich countries. And to make matters even worse, various kinds of ‘climate’ or ‘carbon’ standards are now being imposed on poor farmers. But the reality is that (with the exception of slash and burn farmers) they are performing much better than industrialized farms, regardless how we measure (per hectare, per man hour or per kg crop or meat). The organic sector should avoid repeating this way of penalising those who are already disadvantaged, and we should realise that the energy use of modern farming is highly inefficient. The only more disturbing feature in modern farming is the destruction of natural capital in the form of soil erosion. Organic farming began with a concern about the soil issue. We now need to take the energy challenge much more seriously. Gunnar’s blog: http://gardenearth.blogspot.com/

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Trust in Quality. Worldwide.

In Memoriam – Victor Ananias (1971-2011) Victor Ananias, founder and Chairman of the Board of the Bugday Association in Istanbul, Turkey, was found dead in his bed on March 2. Victor, just 40 years old, passed away in his sleep. He had done so much and had so much more to do. His unexpected death is a great loss for Bugday and the organic movement. Victor was a pioneer of the organic movement in Turkey. In many ways he was the catalyst that got it started. In 2006, he initiated the founding of the Ecological Farmers Markets, which allowed small organic farmers to sell their produce directly to the consumers. Another signature project set up by Bugday was TaTuTa, a network of organic farms, spread all

Victor Ananias sowed many seeds for the growing organic movement in Turkey. We hope that others will take care of its future.

over Turkey, which accept visitors and volunteers from all around the world. Victor Ananias was also very much involved in the international network on organic farming. He was the Secretary General of the European Centre for Eco-agricultural Tourism (ECEAT), an active member of IFOAM’s ‘good governance task force,’ a member

of the board of the European Environmental Bureau and many other networks. In February, at the Nuremberg Biofach, we developed our ideas for an article on organic agriculture in Turkey that he and I were planning to write together for this issue of Ecology & Farming. Victor was the expert on domestic market development and the link between organic agriculture and rural development in Turkey. We also discussed the idea of a magazine for Turkish organic farmers, a missing link in the information supply to the farmers. Through Bugday, Victor had regularly managed to get news items on organic agriculture, organic food and related issues into the media and particularly television. Peter Brul For more information on Bugday and its projects, please see www.bugdayglobal.org.

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event attracted 3,533 exhibitors and more than 58,000 industry members. It covered more than 1 million square feet of space with educational and community events and exhibits. The event attracted 6% more exhibitors than before, from over 35 countries. They showcased the newest and most innovative natural, organic and healthy products and ingredients.

“The record number of booths at this year’s Expo West is proof positive of industry growth and translates to healthier food choices on store shelves,” said Adam Andersen, show manager. “Year after year we continue to offer businesses within the healthy lifestyle marketplace a premier place to launch new products and the opportunity to build community.” “We launched our brand at Expo West this year,” said Ulli Saeuberlich of Vitacare. “This was the ideal opportunity to launch our brand. We had buyers from Whole Foods, Mothers Market and Earth Fare showing strong interest in bringing our line into their stores.” Nutrition industry sales totalled approximately $115 billion in the U.S. in 2010, with sales growing 6% over 2009 levels, according to Nutrition Business Journal. While the economy caused growth to slow in 2009, consumers continue to be interested in maintaining their health with 2010 sales of nutrition products on the rise. The further growth potential for the industry and knowledge about consumers was

News highlighted in one of the seminars ‘The Future of Wellness’. Len Monheit, Executive Director of Supply Network, announced the launch of engredea for 2012. He said “Customers and attendees were receptive to the news of this event that will allow them to focus on innovation, idea generation, ingredients and healthy product development in a unique and invaluable setting.” This year’s sister trade show, Natural Products Expo East, returns to Baltimore, MD in Boston between September 21 and 24, 2011. More details about these events and the other activities of New Hope Natural Media, including the newly launched online directory tool, ‘Find & Compare’, can be found by visiting newhope360.com.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

FACTS & FIGURES

Organic production area grows with one million hectares per year

CURRENT STATUS of organic farming worldwide

by helga willer

Organic agriculture is now practiced in at least 160 countries, as shown by the 12th survey on organic agriculture worldwide, carried out by Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and the International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM). Data were provided by experts from the organic sector, certifiers and governments. Since the first survey (2000), the total certified organic agricultural land, the number of producers, the global market for organic food and drink and the number of countries with organic legislation have all continually grown – even in 2009, a year of economic crisis. The first data for 2010 shows that growth has continued since then. Figure

Distribution of organic land by continent 2009

all regions, Europe being the region with

Source: FiBL/IFOAM Survey 2011

the highest growth – here the organic agricultural land increased by one million hectares or twelve percent, partly due to the many action plans that have been implemented in recent years. By country, the most growth was in Argentina (+0.4

ccording to the survey, there were

million hectares), Turkey and Spain (both

37.2 million hectares of organic

+0.2 million hectares).

agricultural land in 2009. A major part of this land – one third – is located in Oce-

Further areas

ania, followed by Europe, which has one

Apart from agricultural land there are

quarter of the world’s organic agricultural

other organic areas, the largest of these

land. With more than 12 million hectares,

being wild collection areas. Further areas

Australia is the country with the largest

are aquaculture, forest and grazing areas

area of organic agricultural land (97 per-

on non-agricultural land. It should be

cent of which is extensive grazing areas),

Islands, followed by Liechtenstein and

noted that many countries do not report

Argentina is second, followed by the Uni-

Austria. In seven countries more than ten

these areas, only communicating details

ted States in third place.

percent of the agricultural land is organic.

about the agricultural land. The total size

The proportion of organically managed

By Helga Willer

of these areas in 2009 was 41.9 million

land is highest in Oceania and in Europe.

Since 2008, the amount of organic agri-

hectares, an increase of 10 million hecta-

In the European Union, 4.7 percent of the

cultural land has grown by 2 million hec-

res compared with 2008. Large increases

agricultural land is organic. The countries

tares: compared with 1999, it has more

of wild collection and beekeeping areas

with the highest shares are the Falkland

than trebled. In 2009, growth occurred in

were reported for Cameroon and Russia.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Figure

Falklands (Malvinas)

The ten countries/areas with the highest shares of organic agricultural land 2009

Liechtenstein Austria Sweden French Guiana Switzerland Estonia Czech Republic

Source: FiBL/IFOAM Survey 2011, based on data from governments, organic sector organisations and certifiers

Latvia Italy 0%

Australia Argentina USA (2008) China (2008) Brazil (2007) Spain India Italy Germany Uruguay (2006)

Markets and trade According to Organic Monitor, the global market for organic food and drink is recovering from the economic crisis. Single-digit market growth was observed for the first time in 2009 because of the economic slowdown which reduced industry investment and consumer spending power. According to Amarjit Sahota organic food and drink sales expanded by roughly five percent to 54.9 billion US dollars in 2009. The countries with the largest markets are the US, Germany, and France. The highest per capita consumption is in Denmark, Switzerland, and Austria.

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

20%

30%

40%

Share of total agricultural land

12 4,40 1,95 1,85 1,77 1,33 1,18 1,11 0,95 0,93

World map of organic agriculture

Most of this land is Latin America, fol-

However, market data for these countries

not only in industrialized countries but

lowed by Asia and Africa. The countries

and regions are still scarce.

also in countries in the South, more effort

in the South with the most organic land

should be put into developing local mar-

are Argentina, China and Brazil, and the

Conclusions

kets. In order to be able to draw clear

highest percentages of organic land are

As shown in Europe, a strong organic

conclusions on the potential that organic

in the Dominican Republic, 1999several Pacific

movement, a11,0 strong market and govern-

farming has in developing countries, more

Island States, East Timor, Uruguay and 2000

14,9 ment support has a positive influence on

data is needed, covering issues such

Argentina, where the proportion of orga2001

the development 17,5 of the organic sector.

as the domestic supply of organic food,

nic land is comparable 2002 to that in Europe.

Many countries, 19,8particularly in Latin Ame-

export and import volumes and values

These countries are, however, 2003 clearly

rica are now25,6 launching action plans for

and information on yields. With more and

exceptions. Only a few 2004 developing coun-

organic farming. 29,8Another form of govern-

more countries implementing organic far-

tries and emerging markets 2005have more

ment support29,0 is the implementation of

ming regulations, data collection activities

than one percent organic agricultural 2006

government 30,1 regulations, often imple-

should be improved in the future, with

land. However, in most 2007 countries in Latin

mented to facilitate 32,4 the export of organic

governments supporting such activities.

America and Asia and in2008 some African

products. From 35,2the data gained through

countries this figure is growing. 2009 In parti-

the global organic 37,2 survey it is clear that

China (2008)

cular, India, China, and Brazil are seeing a

organic farming is playing an increasingly

Brazil (2007)

growing demand for organic products â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a

important role in many countries of the

development which is expected to trans-

South and the export potential for organic

form these organic food producer coun-

products continues to be high. However,

Australia Argentina USA (2008)

Spain India

tries to important consumer countries. Diagramto2 assure the supply of organic products,

Italy

Uruguay (2006) 0

Helga Willer, FiBL & IFOAM member

References Willer, Helga and Lukas Kilcher (Eds. 2011): The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011. IFOAM, Bonn and FiBL, Frick. More information at www.organic-world.net.

Million Hectares

Current status of organic farming in developing countries and emerging markets The analysis of the global organic data for developing countries and emerging markets shows that they contain more than one third of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s organic agricultural land (13.4 million hectares).

Figure

The ten countries with the most organic land 2009 Source: FiBL/IFOAM Survey 2011, based on national sources

30 25 Figure

Growth of organic agricultural land 1999-2009

15 10 5 0 2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

Germany

Million Hectares

Producers A total of 1.8 million organic producers was reported, an increase of 0.4 million compared with 2008. According to the data, more than three quarters of the producers are located in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The country with the most producers is India, followed by Uganda and Mexico.

10%

Source: FiBL/IFOAM Survey 2011

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

COUNTRY REPORT

by Peter Brul

he main organic export products today are sultanas, apricots, dried figs, hazelnuts, fruit juices/concen-

trates (apple, cherry, pomegranate), tomatoes (paste, concentrate), herbs and textiles. Turkey has been a market leader in exporting sultanas, apricots, dried figs and hazelnuts for 25 years, and occupies a very strong position. Competitors from neighbouring countries and others (e.g. Argentina, South Africa, and the USA) export similar fruits and nuts, but in different qualities and quantities. Their prices are often higher and/or the harvest period differs. From the beginning, the driving force for the development of the production was international market

â&#x20AC;&#x2030;The development of organic farming in Turkey

THE ORGANIC

SECTOR IN

TURKEY A large part of Turkish agriculture is still very traditional, low input, smallscale mixed farming. Turkey also has a long history of being one of the main producers of some products (such as dried fruits and nuts) for the world market. When the Turkish government began to subsidize chemical inputs, in an attempt to modernize production, some buyers in the European health food market reacted. Rapunzel from Germany and the Good Food Foundation, representing several European companies, began to encourage certified organic agricultural production in Turkey in the mid 1980s. Since then the number of farmers, the acreage, the range of products and (export) companies involved have all steadily increased. 14

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

demand, especially from Europe. The increase in production and export has been a response to rising demand from European markets. The market was boosted after the implementation of EU organic legislation in 1992. A few years later, the exporter IĂ§ik started to develop a domestic market. And while these first attempts were not successful, since then more companies and individual farmers have now emerged to supply the domestic market. Production for the export market is strongly led by the exporters. Farmers just play a role as primary producers, who get most of their information from their buyer. They are typically in a weak position and receive a rela-

The development of organic farming in Turkey Source: MARA, Aegean Exp. Union, PB

Year

No. of farmers

Acreage (ha)

Production volume (tonnes)

1986

200

800

1990

313

1037

4,000

2000

13,187

Not counted

2004

12,800

210,000

218,000

2009

36,000

325,000

500,000

In 1985, around 75 certified farmers were producing around 800 tons of organic raisins, figs and apricots for the two companies. By 1990 there were already more than 300 farmers, producing more than 4,000 tons of dried fruits, nuts, cotton, sesame and chickpeas for more than 10 exporters. In 2010 around 35,000 farmers are certified and the export value is more than 100 million Euro.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

COUNTRY REPORT

tively low price premium.

state subventions. If the government changes its policy

in the chain. The final consumer is far away and out of

Quality problems have appeared several times with

and lowers the subsidies, there is no economic basis

sight. Farmers do not really understand what motiva-

organic export products, especially with high pesticide

anymore for organic farming.

tes people to buy their organic products. In countries

residues. In Germany, the biggest export-market, and

with a domestic market, the interaction between organic

in the Netherlands, where many organic products are

Domestic market development

consumers and producers leads towards a more creative

imported and re-exported to other EU-countries, Turkey

Although it has been in existence for more than 15

and innovative culture. Turkish farmers have not been

is known as one of the countries that has problems with

years, the domestic market is still quite small, with retail

very involved in the development of the organic sector;

residues in certified organic products. Communication

sales of approximately 12 million Euro. The develop-

for example there is no form of organic farmers’ associ-

about quality problems has not always been adequate

ment of the domestic market requires much attention

ation. And, although organic agriculture has been on the

and it was often difficult to find the real source of the

and needs to be well structured. The knowledge and

programme of the research institutes and the advisory

residue problems. The frequency of problems and the

the awareness of Turkish consumers of the impact of

service for several years, buyers are by far the main sour-

lack of transparency has caused an image among

agricultural production systems on the environment,

ce of information for organic farmers. By definition they

importers that, at least part of, Turkish organic produc-

product quality and health, is generally, not well deve-

are not an independent source and there are large diffe-

loped. But there is already a group of consumers in the

rences in the quality and quantity of information that buy-

tion is unreliable and lacking in credibility.

big cities, especially in Istanbul, and the market is gro-

ers and exporters give to their suppliers. Organic farmers

Ten years ago the Aegean Exporters Union took the

wing - by more than 10 % in 2010. Organic products

were leading in introduction of innovations like intensive

initiative, together with several exporters, of establishing

are mainly sold on farmers’ markets. The big retailers

monitoring of pests and diseases, strong reduction of soil

a Turkish pavilion at BioFach. They have been regularly

are only just starting to become involved in organic

tillage and green manure in vineyards and fruit growing.

attending the fair since then. In 2010 there were 16

marketing. The Quality Manager of Tesco-Kipa, Mahir

companies present, of which 12 were in the Turkish

Müderriszade, is optimistic about the marketing of orga-

Organic textiles

pavilion.

nic products in their supermarkets. Kipa was founded

Turkey was one of the first countries to produce cer-

in 1992 and merged with Tesco in 2003. Tesco is the

tified organic cotton and textiles. Production has

Government support

world’s third largest food retailer and is very successful

increased greatly over the last twenty years and Turkey

The Turkish government started supporting organic

in organics in the UK, its home base. Tesco is known for

remains an important player in the market, being the

agriculture in 2004, by providing subsidized credit. They

its intensive audits of suppliers and Tesco Kipa follows

world’s third largest producer after India and Syria. India

offer a 60% subsidy rate for operating finance for the

this line by inspecting its suppliers and making analyses

provides over 80 % of the global supply of organic cot-

first year and for up to 3 years for investment capital.

from the beginning of the season. Tesco-Kipa sees the

ton. Turkey produces around 15 %, but Istanbul has a

During 2005-2009, the payment terms were extended

greatest demand for organics in fresh fruit and vegeta-

strong position in the organic textile market.

to 1.5 years for operating and 5 years for investment

bles. It now offers 30 organic items in this category, but

and then again in 2010 to 2 years and 7 years respecti-

would like to have as many organic produce items as

Herbs

vely. In 2009, almost 5,000 farmers received a subsidy

conventional ones by the end of 2011.

Turkey is also a major producer of herbs and medicinal

of around 100 euro per ha and the government spent

A strong and well developed organic domestic market

plants, with Germany being the main export market.

nearly 3.5 million Euro on these subventions.

will also help Turkey’s position on export markets. It will

Many of these products are harvested in natural areas.

One of the results of this policy is that organic farmers

give farmers and producers a much better and much

Due to increasing demand for these natural products,

in Turkey do not get much (or any) extra income from

more direct feeling about the market, because of direct

there is increasing concern from the government and

a price premium, but rely on the subvention. Usu-

responses from retailers and consumers. Farmers, who

NGOs about ecological damage caused by collecting

ally organic farmers can count on a price premium of

only produce for export, only get responses from con-

from nature. .The IUCN and IFOAM have organized

around 20 %, although this varies widely, depending

sumers that are conveyed through a number of links

seminars to discuss certified organic production as an

on the product and market situation. It also changes

alternative. Leading companies in natural medicinal

with price fluctuations in conventional product prices,

products (including Weleda, Vogel and VSM) are using

but this is a useful rule of thumb. In some cases, where the cost of producing organically is much higher than in conventional production, market prices for organic

Organic cotton production 1992-2010 in metric tons

more and more certified organic ingredients, partly from Turkey (especially roses for rose oil).

produce can be more than twice the conventional price. The price premium for Turkish organic products is generally quite low: export products often achieve (far) less than 10%. This brings the sector into a situation where further growth and development is fully dependent on

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

1992

1997

2000

2005

2010

Turkey

130

800

900

35,000

40,000

Worldwide

3,408

7,967

10,000

75,000

240,000

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Aquaculture

Stefan Bergleiter

Organic aquaculture

From a ‘nice niche’ to the ‘whole cake’? Traditional fishing in Bangladesh

The world’s seafood supply is a major topic in the sustainability debate and the media frequently discusses responsible seafood choices. While capture fishery policy is the main focus of public attention, half of the fish that we consume as food comes from ponds, net-cages or mussel lines, i.e. it is farmed in aquaculture. Organic aquaculture is one of the main growth sectors in the organic market. What are its prospects?

lobally, capture fishery volumes have been stagnating over the past twenty years, while aqua-

culture has been increasing steadily, keeping pace with, or even exceeding population growth, leading to an increased average per capita fish consumption of 17.2 kg in 2009, (compared to 16.2 kg in 2002 - FAO; 20101). At a first glance, this trend looks encouraging, but the non-sustainable aspects of modern aquaculture have become more evident in recent years, particularly the dependency on fishmeal as a feedstuff for carnivorous species, stakeholder conflicts around coastal areas, the welfare of fish reared in highly intensive systems and the use of chemicals, hormones, and antibiotics for camouflaging the effects of poorly conceived production methods. There is a strong level of consensus among the industry, NGOs and consumer organizations that certified organic aquaculture offers credible ways to overcome the problems mentioned above. The growth rates are

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Aquaculture

the recycling or re-use of ropes

directly and to take immediate action along the whole

still mainly focus on local markets. Delivering to large

and other disposable culture

chain. The farms produce using a semi-intensive model,

retail structures remains a challenge to them. Organic

materials and to appropriately

i.e. feeding the shrimp, together with additional fertili-

tilapia and pangasius production can be compared to

siting farms in areas with the best

zation. The main challenge for organic candidates here

semi-intensive shrimp farms; the critical factor in orga-

water quality. Both these issues

will be to source certified organic vegetable feedstuff

nic conversion is obtaining a supply of certified organic

are increasingly being tackled by

at a reasonable cost. This is being tackled by initiating

feed from – as far as possible domestic – organic agri-

national and international legisla-

pilot organic projects producing manioc, rice, soy and

culture.

tion, so that organic group certifi-

corn in these countries. Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Costa

impressive (nearly 1000% since 2001), and organic

cation of large areas seems within reach. Pilot certifica-

Rica and Madagascar, currently produce approxima-

All in all, it is obvious that there is no obstacle from

seafood is widely available in health food shops and

tions of existing fish farms in Ireland, Chile, and the UK

tely 5,000 t of certified organic shrimp. If we compare

the producers’ side for a complete replacement of

well-stocked retail stores. A certain level of main-

are expected to awaken the market for organic mus-

these figures with annual German shrimp imports (some

conventional aquaculture products within a few years.

streaming has been achieved (the ‘nice niche’) but will

sels, and for convenience products, e.g. deep-frozen

40,000 t*) and consider the potential of converting

However, aquaculture producers rely on clear signals

the organic approach eventually completely replace

mussel dishes, which combine the benefits of organic

extensive farming areas within

and commitment from the

conventional aquaculture products (the ‘whole cake’),

ingredients and processing.

a relatively short period of

retailers. The profit margins

‘There is about 80,000 tons of certified organic seafood. World aquaculture produc tion, is around 60 million t, so only 0.1% of total production is currently certified’

time, it seems feasible that

for aquaculture farms are

2 Cyprinids (the carp family) are by far the largest

conventionally farmed shrimp

small, and it is very difficult

Certified organic aquaculture started in the early nine-

family of farmed finfish (20.4 million t or 38.8%). These

may just disappear from the

for them to pre-finance

ties, when organic farmers in Austria and Germany

are mostly produced by Asian family enterprises and

shelves in near future.

adjustments to their farming

developed carp ponds as a side-activity, selling regio-

consumed locally. Typically, they apply organic produc-

nally to farm stores and weekend markets. In general,

tion principles, often using polycultures that include

4 Salmon is a very sought-

nomical sign and backing.

however, aquaculture is highly globalized, and produc-

rice, ducks, or pigs, and give a general priority to ferti-

after aquaculture product and,

Responsible seafood sour-

tion usually takes place far from the main markets. For

lizing rather than feeding. Nevertheless, these systems

due to feed and energy costs,

cing needs to be a joint mar-

example, domestic aquaculture only contributes about

would certainly still face several obstacles if they were

prices are steadily increasing.

keting venture that involves

3% to German fish consumption. But an impressive

to seek organic certification, mainly due to gaps in

Over the past decade, orga-

both ends of the value chain.

increase in organic fish volumes has been achieved

quality management and the traceability of different

nic salmon has become well

The single most critical factor

through projects in north-western Europe (organic sal-

inputs. Ongoing urbanization and increased domestic

established in European mar-

in the future growth of orga-

mon), the Mediterranean (organic sea bass and bream),

exports to the big cities are likely to lead to much more

kets. In Ireland, certified orga-

nic aquaculture is the supply

south-east Asia and South America (organic shrimp,

attention being paid to food quality and safety, which

nic production already makes

of certified organic vegetable

tilapia, and pangasius). A census of organic aquaculture

will result in moves towards standardization and reliable

up more than half of the total

feed. The supply of vege-

conducted in 2009 (Bergleiter et al., 2009) showed pro-

certification. These farmers are not so far away from

salmon volumes and strong

table feed is being widely

duction in Europe to be approximately 25,000 t, 20,000

being organic and could easily make the move with

market demand is currently

discussed in the aquaculture

t in Asia, 7,000 t in the Americas, 2,000 t in Africa, and

right incentives.

pushing other countries to fol-

industry as a whole, so this

and if so how?

low this example. The requi-

is no weakness, but it is a

have been certified and in 2011 there may be about

3 Shrimp and prawns are the most important aqua-

rements for farming organic

more central issue when

80,000 t of certified organic seafood altogether. World

culture export items from many Southern countries. In

salmon are clear and widely

aquaculture production (excluding seaweed), is around

south-east Asian countries, a large proportion of these

accepted, with the goals on increasing product quality

sustainability criteria set by organic standards. While

60 million t – so only 0.1% of total production is cur-

are farmed in extensive, low or no-input systems that

and environmental performance. Yet these standards are

there are other ‘green’ aquaculture labels these typically

rently certified and marketed as organic.

are very suitable to be converted into certified organic

also demanding and expensive to meet. As long as there

do not address the sustainability of the feed compo-

operations. The major challenge here is to establish

is a demand for lower quality salmon, grown under less

nents that are used.

This figure appears to shatter any hope of achieving

Internal Control Systems, enabling large numbers of

strict environmental conditions, the two major salmon

‘100% organic’ in cultured seafood - but this is far from

small-scale farmers to run their operations in accordan-

producing countries, Chile and Norway will be reluctant

the case.

ce with agreed standards, e.g. regarding mangrove pro-

to contribute to the organic momentum.

around 1,000 t in Oceania. Since then, new projects

system without a clear eco-

1 An overwhelming part of the world aquaculture

tection and reforestation. At moment, there is approxi-

industry is already producing very close to, or even in

mately 7,000 t of organic shrimp production certified

5 The other main organic aquaculture species can be

accordance with, organic principles, but hasn’t transla-

by Naturland in Vietnam, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia,

located somewhere between the scenarios given in this

ted this into formal certification. This is particularly true

and Thailand, and this represents only a fraction of the

overview: the Mediterranean species (sea bream, sea

for bivalve shellfish (13.1 million t or 24.9% of global

potential in these countries.

bass and meagre) can be compared to organic salmon,

aquaculture) and seaweed culture which in general

In South America and Madagascar, shrimp companies

but haven’t yet had the same period of mainstreaming.

are ‘no input’ systems. The areas where the industry

are usually large, integrated enterprises, which have

Organic trout and char producers in Austria, Germany,

doesn’t meet organic standards are mostly related to

the ability to implement organic standard requirements

the UK and Switzerland are usually smaller farms and

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

seeking to meet the stricter

Stefan Bergleiter, Naturland association (www.naturland.de) and IFOAM Auquaculture Group member References: FAO (2010): The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010. Rome, Italy, ISBN 978-92-5-106675-1. Online: www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf. Bergleiter, S., Berner, N., Censkowsky, U., Guliá-Camprodon, G. (2009): Organic Aquaculture 2009 – Production and Markets. Munich, Germany, ISBN 978-3-00-026707-9. FAO GLOBEFISH (2010): Shrimp market reports, Online: www.globefish.org/shrimp-market-reports.html. * It is difficult to find market figures that distinguish between wild and farmed shrimp

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

THE GLOBAL MARKET

for organic food and drink

and drink sales will expand more rapidly from 2011

USA 17,835 Germany 5,800 France 3,041 UK 2,065 Italy 1,500 Canada 1,284 Switzerland 1,023 Japan 1,000 Spain 0,905 sustainability values into their organic standards. Thus, Austria 0,868 a growing number of organic products are certified as

onwards. Consumer expenditure is rising as the world

both organic and Fair Trade. This development is most

economy comes out of recession. With food inflation

evident for commodities such as coffee, cocoa, tea and

looming again, the prices of organic products are envi-

sugar.

by Amarjit Sahota Organic Monitor projects that global organic food

saged to increase. In anticipation, leading organic food companies are ‘locking-in’ their supply of organic ingredients; some by investing in ethical sourcing projects in developing countries. The report finds that the price premium remains a major

Germany France UK Italy

nic products restrict demand to more affluent consumers. One major challenge to overcome is the percep-

Canada

tion that organic products are expensive. Even though

Switzerland

15 percent, the perception of high organic premiums dampens consumer demand. Some consumers see organic foods as expensive products that they cannot

In 2009 global sales of organic food and drink increased by 4.7 percent to USD 55 billion. Single-digit market growth was observed for the first time because of the financial crisis affecting investment and consumer spending power. The sluggish growth in 2009 is an anomaly in the longterm development of the organic food industry. Global revenues have increased over three-fold since 2000, from US $18 billion and doubledigit growth rates were observed each year, except 2009. Healthy growth rates are envisaged to restart as consumer spending power rises and as more countries come out of economic recession.

USA

barrier to wider adoption rates. The high prices of orga-

some organic products have a price differential of just

Japan Spain Austria 0

afford, in spite of the associated environmental, ethical

5,000

and potential health benefits.

10,000

15,000

Million Euros

The report gives future growth projections for the organic food industry. Organic farming is practiced on

20,000

Figure

The ten countries with the largest markets for organic food 2009

37 million hectares in 160 countries. Organic Monitor expects most increases in organic farmland to occur in developing countries and demand to remain concentrated in affluent countries. Although the sales share in Asia, Australasia and Latin America is rising, the bulk

Source: FiBL/IFOAM Survey 2011

of spending is in Europe and North America which account for over 90 percent of global sales. Although demand is increasing in other regions, low consumer

Another challenge that the organic food industry faces

awareness and low disposable incomes limit sales to

is managing supply-demand imbalances. The conver-

the most affluent countries. A major challenge for the

sion period to organic agriculture, typically two years,

industry is to ease this over-concentration of demand.

causes a lag between supply and demand. Thus, some

he European market was the most affected by the

has seen a large rise in organic farmland, its organic

financial crisis; major food retailers rationalized their

food supply continues to fall short of demand; many

Organic standards appear to becoming an impediment

tages, whilst others experience overproduction. The

organic product ranges as consumer purchasing power

organic products are imported from various regions,

to global trade in organic products. The number of

price premium is the major barrier to wider adoption

declined. The UK organic products market contracted in

with Latin America a major source of organic fruits,

organic standards is proliferating and there is a lack

rates.

2009, whilst the German market stagnated. By contrast,

vegetables, meats, seeds, nuts and ingredients.

of harmonization between leading standards. Conse-

the market in some countries - including Sweden and

The market for organic products in other regions is also

quently, organic food producers have to adopt multiple

France –reported growth rates in excess of 15 percent.

showing healthy growth, especially in Asia and Latin

standards to develop an international presence.

sectors of the organic food industry face product shor-

America. Growing consumer awareness of organic agri-

Organic Monitor also sees growing convergence bet-

The North American market for organic food and drink

culture and increasing distribution are the major drivers

ween organic and other eco-labels. Growing consumer

continues to show healthy growth. It has overtaken the

of market growth in these regions. Organic foods are

demand for ethical and ecological products is leading

European market to become the largest in the world

becoming widely available in large food retailers, with

food companies to consider various eco-labels. Leading

(see Laura Batcha’s article on p.28). Although the US

some launching private labels.

certification agencies are responding by integrating

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

market & economy

Note: All figures are rounded. Source: The Global Market for Organic Food & Drink (Organic Monitor) * This article has been prepared from the report ‘The Global Market for Organic Food & Drink: Business Opportunities & Future Outlook (Organic Monitor, Dec 2010)’. Organic Monitor is a specialist research, consulting and training firm that focuses on the global organic and related product industries. For further information, visit www.organicmonitor.com

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

innovation in agriculture

Striking the right balance

More regulations

FOR ORGANIC GREENHOUSE PRODUCTION?

By Leen Janmaat, Marian Blom

o answer the question of whether

During the Hortifair in Amsterdam we

aquaponic systems can fit in with

often meet organic growers from the USA

organic production, we have to look at the

and Canada (USDA certified) who ask us

basis of organic agriculture. Organic agri-

the same question; do you have organic

culture is based on four principles:

fertilizers without sulphate or other ballast

health, ecology, fairness and care.

salts? Our answer is yes we have many

The second principle says that organic

chemical fertilizers but they are prohibited

agriculture should be based on living

in organic production.

ecological systems and cycles, work with, emulate and help sustain them. This

In terms of energy and emissions a more

principle roots organic agriculture within

closed system can be more sustainable,

living ecological systems. It states that

especially when we compare production

production needs to be based on ecologi-

per square metre. So a closed aquaponic

cal processes and recycling. Nourishment

system is easier to control and maybe

the soil, what is left of our organic roots?

and well-being are achieved through the

more sustainable, for example same

We are just left with a production system

ecology of the specific production envi-

energy input but lower yields, but is it also

that doesn’t use chemical inputs. That’s

ronment. In the case of crops this is the

organic?

rather weak. We argue for an open and consistent organic production system that

living soil. Organic = living soil

is ‘naturally sustainable’, with crops in a

Living ecological systems

Care for the environment, the integration

living soil producing healthy products.

The problem with greenhouse production

of nature and agriculture and minimal

(See figure, on page 26.

is that it is a isolated production system. It

dependence on external inputs. These are

requires high inputs (nutrients, energy and

the distinguishing features of organic pro-

A level playing field

water) and also gives high outputs (up to

duction. Controlled, closed, greenhouse

One of the major drivers behind the dis-

60 kg per m2). Substrate or recirculation

production that produces high yields at

cussion over the rules for greenhouses in

water can also be defined as a living eco-

low cost is a form of industrial production,

the EU is the call for a level playing field.

logical system. But it is a closed system.

even if it is technically sustainable. Green-

Organic greenhouse production should

The discussion about ‘what is organic’ is

house production is already estranged

follow the same rules, no matter what

a matter of scope and scale. The more

from its environment. If we also exclude

member state the organic producer is in.

isolated the system is, the easier it is to control. For example cress grown in (natu-

In the last Ecology & Farming, Mike Nichols argued the case for allowing aquaponic systems in organic greenhouse production. Leen Janmaat and Marion Blom argue why organic greenhouse production should remain soil based. Organic gardeners have started to grow in substrate in a few countries. In the United States, the USDA certifies products from such greenhouses as organic. But while aquaponic production might be environmental sound, is it also organic? In Europe, the EU commission is planning to provide special regulations for organic greenhouse production.

ral) substrate is an isolated and controlled system and there is hardly any difference between organic and conventional production. The main difference is the use of fertilizers. Isolated production systems and hydroponic production need fertilizers that are directly available to the plants. This makes a difference compared to soil based production where micro organisms in the living soil play a critical role as a mediator. One of the main problems with aquaponic organic production is the accumulation of salts in the substrate.

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

innovation in agriculture

This request from organic producers is

low altitude, inland or coastal), climate,

very understandable. For horticultural pro-

the state of development of agriculture

ducts, including organic greenhouse pro-

and technical, logistical and societal cir-

ducts, the market is very international and

cumstances. These differences are not

competition is fierce. Dutch and Spanish

easily wiped out. Furthermore attempts to

growers compete on German and other

set a level playing field might easily result

markets. Italian products are sold in the

in overregulation, strangling sectoral

UK and Bulgarian cucumbers are sold in

innovations. And finally, we have hardly

Sweden. If your competitor in another EU

ever come across a rule that did not leave

country is producing tomatoes that are

room for differences. Reality is always

organically certified according to EU regu-

more complex than can be mastered in

lation 834/2007 and yet he has to adhere

a rule.

to less stringent rules, then you can justi-

Having said all this, we think it is a good

fiably get angry. It is unfair competition.

as a contravention of organic principles.

thing to discuss the level playing field. But

However, this level playing field is under-

Denmark has different conversion periods

we have to have a sensible discussion

stood differently in different countries.

than other member states, and aligning

and focus on the topics that really need

Twenty four of the member states (inclu-

them is a major challenge. In reality it is

to arranged at an EU level. For the rest,

ding the Netherlands and France) do not

only partly possible to overcome diffe-

we should leave it to the member states

allow organic production in growing medi-

rences. Interpretations and private rules

and live with the diversity that is natural in

ums. Growing in the soil is the basis of

for sectors that are not well covered by

organic systems.

organic production. Sweden defends its

the EU regulation, such as greenhouse

right to produce local food as a principle.

production systems, have developed,

Spain and Italy view heated greenhouses

depending on geographical location (high/

Leen Janmaat, Louis Bolk Institute Marian Blom, Biologica, IFOAM-EU group

Figure 1

Your Partner In Organic Potatoes, Vegetables and Fruits Im- & export of fresh and industrial organic potatoes, vegetables and fruits. Custom designed and reliable services for sourcing and marketing your organic products.

Agro-ecosystem-organic Source: LBI

Thermal & mechanical weeding Crop rotation

People Crops Weeds

Cattle

Nitrification

Fertilisers NPK

Fungi

Pests/Insects

Nutrients

Crop rotation Climate Antagonists Availibility of N Predators

Predators Compost

Micro Organisms Litter/Straw Crop-waste

Organic manuring

Gre

en m

Physical damage Soil heating

Soil-life

Soil preparation

anu

Stimulation Disturbing

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

The Netherlands

By Urs Niggli environment

The current international efforts to combat climate change provide governments with an ideal platform for fostering a shift towards more sustainable agricultural production. Organic farming can play a major role in this as it generates significant environmental and developmental benefits, through better resource management. In addition, it is better at carbon sequestration in soils and this potentially offers additional sources of income to farmers choosing to farm organically. And finally, organically labelled foods enable consumers to vote for sustainable agriculture with their shopping trolleys. Organic soil management improves soil fertility

from European, American, Australian and African studies that organic soil management improves soil fertility. Compared to conventionally managed soils, organically managed ones have higher organic matter content, more biomass, higher enzyme activities among micro-organisms, better aggregate stability, improved water infiltration and retention capacities and experience less water and wind erosion. Good carbon-capture performance. Organic farmers use many techniques for building up soil fertility. The most effec-

Organic agriculture:

Fit for the

challenges of climate

change? 28

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

here is a unique unanimity among

best choice anymore today’ according to

scientists that agriculture will undergo

Olivier De Schutter, the UN Special Rap-

fundamental changes in the coming

porteur on the Right to Food: “A large

years. The unsustainable production of

segment of the scientific community now

food, feed, fibre and fuel has strongly

acknowledges the positive impacts of

degraded global ecosystems and the

agroecology on food production, poverty

services those systems provide for human

alleviation and climate change mitigation

survival. A shift towards sustainable agri-

– and this is what is needed in a world of

cultural production will entail the adoption

limited resources.” tive ones use animal manure, composted

of comprehensive, more system-oriented strategies. Such strategies include using

Organic agriculture can deliver solutions.

harvest residues and leguminous plants

more farm-derived inputs and ecological

Fertile soils with stable physical proper-

as (soil) cover and (nitrogen) catch crops.

processes and functions to boost produc-

ties are the top priority of sustainable

Introducing grass and clover leys into

tivity. Furthermore, the shift will necessi-

agriculture. Fertile soils require vast

the rotations as feedstuff for ruminants,

tate drawing on the traditional knowledge

populations of bacteria, fungi, insects and

diversifying the crop sequences, and

and entrepreneurial skills of farmers.

earthworms, which build up stable soil

reducing ploughing depth and frequency,

Conventional agriculture ‘simply is not the

aggregates. There is abundant evidence

are other ways to augment soil fertility.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

environment

‘There is a unique unanimity among scientists that agriculture will undergo fundamental changes in the coming years’

res careful and efficient management. In

Techniques for enhancing soil fertility

species. These are exactly the techniques

standards are an excellent starting point,

a long-running field trial in Switzerland,

help to maintain crop productivity in the

used on good organic farms.

but need to continually evolve with incre-

lasting 32 years, the total nitrogen input

case of drought, irregular rainfall events

into an organic arable crop rotation over

with floods and rising temperatures. Soils

Making organic farming more robust.

Positive environmental impacts – such as

28 years was 64 per cent of the integra-

under organic management retain sig-

As impressive as all these findings may

lower energy use, high carbon sequestra-

ted/conventional rotation, yet the total

nificantly more rainwater thanks to the

be, they mostly reveal potentials from sci-

tion rates or diversified agro-ecosystems

organic yields over the same period were

‘sponge properties’ of organic matter, as

entific field experiments and case studies.

and species-rich buffer zones – are

83 per cent of the conventional ones.

demonstrated by the scientists at Rodale.

Poorly managed organic farms do not

not yet sufficiently defined in organic

ased knowledge.

All these techniques also increase carbon

mainly nitrogen – and synthetic pesticides

This demonstrates that organic farms use

This water reservoir was the most likely

achieve carbon capture in the soil, more

standards or part of the annual inspec-

sequestration rates on organic fields.

have substantially increased conventional

nitrogen in a more efficient and less pol-

reason for yields of corn and soybeans

biodiversity or better adaptation capaci-

tion. Sustainability assessment tools need

Sixty-two long-running field experiments

crop productivity. However, only 17 per

luting way.

being higher on organic farms in dry years

ties. It is good organic practices (rather

to be included in organic certification in

in the United States, Europe, Asia and

cent of the 100 million tons of industrial

than on conventional farms. At the same

than an absence of artificial inputs), such

the near future.

Australia have revealed significant car-

nitrogen produced in 2005 was taken up

Organic farms are better at adapting to

time water capture on the organic plots

as diversified crop rotations, cropping

bon gains on organically managed plots,

by crops. The remainder was lost to the

climate change.

was approximately 100 per cent higher

systems with recirculation of manure and

whereas in the conventional or integrated

environment through different pathways.

The adaptive capacity of farmers, farms

during torrential rains than on the conven-

compost, green manuring in temperate

plots soil organic matter was exposed

High levels of reactive nitrogen (NH4, NO3)

and production methods will become

tional ones. This significantly reduced the

or agroforestry systems in tropical zones

to losses by mineralization. The average

in soils can contribute to the emission of

especially important in responding to

risk of floods, an effect that could be very

and reduced or low tillage, that make

difference in the annual sequestration

nitrous oxides, and are a major source of

climate change. As unpredictability in

important if organic agriculture were prac-

the difference. They are the backbone of

rate between the best organic and the

agricultural emissions. The efficiency of

weather events increases, robust and

ticed over much larger areas. In the Swiss

organic agriculture. Achieving the optimal

worst conventional management in four

fertilizer use decreases with increasing fer-

resilient farms will become more compe-

DOK field trial, water infiltration capacity

balance between productivity, complexity

field trials in Germany, Switzerland and

tilization, because more fertilizer escapes

titive and farmers’ local experiences will

was 20 to 40 per cent higher in organi-

and homeostasis requires good science

the United States amounted to 590 kg of

into water bodies and the atmosphere.

be invaluable for permanent adaptation.

cally managed loess soils than conven-

and good farm management. Organic

carbon (or 2.2 tons of CO2) per hectare of

In organic agriculture, the ban on indu-

Organic agriculture stresses the need

tionally managed ones. Similar findings,

arable land. The mean duration of these

strially produced nitrogen and a reduction

to use the knowledge of farmers and

that organic farming improved the physi-

four experiments was 20 years, which

in livestock density considerably decre-

farming communities, particularly about

cal properties of soils and therefore the

shows that sequestration is a sustained

ase the concentration of easily available

aspects of farm organization such as

drought tolerance of crops, have emerged

process.

mineral nitrogen in soils and, thus, N2O

crop design, the management of natural

from on-farm experiments in Ethiopia,

A further increase of carbon capture

India and the Netherlands.

in organically managed fields can be

The capacity of farms to adapt to climate

achieved by reducing the frequency of

change depends not only on soil quali-

soil tillage. In a field experiment at Frick in

ties, but also on their diversity of species

Switzerland the annual sequestration rate

and diversification of farm activities. The

was increased by to 3.2 tons of CO2 per

parallel farming of many crop and lives-

hectare, per year, by shifting from turning

tock species greatly reduces weather

the soil over with a plough to preparing

and market induced risks. Landscapes

the seed bed by loosening the soil with a

rich in natural elements and habitats

chisel plough. The development of low-till

provide a more effective buffer against

cropping systems specifically adapted to

climatic instability. New pests, weeds and

organic management should be a major

diseases – the results of global warming

priority for future on-farm research. Some emissions. Furthermore, diversifying crop

and semi-natural habitats on and around

semi-natural and agricultural habitats that

demonstrated in a book published by the

rotations with green manure improves soil

the farm, the use and selection of locally

contain a high number and abundance of

Rodale Institute in Pennsylvania1.

structure, further diminishing N2O emis-

appropriate seeds and breeds, on-farm

sions. Organically managed soils are bet-

preparation of fertilizers, natural plant

More efficient use of nitrogen and less

ter aerated and have significantly lower

strengtheners and traditional drugs and

greenhouse gas emissions.

mobile nitrogen concentrations, another

remedial techniques for livestock, as well

Mineral nitrogen in soils is used in con-

factor that reduces N2O emissions. This

as innovative and low budget technology.

ventional farming to boost crop produc-

means that there is a limited availability of

Tengo and Belfrages2 have described such

tivity. Heavy inputs of soluble fertilizers –

nitrogen in organic systems, which requi-

knowledge as a ‘reservoir of adaptations’.

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

1 Moyer, J. (2010) Organic No-Till Farming. Rodale Institute Books. http://www.rodaleinstitute. org/201015_jeff-moyer-growing-organic-no-till 2 Tengo M and Belfrage K (2004). Local management practices for dealing with change and uncertainty: a cross-scale comparison of cases in Sweden and Tanzania. Ecology and Society, 9(3): 22 pages. Available at: www.ecologyandsociety. org/vol9/iss3/art4.

– are likely to be less invasive in natural,

successful techniques have already been

Urs Niggli, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL) and IFOAM World Board member

‘Good organic practices, such as diversified crop rotations, recirculation of manure and compost, green manuring and reduced tillage, make the difference’ ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

By Karin Heinze & Kai Kreuzer

BioFach/Vivaness assert their position as leading world trade fairs

This year’s international rendezvous of the organic industry, BioFach/ Vivaness, was characterized by a combination of joie de vivre, innovative drive and professionalism. The show, held at the Nuremberg Messezentrum, attracted 44,000 visitors, almost 20,000 of whom came from abroad, and over 2,500 exhibitors from 86 countries. The organizers reported that the vast majority of visitors (97 %) were very pleased by what they saw and experienced in the nine exhibition halls. The good economic prospects for the organic sector were reflected in the buoyant mood of the people taking part and made this organic fair an experience to remember.

he atmosphere in the halls, the presentations at the parallel conference and the exciting fashion show, all

demonstrated, in different ways, what the industry is aiming for: organic consumption becoming mainstreamed in society, with an increasing focus on taking it to the younger generation. The slogans and the way the stands were presented showed a mature professionalism. The event in Nuremberg was a clear demonstration that the industry is ready and able to gain more market share and to continue increasing its turnover. One testimony to the importance of this platform for the industry was the visible presence of the world of politics: more than 100 representatives of the international political scene visited BioFach this year. Also for the first time a regional meeting of politicians responsible for agriculture was held at the fair. “Here the industry is helping to shape nutrition styles and the ecological future of our planet,” commented Claus Rättich, a member of the fair’s management. Jószef Angyàn, Secretary of State at the Hungarian Ministry for Rural Development, made ambitious statements about supporting organic agriculture. In his speech, he explained that expanding organic cultivation would be one of the most important aspects of agricultural policy pursued by Hungary during its presidency of the Council of the European Union. Among other things, he said: “Europe bears the responsibility for developing a sustainable, environmentally friendly agriculture in tune with ecological conditions, for maintaining authentic rural environment and for conserving its values and its diversity.” He also went into the problem of GMOs and stressed that the Hungarian presidency aimed to tighten the current licensing system and put in place a system that allows individual member states to choose for themselves whether or not to restrict or reject GM plants. Ilse Aigner, the German Minister for Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection, said that she expected the organic boom to continue: “We can assume that turnover in this industry will continue to rise in the years ahead.” She called on the federal states to provide ongoing financial assistance and promised the industry further support In 2012, BioFach will take place between the 15th and 18th of February. After a gap of two years, there will once again be a Country of the Year – the contract with India was signed during this year’s BioFach.

1-2011 2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

ECOLOGY & & FARMING FARMING | |1-2011 2-2011

MARKET & economy

North American Update:

US. Market

by Laura Batcha

Perspective

n 2009, organic product sales grew by

as Whole Foods Market, United Natural

Consumer trends

5.3 percent overall to reach $26.6 bil-

Foods Inc. and the Hain Celestial Group,

According to findings from the U.S. Fami-

confirm the organic sector’s recovery.

lies’ Organic Attitudes & Beliefs 2010 trac-

lion. Of that figure, $24.8 billion was spent on organic food and the remaining $1.8

With national organic standards in force since October 2002, the U.S. organic market has, for the first time, eclipsed the European Union organic market in size. After weathering tough economic times, the U.S. industry is now leading global growth in organic sales. Much of this growth can be credited to the integrity of the U.S. National Organic Program, which Diagramsold 1 in the helps drive consumer trust in organic products Diagram 1 2000 28 6 U.S. marketplace. 2001 24 4 28 24 20 25 22 25 28 24 18 4 12

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

2000 2002

6 4 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 -2 4

2004

20 25 22 25 28 24 18 4 12

2000 2002

ales tion Expenses ng Profit 34

-7,5 2006 Organic Growth rate 2008 industry 2010

Gross Sales All Other Farms Production Expenses $134,807 Operating Profit $109,359 $25,448

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

2006

Organic industry Growth rate

Organic Farms $217,675 $171,978 $45,697

2004

4 5 630 6 5 22,5 4 3 15 -2 4 7,5

All Other Farms $134,807 $109,359 $25,448

The market 15 recovered7,5after the recession 2000 2002 0 in 2008 -7,5 2004 2008 OTA Source:

KIWI Magazine, in 2010 U.S. families con-

Although the final figures for 2010 are not

The 2008 Organic Production Survey,

tinued to buy more organic products than

yet available, preliminary findings from

conducted as a follow-on to the 2007

ever before and from a wider of catego-

the Organic Trade Association’s 2011

Census of Agriculture, counted 14,540

ries. Forty one percent of parents reported

Organic Industry Survey indicate that the

organic farms and ranches in the United

they were buying more organic foods in

U.S. organic market grew more strongly in

States. These covered a total of 4.1 mil-

2010, up significantly from 31% reporting

2010, at 9 to 10 percent overall, to reach

lion acres, of which 1.6 million acres were

organic purchases in 2009. In addition,

an estimated $29 billion in sales, with

harvested cropland and 1.8 million acres

their trust in organic labelling increased

growth in all major product categories.

were pasture or rangeland. The remaining

significantly during this period, with 34%

- 54% - are through mainstream grocers, club stores and retailers. Natural retailers

22,5capture 40 percent of total organic food

22,5

Figure

Organic production

The lion’s share of U.S. organic food sales

2006

2010

Organic industry Growth rate GDP Annual Growth rate

GDP Annual Growth rate

Organic Farms $217,675 $171,978 $45,697

Diagram 1

king study, jointly sponsored by OTA and

billion on sales of organic non-foods.

sales, with direct and export sales cove15 ring the remaining 6 percent. Although 7,5 still a small percentage of sales, farmers’ markets, co-ops and community-suppor0 ted agricultural operations are attracting -7,5 increasing interest as consumers look for 2008 locally and regionally produced organic 2010 foods. Meanwhile, the U.S. organic market has seen a surge in organic private label products. These represent 25 to 35 GDP Annual Growth rate percent of total organic dairy and produce sales and between 35 and 45 percent in the organic meat, poultry and fish categories. The graph on the previous page shows the statistical correlation between U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and the organic industry annual growth rate. While the two are correlated, organic growth consistently outperforms GDP and, while it fluctuates more, has shown no sign of dipping into negative growth. Recent robust financial reports from major publicly traded organic companies, such

‘Many consumers are confused about the difference between the claims for ‘natural’ and organic foods’

acres were not in active production

of all parents (compared to 28% in 2009)

Of those farms, 10,903 were certified to

and 44% of organic buyers (compared to

the National Organic Program, and 3,637

34% in 2009) saying their trust in organic

were exempt from certification (because

labelling had increased.

their annual sales totalled less than $5,000). The survey collected 2008 data

Parents reported they see organic pro-

from operators of farms that were either

ducts as generally healthier, allaying their

USDA-certified organic, were making

concerns about the effects of pesticides,

the transition to organic production, or

hormones and antibiotics on children, or

were exempt from certification. The sur-

providing a means to avoid highly proces-

vey found organic farms in all 50 states.

sed foods and/or artificial ingredients. The

Seventy eight percent of these farms plan

study found that three-quarters of U.S.

to maintain or increase organic production

families purchase some organic products.

levels over the next five years. The survey

Newly organic families, who have begun

also found that on average organic farms

purchasing organic products in the past

have higher sales, higher production

two years, now represent more than three

expenses, and higher operating profits

in ten U.S. households (36% in 2010,

than U.S. non-organic farms.

versus 32% in 2009). Demographically,

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

MARKET & economy Figure

Organic buyers and non-buyers Source: OTA

consumers’ education level appears to be more significant than income level in predicting organic purchase behaviour. The influence of research findings

Organic buyers

Figure

Non-buyers

2009

2010

2009

2010

Base = Total parents

(n=862)

Under 25 years old

14%

17%

High School

21%

20%

43%

37%

College

61%

60%

46%

52%

Graduate school

23%

20%

11%

<$35,000

26%

22%

41%

28%

$35,000 - $100,000

51%

48%

60%

$100,000+

15%

22%

Changes in Trust of Organic Labeling

Education

Source: OTA

Annual Income

and organic products, competitive pressure from non-organic agriculture, a changing political climate resulting in federal budget cuts and non-tariff barriers to

During 2010, several reports increased

Ethnicity

consumer concerns over conventional

White

78%

81%

88%

85%

Many consumers are confused about the

food production. For instance, the U.S.

Asian / Pacific Islander

difference between the claims for ‘natu-

African American / Black

10%

President’s Cancer Panel Report released in May 2010 exhorted consumers to

trade.

choose food grown without pesticides or

ral’ and organic foods. On average, eight in ten parents believe foods labelled as ‘natural’ follow the standards and require-

chemical fertilizers, antibiotics, or growth

ments of organic foods. At the same time,

hormones to help decrease their expo-

not allow any use of anti-

a majority of parents have indicated a

days alone, this campaign,

sure to environmental chemicals that can

biotics in food-producing

willingness to pay for food grown without

which differentiates organic

increase their risk of contracting cancer.

animals.

synthetic pesticides or fertilizers, antibi-

as the solution, garnered

Organic agriculture and food meet all of

otics or synthetic hormones, and other

over 22 million viewings.

these recommendations.“The American

In other news, scientists at

practices that are only offered through

On the international trade

people—even before they are born—are

the Louisiana Universities’

organic agriculture.

front, meanwhile, the Uni-

bombarded continually with myriad

Marine Consortium repor-

Meanwhile, groups such as the Alliance for

ted States has adopted

combinations of these dangerous expo-

ted that the dead zone—

Food and Farming are actively sending out

Harmonized System codes

sures,” said the Panel’s letter to President

the oxygen-depleted area

confusing messages by claiming the prac-

to trace both imports and

Obama. It added: “the Panel urges you

where little marine life can

tices used in intensive conventional agri-

exports of organic pro-

most strongly to use the power of your

survive—in the Gulf of

culture are safe and should not be of con-

ducts. The new U.S. trade

office to remove the carcinogens and

Mexico this past summer

cern to consumers. In addition, a changing

codes include 20 import

other toxins from our food, water, and air

producing animals. The FDA said the evi-

was the biggest ever, equalling an area

political landscape and efforts to cut back

in late 2010 targeting consumers by

and 23 export codes. Such codes will

that needlessly increase health care costs,

dence now indicates the non-therapeutic

the size of the state of Massachusetts. In

on agricultural programmes threaten the

providing timely information on topical

also be useful tools to trace U.S. imports

cripple our nation’s productivity, and

use of antibiotics to promote animal

2010 the dead zone stretched from the

gains that the organic sector has made on

food-related issues. These ads appear on

and exports of organic products and will

devastate American lives.”

growth or promote public health has not

mouth of the Mississippi River, west to

the national level in recent years.

Google and Facebook in proximity to rele-

provide concrete data for use in future

This was followed by a major study in

protected human health. Up to 70 per-

Galveston, Texas. The source of this phe-

vant online news stories and drive traffic

trade discussions.

the journal Pediatrics warning consumers

cent of all antibiotics used in the United

nomenon is the runoff of excess nitrogen

Solutions and trade news

to OTA’s consumer website (www.Orga-

about the potential hazards of pesticides

States are used for ‘non-therapeutic’

and phosphorus from synthetic fertilizers

Recognizing the need to further educate

nicItsWorthIt.com). This contains specific

in food. This study concluded that expo-

purposes in industrial food animal pro-

used in fields in the Midwest corn-belt

consumers about competing unregulated

pages that address key issues, encourage

sure to organophosphate pesticides at

duction, according to the Union of Con-

region.

eco-labels and the benefits of organic

people to sign-up to newsletters and

levels common among U.S. children may

cerned Scientists, which defines ‘non-

agriculture, the Organic Trade Association

help consumers find organic products via

contribute to the prevalence of attention

therapeutic’ as the use of antibiotics in

Market challenges

(OTA) launched an online ad campaign

OTA’s member directory. In the first 60

deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in

the absence of diagnosed disease. Food-

Despite such findings, there is an ongoing

these children. The use of organophosp-

producing animals on industrial farms

need to get messages about the benefits

hates is prohibited in organic production.

often are routinely fed antibiotics in food

of organic not only to consumers but

Meanwhile, in July 2010, the U.S

and water to promote weight gain and

also to policy-setting bodies. The current

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

feed efficiency and to compensate for

challenges facing the U.S. organic sector

announced draft guidance recommending

overcrowding and unsanitary conditions.

the judicious use of antibiotics in food-

Organic practices in the United States do

Laura Batch is Chief of Policy and External Relations for the Organic Trade Association. Additional resources are available at www.ota.com, www.TheOrganicPages.com, www.USOrganicProducts.com, and www.organicItsWorthIt.org.

Figure

Organic Farms

All Other Farms

Gross Sales

$217,675

$134,807

include the lack of distinction between

Production Expenses

$171,978

$109,359

competing and unregulated eco-labels

Operating Profit

$45,697

$25,448

Changes in Trust of Organic Labeling Source: OTA

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Our organic seeds grow your success

Ifoam issues

IFOAM launches new logos IFOAM recently launched some new services under its Organic Guarantee System (OGS) (see the last issue of Ecology & Farming), just before the German BioFach, These include the Global Organic Mark and two logos for owners of standards.

Rijk Zwaan is a world-leading specialist in creating high-quality vegetable varieties; also for the organic market. We do this through innovative research & development, led by the needs of our customers. It is our aim to be a

knowledgeable, collaborative partner, with infinite respect for the environment. Rijk Zwaan. www.rijkzwaan.com

rganic labelling has become a jungle of various labels

The Global Organic Mark is backed-up by the IFOAM Orga-

and seals, all trying to communicate technical informa-

nic Guarantee System under which IFOAM approves credible

tion to the organic consumer. National or regional organic

organic standards (in its IFOAM Family of Standards) and

logos are sometimes compulsory and let consumers know

verifies that certifiers are properly accredited.

that a product has been produced in accordance with the national or regional regulations (although for imported

thereby giving the products a seal of credibility from IFOAM.

products the situation may be more complicated). Private

This simple message will mean that the mark will be easily

standards’ logos usually come in addition to the national

understood and recognized across the globe. The Global

logo and are intended to convey information to the con-

Organic Mark is particularly appropriate to organic products

sumer that the product has been produced and certified

that are traded globally, but it can also be a great marketing

according to additional specific requirements, although

asset for products that are sold nationally.

very few consumers actually know what these really are. 423797RZW_adv187x126.indd 1

03-02-11 09:17

“Healthy flow of money in society” Our Mission

• Explain and promote sustainable agriculture and animal production in its productive chain, aiming health and life integrity of humans, animals, plants, water, earth and air.

• Organization of national and international seminars and conferences. In 2010 the focus has been public health and quality of living in relation to food security and food origin;

To use the Global Organic Mark, producers, processors

Products also often display the seals of the certifying body,

or handlers need to meet the criteria and sign a contract with

even when the product is only certified according to the

IFOAM. There is a yearly fee, based on the annual sales of

national regulation.

the products involved. IFOAM offers this service directly to

Some conventional supermarkets have their own organic logo or label, which they display on their own range of organic products, to enable consumers to quickly distin-

operators, as well as through certification bodies and sector associations. IFOAM has also developed two other similar logos that

guish them from conventional products. Then, there are also

are not intended to be placed on products. These are logos

numerous organic brands that display their own brand logo

for organic standard setters, which can be placed on their

that also conveys the organic message. Another growing

standards documents, publicity and other communications.

trend is for countries to develop their own organic logo that

Our activities:

The Global Organic Mark bears the name of IFOAM,

The IFOAM Family of Standards logo is granted to

is placed on all exported products to simultaneously convey

owners of standards accepted in the IFOAM Family of

the image of organic and to promote the country.

Standards, based on an assessment done by IFOAM.

There are more than 100 organic standards and regu-

The Standard Leader logo is like a ‘gold seal’ which will,

• High quality level networking in universities, industry, government, medical and consumer associations, sustainability orientation;

lations and close to 500 organic certifiers in the world. It is

in the near future, be granted to owners of standards that

impossible for the average organic consumer to know the

are not only accepted in the IFOAM Family of Standards,

• Support of small communities, who strive to protect the social, health, gender, economic sound and environment aspects of common living. Municipality impacts of global warming and food security;

meaning of all these certification schemes and to identify all

but have been assessed as exceeding these standards and

the seals and logos. Only a very small proportion of organic

reached a designated benchmark.

• Support of industries who seek quality and safety in their products; • Networking in the NGO world;

Any stakeholders interested in applying for these Organic

the certification procedure. What the average organic con-

Marks should contact IFOAM (Joelle Katto-Andrighetto at

sumer wants to know is that the product has been certified

ogs@ifoam.org) for further information.

by an approved certifier and that it has been produced

• Consultancy and observatories in medicine, toxicology, agriculture, law and food. Etica da Terra /Instituto Ita Wegman do Brasil has won a special status -OSCIP- from the Ministry of Justice in Brasil in 2010.

Contact

consumers are interested in the details of the standards or

according to organic standards. IFOAM is now offering the first global organic product logo that conveys this one, universal, message to the consumer: that the product has been produced organically, according to a credible organic standard and was certified

Josiana Arippol E-mail: josiana@eticadaterra.org Tel: +55 11 3443-6423 Av. Brig. Faria Lima, 3729-4o/5o andares CEP: 04538-905 São Paulo/SP/Brasil

Josiana Arippol E-mail: josiana@institutoitawegmandobrasil.org Tel: +55 11 3443-6397 Av. Brig. Faria Lima, 3729-4o/5o andares CEP: 04538-905 São Paulo/SP/Brasil

by an approved certifier. In other words, the Global Organic Mark is all the consumers need to trust organic products, no matter where they are purchased.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 1-2011 2-2011

by Bo van Elzakker, Beate Huber, Jochen Neuendorff

Standards & certification

uring Biofach 2007, at a time when

cions can cause you trouble, or the case

shops highlight best practices, such as

the organic market was booming,

may not be taken up - as it is much easier

in-house quality assurance systems and

the level of rumours about fraud was such

to ignore suspicions. You need to have

tools for detection for companies and

that three individuals, all with a history in

some solid proof; otherwise it is likely to

more effective inspection techniques for

organic conformity assessment , started

be pushed aside as an unsubstantiated

certifiers. Above all, it promotes com-

what became known as the Anti Fraud

claim. The main approach of AFI has been

munication and cooperation between the

Initiative (AFI). A first tripartite meeting (with

to improve the exchange of information

chain actors. Talking about fraud, realizing

certifiers, traders, authorities) in Germany,

among and between businesses, certifiers

what each party can do and motivating

confirmed the seriousness of the topic and

and authorities, so as to have better com-

each other to act are very important

the need for joint action. An exchange of

munication and understanding.

aspects of its work.

were organized. Details of the presentati-

The activities of AFI are purposely

The result is that stakeholders understand

ons at these meetings and reports can be

organized in an informal way. As much

and trust each other more, and also see

found at www.organic-integrity.org.

as possible, AFI works through sector

each other’s limitations. There is a com-

organizations2 to avoid some individuals,

mitment in the organic sector to address

In the first instance, people did not like to

companies or certifiers dominating the

fraud and to do so through joint action

hear the word fraud, or were frightened by

process. The meetings are made possible

but it needs peer pressure. A start was

the initiative. Some initially said that there

through participation fees and donations

made on establishing a Code of Conduct

is no fraud in organics, despite the cases

from the sector organizations and Mini-

for certifiers, although this got stranded

that come to light. Many preferred to

stries of Agriculture. The last meeting was

on the legal implications of holding each

ignore it or leave it to others to deal with.

combined with the CertCost EU research

other responsible/liable if one of the sig-

Very few were interested in trying to take

project. It is a low cost approach, desig-

natories failed to perform according to

it on and had little idea how to do so.

ned to create awareness, to learn from

the requirements of the Code. In Europe,

each other and to highlight best practices

some trade organizations have been wor-

The current annual inspection system may

for avoiding fraud. It is not about inves-

king on a Code of Good Trading Practi-

be a deterrent but it is not really able to

tigating possible frauds or suspects. It is

ces, a more positive approach. We would

detect or avoid fraud with organic pro-

about increasing the threat of detection,

still like to see a chapter in it on how to

ducts. We know this because fraud cases

allowing everybody time to improve their

deal with cases of (suspected) fraud.

usually come to light by denunciations

practices and their quality systems. So far

Even though it is difficult to formulate

or by unforeseen circumstances, not

AFI has mainly had a European focus, but

rules about how to address the issue, it

during annual inspections. Even when,

with the launch of the initiative in the US it

is becoming clear what can be done to

as now, inspection is becoming more risk

is internationalizing.

avoid and detect fraud, what companies

information began and several meetings

It started with rumours

From Anti Fraud Initiative to Organic Integrity As long as organic markets exist fraud will be an issue. It is a sensitive issue because most organic products are food products and people can be very touchy about their food. Organic claims to be different and is more expensive; there are regulations which are supposed to provide a guarantee and; organic products are bought by consumers who also buy them for altruistic or idealistic reasons. Fraud is one of the biggest threats to the organic market; a scandal or two can seriously undermine the public’s confidence in organic certification and regulation and set back the market. It is difficult to estimate the extent to which fraud happens, but it is clear that it does happen: on the farm, during manufacturing, in local trade, in trade between EU Member States, in imports from further afield and in shops. 40

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

based, and more inspections are unan-

and certifiers can do by themselves and

nounced, the standard annual inspection

Besides the general annual meeting

what they should do together. Following

is not designed to address fraudulent

and in-country workshops, AFI is about

an initial reluctance to discuss the topic of

practices. Most discoveries of fraud are

objective information gathering, analysing

fraud, all companies, certifiers and autho-

based on complaints and rumours, from

past fraud cases to discover patterns,

rities who take themselves seriously are

neighbours, from companies talking about

draw lessons and suggest recommenda-

now doing something about it.

each other, or ex-employees. Govern-

tions, as well as making this information

ment agencies, certification bodies and

available, for example on its website. It

businesses find rumours and allegations

has a database of organizations/contact

difficult to deal with. Buyers may suspect,

persons who are interested and involved

detect and reject goods, but will usually

in the detection of fraud, both within and

leave it at that. Going to the certification

outside the EU; it is a pool of expertise

body or the authorities with your suspi-

in quality/integrity assurance. The work-

Bo van Elzakker, Louis Bolk Institute LBI (NL), Beate Huber, Forschungsinstitut für Biologischen Landbau FIBL (CH), Dr. Jochen Neuendorff, Gesellschaft für Resourcenschutz GfRS (D). EOCC, ACB and ACA for the certification bodies. BNN, Warenverein, AOeL, BioForum, VBP, OTB, Synabio and Federbio for the trade associations.

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

events

by JOS VAN HAL

Is there a good way for producers’ organizations in the South to communicate directly with consumers in the North about their concerns and issues, without relying on intermediaries and the agendas they impose? The University of Applied Sciences at van Hall Larenstein (NL) is organizing a symposium to discuss the potential for such organizations to communicate directly with consumers about their products, production methods, the challenges that they face and their aspirations.

ncreasingly consumers want to under-

the immense importance of GIS appli-

Research on the impact of Fair Trade

stand how the food on their plates got

cations in the social domain. Maps are

shows that it does have a positive effect

there: how it was produced, transported,

often very effective media and negoti-

for participants in the system but has lit-

etc. This is also true of other products,

ation tools. A free publication from the

tle impact on the functioning of the global

as diverse as cotton or energy. These

German Development Organisation GIZ

economic system and is unlikely to reform

concerns have resulted in stronger legis-

(formerly GTZ) , gives a good overview of

it. The Sustainable Development Indica-

lation in food safety and the emergence of

the wide range of applications of GIS in

tors for Fair Trade show a wide variety of

a wide array of voluntary standards that

documenting development cooperation

claims that are (at least) partially being

include measures that seek to ensure gre-

projects and the CTA has developed a

met. Research indicates that the effect of

ater sustainability and transparency.

participatory GIS training kit to support

higher (and more stable) prices and the

the application of modern technology in

social premium vary considerably between

phase with many actors making different

development3. It contains 15 modules

organizations. They may include invest-

claims on sustainability. Historians in the

which cover the entire spectrum of good

ments in organizational capacity, educa-

future may describe this period as “the

development practices and culminates in

tional and environmental improvements.

Battle of Certification” or “the Labelling

a module on networking, communication

But consumers of Fair Trade products

War.” They may trace back its roots to

and advocacy.

often do not have a clear idea about how

This has created a rather confusing

1992 when supply chain decision-makers

the price premium and the social premium

began to engage with sustainability in the

Claims on sustainability

is being used by producers’ organizations

wake of the Rio Earth Summit.

When trading tropical commodities it is

(POs) or plantation workers.

Geographical Information Systems

often difficult to be sure of the identity

“Mainstream” and “alternative” trade

(GIS) are widely used in precision agri-

and origin of a product, especially with

clearly have divergent understandings of,

culture to optimize inputs, reduce waste

blended or processed products. The ever-

and approaches to, sustainability. This

and maximize yields. While largely used in

increasing complexity of our global food

has led to an increasing specialization or

Geo Fair Trade Symposium; 13th of may 2011

intensive farming, organic farmers in the

systems requires a tracing and tracking

fragmentation of sustainability criteria,

Netherlands also use this technology, to

system with a trustworthy data proces-

such as those embodied in Utz and the

improve their efficiency in sowing, wee-

sing capability. This is needed for both

Rainforest Alliance. Several organic cer-

What you yee is what you get

ding and pest control.

certification and for ensuring that food

tification bodies, such as IMO , Ecocert

safety regulations are met.

and, most recently, Naturland are using

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

But can GIS applications be further extended, specifically to a development

Fair Trade and organic trade are value

standards that combine “organic and

context? Some good examples of how

chains with similar approaches to incre-

fair”, which position “organic” more cen-

GIS contributes to community develop-

asing traceability. Yet, as in conventional

trally in Fair Trade and vice versa.

ment can be viewed on You Tube1 where

trade, it is still often very difficult to relate

there is a short film that shows how GIS

the origin of products back to an indivi-

Geo fair trade

can contribute to participatory asset map-

dual unit of production. There is a need

In 2009 the EU Research commission,

ping.

to improve some aspects of traceability

under the Environmental Directorate,

in both sectors, especially as market

financed a consortium of GIS researchers,

demand is increasing.

civil society organizations and traders to

Many publications and studies from renowned development institutes show

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

by PETER BRUL

politics

New UN report support research on traceability and the

agenda? First there is no one single

The GEO Fair Trade symposium

claims made for sustainable development

agenda. POs and their members some-

It is hard to discern what consumers want

within Fair Trade. GIS experts from sever-

times need to address issues of poverty,

to know. But can POs tell them something

al EU projects that have focused on wine

poor working conditions, exploitation by

of value instead of relying on those who

and olive production have been looking

strong middlemen or other unfavourable

market branded products, overloaded

at the global application of GIS for Fair

trading conditions, the lack of quality

with logos? The GEO Fair Trade consor-

Trade. The GEO Fair Trade consortium

control systems or environmental degra-

tium has developed a prototype web-

aims to find a practice based evidence

dation. Very often better market access

based tool based on research from other

that will lead to a self-evaluation tool for

is one of the core reasons why POs are

existing systems and the six case studies.

chain development.

committed to Fair Trade.

This tool allows actors in all the studied

With the use of handheld Geographi-

The Geo Fair Trade tool enables POs

commodity chains to communicate with

Eco-farming can double food production Small-scale farmers can double food production within 10 years in at-risk regions by using ecological methods, a new UN report shows. Based on an extensive review of the recent scientific literature, the study calls for a fundamental shift towards agroecology as a way to boost food production and improve the situation of the poorest.

cal Positioning Systems (GPS) producer

to map the sustainable development

others about traceability and the sustaina-

organizations (POs) will be able plot their

indicators that they have chosen to meet

ble profile of each producer organization.

members’ acreage and other assets,

their development priorities, rather than

The GEO Fair Trade tool will be

such as infrastructure, water wells and

relying on a quality management system

unveiled at a symposium that will take

other natural resources (e.g. woods). This

provided (or imposed) by a retail organi-

place at Wageningen University (hos-

will give the POs better information to

zation. A solid GIS system which contri-

ted by Van Hall Larenstein, University

“To feed 9 billion people in 2050, we urgently need to

estimate yields, distances to collection

butes to the internal control system will

of Applied Sciences) to an audience of

adopt the most efficient farming techniques available,”

points, etc. But, most of all, it contributes

strengthen POs’ certification position and

procurement officers, certification bodies,

says Olivier De Schutter, UN Special Rapporteur on the

to strengthening Internal Control Systems

is useful for marketing purposes. Farmers

researchers and students. Following this

Right to Food and author of the report. “Today’s scienti-

(ICS) - which are essential in the process

always work for consumers; they want to

there will be workshops on a number of

fic evidence demonstrates that agroecological methods

of certification - and monitoring. This

reach consumers and communicate about

themes.

outperform the use of chemical fertilizers in boosting

knowledge contributes to improving

the impact that their farming system has

the management of the POs, especially

on their social and natural environment.

GEO Fair Trade tool in such a way that

unfavorable environments.”

among smallholder farmer groups.

So apart from the internal organizational

it can be used by Certification bodies as

Agroecology applies ecological science to the design

boost it can bring, the GEO Fair Trade

part of the ICS management system. It

of agricultural systems can help put an end to the food

selected six case studies, run by a variety

tool will also strengthen their marketing

may also be adopted by corporate busi-

crisis and address the challenges of climate change and

of POs in different countries, from India

profile. There is something to communi-

ness to demonstrate a link between the

poverty. It enhances the productivity of soils and pro-

to Latin America. They produce a wide

cate.

products they sell and their suppliers.

tects the crops against pests by relying on the natural

for poor farmers. “Knowledge came to replace pestici-

But first and foremost its potential seems

environment such as beneficial trees, plants, animals and

des and fertilizers. This was a winning bet and compa-

The GEO Fair Trade Project has

range of tropical commodities, such as

There are possibilities to develop the

food production where the hungry live - especially in

shea butter, coffee, tea and vanilla and

Retail needs

to be as an innovation that helps POs to

insects.

rable results abound in other tropical countries.”

include one atypical case study, Panama

The concept of “food integrity” not only

manage themselves and profile and publi-

“To date, agroecological projects have shown an aver-

“The approach is also gaining ground in developed

hats from Ecuador. Most of the case stu-

covers food safety but has also become a

cise their own sustainability agenda.

age crop yield increase of 80% in 57 developing coun-

countries. However, despite its impressive potential in

dies have a spatial dimension in order to

way to redefine values within food supply

tries, with an average increase of 116% for all African

realizing the Right to Food for all, agroecology is still

measure the environmental impact, along-

chains. Retail organizations are increa-

projects,” De Schutter says. “Recent projects conduc-

insufficiently backed by ambitious public policies.”

side the social and economic ones.

singly using farmer’s profiles to commu-

Each of the Producers’ Organizations

nicate ‘green stories’. Yet is it possible to

in the six case study projects have deve-

build a solid system that can safeguard

loped to their own sustainability agenda,

and restore the perspective of the farmer

Jos van Hal Course co-ordinator ASM/Fair Trade Management University of Applied Sciences, van Hall Larenstein, Wageningen.

which the GEO Fair Trade Project has

and take this communication beyond a

translated into maps. At the end of the

nice marketing tool? Do we even really

project the Consortium expects to have

know what consumers want to know?

developed a web-based tool that can be

And how does it change with time? At

used by all the actors in Fair Trade chains.

present consumers are faced with, and

It is possible to register for the symposium through the link: www.geofairtrade.eu. Participation is free of charge but there are a limited number of places. The symposium will provide an opportunity to discuss possible applications of the GEO Fair Trade tool and how it might best meet the requirements and expectations of POs, businesses and certification bodies.

confused by a bombardment of logos that

Helping producers’ organisations profile

make different sustainability claims that

themselves

promise much, but often mean little. This

So how does a Fair Trade PO or associa-

is certainly not a way to build trust in the

tion work on developing its sustainability

long run.

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_GEcifLzEM

2 Geographical Information Systems; The spatial dimension to development cooperation 3 ACP organizations can order this (for free) through CTA’s website: www.cta.int

ted in 20 African countries demonstrated a doubling of crop yields over a period of 3-10 years.”

“We won’t solve hunger and stop climate change with industrial farming on large plantations. The solution

“Conventional farming relies on expensive inputs, fuels

lies in supporting small-scale farmers’ knowledge and

climate change and is not resilient to climatic shocks.

experimentation, and in raising the incomes of smallhol-

It simply is not the best choice anymore today,” De

ders so as to contribute to rural development.” We can

Schutter stressed that “A large segment of the scientific

see a doubling of food production within 5 to 10 years

community now acknowledges the positive impacts of

in some regions where the hungry live,” De Schutter

agroecology on food production, poverty alleviation and

says. “Whether or not we will succeed this transition will

climate change mitigation - and this is what is needed

depend on our ability to learn faster from innovations.

in a world of limited resources.

We need to go fast if we want to avoid repeated food

The report points out that projects in Indonesia, Viet-

and climate disasters in the 21st century.”

nam and Bangladesh recorded up to 92% reductions in insecticide use for rice, leading to important savings

The report ‘Agro-ecology and the right to food’ is available in English, French, Spanish, Chinese and Russian at www.srfood.org

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

Market & Economy

BY Niyi Olabiran

n the last few years, West African coun-

go elsewhere. Others completely lack

tries like Ghana, Ivory Coast and Sierra

trade finance so the buyer has to put the

Leone have entered the organic market

money up front. These and other factors

through various projects, mainly with small

mean that quite a number of producers

holder farmers, to organize and convert

end up selling their organic cocoa on the

them to certified organic cocoa produc-

conventional market, because they are

tion. There are about 20 organic cocoa

not able to find buyers or follow through

production sites in Africa, but this is not

deals in the organic market.

well known and Africa is struggling to take

AFRICAN ORGANIC

COCOA Africa is the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest producer of cocoa, with an estimated 70% coming from West Africa alone. Another 13% comes from Latin America and 17% from other cocoa producing countries, like Indonesia. In the organic cocoa sector, the situation is almost reversed, with Latin America having a 70% share of the market and the remaining 30% going to other countries, including Madagascar, Tanzania and Uganda.

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

a better share of the global organic cocoa

It has been discovered that there is a

Organic cocoa is mostly available in

market.

wide range of certification preferences

Uganda, Tanzania, Congo, and Ivory

among processors and chocolate manu-

Coast. There is also some available in

The Cocoa Special at Biofach 2011

facturers. While some prefer organic,

Ghana, Sierra Leone and Madagascar.

provided an opportunity to hear buyersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

others prefer organic and Fair Trade,

In Uganda there are about 22,000 small

demands and wishes regarding African

others organic plus Rainforest Alliance

holder farmers organized under 3 export

organic cocoa. They confirmed their

and a number Fair Trade only. Of these

companies (Greenorganicwatch, Olam

interest in organic cocoa from Africa, but

preferences, organic remained a con-

Uganda Ltd and Ugacof), with each com-

indicated that the sector must be further

stant preference, in combination with any

pany having an average of 7500 farmers.

developed to meet their demands. Pro-

other certification. Fair Trade only is also

The cooperatives exported a total of

ducing certified beans is just not enough.

popular. The demand for organic and fair

2,754 tonnes last year, about 70% of the

There are problems (identified by impor-

trade is based on consumer preference,

actual production. In Tanzania, thousands

ters and chocolate manufacturers) with

but preferences for other combinations

of small holder farmers are organized

inconsistent supply, very small volumes

are more based on brand differentiation

into cooperatives by large exporting

and supply only being available at harvest

strategies.It was striking that most buyers

firms such as Biolands and Hai Tanzania.

time (instead of on-demand). Many also

wanted to develop close relationships

MOCOA Tanzania (Mbingu Organic Cocoa

just do not know much about African

with their suppliers, to make their busi-

Growers Association) is a farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; coope-

organic cocoa. A recent development is

ness more secure, and also to work on

rative with about 652 farmers and current-

that a start has been made with proces-

development issues, like child labour,

ly has a production capacity of 300 metric

sing organic cocoa beans in Africa. One

education and health in the producer vil-

tonnes. They do their own exporting.

can now order organic cocoa liquor from

lages. Others are keen to support work on

Commodity Processing Industries Ltd.

shade tree management, biodiversity and

The Cocoa Special at BioFach 2011 was

soil fertility. This underscores the deve-

jointly organized by Agro Eco and Grolink

lopment potential of organic smallholder

and provided a major step in exposing

projects where there is a direct contact

African organic cocoa to the export mar-

between producers and manufacturers.

ket: providing a platform where the main actors in the value chain could meet and

The disconnection between producers

understand what they want from each

and their potential buyers was identi-

other. It was noticeable that one on one

fied as a major problem. Organic cocoa

conversations between different parties

producers are not easy to find or easily

facilitated a better understanding and

accessible, as most farmer cooperatives

enabled producers and exporters to make

(CPI) Ghana, which produces around 200

and exporters do not have websites

valuable business contacts with potential

tonnes per year. This volume will proba-

where potential buyers can find what they

buyers. The event will be repeated again

bly increase next year when two cocoa

offer and their details. Sometimes when

next year and an effort will be made to

farmer cooperatives in Ghana will begin

there is a web site, the contact details

get more suppliers to the fair.

to roll out certified organic cocoa with a

are out of date or inquiries remain unans-

capacity of 250 tonnes.In the near future,

wered. Some producers put all their faith

CPI will also start to offer organic cocoa

in one particular buyer who sometimes

butter and powder.

does not perform but they still cannot

To further expose the supply side, an inventory of African organic cocoa producers, with all their details, will be published on the African pavilion website. www.organicafricapavilion.org

ECOLOGY & FARMING | 2-2011

MAY - DECEMBER 2011 //

MAY 8-11th BtoBio 2011 Milan, Italy www.btobio.it

MAY 26-28th BioFach China 2011 Shanghai, China www.biofach-china.com

MAY 12-15th Ekoloji Izmir 2011, 10th Organic Product Fair Izmir, Turkey ekolojiizmir.izfas.com.tr

May 31st–June 1st 5th European Organic Congress, Gödöllö, Hungary. www.ifoam-eu.org/

MAY 18-20th First International Conference on Organic Food Quality and Health Research Prague, Czech Republic May 26-27th 6th International Meeting on Processing and Marketing Organic Products and Raw Materials. Warsaw, Poland. www.organic-marketing-forum.org.

SEPTEMBER 22-24th BioFach America 2011 Baltimore, USA www.biofach-america.com

Calen dar Items

OCTOBER 5-7th, 2011 BioFach America Latina 2011 Sao Paulo, Brazil www.biofach-americalatina.com

SEPTEMBER 26th - OCTOBER 5th 17th Organic World Congress 2011 Gyeonggi Paldang, South Korea www.kowc2011.org

OCTOBER 6-9th, 2011 Nature-Health Fair Ljubljana, Slovenia en.gr-sejem.si/fairs/calendar-offairs/nature-health

OCTOBER 3-5th, 2011 IFOAM General Assembly 2011 Gyeonggi Paldang, South Korea www.ifoam.org/GA2011

NOVEMBER 1-3rd, 2011 BioFach Japan 2011 Tokyo, Japan www.biofach-japan.com

In the next Issue!

JUNE 2011 // NR 3

Coming up in the next issue of Ecology and Farming (June 2011) Labour and incomes

Market & economy Coffee is mainly produced by smallholders in developing

There are around 2 million organic farms, where more

countries. The income of millions of farmer families

than 5 million people are working. The entire organic

depends on coffee sales. Markets for organic and other

industry provides work for more than 10 million people.

sustainable coffees are increasing.

What is known about their income and labour situation, compared to ‘conventional’?

GMO and hunger Soil quality

Hunger has been steadily increasing since 1995 and reached 925 million people in 2010. One of the main argu-

Organic agricultural methods can help to improve soil

ments used for promoting genetic engineering is the bat-

quality, but farmers need the right tools. Soil scientists

tle against hunger and the need to feed a growing world

discuss the need for better soil management strategies in

population. Andre Leu doubts if GMO is the solution.

organic agriculture.

Country reports

Interview

Argentina is one of the world’s largest organic producers,

Nick Parrott interviewed Hans Herren, one of the world’s

with more than 4 million hectares.

leading authorities on biological pest control.

Organic and health

And more news

At the conference on organics and health in Prague, May

Opinions, facts and figures about organic farmers,

2011 scientists discuss the latest results of research.

companies, innovations in agriculture and market

The outcome is published in E&F.

developments.

CONTACT Publisher Jaap van Westering Editorial staff Peter Brul (editor in chief) Denise Godinho Nick Parrott Contributors to this issue Authors: Laura Batcha, Stefan Bergleiter, Marian Blom, Peter Brul, Bo van Elzakker, Jos van Hal, Karin Heinze, Beate Huber, Leen Janmaat, Kai Kreuzer Jochen Neuendorf, Niyi Olabrin, Urs Niggli, Gunnar Rundgren, Amarjit Sahota, Helga Willer Photo’s: Stefan Bergleiter, Bürnberg Messe, ETO, FIBL, LBI, OTA, Nick Parrott, Mehmet Tozan,

2-2011 | ECOLOGY & FARMING

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