Zeitgeist Housing | Augmented Living

Rethinking East Tennessee Housing

Context Liason Climate Culture Topography Case Study

Journey Roth Tony Allen Logan Higgins Josh Murray Tucker Towe

Concept Liason Vernacular Vernacular Historic Adaptive

Jonathan Ruiz Jenn Elder Macy McCarty Kaylee Holdren Mary Kate Lietch

Construct Liason Past Construction Past Construction Current Construction Future Construction

Savannah Dixon Caleb Brothers Haven Bush Spencer McCarty Nathaniel Midgett

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i-xvi ................................ Introduction i / iv ........................ Table of Contents vii / vii ......................Vernacular ix / x .........................Ticino | Knoxville xi / xii .......................Modern Vernacular xv / xvi ..................... Project Overview

83-100 ........................... Construct 85 ........................... Construction Overview 87 ........................... Methods + Materials 93 ........................... Case Study: Old Briar 95 ........................... Materials Palette 99 ........................... Index

01 - 38 ........................... Context 03 ........................... Cultural Identity 13 ........................... Environmental 23 ........................... Socio-Economics 27 ........................... Social Catalyst 35 ........................... Social Amenities

39 - 82 ........................... Concept 41 ........................... Selection Analysis 43 ........................... Vernacular 53 ........................... Historic 65 ........................... Adaptive 77 ........................... Typology Comparisons 81 ........................... Index

Potential Tennessee Conditions Liason

Jonathan Ruiz & Savannah Dixon

Site Orientation Liason Topographic Density Infrastructure and Accessibility Amenities Density Existing Conditions

Jonathan Ruiz Jonathan Ruiz Tucker Towe Tucker Towe Haven Bush MaryKate Leitch

Master Planning Liason Serenbe Case Study Bodrum Case Study Alburtis Case Study Levit Case Study Usonia Case Study Plan Option 1

Nathan Midget Tony Allen Nathan Midget Caleb Brothers Journey Roth Nathan Midget Josh Murrary & Tony Allen Nathan Midget & Caleb Brothers

Plan Option 2

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101-104 ........................... Potential Tennessee

Site Conditions

105-116 ........................... Site Orientation:

South Knoxville 107 ........................... Topographic Density 109 ........................... Infrastructure and

Accessibilities 111 ........................... Amenities 113 ........................... Density 115 ........................... Existing Conditions

117-134 ........................... Community Master

Planning 119 ........................... Serenbe 121 ........................... Bodrum 123 ........................... Alburtis 125 ........................... Levit Town 127 ........................... Usonia 129 ........................... Plan Option 1 131 ........................... Plan Option 2 132 ........................... Index

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Vernacular

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Hidden in the hills of the southern Swiss Alps, the region of Ticino lies nestled among switchbacks and an interesting dichotomy of old and new. The vernacular here is clearly homes made of ancient stone and heavy timber, yet they are situated closely to homes of modern concrete and glass. The importance of the vernacular to a place is two-fold: identity and origin.

In Ticino, the region is identified by its fairytale like landscape and its timelessness. This identity ties closely to its origin as a mountain village. There is a distinct feeling and essence of home and tradition in the place.

In comparison to the beauty and history of Ticino, the region of East Tennessee thousands of miles away, holds similar characteristics. There is a distinction to its vernacular, yet old and new do not harmonize with the same effectiveness. The vernacular of East Tennessee hinges on the picturesque cabins and barns found in the Great Smokey Mountains. Here, the place is identified by its farming and survival as a newly discovered land and the dangers and struggles of living in a place with little origin. Now, they have become a form of identity and origin for Tennesseans living in the Appalachian mountains. The quality of the vernacular in East Tennessee as compared with Ticino allows perspective of the importance of the vernacular to culture.

Ticino | Knoxville

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Modern Vernacular The importance of understanding the vernacular in architecture is akin to udnerstanding site and other contexts. The vernacular gives identity to a place and a land in a way that other forms of analysis are lacking. Adjacent is the Baron House by John Pawson in Sk책ne, Sweden built in 2005. While this is not a vernacular home, Pawson uses the vernacular to create a breathtaking work of modern vernacular architecture. The barn and farm house is immensely important to the history and architecture of Scandanavia and most of Europe, and in this home, Pawson reflects the simple beauty and aesthetic efficiency of the building type by placing it elegantly within the landscape of the rolling hills of Sweden.

The modern vernacular is not an immitation, it is an integration of effective design and simplified aesthetics paired with the innovation of modern materials and structure. With the invention of new building materials that allow for spans and forms deemed difficult to make in the past, the architectural society has developed a desire for architecture that pushes the limits of structural design. The modern vernacular tends to think of this differently. Modern vernacular asks that we see the simplicity of vernacular designs and ask why they were so successful as to last for centuries. If we ask these questions, we can begin to see that the purity of the designs of the past can be effectively used today to make beautiful and useful architecture. Applied to East Tennessee, the use of modern vernacular has been tainted. Our homes are clad in echoes of materials found in the past and we allow our buildings to sit in the shadows of the inspirational vernacular buildings surrounding us.

*Cover photograph by Savannah Dixon Ticino City - Pete Shep, https://www.flickr.com/photos/peteshep/634736536/ Vernacular Ticino House - Pete Shep, https://www.flickr.com/photos/peteshep/633868813/ Oliver Cabin | 1822 | Cades Cove, TN - Rainsville Family Practice, http://www.rainsvillefamilypractice.org/mission.shtml

The Ghost Houses | Curb | 2006 | Knoxville, TN - Curb Architects, http://www.curb.cc/index.php?/root/ghost-house/ Jenkins House | Barber McMurry | 1955 | Knoxville, TN - Barber McMurry, http://www.bma1915.com/projectpages/195501.html Ambroziak Home | Bruce McCarty | 1960 | Knoxville, TN - Knox Modern Collective, http://knoxmoderncollective.com/?p=116 New Norris House | UTK Faculty and Students | 2011 | Norris, TN - Elevation: Archieli, http://www.archieli.com/architecture/prefab-norris-house-in-tennessee-is-a-living-lab-for-energy-andwater-use/

Ticino Growth - Stella Rados & Marion Arnemann, http://www.archiable.com/201103/20110313_Ticino_mountain_village_Brontallo_by_ Stella_Rados_Marion_Arnemann.html Baron House | John Pawson | 2005 | Sweden - Open House, https://openhousebcn.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/baron-house-john-pawson-architecture-openhouseKnoxville Growth: 1892, 1935, 1953, 1978 barcelona/ - USGS Casa Rotonda a Stabio | Mario Botta | 1980-82 | Svizzera - Museo di Arte Moderna e Contemporanea di Trento e Rovereto, http://english.mart.trento.it/mostre.jsp?ID_ LINK=682&area=137&id_context=3454 Casa Bianchi | Mario Botta | 1973 | Riva San Vitale, Switzerland

- Behance, https://www.behance.net/gallery/22554845/Bianchi-house-study-models House in Maggia | Mario Botta | 1975 | Maggia, Switzerland

- NC Modernist, http://www.ncmodernist.org/botta.htm Casa Sampietro | Mario Botta | 1979 | Pregossana, Switzerland

- NC Modernist, http://www.ncmodernist.org/botta.htm

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Project Overview The central Appalachian region, specifically East Tennessee, is filled with aspects of all kinds of southern vernacular architecture ranging from the log cabin homestead, the dogtrot, and the shotgun to modern interpretations of these principle home types. On a larger scale, East Tennessee communities are sometimes developed as a typical city, or from the point of rural family settlements. Knoxville developed as an urban core, with sprawl occurring as the city developed public travel lines to suburban centers. Often times, within the undeveloped areas in the Appalachian hollows, hollows of families form and continue as a legacy for many generations. Looking at the East Tennessee region as a site for a Modern, Pre-fabricated house type required significant analysis in three areas: context concept, and construct. Context was understood in both rural, suburban, and metropolitan areas through the study of history, climate, and natural species. Concept dealt with topics of historic forms, neighborhood development, contemporary interpretations, and the underlying principles behind these house types. Finally, construct delves into the proper use of materials and construction methods within this region.

Context

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Cultural Identity | Regional Landscape

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East Tennessee is the name given to about the one third most eastern part of the state of Tennessee. One of the three divisions in the state. East Tennessee consists of thirty three counties. Including Tennessee’s third and fourth largest cities Knoxville and Chattanooga respectively. East Tennessee is know for its scenic mountain views and beautiful landscapes. The complex landscape of the region leads to its majestic scenery and complex climate. Pioneers came to East Tennessee for it’s breathtaking beauty. As later discussed more people came to the city for TVA’s series of hydroelectric projects. The landscape also provided perfect cover for a sector of the Manhattan Project. Today East Tennessee is a popular tourist destination. The area has many well traveled National and State park areas. Such as Smokey Mountain National Park and Big Ridge State Park.

Loudon County Tennessee

State parks State Parks Nuclear plants Nuclear TVA dams-reservoirs Plants Fossil plants

Cultural Identity | TVA Dams

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Several dams were built by the Tennessee Valley Authority from 1930-1950 on the French Broad River, Clinch River, and the Tennessee River, in east Tennessee. . “Birdwatchers enjoy the fall migration of shore birds, wading birds, and other waterfowl that flock to Douglas from late July to early October. The birds rest and feed on the muddy shoreline and in areas of shallow water exposed as the level of the reservoir is lowered to winter flood control levels.” Today local Dams serve as a popular recreation destinations, known for picnicking, camping, boating, and fishing; but few realize the enormous impact that the nearly thirty TVA dams had on east Tennessee and the nation at large during World War II when these sites literally gave food to the mouths of workers’ families; they provided indispensable hydroelectric power to the war effort in the region; and allowed the economic expansion of rural east Tennessee beyond subsistence living. Engineering feats

Norris Dam

Appalachia reservoir dam

TVA Fossil Plant

GRASSES

GROUND COVERS

SMALL TREES

FLOWERS

LARGE TREES

Big bluestem Broomsedge River cane Oat grass Canada wild rye Switch–grass Indian grass

Hog–peanut Wild ginger Allegheny spurge Pussy Toes Carolina phlox Downy phlox Creeping phlox

Crape Mrytle [exotic] Ironwood Redbud Flowering dogwood Hawthorn Sargent cherry [exotic] Sweet bay magnolia

Black-eyed Susan Butterfly Weed Chicory Common Milkweed Daffodils Dwarf Iris Flame Azalea Iris germanica Mayapple Passion flower Virginia Bluebells

Black cherry Black oak Black walnut Hemlock Locust Pin oak Red cedar Red maple Southern red oak Sugar maple Sycamore Tulip poplar White ash White oak White pine Yellow buckeye

Cultural Identity | Native Floria

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Cultural Identity | Native Fauna

Specie Raccoon

Feral Hog

Habitat forests, marshes, prairies, highly adaptable, can live urban areas, suburbs almost anywhere Diet nearly everything, garbage mostly plants, worms, scavengers insects, small mammals Predators bobcats, coyotes, eagles, black bears, coyotes, bobdomestic dogs cats, red-tailed hawks Fact state animal cause property and crop damage, and erosion

Asian Tiger Mosquito

Carpenter Bee

standing water at least 1/4 in.

softwood, dead logs, wood siding honeysuckles, horsemints, abelias, various flower nectars woodpeckers, green lynx spiders

warm blooded animals, especially people bats, birds, dragonflies, frogs, mosquitofish carry diseases such as dengue fever, yellow fever, and west nile

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Honey Bee gardens, woodlands, orchards, meadows various flower nectars

Firefly

Monarch Butterfly

margins between forest fields, meadows, parks and meadow, water, tall grasses milkweed, wide range of other insects, larvae, pol- flower nectar vernoa mites, frogs, yellow len, nectar jackets, hummingbirds frogs, other fireflies, varinectar provides evapora- ous spiders and birds tive cooling in hive they sync up with one another

Ruby-throated Humming- Eastern Small-footed Bat bird caves, mines, buildings, ecotone (between hard- small crevices wood forest and flowery beetles, mosquitoes, ants, meadow) other insects flower nectar, small insects,owls, snakes tree sap smallest bat in eastern US migrate to central america

Eastern Gray Squirrel hardwood forests, yards, city parks nuts, flowers, acorns, walnuts, field corn, fruits, insect larvae red-tailed hawks, foxes, snakes they warn others of predators

East Tennessee has a variety of natural resources often used in building materials, enough to build an entire house out of local materials. In modern times however, fewer materials are harvested locally and more are brought in from outside sources. The main materials still harvested from the region are hard woods and stone.

Most hardwoods are used for detailing or furniture but are also used within large portions of a building such as siding and timbers. These are mainly varieties of oak and poplar.

The main stone types in the region are limestone, crab orchard, and granite; these are often used in gravel form as an ingredient for concrete but can also be used in masonry building. Another local stone is the Tennessee pink marble and although it is no longer produced in the quantities is used to be, it is still used in sheets for veneer or flooring.

Cultural Identity | Local Materials

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Environment | Watersheds

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East Tennessee consists of two primary geographical divisions - the valley of East Tennessee and the Unaka region which touches the eastern border of the state and includes the Great Smokey Mountains National Park. Elevations from five- to six-thousand feet tower over the forests of the Unaka region, yet these mountains are entirely destitute of timber at their tops. The large valley to the west is pocketed with coves and valleys and is essentially a succession of narrow ridges that form the valleys below for which the region is named; a wide variety of scenery, scales, and species can be observed from the hollows of this dense forested region of Tennessee. A watershed is an area of land that feeds water running over and under it into a larger body of water. All of east Tennessee’s watersheds drain directly or indirectly to the Mississippi river and then to the gulf of Mexico with one exception (conasauga watershed).

Geologic map of Tennessee

Environment | Soil conditions

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East Tennessee’s soil is acidic, fine-textured red clay which retains water and nutrients, and though harder to work with, gives the subsurface stability. East Tennessee soil aids in erosion control because of the density of the clay-dirt and moisture that form a stronger bond together.

Vernacular buildings should use pavers rather than asphalt, and should use native plants to reduce the need for fertilizers and pesticides which run into the groundwater and thus the entire watershed ecosystem.

90

0

JULY

SEPTEMBER

NOVEMBER

MAY

S

N 165.7˚ AZI WINTER

W

ANNUAL

10

35.2˚ ALT

E

DECEMBER

20

COMFORT LEVEL

OCTOBER

30

APRIL

40

FEBRUARY

50

MARCH

60

JUNE

70

JANUARY

The temperature falls well below the comfort level most of the year, dramatically rising above it in the summer months of the year.

Temperature [˚F]

80

AUGUST

W

61.5˚ ALT S 121˚ AZI E

N

SUMMER

The sun angle changes throughout the year dramatically. It starts very low in the sky during the winter months at 35 degrees and nearly doubles to 61.5 degrees during the summer months.

The azimuth (degrees from true north), also changes, yet not as dramatically. The most dramatic change happens between the summer months and autumn, changing a full 25 degrees from true north.

58

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56 54

42 40 38

EAST TENNESSEE

44

OAK RIDGE

46

GATLINBURG

48

CROSSVILLE

50

CHATTANOOGA Inches

52

KNOXVILLE

East Tennessee’s climate is effected heavily by the “rain shadow” effect, provided uniquely by the geography of the Appalachian mountain range and the Cumberland plateau. For this reason, the highest and lowest precipitation totals can be found here. Towns along the great smoky mountains hold the highest totals with places reaching 85 inches. This leaves a meager 41 inches of annual precipitation for towns such as bristol, who has the lowest precipitation.

Average Annual Precipitation

BRISTOL

Environmental | Climate

Number of Events

Total Number of Wind Events per Year

The number of wind events per year has risen dramatically over the past thirty years.

The wind blows toward the north much of the time regionally but has strong gusts that blow through the valley toward the southwest.

Environmental | Climate

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Wind Rose Bristol

Wind Rose Chattanooga

Wind Rose Knoxville

WIND SPEEDS

5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 <4.0

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;blizzard of the century,â&#x20AC;? as reported in the Crossville Chronicle, bombarded the plateau with snow for 37 hours the weekend of March 14, 1993 piling 18 inches of snow with drifts between 4 to 6 feet tall. Wind chill Friday and Saturday nights dipped to 20 below zero with wind gusts up to 40 mph. President Bill Clinton declared 50 counties, national disaster areas, thus receiving up to 75% reimbursement for the expense of clearing snow from emergency access routes. Severe weather events, such as this one, pose a major conflict for the smaller Appalachian towns of East Tennessee especially because of a lack of resources and poorly constructed buildings and homes.

Environmental | Extreme Climate

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The tornadoes happen mostly in the valleys and flat parts of East Tennessee.

As seen from the map of tornado paths from 1950-2007 at right, the tornadoes do not occur often in the Appalachian mountains and increase in occurrence dramatically as you head west

Knoxville

ala

p Ap

o

nM

ia ch

ins

ta un

Average weekly wages by county Below $600 Claiborne

$600-699

Scott

$700-799 Above $800

Washington

Anderson

M eig s

Rhea

Marion

Bradley Hamilton

McMinn

Polk

Monroe

Greene

Cocke Sevier

Loudon

Hamblen

Jefferson

Roane

Bledsoe

Grainger

Knox

Cumberland

Sullivan

Hawkins

Campbell Union

Morgan

Hancock

Blount

i co

i Un

Carter

Johnson

Social | Economies

East Tennessee offers itself to a wide variety of economies and populations due to the contrast between the rural which ranges from mountainous to farm areas and the urban which ranges from the downtown of Knoxville to the factory city of Kingsport. These different topographies can all be found within a short distance of one another as seen in the density map (figx.x) but donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t necessarily reflect the economies of each area as seen in the weekly wages map (fig x.x).

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Population density per sq mile 10-25 25-50 50-100 100-250 250-500 500-1000 1000-2500 2500-5000 5000+

Population by County

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5,077-24,999 Claiborne

25,000-99,999

Scott

100,000-199,999 200,000-499,999

Washington

Anderson

M eig

s

Rhea

Marion

Bradley Hamilton

McMinn

Polk

Monroe

Greene

Cocke Sevier

Loudon

Hamblen

Jefferson

Roane

Bledsoe

Grainger

Knox

Cumberland

Sullivan

Hawkins

Campbell Union

Morgan

Hancock

Blount

i co

i Un

Carter

Johnson

concentration of mining in East Tennessee

destruction from mining in East Tennessee

Social Catalyst | Jobs | Mining cities

Between 1890 and 1918 coal output increased drastically; doubling every 10 years. Coal mining began to be widely developed during the industrial revolution as the primary source of energy for transportation and industry. Coal mining in east Tennessee expanded based on the availability of coal to power the rail road. The small towns would use pre-fab housing that could be put together quickly and cheaply close to the mining site. These towns had everything one would need within walking distance and was designed get to places quickly and easily.

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Social Catalyst | Jobs | TVA’s planned communities

In the midst of the great depression and the beginning of World War II President Franklin Roosevelt signed into effect “the new deal”. this act was created to help create jobs in America and help to bring the country out of the great depression. The effect of the new deal on east Tennessee was the creation of Norris dam along the clinch river in 1933. TVA brought hundreds of new jobs to the city, from constructing the dam to behind the scene support. The planned community of Norris had many amenities inducing a school and community center and is still considered one of America’s most beautiful cities. The city of Norris was set aside with strict guidelines to keep the city beautiful and free from advertisements.

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Social Catalyst | Jobs | Oak Ridge

In 1942 Oak ridge TN was created during WWII for the war efforts. The city is strategically located in the valley of East Tennessee; the existing population was low therefor the land was affordable, , the recent completion of the dam gave it electricity and it was within a valley providing natural protection. May 1945, 75,000 people lived in the secret city — making it the state’s fifth largest metropolis at the time — even though it wasn’t even on the map. The housing in the city was built much quicker than in Norris which contributes to the less appealing nature of the neighborhood.

Various housing in Oak Ridge

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Social Catalyst | Car

X /34 X 33/

The automobile gave the average American the ability to drive quickly where they wanted to go instead of waiting for public transportation, horseback, or walking. The car let the population spread out over the land. For example in downtown Knoxville one can see the density in early images and the effects of the car are obvious in the way our cities look today. The additions of things such as; fast food chains, car dealerships and big box stores surrounded by asphalt changed the typical scenery today in America and in East Tennessee. In this way the car transformed the American landscape. The car also changed the our house types. Two east Tennessee examples are the changes in the shotgun house and the dogtrot. The linear home of the shotgun house was then added to so the family car would have a place to be parked. In the dogtrot one side of the home can be transformed into a garage.

Changes in the vernacular shotgun

Social Amenities | Case study: Sequoyah

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The neighborhood of Sequoyah Hills is located on a peninsula with the Tennessee River to its south. Being one of the oldest neighborhoods in Knoxville, it was designed with amenities deemed necessary in forming a community.

Roads were designed with walking paths as medians, parks were placed heavily throughout, churches and schools were placed in the center, and shops were scattered as well.

All of these decisions are still being utilized today and show that the thought out design of neighborhood planning can be enjoyed for generations.

Changes in population in Knoxville with growth of transit

Social Amenities | Public Transporta-

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Public transportation was a main factor in the growth of Knoxville over the past 75 years.

As seen in 1940, the routes were mainly downtown; by 1960-1980 they had stretched across the county and began connecting to one another. In 2012 the routes had webbed across all of Knoxville, making it one interconnected city.

The cable car system in Knoxville started in 1890, running form Gay Street to Chilhowee Park. By 1910 there were 42 miles of track in the Knoxville area serving up to one million passengers per year. Although the street car was a success, it was decommissioned in 1958 to make way for the new bus system.

The effect of the transit system allowed the city to expand and our population to grow.

Concept

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Analysis

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Concepts selected explore a variety of climate conditions and topographic challenges across the United States that begin to illustrate a conceptual articulation and evolution upon differing conditions and challenges. Analyzing the conceptual origin, conditions, challenges, as well as issues they address and present within this section allow for a thorough comparison and evaluation between each concept. The analysis allows for a critical look at appropriate topologies and concepts to utilize within the vernacular modern housing market as well as propose a critical look at the misappropriation and false articulation of untrue housing designs that currently exist throughout the region. The overarching goal for the analysis also includes the adaptation and successful utilization of a number of conceptual proposals that strectch across the nation and to see how each option may propose a new palette for housing design concepts within the East Tennessee Rural vernacular region.

Dog-Trot

2

3

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4

Dog Trots originate as an Appalachian typology that splits its program into two separate spaces unified with a breeze way in the center.

The concept sought to address both the climatic heat and humidity within the Appalachian region in addition to solving spatial expansion with the addition of the second volume.

Shotgun House

2

8

45 / 46

The shotgun originated as rented lower income housing who were working in nearby manufacturing facilities or businesses. As urban density increased, there grow a need to fit more people in a tighter space. The rooms of the home typically have high ceilings for excellent cross-ventilation.

15

Shot-trot: Case Study

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The Zachary House blurs lines between interior and exterior, while merging two historical forms. The Dog Trot typology, separates the programmatic components, while the shotgun house type, layers across the concept of the dog trot. Thus, the home embodies the historical vernacular, adapting into the present day.

10

Cantilever Barn

17

49 / 50

19

Appalachia form that seeks to store food and cattle supplies elevated off the ground within a loft. The loft is then supported by up to six cribs that then create a breeze way. Elevating the service space above the breeze way allowed for maximum utilization of the structureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint while protecting the supplies from ground containments ie moisture, animals, and topography.

Bank Barn

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Originated as a two level accessible typology with vague roots in the United Kingdom. Its rectangular form has a central area defined by service space along the perimeter of the top level, while the â&#x20AC;&#x153;basementâ&#x20AC;? level services as another service space for cattle and livestock It takes advantage of its topography creating a natural dual accessible structure.

31

Appalachian Hollow

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The Appalachian hollow formed according to the land, houses were more easily built where it was already flat, and so the communities formed irregularly.

The houses, however, could be built into the ground using bank construction or a stone basement built over less excavation. The plans were always simple and squared, with only one designated bedroom.

Company Homes: Coal Mining Towns

55 / 56

Appalachian Coal company town houses were built only by the factories, and strictly met the base needs of the inhabitants.

The towns were built centered on the mine and the railroad that transported everything for the mine. Amenities were provided for inhabitants, but were completely controlled by the companies.

19

Company Homes: Oak Ridge

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Later, during World War II, the government sponsored the town of Oak Ridge. It was laid out similarly, with the function of the Manhattan project builds being central as well as the main means of transportation. A difference, though, was more amenities being spread out throughout smaller pieces of the community.

24

43

44

Subtitle with any additional information

Contracted Homes

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46

45

47

48

36

When towns began to be built by contractors who needed to attract people to live in their constructions, more amenities were included and more options were given.

Houses remained square and easy to erect, but closets were now included and the role of the family was thought of in the layout, with visibility from kitchens and the hearth moving more central.

43

Mobile Home

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Mobile homes served as a modularly assembled housing unit with an attached porch. The form then evolved with an alternative entrance as the home was lifted off grade and accessed through an added step. The design also evolved from a prefabricated and on site assembled structure to a mono structure slim in form.

Mid-Century Modern Post-Beam

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Mid-century Modern Post and Beam design concepts aim to maximize the open, free plan through structure, program, and glazing. Its origin sought to take advantage of the exterior conditions such as breezes and natural lighting through an interior courtyard.

43

Porch Home

45

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The Old Briar project and the Frugal Farmhouse project are both examples of farm vernacular. These homes, both designed

by Curb architects, are also examples of the porch house style.

Both projects are based off a rectangular, linear shape which is shown in plan. The roof is one continuous piece - covering over the house and extending out to shelter the porch areas. These

Prairie School Home

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Prairie style seeks to unify the structure within the landscape through strong, flat horizontal surfaces and thin bands that emphasize the horizon. The central hearth creates a core programmatically that arranges the remaining served spaces out toward the peripheries.

Ranch Home: Single story

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This typology gained popularity post-World War II and has multiple configurations in plan. It is long, horizontal, and often has an asymmetrical facade. It has an open interior with living rooms blending into each other, the hearth is incorporated in the middle of these rooms and occasionally opened on both sides.

They could also be adapted according to region.

Ranch Home: Split Level

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Originated nationally- possibly sears catalogue maintaining the ranch style open plan with interior rooms arranged according to useâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;dining, kitchen and living on one level, bedrooms on another, garage on another. Enter on a landing platform or through the garage.

74

Queen Anne Home

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Queen Ann homes became common within Mechanicsville, TN and are an European style adaption that focus two main versions of a centralized core the is entered while on axis. The wider plan has a porch that wraps around the structure, while the narrower version contains a subtle entry porch. Both contain a number of European ornamental features: towers, overhangs, etc.

Bungalow Home

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Bungalow homes are a convenient and single story home perfect for a single family or even an elderly couple. The design even includes strategic site considerations with vegetation placed throughout the site in order to include a sense of privacy within the residence. These homes often serve as a single floor detached home within a neighborhood resulting in a fairly expensive construction because they usually require a thicker foundation.

Dog-Trot

Context

Parti

Site Section

Massing

*ECS

Shot Gun

Shot-Trot

Cantilever Barn

Bank Barn

Hollow

Coal Mining

Oak Ridge

Contractor

Mobile Homes

Mid-Century Modern Post-Beam

Porch Home

Prairie Home

Ranch Single

Split Ranch

Queen Ann

Bungalow

79 / 80

Dog Trot Traditional Dog Trot Home | Google Images | No known Architect Shot Gun Traditional Shot Gun Home | Google Images | No known Architect 20K v04 Pattern Book House | Rural Studio Website | Rural Studio | 2008 Shot-Trot Case Study The Zachary House Plan | Archdaily | Stephen Atkinson | 2008 The Zachary House Elevation | Archdaily | Stephen Atkinson | 2008 The Zachary House Perspective | Archdaily | Stephen Atkinson | 2008 The Zachary House Site Plan | Archdaily | Stephen Atkinson | 2008 Cantilever Barn Traditional Cantilever Barn | Google Images | No Known Architect The Langston Hughes Library | Google Images | Maya Lin | 1999 Bank Barn Traditional Bank Barn Home | Google Images | No known Architect Traditional Bank Barn Home | Google Images | No known Architect Appalachian Hollow Traditional Appalachian Hollow dwelling sketch | Google Images | No known Architect | Traditional Appalachian Hollow dwelling | Google Images | No known Architect | 1800s Traditional Appalachian Hollow dwelling | Google Images | No known Architect | 1800s

81 / 82 Company Homes: Coal Mining Towns Coal Patch Town Photograph | Google Images | No known Architect | 1910 Oak Ridge Oak Ridge Photograph | Google Images | SOM | 1900s Oak Ridge Housing Photograph | Google Images | SOM | 1900s

Contracted Homes Levittown Housing | Google Images | Levitt and Sons, INC | 1972 Lustron Homes | Google Images | Beckman and Blass | 1947 Lustron Homes | Google Images | Beckman and Blass | 1947 TVA Home Assembly | Google Images | TVA | 1940s

Prairie School Home Traditional Prairie School Home | Google Images | Frank Lloyd Wright | 1890s Single Story Traditional Single Story Prairie Home Home | Google Images | No known Architect Split Level Traditional Split Level Ranch Home Home | Google Images | No known Architect

Mobile Home Mobile Home Community | Google Images | No known Architect | Mobile Home Community | Google Images | No known Architect |

Queen Anne Home Traditional Queen Anne Home | Google Images | No Known Architect | 1900s Bungalow Home Traditional Bungalow Home | Google Images | No known Architect | 1900s Traditional Bungalow Home | Google Images | No known Architect | 1900s Contracted Homes Levittown Housing | Google Images | Levitt and Sons, INC | 1972 Lustron Homes | Google Images | Beckman and Blass | 1947 Lustron Homes | Google Images | Beckman and Blass | 1947 TVA Home Assembly | Google Images | TVA | 1940s

Mid-Century Modern Post-Beam Eichler Home | Google Images | Joseph Eichler | 1950s Ambroziak Home | Knoxville Modern Collection | Bruce McCarty | 1960s Porch Home Rose Lee House | Rural Studio Website | Rural Studio | 2009 Old Briar Photograph Elevation| Curb Website | Curb Architects | 2015 Old Briar Photograph Perspective| Curb Website | Curb Architects | 2015

Construct

X 83X // 84

Knoxville Knoxville

MASONRY

Categorization

Nominal Size

Cost

Lifespan (yrs)

Uncut Stone wall

Wall Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$30-$40 lf

80-infinate years 0.1/in

no

Laid Stone Fondation

Foundation-Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$30-$40 lf

80-infinate years 0.1/in

no

Cut Stone Foundation

Foundation-Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$40-50 lf

100 - Infinate

0.1/in

no

Mason laid Stone

Wall Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$40-50 lf

80-infinate years 0.1/in

no

Slip form

Wall Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$15-30 lf

100 - Infinate

0.2/in

Yes

Stone Cladding

Cladding

3-6" skin

$7-15 sqft

60-300

0.1/in

no

Interior Stone Wall

Cladding

3-6" skin

$7-15 sqft

60-300

0.1/in

no

Brick Foundation

Foundation-Heavy

≈ 24"- 48" footing

$30-$40 lf

100-Infinate

0.1/in

no

Brick Wall

Wall Heavy

≈ 24" walls

$10 sqft

80-infinate years 0.2/in

no

PROS - fairly unafected by water - high durability - high thermal mass (climate dependent) - compressive strength 6500psi - 8000psi - fire rating of .25 hr/in

CONS - labor intensive - heavy - acquisition can be difficult

R-value

Vapor resistive

WOOD

Categorization

Nominal Size

Cost

Lifespan (yrs)

R-value

Vapor resistive

Span Allowable

Unmilled Log

Wall-Heavy

≤ 12 x 12

$92-$100 lf

50-200

1.5/in

Partial

12"/in depth

Milled Heavy Timber Frame

Structure-Light

8x8

$30-$50 lf

70-infinate

1.5/in

Partial

12"/in depth

Milled Post and Beam

Structure-Light

8 x 8 - 10 x 12

$30-$50 lf

70-infinate

1.5/in

Partial

12"/in depth

Handcut Lumber

Wall-Light

≈2"x4" - 6"x12" @ 24" O.C.

50-150

1.3/in

Partial

10"/in depth

Nominal Lumber

Wall-Light

1.5" x 3.5" - 3.5"x11.25" @ 16" O.C. $0.43-$2.00 lf

15-100

1.3/in

Partial

10"/in depth

Glulam

Structure-Light

3.5" - 3.5"x11.25" @ 16" O.C.

$1.00-$4.00 lf

50-200

1.25/in

Yes

16"/in depth

OSB

48"x96"

$10.00 ea

10-70

0.47/Layer

No

24"

Plywood

48"x96"

$25.00 ea

15-80

0.62/Layer

No

24"

Rain screen

Cladding

varies

$1.00 sqft

10-70

0.53/Layer

Yes

N/A

Interior Finish

Cladding

varies

1.00 sqft

20-150

0.47/Layer

No

N/A

Exterior Finish

Cladding

varies

1.50 sqft

15-80

0.47/Layer

Partial

N/A

Wood Shingles

Cladding-Light

24 x ?

$6 sqft

5-15

0.97/Layer

Yes

N/A

Panelling

Cladding

48"x96"

$15 ea

10-80

0.3/Layer

No

N/A

PROS - easy to work - compressive strength 1500psi - 2000psi - abundant in east Tennessee - can have similer per in fire rating as masonry - renewable

CONS - flammable - easily affected by water - uneven growth patterns

85 / 86

X/X

Wood

Masonry

Concrete

Manufactured

MANUFACTURED MATERIALS

Categorization

Dimmensions

Cost

Life Span

R-Value

Vapor Barrier

Span Allowable

Steel Foundations

Foundation-Light

6" diameter

$20-$30 lf

100-???

negligable

Yes

N/A

Steel Studs

wall-Light

1.5"x3.5"

$0.94 lf

50-90

negligable

Yes

N/A

Steel Frame Structure

Structure-light

Variable

$15 lf

60-infinate

negligable

Yes

20"/in depth

Metal Siding

Cladding

48 x 144

$0.96 sqft

20-50

negligable

Yes

N/A

Metal Roof

Cladding

48 x 144

$0.96 sqft

20-50

negligable

Yes

24"

Metal Sheathing

Cladding

Custom

$1.00 sqft

30-80

0.11/Layer

Yes

24"

Asphalt Shingles

Cladding

12 x 36

$0.79 sqft

10-20

0.44/Layer

Partial

N/A

Tar Felt paper

Cladding

48 x variable

$0.50 sqft

5-15

0.4/Layer

Partial

N/A

Batt Insulation

Insulation

24"x variable

$1.00 sqft

10-20

4.3/in

No

N/A

XPS

Insulation

Variable

$1.00 sqft

10-20

5/in

No

N/A

SIP panel

wall-Light

48x96

$50.00 ea

50-70

18/Layer

Yes

96"

Gypsum

Cladding

48x96

$10.00 ea

15-25

0.45/Layer

No

24"

PROS - variety of adjustable properties - higher fire resistance - high insulation properties - set manufactured sizes - made to be workable

CONS - not durable - not natural materials (environmental cost) - cost of manufacture

85 / 86

Lightweight Construction

Layered Wall Structure

Frame Roof Timber Foundation Interior GYP Wall Exterior Cladding

Envelope

Interior Layered Roof Roofing Barrier

Heavy Weight Construction

Wood Masonry Concrete

Structure

Solid Wall Cast Roof Concrete Foundation

Envelope

Interior Exposed Wall Exterior Exposed Material Interior Exposed Structure Roofing Barrier

Manufactured

87 / 88

Methods + Materials of East Tennessee Architecture East Tennessee architecture incorporates both heavy and lightweight materials. The heavy materials were necessary to block cold winter winds, especially in the more mountainous areas, while lightweight materials were beneficial in the humid summer months. One way these vastly different material types were utilized together is seen in log cabins.

Cabins were made from heavy timber logs and were often built with gaps between the logs. In the winter, the gaps were filled with chinking to block out the wind, but in the summer, this chinking was removed to allow breezes to flow through the structure. The variations between seasons created a need for flexible building types. Homes made of heavy materials such as brick or stone would often incorporate large windows and doors that would facilitate cross ventilation in warm weather.

Similarly, homes made from layers of lightweight materials would frequently employ insulation or large fireplaces that would provide more protection from the harsh cold of winter.

Methods in Construction of East Tennessee Architecture Typical Tennessean architecture usually utilizes a wooden structure with a layered envelope. Here, we see the evolution of housing from Oak Ridge's mobile and prefabricated homes to the current mobile homes.

Today, however, there are innovations being made in transportable homes such as the Living Light House by the University of Tennessee.

That project is a good example of the ability to use mobile home technology but be more environmentally conscious.

1/2" Gyp Board Vapor Barrier Batt Insulation + 2"X 4" Stud Framing 1 1/2" XPS Nailed to Stud Sheathing [Air Barrier] Horizontal Siding [Wood, Metal, Vinyl, Etc.]

89 / 90

While much of the older construction in east Tennessee was created using heavy materials, this became less prominent around World War II, as technology progressed. As manufactured materials became more readily available, they were used much more often. These manufactured materials contributed to the move from heavy construction materials to lightweight construction from multiple layers.

Rather than building a wall from solid wood or strictly from stone and mortar, walls began to be built using smaller wood members at regular spacings. These wood studs were then encased with panels of wood, drywall, or other materials and the voids between posts were filled with insulation.

Full Basement

Pier Foundation with Crawl Space

Strip Foundation Crawl Space

Slab

- allows for easy inspection and maintenance systems - make use of geothermal heating/ cooling - used to deal with topography - requires earth moving

- moderate access to maintenance - allows for water flow under structure - allows for natural ventilation - minimal buffer to external materials - minimal earth moving - little earth moving

- creates buffer between external and ground temperatures - moderate access to maintenance - prone to water problems - moderate earth removal - site does not need to be flat

- no need for floor joists - little earth moving - less water damage - make use of geothermal heating/ cooling - site needs to be flat

91 / 92

As seen in these diagrams, the topography of East Tennessee lends itself well to using crawl space and basements. However, most homes still utilize a wooden truss-like with a slab on grade foundation. While this is an accepted and common form of construction, in this region, it could be more worthwhile to start looking at different types of construction methods like those on the previous page so as to utilize passive geothermal heating and cooling and water maintenance.

93 / 94

Case Study - Old Briar | curb architects The Old Briar House by curb architects evokes a feeling of vernacular modesty within the landscape paired a modern use of space and climate technologies. The heavy timber frame with the the modern commoditites allow for this home to speak about the modern with the vernacular in architecture. There is an important connection to the roots of architectrual design of a place - especially in that of Tennessee.

95 / 96

Materials in Construction of East Tennessee Architecture The materials seen in East Tennessee construction are interesting because they have shifted over the last century. During the 1920's and 30's there was a shift from heavy construction to light construction which led to a cheaper and easier method of construction. Below is a timeline of that shift from Cumberland County to Oak Ridge to the New Norris House.

cemesto

poured concrete

Logging - Bluff City

Stone Quarry - Crab Orchard

Brick - Spring City

Limestone Quarry - Sweetwater

Concrete - Chatanooga

Structural Materials

Exterior Cladding

Unmilled Log

Interior Cladding

Handcut Cordwood

Roof Cladding

Wood and Mortar

Earthen Roof

97 / 98 Stone and Mortar

Milled Wood

Wood Paneling

Wooden Shingles

Milled Timber

Stone and Mortar

Sheet Rock

Ceramic Pipe

Nominal Stud

Brick and Mortar

Ceramic

Asphalt Shingles

CMU Block

Stucco

Concrete

Metal Panels

Sip Boards

Vinyl

Insulated Wood Panel

Standing Seam Panel

Steel Stud

Modular Panels

Glass

Photo Voltaics Shingles

East Tennessee - Google Earth

Asphalt Shingles - Disaster Safety, https://www.disastersafety.org/hail/shingle-roofs/attachment/asphalt-shingles/

Lightweight Construction - National Fire Protection Association Journal, http://www.nfpa.org/newsandpublications/nfpa-journal/2009/julyaugust-2009/features/lightweight-construction

Carter Shields Cabin | 1880s | Cades Cove, TN - Dan and Holly, http://www.danandholly.com/2010/11/potw-carter-shields-cabin/

Stone Foundation - Builders Without Borders, http://builderswithoutborders.org/imagegallery/ Wooden Shingles - ET Young, http://emstock.deviantart.com/art/00068-Thick-Wooden-Roof-Shingles-272080312 Dovetail Detail - William Britten, http://williambritten.com/wordpress/great-smoky-mountains-national-park/the-life-of-wood/

Old Oak Ridge - http://www.y12.doe.gov/trailer-homes-oak-ridge Oak Ridge Early Houses - http://www.tnhistoryforkids.org/cities/oak_ridge Mobile Home - Decozt, http://decozt.com/building-cheap-excellent-modular-home-with-interior-and-exterior-design-ideas/modularhome-delivery-truck-modular-homes-for-sale-modular-homes-tennessee-prefab-homes-florida-modular-homes-australianew-modular-homes-for-sale-modular-homes-massachusetts-modular-homes-scranton-pa/

Cumberland Homestead Floor Plan - United States. Farm Security Administration. Small Houses: United States Department of Agriculture. Washington: US Govt. Print. 1939. Library of Congress.

Wood Stud Detail - Australian Forest Products Association, http://www.ausfpa.com.au/other-links/

Cumberland Homesteads Museum | William Macy Stanton | 1930s | Cumberland County, TN - Personal collection

Insulation Detail - Eco-living, http://eco-livingon.blogspot.com/2011/10/eco-friendly-home-soy-based-foam.html

House | WG Clark | 2005 | Schuyler, VA - Virginia Modern, https://virginiamodern.wordpress.com/2012/06/05/house-by-wg-clark-for-sale/

Siding Detail - Virginia Roofing and Siding, http://roofingsidingva.com/siding/

Standing Seam Roof - All Roofing Solutions, http://allroofingsolutionsde.com/metal-roofing/

99 / 100 Living Light House | UTK Faculty and Students | 2011 | Oak Ridge, TN - Moving: Oak Ridge Today, http://oakridgetoday.com/2014/05/20/living-light-solar-powered-home-moves-childrensmuseum/ - Exterior: UTK College of Architecture and Design, http://archdesign.utk.edu/ut-solar-house-moving-donated-tochildrens-museum-of-oak-ridge/ Truss Detail - Chest of Books, http://chestofbooks.com/architecture/Cyclopedia-Carpentry-Building-1-3/King-Post-Truss.html#.

VMqgr2R4rOY Roof Truss Detail - Cedar Supply, http://www.cedarsupply.com/products/building-materials-fort-collins/pole-barn-materials/ Foundation - Jonathan Manufacturing, http://williambritten.com/wordpress/great-smoky-mountains-national-park/the-life-of-wood/ Old Briar House | Curb | 2008 | Gates, TN - Curb, http://www.curb.cc/files/odell-portfolio.pdf New Norris House | UTK Faculty and Students | 2011 | Norris, TN - Exterior: American Institute of Architects, http://www.aiatopten.org/sites/default/files/styles/popup/public/ Additional%20Images-%20Final%20Image.jpg?itok=_eH0rLz3 - Moving: Jetson Green, http://oakridgetoday.com/2014/05/20/living-light-solar-powered-home-moves-childrensmuseum/

Potential Tennessee Site Conditions

101/ 102

Peak

Rolling

Valley

Pros: -views -Privacy -High elevation Cons: -Soil conditions -Water control/ erosion -Access

Pros: -Views -Ventilation

Pros: -Pastoral views -Ventilation -Easy topography Cons: -Drainage -Erosion

Pros: - Landscaping opportunities - Access - Walkability Cons: - Flooding - Lack of privacy

Pros & Cons

Perspective

Section

Site

Context

Mountain

Cons: -Soil conditions -Water control / erosion - Topography

Isolated

Forest

Water

Urban

Heritage

103/ 104

Pros: -Privacy -Pastoral views -Potential for landscape design Cons: -Lack of infrastructure

Pros: - Privacy - Summer cooling - Beautiful Cons: - Lighting obstruction - Insects - Moisture

Pros: -Views -Recreation -Land value Cons: -Flooding -Weather

Pros: -Low maintenance -Amenities -Location Cons: -Little land -Noise control -Lack of privacy

Pros: -Culture -Origin Cons: -Rules/ regulations -Maintian historic context -Tourist

Site Orientation: South Knoxville

105/ 106

1240 ‘

840‘ Topography Scale 1”=3000

1240‘

107/ 108

Site Topographic Density

1000‘

840‘ Topography Scale 1”=1000

Main Road/ Routes

109/110

Site Infrastructure and Accessibility

Major Infrastructure Artery

Sewage Infrastructure

Locating Amenities

111/112

Site Amenities

Bus Routes

Time Proximity to Amenity Core

Socio-Economic Density

113/114

Site Density

Neighborhood Density

Topography over 1000ft

1

4

2

3

5

6

115/ 116

Site Existing Conditions

3

2

1

6

5

4

Community Master Planning

117/ 118

MASTERPLANNING CASE STUDY Location: Serenbe, Georgia Founded: 2004 Architect : Dr. Phillip Tabb

Topography

Density

ROLLING HILLS

LOW TO MEDIUM

The serpentine omega shaped hamlets follow the natural undulations of the land, minimizing topographic alteration.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Pros: Cons:

Mixed Income Rolling Hills energy efficient, duplicable, mixed density Partial destruction of habitat, strict design standards, displaced from transit services

Amenities

Infrastructure

Amenities like the ArtFarm, Sustainability is the foundaprofessional theatre, and tion of the built environment As one approaches the apex Serenbe Camp foster a strong at Serenbe. constructed of the omega shape, the sense of community by enwetland and sand filter housing density increases, couraging daily interaction. wastewater treatment system progressing from the very spa(expandable), geothermal cious estates to the live/work heating/cooling, solar panels, housing at the town center. native landscaping, as well as socially-interactive streets, sidewalks, open plazas, and trails peppered amongst the 70% of preserved land of the 900-acre site.

Access

A criticism of the community is that its location provides no public transportation-connection to areas of greater population density like Atlanta to the north-east.

119/120

MASTERPLANNING CASE STUDY Location: Bodrum Founded: 2010 - present Architect : Richard Meier

Topography

With the mountainous topography, houses are placed so that each home has an unadulterated view of the landscape around

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Pros: Cons:

Upper middle class Mountains Views Advantage of wind patterns Modular Climate specific

Density

Amenities

Wind Diagram

Site is analyzed in depth to find the most appropriate ways to angle each house to keep a private feel to the area while keeping a denser neighborhood.

Amenities are placed on the Houses are situated so that outskirts of the community for it takes full advantage of easy access for the community prevailing winds. members.

Public/ Private

Each home is designed to have a large private zone for viewing, thereby adding to the open feel of the neighborhood.

121/122

MASTERPLANNING CASE STUDY Location: Alburtis PA Founded: 1890 Architect :

Topography

Density

Homes are placed semi-dens- Green space is spaced perily to lower the price per home odically to give an open feel with amenities on the man and encourage community roads for easy access. gathering.

Even though it is a dense neighborhood, vegetation is placed to obstruct views in order to achieve a more private feel.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Pros: Cons:

Amenities

Lower to middle class Flat Privacy Density Green space

Street Scape

lighting on the streetscape is placed both as sidewalk lighting and as a barrier to vehicular traffic to encourage pedestrian movement.

123/124

MASTERPLANNING CASE STUDY Location: Building a better Burb entry Levit town Winners: 2010

Topography

Density

Levittown's topography is very different then that of East Tennessee. The land used was mostly flat, comparable to that of the east Tennessee Valley condition.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Pros: Cons:

Amenities

Access

The main strategy being used Letittownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s amenities are all Levittownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s location is one of in the proposed changes to located in one corner of the the biggest advantages. It is levittown are to add density. site. They include a drugstore, located in close proximity to The property was redivided to church, gas station and more. New York City. It is located for add homes in the larger open a great school zone as well. spaces.

Mixed Income Valley Sustainable, duplicable, mixed density Public Support

125/ 126

MASTERPLANNING CASE STUDY Location: Usonia, Pleasantville, NY Architect : Frank Lloyd Wright, 1945

Topography

Usonia’s topography is similar to that of East Tennessee. The land used was mostly rolling hills, a situation that occurs through out the Tennessee Valley.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Pros: Cons:

Density

Amenities

The lots are arranged in one Usonia’s amenities are mainly acre circles. This unconin the form of green spaces ventional shape allows the which are located between structure to adapt to the the one acre lots. terrain. It also causes the road to become a winding path between the lots.

Middle - at time of construction Rolling hills Large lots Lots of dedicated green Space Circles adapt easier than a grid No side walks Circle lots leave space between them, this may deter developers who want to sell all the land

Access

Usonia’s location is within easy driving distance of New York City and has access to several highways and interstates.

127/ 128

Topography

Density

The chosen site has a variety of topographic conditions.

The site varies approximately 200 feet from the peak, 1140 feet above sea level, to the deepest valley at 980.

Amenities

The existing communityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Amenities, both cultural and residential zone creates a commercial in nature, include northerly mass of closerecreational sporting fields, ly-spaced homes, and the basketball courts, a hilltop density fabric fades southwardbed and breakfast, and an where the new neighborhood interfaith outdoor chapel. creates ls of energy between various-sized clusters of families.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Current Pros:

Mixed Income Rolling Hills School system Close to Downtown

Current Cons:

Lack of Sidewalks Varied topography

Zoning

Circulation

Civic and commercial space The site is accessed through reserves a nearly vertical band the newly-conceived greenlinking old and new town way running through what hubs, while preserved green- was the termination of James space weaves seamlessly White Parkway, providing the through the housing clusters. area a sense of purpose and an opportunity for the creation of a distinct identity.

131/ 132

Topography

The chosen site has a variety of topographic conditions.

The site varies approximately 200 feet from the peak, 1140 feet above sea level, to the deepest valley at 980.

Socioeconomic Status: Condition Type: Current Pros:

Mixed Income Rolling Hills School system Close to Downtown

Current Cons:

Lack of Sidewalks Varied topography

Density

Amenities

Zoning

The neighborhood is mixed density. The unique circular plots, like seen in Usonia, allows the plots to be divided into clusters on a one acre plot. The clusters will consist of (38) 6s, (12) 4s, (7) 2s, and (9)1 acre plots. 300 total.

The entrance of the neighThe community was separatborhood allows for a place ed into 4 zones; commercial, for community amenities such housing, public support, and as a daycare, a drug store, a preserved green spaces. small clinic, offices, and a few the commercial zone is the shopping areas. This brings amenity areas and the public in people from outside of the support zone is the school community as well. and public park.

Circulation

An important aspect to the community was the idea of lining the streets with dogwoods and have it included in the dogwood arts festival.

A greenway would be added winding through the preserved green space.

133/134

Serenbe “Archone.” Archone. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015.

“- Serenbe - Busyboo.” Busyboo. N.p., 03 Jan. 2010. Web. 06 Apr. 2015.

“Serenbe.” .com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015.

Bodrum “Bodrum Houses by Richard Meier in Yalikavak - Property Turkey.” Property Turkey. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2015.

“ALARKO CARRIER.” ALARKO CARRIER. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015.

“Bodrum House by Richard Meier & Partners | Architecture | Wallpaper* Magazine.” Bodrum House by Richard Meier & Partners | Architecture | Wallpaper* Magazine. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2015.

Alburtis PA “Alburtis and Lockridge, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania.” Alburtis and Lockridge, Lehigh County, Pennsylvania. N.p., n.d.

Web. 02 Mar. 2015.

Levittown “Adapting the First Ring Suburbs to Today’s Family: Increasing Density in Levittown.” Adapting the First Ring Suburbs to Today’s Family: Increasing Density in Levittown. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Mar. 2015.

Usonia ‘Frank Lloyd Wright: Die lebendige Stadt’ edited by David G. De Long, published by Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein / Skira editore, Milan, 1998 Usonia circle house. Digital image. 0 Takeaways from Frank Lloyd Wright’s Utopian Community. Architizer, 4 Dec. 2014.

Web. 15 Sept. 2014.

Usonia angle house. Digital image. 0 Takeaways from Frank Lloyd Wright’s Utopian Community. Architizer, 4 Dec. 2014.

Web. 15 Sept. 2014.

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Select Housing Posters

137/138

Zeitgeist Prefab Housing

Program Components: 2. Private Living:

Augmented Living

Zeitgeist Prefabricated Housing seeks to unify the Tennessee identity and idea of a home as a stationary, family core rooted in tradition and a sense of community with the transient, nomadic zeitgeist. A prominent cause for the continuous uprooting and relocation centers around to inflexibility of a home in terms of expansion and planning. The proposal strives to serve as a solution by establishing a modular unit with a program wall equipped that allows for a linear expansion similar to that of a shotgun home. Furthermore, the proposal seeks to establish itself as a contemporary housing typology for issues of space and expansion through modular prefabricated design.

A modular 9’ by 12’ unit is arranged as a part of a phase design process where three components are available for differing programmatic needs: public living, private living, augmented living. The design begins with the essential spaces a client presently needs of with intentions of expansion in the future. This flexible planning and expandable potential then begins to eliminate the need for uprooting the family and establish traditions and a sense of community.

Given Tennessee’s diverse topographic conditions ranging from valleys to mountainous peaks, the proposal’s linear plan allows for flexibility with a few topographic conditions. It also applies the shotgun home ventilation and orientation techniques when placed within a site, and due to its compact modularity, its flexible arrangements allows for equally flexible configuration depending of the sites views, topography, ventilation, etc.

14’

8’

4’

16’

8’ 4’

2 [12’ x 16’] Modules

1. Public Living:

4 [12’ x 16’] Modules

3. Augmented Living:

x [12’ x 16’] Module

Resting Space Closet Program Wall

Living Space

Recreation Space Storage Compartment Program Wall

Cleansing Space Hygienic Program Wall

Communing Space

Garden Space

Preparation Space Appliance Program Wall Storage Program Wal Mechanical Space Laundry Program Wall Storage Program Wall

Observation Platform Exterior Storage Program Wall Automotive Platform Exterior Storage Program Wall

Concluding East Tennessee Vernacular Prefab Homes

147/ 148

Zeitgeist Housing | Augmented Living | Jonathan Ruiz Zeitgeist Prefabricated Housing seeks to unify the Tennessee identity and idea of a home as a stationary family rooted in tradition and a sense of community with the transient, nomadic zeitgeist. A prominent cause for the continuous uprooting and relocation centers around to inflexibility of a home in terms of expansion and planning. The proposal strives to serve as a solution by establishing a modular unit with a program wall equipped that allows for a linear expansion similar to that of a shotgun home. Furthermore, the proposal seeks to establish itself as a contemporary housing typology for issues of space and expansion through modular prefabricated design.

A modular 12’ by 16’ unit is arranged in a phase design process where three program components are available for differing programmatic needs: public living, personal shrine, augmented living. The design begins with the essential spaces a client presently needs of with intentions of expansion in the future. This flexible planning and expandable potential then begins to eliminate the need for uprooting the family and establish traditions and a sense of community.

Given Tennessee’s diverse topographic conditions ranging from valleys to mountainous peaks, the proposal’s linear plan allows for flexibility with a few topographic conditions. It also applies the shotgun home ventilation and orientation techniques when placed within a site, and due to its compact modularity, its flexible arrangements allows for equally flexible configuration depending of the sites views, topography, ventilation, etc.

193/ 194

Program Components:

Complex Configurations:

Complex Configurations:

Complex Configurations: Complex Configurations: Complex Configurations: Complex Configurations:

1. Public Living:

2. Private Living:

4 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Living Space

Communing Space

Preparation Space

Appliance Program Wall

Scheme 1: Compound Living

Program Components: 1/8” Scale 1. Public Living:

4 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Living Space

Program Components: 1/8” Scale 1. Public Living:

Communing Space Preparation Space Appliance Program Wall Storage Program Wall Mechanical Space Laundry Program Wall Storage Program Wall

2. Personal Shrine:

3. Augmented Living:

x [12’ x 16’] Module

Cleansing Space

Hygienic Program Wall

Garden Space Observation Platform

Exterior Storage Program Wall

Scheme 2: Dual Living Scheme 3: Modest Living Scheme 1: Compound Living Scheme Scheme 1: Compound 2: Dual Living Living Scheme 1: Compound LivingScheme 1: Compound Living Scheme 2: Dual Living

Program Components: Program Components: Program Components: Program Components: 1/8” Scale 1/8” Scale 1/8” Scale 1/8” Scale Public Living: Phase 1 Public Living: Phase 1 1. Public Living:

1.

4 [12’ Public x 16’] Modules Living:

1.

4 [12’ Public x 16’] Modules Living:

1.4 [12’ Public x 16’] Modules Living:

Personal Shrine: Phase 2 Public Living: Phase 1

Living Space

Living Space

Living Space

Communing Space

Communing Space

Communing Space

Communing Space

Communing Space

Preparation Space Appliance Program Wall Storage Program Wall Mechanical Space Laundry Program Wall Storage Program Wall

Preparation Space Preparation Space Preparation Space Preparation Space Appliance Program Wall Appliance Program Wall Appliance Program Wall Appliance Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall Mechanical Space Mechanical Space Mechanical Space Mechanical Space Laundry Program Wall Laundry Program Wall Laundry Program Wall Laundry Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall Storage Program Wall

2 [12’ x 16’]Shrine: Modules 2. Personal 2 [12’ x 16’]Shrine: Modules 2. Personal 2 [12’ x 16’] Modules 2. Personal Shrine: 2. Personal Shrine:

2 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Resting Space Resting Space Resting Space Resting Space Closet Program Wall Closet Program Wall Closet Program Wall Closet Program Wall

Cleansing Space Hygienic Program Wall

Cleansing Space Cleansing Space Cleansing Space Cleansing Space Hygienic Program Wall Hygienic Program Wall Hygienic Program Wall Hygienic Program Wall

3. Augmented Living: 3. Augmented x [12’ x 16’] Module Living: 3. Augmented x [12’ x 16’] Module Living: 3. Augmented x [12’ x 16’] Module Living:

x [12’ x 16’] Module

Occupant and Service Circulation

Shrine: Public Living: PhasePersonal 1 Public Phase Living:2Phase 1

2 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Resting Space Closet Program Wall

Recreation Space Storage Compartment Program Wall Garden Space Storage Program Shed with Living Wall Garden Space Storage Program Shed with Living Wall Automotive Port Automotive Port Exterior Storage Program Wall Exterior Storage Program Wall

Scheme Scheme3: 2:Modest Dual Living Living

4 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Living Space

3. Augmented Living:

Recreation Space Storage Compartment Program Wall

Public Living: Phase 1

4 [12’ x 16’] Modules

2. Personal Shrine:

Cleansing Space Hygienic Program Wall

Resting Space

Closet Program Wall

Mechanical Space

Laundry Program Wall

Storage Program Wall Scheme 1: Compound Living

x [12’ x 16’] Module

Recreation Space Recreation Space Recreation Space Recreation Space Storage Compartment Program Storage Wall Compartment Program Storage Wall Compartment Program Storage Wall Compartment Program Wall Garden Space Garden Space Garden Space Garden Space Storage Program Shed with Living Storage WallProgram Shed with Living Storage Wall Program Shed with Living Storage Wall Program Shed with Living Wall Automotive Port Automotive Port Automotive Port Automotive Port Exterior Storage Program WallExterior Storage Program WallExterior Storage Program Wall Exterior Storage Program Wall

Occupant and Service Circulation

x [12’ x 16’] Module

Recreation Space

Storage Compartment Program Wall

Storage Program Wal

Living Space

2 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Resting Space Closet Program Wall

3. Augmented Living:

2 [12’ x 16’] Modules

Occupant and Service Circulation Occupant and Service Circulation Occupant and Service Circulation Occupant and Service Circulation

Scheme 2: Dual Living

Augmented Living: Phase 3

Scheme 4: Extended Living Scheme 2: Dual Living Scheme 3: Modest Living

Personal Shrine: Phase 2Augmented Personal Living: Shrine: Phase Phase 3 2

Scheme Scheme4: 3:Extended Modest Living Living

Personal Shrine: Phase 2

Automotive Platform

Exterior Storage Program Wall

Scheme 3: Modest Living

Scheme 3: Modest Living Scheme 4: Extended Living

Personal Shrine: PhaseAugmented 2 Living: Phase 3

Scheme 4: Extended Living Scheme 4: Extended Living Scheme 4: Extended Living

Augmented Living: Phase 3 Augmented Living: Phase 3 Augmented Living: Phase 3

South Knoxville 2 acre Site 4 Home Plot

Complex Configurations:

Complex ComplexConfigurations: Configurations:

B

A

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Compound Living

Dual Living

Scheme Scheme1:1:Compound CompoundLiving Living

Scheme Scheme2:2:Dual DualLiving Living

Complex Complex Configurations: Configurations:

Program ProgramComponents: Components:1/8” 1/8”Scale Scale 1.1.Public PublicLiving: Living:

Public PublicLiving: Living:Phase Phase1 1

4 4[12’ [12’x x16’] 16’]Modules Modules

Living LivingSpace Space Communing CommuningSpace Space

B

A

Preparation PreparationSpace Space Appliance ApplianceProgram ProgramWall Wall Storage StorageProgram ProgramWall Wall Mechanical MechanicalSpace Space Laundry LaundryProgram ProgramWall Wall Storage StorageProgram ProgramWall Wall

2.2.Personal PersonalShrine: Shrine:

2 2[12’ [12’x x16’] 16’]Modules Modules

Resting RestingSpace Space Closet ClosetProgram ProgramWall Wall Cleansing CleansingSpace Space Hygienic HygienicProgram ProgramWall Wall

Prevailing NE/ SW Ventilation Diagram

Scheme Scheme1: 1:Compound CompoundLiving Living

Modest Living

Scheme Scheme2: 2:Dual DualLiving Living

3.3.Augmented AugmentedLiving: Living: Program Program Components: Components: 1/8” 1/8”Scale Scale 1.

1. Public Public Living: Living:

44[12’ [12’xx16’] 16’]Modules Modules

Living LivingSpace Space Communing CommuningSpace Space Preparation PreparationSpace Space Appliance ApplianceProgram ProgramWall Wall Storage StorageProgram ProgramWall Wall Mechanical MechanicalSpace Space Laundry LaundryProgram ProgramWall Wall Storage StorageProgram ProgramWall Wall

Public PublicLiving: Living:Phase Phase11

Extended Living

Scheme Scheme3: 3:Modest ModestLiving Living

Scheme Scheme4: 4:Extended ExtendedLiving Living

x x[12’ [12’x x16’] 16’]Module Module

Recreation RecreationSpace Space Storage StorageCompartment CompartmentProgram ProgramWall Wall Personal PersonalShrine: Shrine:Phase Phase22

Augmented AugmentedLiving: Living:Phase Phase33

Garden GardenSpace Space Storage StorageProgram ProgramShed Shedwith withLiving LivingWall Wall Automotive AutomotivePort Port Exterior ExteriorStorage StorageProgram ProgramWall Wall

Occupant Occupantand andService ServiceCirculation Circulation

2.

2. Personal Personal Shrine: Shrine:

22[12’ [12’xx16’] 16’]Modules Modules

Resting RestingSpace Space Closet ClosetProgram ProgramWall Wall Cleansing CleansingSpace Space

Site Section A: Compound | Dual Living

Site Material Palette: Site Material Palette:

Crushed Gravel surrounding Crushed the Gravel surrounding Corten the Steel slip coveringCorten on top Steel of slip coveringCMU on top lowofbearing wall to define CMU low the bearing wall to define the home to handle drainage home and slightly to handle drainagelow andCMU slightly bearing wall lipslow thatCMU retain bearing wall lipsgravel, that retain direct drainage and gravel, as sitedirect drainage and as site adjust the site topographyadjust without the site topography the without gravel and aid in site drainage the gravel and aid in site foundations drainage that are 16’ apart. foundations that are 16’ apart. excess manipulation. excess manipulation.

Vegetation variation centers Vegetation on the variation centers Indian on the Grass lining the remaining Indian Grass of lining the remaining of choice of a local native tree choice or shrub of a local native tree theorsite shrub outside of the CMU thelow sitewall. outside of the CMU low wall. preferably deciduous preferably deciduous

Cherry Blossom selection Cherry centersBlossom on selection Big cente Blu bringing the vibrancy of the bringing exterior the vibrancy of the lineext th landscape and vegetationlandscape within the and vegetation within home with particular blooming homecycles with particular blooming

Compound Living Site Section Material Palette

Site Material Palette: Site Material Palette: Site Material Palette:

Big Bluestem Cherry Blossom selection centers on bringing the vibrancy of the exterior landscape and vegetation within the home with particular blooming cycles

Big Bluestem vegetation with would line the exterior CMU wall

Gravel

Site Material Palette:

Housing Material Housing Palette: Material Palette:

CMU

Hollow Core Concrete

Cedar Wood

Corten Steel

Perennial Shrubs

Crushed surrounding the Corten Steel slip covering top ofwall to define the CMU low bearing wall to define the Vegetation variation centers onGravel the the Indian Grass lining theCorten remaining selection on Big Bluestem vegetation with would Crushedthe Gravel surrounding the CortenonSteel slip of low bearing CMU lowon bearing variation centers onIndian the Indian Grass lining remainingthe of Cherry Blossom selection on Big Bluestem vegetation with would Crushed Gravel surrounding Corten SteelGravel slip covering top of covering on top CMU wall to define the Vegetation variation Vegetation centers on the Grass lining the remaining Crushed of surrounding Steelofslip covering Cherry on top Blossom of selection CMU centers lowon bearing wallcenters to define BigCherry Bluestem the Blossom vegetation withcenters would Vegetation variation centers on the handlewall drainage and slightly low CMU wall lips that retain gravel, directwall drainage andthe as site choice ofWood a local native tree or shrub the site outside of Compound thelow CMU lowColumn wall. with the vibrancy of exterior line the exterior CMUchoice wall of a local native tree or shrub homeand to handle low CMU bearing wall lips thatgravel, retain gravel, direct drainage as sitelow choice of local Wood native tree or shrub the site outside of the CMU low bringing thedirect vibrancy offor themeeting exterior thethe exterior CMU wall CMU low bearing walland to define CMU the bearing to Hollow define Core Concrete Panels Hollow thatCore are Panels Eastern are to show Eastern the Cedar show the aCompound concrete Column with aJapanese concrete notch work Japanese work forline meeting home to handle drainage slightlydrainage and slightly lowhome CMU to bearing lips that retain directbearing drainage and as site choice of aConcrete local native treethat or aCedar shrub the site outside of to the CMU home low towall. handle drainage andwall. slightly CMU bearing wall lips bringing that retain the vibrancy of the gravel, exterior drainage and line asbringing site thenotch exterior CMU wall without the gravelthat andare aidfoundations in site drainage foundations that are apart. deciduous landscape and vegetation within the adjust without the site topography without and aid in site drainage thatdrainage are 16’ apart. preferably deciduous landscape and within the gravel, direct and gravel, as site direct drainage and 4’16’ wide as site with selected dimensions 4’ wide with of selected dimensions aging of of the natural woodaging from preferably the of the natural wood from thethe site topography without footing. footing. columns with beams columns with beams adjust the site topography theadjust gravelthe andsite aidtopography inthe sitegravel drainage foundations 16’ apart. preferably deciduous adjust the gravel and aid in site drainage landscape and vegetation foundations within thevegetation that are 16’ apart. preferably deciduous excess manipulation. home with particular blooming cycles with cycles particular blooming cycles foundations that are 16’ apart. foundations that are 16’ apart.

20’: 6” thick | 30’: 8” thick20’: | and 6”40’: thick | 30’: 8” thickvibrant | and 40’: hue to aging into the vibrant muted hue to aging into the muted excess manipulation.excess manipulation. excess manipulation. home with particularhome blooming 12” thick.

12” thick.

color palette of the concrete color and palette of the concrete and CMU CMU

Indi the

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Site Section B: Modest Living | Extended Living

Compound Living NW elevation

Compound Living NW Section

Compound Living Parti Model

Modest Living Parti and Site Model

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