d. Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
Graphic from the JAMSTEC website: IOD is a similar phenomenon to ENSO, but takes place in the Indian Ocean. When it is strongly positive, as in 1961 or 2019/2020, there is flooding in East Africa and dry heat in Australia, increasing annual wildfires, as in 2020. The global mean temperature is then elevated. Most ocean cycles have been in a positive phase in recent years, contributing to the global temperature increase. This will pass, unfortunately - warmer is better! 7. Where do temperatures change and where don't they? There is no significant temperature increase in the deserts including the Antarctic ice desert.
Top: Antarctic temperatures from 1957 to 2020: hardly any temperature increase can be seen.
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