What effect do ocean cycles have on global temperatures?

d. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)

Graphic from the JAMSTEC website: IOD is a similar phenomenon to ENSO, but takes place in the Indian Ocean. When it is strongly positive, as in 1961 or 2019/2020, there is flooding in East Africa and dry heat in Australia, increasing annual wildfires, as in 2020. The global mean temperature is then elevated.

Most ocean cycles have been in a positive phase in recent years, contributing to the global temperature increase. This will pass, unfortunately - warmer is better!

7. Where do temperatures change and where don't they?

There is no significant temperature increase in the deserts including the Antarctic ice desert.

Top: Antarctic temperatures from 1957 to 2020: hardly any temperature increase can be seen.