2009 Prevention and enforcement of Female Genital Mutilation Legislation in Spain

Page 1

EC
Daphne
project Towards
an
improved
enforcement
of
FGM­legislation
in
Europe:
Dissemination
of
lessons
 learned
and
capacity
building
of
actors
in
legal
and
para­legal
>ields. International
Centre
for
Reproductive
Health Ghent
University,
Belgium

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
 Legislation
in
Spain:
some
proposals
on
Penal
Law,
Asylum
 Law
and
Protocols
of
prevention SPANISH
NATIONAL
REPORT José
García­Añón

Human
Rights
Institute University
of
Valencia

june
2009

With
the
support
of
the
European
Commission,
Daphne
programme
to
combat
violence
against
children,
 young
people
and
women

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

©
José
García
Añón,
2009 ©
Vicente
Greus
(“Unstitch”),
2008 With
 the
 support
 of
 the
 European
 Commission,
 Daphne
 programme
 to
 combat
 violence
 against
 children,
 young
 people
 and
 women
and
Consolider
Programme,
Secretaria
de
Estado 
de
Universidades
 e
Investigación
,
Ministerio
de
Educación
y
Ciencia
de
 España
(El
tiempo
de
los
derechos,
CONSOLIDER
2008­00007)

License
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This
work
must
be
cited: García
 Añón,
 José
 (2009),
 Prevention
 and
 enforcement
 of
 Female
 Genital
 Mutilation
 Legislation
in
 Spain:
some
 proposals
 on
 Penal
 Law,
 Asylum
 Law
 and
 Protocols
 of
 prevention,
 Valencia,
 Servei
 de
 Publicacions
 de
 la
 Universitat
 de
 València,
Online:
http://www.uv.es/garciaj/pub/2009mgf.pdf

Edited
by Servei
de
Publicacions
de
la
Universitat
de
València ISBN:
‐
‐
‐

2

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

Summary Foreword 1.
Introduction:
background
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
in
Spain 1.1.
Outline
of
the
risk
group
and
prevalence 1.2.
Legislation
on
Female
Genital
Mutilation 1.2.1.
Criminal
Law
Provision 1.2.2.
Procedure
Law:
principle
of
extra­territoriality 1.2.3.
Child
protection
laws
and
measures
with
regard
to
FGM 1.2.4.
Other
measures
or
policies
for
child
protection:
guidelines
and
protocols 1.3.
Cases:
preventative
measures
and
cases
in
Court 1.3.1.
Administrative
and
court
preventive
measures 1.3.2.
Penal
Court
Cases
 1.4.
Asylum
Cases 2.
 Workshop:
 Female
 Genital
Mutilation:
 enforcement
 of
 Law
 and
 implementation
 of
 good
practices
 2.1.
Participants 2.2.
Aim
of
the
workshop 2.3.
Programme,
themes
and
methodology 2.4.
Conclusions,
recommendations
and
good
practices References

3

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

Foreword This
report
is
the
result
of
a
project,
_inanced
by
the
EC
Daphne
Programme
and
supervised
by
 Dr.
 Els
 Leye
 (
 International
 Centre
for
Reproductive
 Health
at
 Ghent
 University
 in
Belgium)
 titled
Towards
an
improved
enforcement
of
FGM­legislation
in

Europe:
dissemination
of
lessons
 learned
and
capacity
building
of
actors
in
legal
and

para­legal
>ield1 . It
 
 builds
 on
 a
 previous
 Project
 conducted
 in
 2003‐2004
 by
 the
 same
 research
 group:
 Evaluating
the
impact
of
existing
legislation
in
Europe
with
regard
to
female
genital
mutilation2 .
 The
 former
 project
 included
 a
 survey
 of
 the
 FGM‐related
 legislation
 in
 all
 EU
 member
 countries
and
a
deeper
analysis
of
these
issues
in
the
_ive
countries
(Leye
and
Deblonde,
2004;
 Leye
and
others,
2007;
De
Lucas
and
others,
2004). The
 general
 objective
 of
 the
 current
 study
 is
 to
 formulate
 and
 propose
 practical
 recommendations
 for
 the
 implementation
 of
 FGM‐legislation
 in
 Europe.
 More
 speci_ic
 objectives
concern
the
already
existing
review
of
criminal
and
child
protection
laws
on
FGM
in
 the
 EU,
 now
 with
 an
 update
 of
 former
 research
 and
 an
 expansion
 to
 include
 recent
 EU
 member
states.
 Furthermore,
 workshops
were
held
in
_ive
countries
to
 discuss
speci_ic
issues
 relevant
to
each
country
in
regard
to
existing
implementation
of
FGM‐legislation. In
this
report
 we
 show
 the
 background
of
the
 Spanish
context
 on
Female
 Genital
 Mutilation
 and
the
results
of
the
workshop
held
in
the
University
of
Valencia
(Spain)
in
October
2008.

José
García
Añón3 Valencia,
june
2009

1 
Daphne
Programme
II
 2004‐2007;
Directorate‐General
Justice,
Freedom
and
Security;
European
Commission;

contract
 
 JLS/2006/DAP‐1/253/WC
 30‐CE‐0
 126071/00‐52.
 Researchers:
 Els
 Leye
 and
 Alexia
 Sabbe,
 The
 International
 Centre
 for
 Reproductive
 Health
(Ghent
 University,
 Belgium);
Naana
 Otoo‐Oyortey
 ,
 FORWARD
 ‐
 Foundation
 for
 Women's
 Health,
 Research
 &
 Development
 (United
 Kingdom);
 Linda
 Weil‐Curiel
 ,
 CAMS
 ‐
 Commission
pour
l'abolitions
des
mutilations
sexuelles
(France);
Sara
Johnsdotter
Faculty
of
Health
and
Society,
 Malmö
University
(Sweden);
Human
Rights
Institute
(University
of
Valencia,
Spain).
 2 
Daphne
Programme
2000‐2003;
Directorate
General
de
 Justice
and
Home
Affairs;
European
Commission;
EC‐

CONTRACT
nº
02/058/WYC 3

E-mail: jose.garcia@uv.es; http://www.uv.es/Jose.Garcia; http://www.uv.es/idh 4

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

1.
Introduction:
background
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
in
Spain Situation
in
Spain
is
characterized
by
these
aspects:
increasing
of
migrant
population,
changes
 of
 law,
 prevention
 policies
 and
 the
 existence
 of
 few
 cases
 in
 courts.
 First
 of
 all,
 the
 phenomenon
 of
 increase
 of
 immigrant
 population
 in
 the
 last
 decade,
 which
 also
 involves
 groups
of
foreigners
from
certain
nationalities
concentrated
in
some
areas
of
the
state.
 A
 second
 aspect
 is
 the
 change
 in
 legislation
 on
 FGM,
 not
 only
 the
 criminal
 code,
 but
 also
 procedures.
At
present,
these
changes
have
not
led
cases
to
courts. Third,
the
existence
of
speci_ic
protocols
developed
in
some
areas
of
the
state,
even
before
any
 legislative
change
in
2003.
 Fourth,
the
existence
of
few
 cases
in
court,
all
of
them
_iled.
 And
there
are
more
preventative

 cases,
some
of
them
in
court.
 
From
the
viewpoint
of
the
asylum
law,
changes
are
occurring
in
 legislation
and
its
implementation
by
the
courts.
 In
 this
 context,
 the
 current
 emphasis
 is
 directed
 towards
 policies
 that
 effect
 preventative
 measures
through
information,
training
and
knowledge
of
the
situation,
 and
at
the
same
time
 pursuing
a
consolidation
of

legislative
development.

1.1.
Outline
of
the
risk
group
and
prevalence The
practice
of
female
genital
mutilation
in
Europe
takes
place
as
a
result
of
immigration
from
 speci_ic
 countries
 in
 which
 female
 genital
 mutilation
 has
 been
 generally
 practiced.
 This
 situation
requires
an
analysis
from
the
viewpoint
of
the
social
sciences
and
human
rights,
both
 in
 terms
 of
 the
 cultural
 changes
 these
 women
 experience,
 and
 of
 the
 material
 and
 socio‐ cultural
 determinants
 in
 which
 their
 sexual
 and
 reproductive
 activities
 are
 developed.
 (Kaplan‐Bedoya‐Franch‐Merino,
2002:291) To
identify
the
risk
groups
and
their
residential
location
in
Spain
we
have
to
determine: 1. Nationalities
of
immigrant
population
susceptible
of
being
the
object
of
female
genital
 mutilation
 2. Autonomous
Communites
of
residence
of
these
groups. 3. Women
and
girls
at
risk
in
these
regions

5

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain FGM
is
 practiced
 in
 some
 African
countries,
 mainly
 from
 Sub‐Saharan
Africa,
 and
 can
 adopt
 three
 different
 forms
 (clitoridectomy,
 excision,
 and,
 the
 most
 radical
 and
 complete
 one,
 in_ibulation).
Regardless
of
the
widely
believed
cliché,
the
practice
of
FGM
cannot
be
identi_ied
 with
 Islam.
 Some
 Muslim
 countries
 and
 states
 reject
 this
 initiation
 rite,
 whereas
 others
 practice
it.
Thus,
 for
instance,
 FGM
is
not
practiced
in
the
Magreb
area,
area
of
origin
of
most
 Muslim
immigrants
residing
in
Spain.
 On
the
other
 hand,
both
in
Ethiopia
and
Egypt,
 FGM
is
 practiced
by
Coptic
Christians.
Similarly,
Ethiopian
falasha
Jews
practice
it.
 Thus,
neither
African
origin,
nor
Muslim
religion
of
a
group
or
family
constitute
an
indicator
of
 FGM
practices,
 or
 risk
 situation
with
regard
to
 this
 matter.
 Therefore,
 we
need
 to
 know
 the
 prevalence
of
the
practice
according
to
the
different
states
of
origin4. It
is
dif_icult
to
determine
prevalence
rates
in
the
society
of
origin,
by
the
complexity
of
such
 studies
 and
 because
 of
 the
 practices
 also
 changed.
 The
 following
 _igure
 show
 percentages
 from
recent
research
that
may
provide
a
rough
picture
of
the
problem. Figure
1.
Prevalence
of
FGM
on
the
society
of
origin,
according
to
signiVicant
nationalities

Country

Estimated
prevalence
of
female
genital
mutilation
in
 girls
and
women
15
–
49
years
(%)

Benin

168

Burkina
Faso

725

Cameroon

14

Central
African
Republic

257

Chad

449

Côte
d’Ivoire

417

Djibouti

931

Egypt

958

Eritrea

887

Ethiopia

743

Gambia

783

Ghana

38

Guinea

956

Guinea‐Bissau

445

4 
We
refer
to
states
because
all
information
is
 collected
in
these
terms.
However,
the
clearest
delimitation
is
that

of
 ethnic
 group
or
 people.
Within
the
 same
state,
 there
can
 be
some
ethnic
 groups
 that
practice
FGM
 whereas
 other
 don’t,
 as
happens
 in
 Senegal,
 where
 it
 is
 not
 practiced
by
 the
 wolof
people,
whilst
 some
pular
 people
do
 practice
it.
 6

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Kenya

322

Liberia

450

Mali

916

Mauritania

713

Niger

22

Nigeria

190

Senegal

282

Sierra
Leone

940

Somalia

979

Sudan,
northern

900

Togo

58

Uganda

6

United
Republic
of
Tanzania

146

Yemen

226

Source:
(WHO,
2008:
29)

This
 second
table
 is
interesting
because
 in
 addition
 to
 provide
 information
about
 mutilated
 women,
it
includes
the
percentage
of
women
with
at
least
one
daughter
in
the
same
situation.
 It
 shows
 a
 higher
 risk
 because
 that
 percentage
 is
 of
 women
 in
 which
 tradition
 continues.
 Paticularly
the
case
of
Mali,
Eritrea,
or
Mauritania5. Figure
2
.
Prevalence
of
FGM
in
women
and
daughters
in
the
society
of
origin Country

Guinea

Women
 aged
 15­49
 who
Women
 aged
 15­49
with
 at
 least
 one
 h a v e
 u n d e r g o n e
 F G M .
daughter
 who
 have
 undergone
 FGM.
 Percentage Percentage 99 54

Egypt

97

47

Mali

92

73

Sudan
(North)

90

58

Eritrea

89

63

Ethiopia

80

48

Burkina
Faso

77

32

Mauritania

71

66

Côte
d’Ivoire

45

24

Kenya

32

21

Yemen

23

20

5 
We
have
not
shown
a
distinction
between
the
types
of
FGM
practiced,
according
to
 the
WHO
classi_ication,
not

only
because
of
the
dif_iculty
in
de_ining
the
meaning
but
also
because
three
types
could
be
considered
as
serious
 injuries. 7

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Nigeria

19

10

U n i t e d
 R e p u b l i c
 o f
 Tanzania Benin

18

7

17

6

Niger

5

‐

Source:
UNICEF,
2005

The
immigrant
population
in
Spain
has
increased
considerably,
 rising
from
1,977,945
in
2001
 to
5,268,800
in
20086.
 The
same
is
true
in
relation
to
 migrants
from
countries
where
FGM
is
 practiced.
The
increase
is
higher

in
some
cases. The
majority
 of
the
immigrant
population
in
 Spain
comes
from
 countries
 with
prevalence
in
 this
practice.
They
are
from
Senegal,
Nigeria,
Mali,
Gambia,
Ghana,
Guinea
and
Mauritania.
 Figure
3
.
Residents
in
Spain
2001
and
2008 Country

Total
residents
2001

Total
residents
2008

Benin

89

352

Burkina
Faso

137

809

Cameroon

1415

4788

Côte
d’Ivoire

407

2028

Egypt

1274

2.709

Ethiopia

284

695

Gambia

9.235

19.350

Ghana

2321

13.133

Guinea

3588

10.413

Guinea‐Bissau

2179

5911

Kenya

347

592

Liberia

1290

554

Mali

2449

19.704

Mauritania

3598

9.916

Nigeria

7.598

37.475

Senegal

10.627

46.620

Sierra
Leone

1000

981

Togo

115

371

Others

2076

2869

Source:
INE,
Census
2001
and
2008

We
 may
 see
 that
 in
 all
 cases,
 most
 of
 migrant
 population
 is
 masculine.
 The
 percentage
 of
 women
is,
at
best,
twenty
per
cent.
Signi_icantly,
therefore,
 the
case
of
Nigeria
with
38%.
It
is

6 
Figures
are
from
January
2008.
They
are
avaliable
in
moment
of
preparing
this
 report.
Due
to
the
high
number

of
undocumented
immigrants
that
live
in
the
Spain,
Census
has
been
used
as
source
for
data.
(www.ine.es) 8

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain also
important
to
note
the
trend
of
increase
in
these
countries
since
20017.
It
has
doubled
the
 population
in
the
case
of
Gambia,
it
has
multiplied
by
the
amount
of
four
in
the
case
of

Nigeria
 and
Senegal,
and
six
times
in
the
case
of
Mali
or
Ghana. In
 2008,
 residents
 of
 these
 countries
 were
 approximately
 176,401 8,
 of
 which
 were
 40,129
 women.
11,780
were
minors
of
19
years
of
age. Figure
4
.
Residents
in
Spain
2008:
Women
and
minors
 Country

Total
residents

Women

<19

Benin

352

95

18

Burkina
Faso

809

187

70

Cameroon

4788

1672

408

Côte
d’Ivoire

2028

476

114

Egypt

2.709

679

245

Ethiopia

695

345

134

Gambia

19.350

4.678

2453

Ghana

13.133

1910

509

Guinea

10.413

2886

961

Guinea‐Bissau

5911

1205

472

Kenya

592

424

19

Liberia

554

133

27

Mali

19.704

1351

561

Mauritania

9.916

1951

738

Nigeria

37.475

14.273

2618

Senegal

46.620

7.490

2353

Sierra
Leone

981

284

67

Togo

371

90

13

Others

2869

1.195

255

Source:
INE,
Census
2008

The
amount
of
girls
at
risk,
minors
of
fourteen
years
of
age,
is
around
10,291.
From
these,
the
 largest
number,
5,912,
represents
four
years
old
minors.
The
number
of
girls
between
_ive
and
 nine
 years
 are
 2,758,
 and
 between
 ten
 and
 fourteen
 years
 are
 1,621.
 Nationalities
 include
 Nigeria,
Senegal
and
Gambia.

From
Nigeria
2,458
girls,
from
Gambia,
2,222,
and
from
Senegal,
 2,005. Figure
5
.
Residents
in
Spain
2008:
Women
and
minors
(detailed)

7
It
should
be
noted
that
in
2001
of
317,242
people
coming
from
Africa,
233,415
were
from
Morocco. 8
However,
six
of
these
countries
concentrated
146,695
residents:
Senegal,
Nigeria,
Gambia,
Mali,
Ghana,
and

Guinea. 9

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

Country Benin

Women 95

<19 18

0‐4 7

5‐9 8

10‐14 2

15‐19 1

Burkina
Faso

187

70

25

14

16

15

Cameroon

1672

408

182

70

63

93

Côte
d’Ivoire

476

114

37

23

25

29

Egypt

679

245

127

65

35

18

Ethiopia

345

134

64

49

10

11

Gambia

4.678

2453

954

821

447

231

Ghana

1910

509

274

90

68

77

Guinea

2886

961

418

173

155

215

Guinea‐Bissau

1205

472

148

109

115

100

Kenya

424

19

6

2

5

6

Liberia

133

27

10

10

4

3

Mali

1351

561

357

123

41

40

Mauritania

1951

738

306

166

140

126

Nigeria

14.273

2618

1853

425

180

160

Senegal

7.490

2353

1113

581

311

348

Sierra
Leone

284

67

29

23

4

11

Togo

90

13

2

6

0

5

Others

1.195

255

79

52

53

71

Source:
INE,
Census
2008

Catalonia,
Madrid,
Andalusia,
Aragon
and
Valencia
are
autonomous
communities
where
there
 is
a
concentrated
female
population
of
these
nationalities. The
largest
number
 of
women
from
Gambia,
 Senegal,
 Ghana,
Mali
and
Guinea
is
in
Catalonia.
 Those
of
Nigeria
and
Cameroon,
 in
Madrid.
 Or
those
of
Guinea
Bissau
in
Andalusia.
Although
 there
are
women
of
certain
nationalities,
with
a
signi_icant
number
in
the
Canary
Islands,
 the
 case
of
Mauritania,
or
that
of
Nigeria
in
the
Balearic
Islands. Figure
6
.
Residents
in
Spain
2008:
Women
and
minors
in
Autonomous
Communities
 Country

Total
 residents

Total
Women

95

<19
Women Catalonia Aragon Total
Women Total
 Women 18 26 2

Madrid Total
 Women 17

Andalucia Valencia Canary
 Total
Women Total
Women Islands
Total
 Women 6 11 3

Benin

352

Burkina
Faso
 809

187

70

56

20

16

15

10

2

Cameroon

4788

1672

408

402

84

451

69

220

29

Côte
d’Ivoire

2028

476

114

124

28

137

39

28

10

Egypt

2.709

679

245

238

40

142

59

67

7

Ethiopia

695

345

134

46

1

162

40

35

3

Gambia

19.350

4.678

2453

3901

558

36

38

48

31

Ghana

13.133

1910

509

653

299

160

249

85

124

Guinea

10.413

2886

961

1132

432

489

95

291

139

1205

472

131

18

261

455

37

151

Guinea‐Bissau
 5911

10

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Kenya

592

424

19

67

22

51

135

30

7

Liberia

554

133

27

17

7

37

25

18

8

Mali

19.704

1351

561

596

163

124

48

86

20

Mauritania

9.916

1951

738

216

54

49

229

154

921

Nigeria

37.475

14.273

2618

2352

340

3821

1447

2396

588

Senegal

46.620

7.490

2353

2863

350

499

866

519

931

Sierra
Leone

981

284

67

53

8

70

15

43

52

Togo

371

90

13

21

4

10

20

7

6

Others

2869

1.195

255

202

31

285

151

138

61

Source:
INE,
Census
2008

In
the
 case
 of
Gambian
nationality,
 most
women
are
in
Catalonia
and
of
these,
 and
from
 the
 2453
total
 in
 Spain
under
19
years,
 2074
are
 in
 Catalonia.
 
 In
the
 case
of
women
under
 19
 years
from
Mali
and
Senegal,
almost
half
live
in
Catalonia. Figure
7
.
Residents
in
Catalonia
2008:
Women
and
minors
 Catalonia Total
 Women 3901

<19
Women 0‐4 Catalonia Catalonia

05‐09 Catalonia

10‐14 Catalonia

15‐19 Catalonia

Gambia

Total
Women <19
 Spain Women Spain 4.678 2453

2074

784

677

402

211

Ghana

1910

509

653

159

95

26

18

20

Guinea

2886

961

1132

396

193

81

58

64

Mali

1351

561

596

273

152

78

25

18

Nigeria

14.273

2618

2352

473

341

58

31

43

Senegal

7.490

2353

2863

1046

513

275

140

118

Source:
INE,
Census
2008

11

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

1.2.
Legislation
on
Female
Genital
Mutilation 1.2.1.
Criminal
Law
Provision In
 Spain,
 penal
 law
 was
 changed
 in
 2003
 including
 a
 speci_ic
 prohibition
 of
female
 genital
 mutilation
as
part
of
serious
body
injuries.
Penalty
is
the
same
as
before,
six
to
twelve
years
in
 prison.
 Reasons
 of
this
 change
were
the
 ambiguous
 interpretation
 of
 the
 generic
 offence
 of
 injuries
 and
 the
 growth
 of
 immigration
 bringing
 about
 
 cultural
 practices
 against
 law
 and
 human
rights. Theoretically,
 the
 reason
is
 the
growth
of
immigration
bringing
 about
 cultural
 practices
 that
 are
 against
 our
 law.
 This
 is
 the
 version
 of
 Government9.
 Another
 factor
 is
 the
 ambiguous
 interpretation
of
article
149
of
Penal
Law
and
others
on
the
offence
of
injuries.
This
question
 has
 been
posed
in
Parliament
 since
2001,
 with
law
 proposals
 of
 modifying
 the
 law
 without
 success10 .
 Article
149
of
Penal
Code
has
been
amended
and
in
force
since
October
the
1st,
 2003
adding
a
 second
paragraph
to

criminal
offence
of
“serious
bodily
injury”:
 «Any
 person
 performing
 whatever
 form
 of
 genital
 mutilation,
 shall
 be
 punished
 with
 a
 sentence
 of
 imprisonment
of
between
six
and
twelve
years.
 Where
the
victim
is
a
minor
or
is
incompetent,
the
judge
 may
 see
 to
 dictate
 a
 sentence
 of
 particular
 disquali_ication
 for
 the
 exercise
 of
 custody,
 guardianship,

9“The
existence
of
criminal
offences
that
emerge
from
practices
that
are
contrary
to
our
legal
order.
However,
the

proposal
 emerges
 from
 the
idea
 that
 social
integration
of
 migrant
 population
brings
 about
 new
realities
 that
 need
to
be
taken
into
account
and
be
given
a
proper
legal
response.
Therefore,
as
a
new
item,
genital
mutilation
is
 covered
by
law
as
 a
criminal
offence.
As
genital
mutilation
of
women
and
children
must
be
fought
 with
extreme
 force,
 and
it
 will
never
be
legitimized
on
the
grounds
 of
pretended
cultural
or
 religious
beliefs.
The
reform
 had
 been
already
proposed
to
the
Parliament
through
a
law
proposal
aiming
to
introduce
an
interpretative
clause
on
 the
repression
of
MGF.
 The
actual
proposal
reforms
art.
149
of
the
penal
code,
speci_ically
including
in
paragraph
2
genital
mutilation,
in
 all
its
 forms,
 as
 an
action
falling
under
the
injuries
offences
 collected
in
that
 art.,
with
a
penalty
of
 six
to
 twelve
 years
of
imprisonment.
Furthermore,
being
the
victim
a
minor
or
psychic‐unabled
person,
the
penalty
of
special
 disquali_ication
on
the
exercise
of
the
patria
potestas
on
the
child,
if
the
Judge
considers
it
necessary
in
the
best
 interest
of
the
child.
In
most
cases
it
is
 indeed
parents
or
close
relatives
 of
the
victim
who
infringe

this
aberrant
 mutilation,
 and,
 therefore,
 the
 special
 disquali_ication
 is
 absolutely
 required
 to
 _ight
 against
 these
 acts
 and
 protect
 children
 from
 future
 aggressions
 and
 degrading
 treatment.”
 
 Justi_ication
 in
 Project
 of
 Law
 121/136/2003,
 14th
 march
 “Medidas
 concretas
 en
 materia
 de
 seguridad
 ciudadana,
 violencia
 doméstica
 e
 integración
 social
 de
 los
 extranjeros”
 (Concrete
measures
 for
 security
 citizenship,
 domestic
 violence
 and
 social
 integration
of
foreigners)
(BO.
Cortes
Generales‐Congreso
de
los
Diputados,
21
march
2003,
n.
136‐1,
p.
1) 10 
As
 an
example,
proposal
of
law
(622/000012)
Diario
de
Sesiones
del
Senado,
Año
2001,
VII
 Legislatura,
núm.

52,
 p.
2.984
(plenary
21
june
 2001),
 added
a
paragraph
to
art.
149:
 “in
whatever
 case,
 in
the
last
 paragraph
is
 included
female
genital
mutilation,
in
all
of
 their
forms”
(“en
todo
 caso
 se
entenderá
comprendida
en
el
párrafo
 anterior
 la
 mutilación
 genital
 femenina
 en
 cualquiera
 de
 sus
 manifestaciones”.)
 The
 mentioned
 “last
 article”
 refers
to
the
lose
of
an
organ
or
a
main
body
part. 12

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain tutorship
by
 will,
 protection
or
 care
of
 minors
between
four
to
 ten
years,
 in
the
interest
 of
the
minor
or
 incompetent
individual.»11

In
1995,
 all
 Penal
 Code
changed
and
 there
 was
 no
 speci_ic
law
 provision
prohibiting
 female
 genital
mutilation 12. Criminal
offence
includes
all
kinds
of

participation.
However,
 there
was
a
doctrinal
debate
on
 whether
conspiracy
and
proposition
should
be
considered
as
forms
of
authorship,
or
rather,
as
 preparatory
acts
for
the
offence
itself.
With
the
reform
of
Judicial
Power
Law
in
2005
now,
for
 example,
parents
conduct
in
Spain
(preparing
“holidays”,
 contacting
the
person
responsible
of
 the
crime…)
 probably
 may
not
 be
considered
as
 preparatory
 acts
 but
 a
form
of
 authorship.
 Before
reform,
when
the
 offence
was
performed
abroad
that
conduct
could
be
considered
as
 preparatory
acts. A
 woman
 can’t
 consent
 to
 the
 mutilation
 of
 her
 own
genitalia.
 However,
 if
 free
and
 explicit
 consent
 is
 given
 by
 an
 adult
 woman,
 the
 penalty
 is
 reduced
 by
 one
 (three
 to
 six
 years
 in

11
The
change
is
introduced
by
a
Law
on
speci>ic
measures
relating
to
the
security
of
citizens,
domestic
violence
and

the
 social
 integration
 of
 foreigners
 (LEY
 ORGÁNICA
 11/2003,
 de
 29
 de
 septiembre,
 de
 medidas
 concretas
 en
 materia
de
seguridad
ciudadana,
 violencia
doméstica
e
 integración
social
de
los
extranjeros;
BOE
29‐9‐2003,
n.
 234):
«El
que
causara
 a
 otro
 una
mutilación
genital
en
cualquiera
de
sus
 manifestaciones
será
 castigado
 con
la
 pena
de
prisión
de
seis
 a
 12
años.
Si
la
víctima
 fuera
menor
 o
 incapaz,
 será
aplicable
 la
pena
de
inhabilitación
 especial
para
el
ejercicio
de
la
patria
potestad,
tutela,
curatela,
guarda
o
acogimiento
 por
tiempo
de
cuatro
a
10
 años,
si
el
juez
lo
estima
adecuado
al
interés
del
menor
o
incapaz.» 12 
Art.
 149
Penal
 Code
 had
only
 a
paragraph
describing
“Serious
 body
 injury”:
 “Whoever
caused
someone,
 by

whatever
means
or
procedures,
the
loss
or
unability
of
an
organ
or
major
body
part,
a
sense,
impotence,
sterility,
 or
 a
severe
deformity,
 or
a
 severe
 somatic
 or
 psychic
 disease,
 will
be
punished
with
imprisonment
 from
 six
to
 twelve
 years.”
 (Original
 text:
 “El
 que
 causare
 a
 otro,
 por
 cualquier
 medio
 o
 procedimiento,
 la
 pérdida
 o
 la
 inutilidad
de
un
órgano
o
miembro
principal,
o
de
un
sentido,
la
impotencia,
la
esterilidad,
una
grave
deformidad,
 o
una
grave
enfermedad
somática
o
psíquica,
será
castigado
con
la
pena
de
prisión
de
seis
a
doce
años.”) 13

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain prison)
or
two
degrees
(this
is,
one

and
six
months
to
three
years
of
prison.)
Article
155
Penal
 Code13: “In
injury
offences,
 if
consent
 has
been
valid,
freely,
spontaneous
 and
explicitly
 given,
 the
penalty
will
be
 applied
 with
 a
 reduction
 of
 one
 or
 two
 degrees.
 Consent
 given
 by
 a
 minor
 or
 unabled
 person
 is
 not
 considered
valid”14.

1.2.2.
Procedure
Law:
the
principle
of
extra­territoriality In
 2005
 Judicial
 Power
 Law
 changed
 extending
 the
 principle
 of
 extra‐territoriality
 to
 FGM.
 This
implies
 the
possibility
 to
prosecute
 and
punish
the
practice
of
female
genital
 mutilation
 even
 if
 the
 offence
 was
 committed
 outside
 the
 frontiers
 of
 the
 country
 and
 the
 people
 responsible
are
in
Spain. Number
 4.g)
 
in
article
 23
of
Judicial
 Power
 Law
has
 been
added
by
a
law
 in
july
 2005
(Ley
 Orgánica
3/2005,
 de
8
julio
de
modi>icación
de
LO
6/1985,
de
1
de
julio,
del
Poder
Judicial,
para
 perseguir
extraterritorialmente
la
práctica
de
la
mutilación
genital
femenina;
BOE
9
julio
2005,

13 
 In
 other
 cases,
 such
 as
 organ
transplants

and
transexual
 surgery
 or
 to
 sterilize,
 legislator
 has
 put
 speci_ic
 clauses:
Art.
 156:
“Subject
 to
the
previous
article,
consent
valid,
freely,
 conscious
and
speci_ically
given
exempts
 of
penal
responsibility
in
the
case
of
organ
trasplant
carried
out
according
to
the
law,
sterilization
and
transexual
 surgery
done
by
 a
 facultative
doctor
unless
 consent
 has
been
obtained
 by
vice,
by
price
or
 award
or
when
the
 consenting
person
is
a
minor
or
 unabled
in
which
cases
 consent
 given
by
his
or
 her
legal
representative
will
be
 deemed
invalid.
 However,
 sterilization
 of
 an
 unabled
 person
 with
 a
 high
 psychic
 de_iciency
 will
 not
 be
 punished
 when,
 considering
the
best
interest
of
the
person,
the
judge
authorises
the
sterilization
either
in
the
same
procedure
of
 incapability
 or
 in
a
fail
of
 voluntary
 jurisdiction
 initiated
afterwards
 by
 the
 legal
representative
 of
 the
 unable
 person,
heard
the
opinion
of
two
experts,
the
public
prosecutor
and
after
medical
revision
of
the
person”. Original
 text:
 
 Artículo
 156.
 “No
 obstante
 lo
 dispuesto
 en
el
 artículo
 anterior,
 el
 consentimiento
 válida,
 libre,
 consciente
y
expresamente
 emitido
 exime
 de
responsabilidad
penal
en
los
 supuestos
 de
trasplante
de
 órganos
 efectuado
 con
 arreglo
 a
 lo
 dispuesto
 en
la
 ley,
 esterilizaciones
 y
 cirugía
 transexual
 realizadas
 por
 facultativo,
 salvo
que
el
consentimiento
 se
haya
obtenido
viciadamente,
o
mediante
precio
 o
 recompensa,
o
el
otorgante
sea
 menor
de
edad
o
incapaz;
en
cuyo
caso
no
será
válido
el
prestado
por
éstos
ni
por
sus
representantes
legales. Sin
embargo,
no
será
punible
la
esterilización
de
persona
incapacitada
que
adolezca
de
grave
de_iciencia
psíquica
 cuando
 aquélla,
 tomándose
 como
 criterio
 rector
 el
 del
mayor
 interés
 del
incapaz,
haya
 sido
 autorizada
 por
 el
 Juez,
 bien
 en
 el
 mismo
 procedimiento
 de
 incapacitación,
 bien
 en
 un
 expediente
 de
 jurisdicción
 voluntaria,
 tramitado
 con
posterioridad
 al
 mismo,
 a
petición
del
representante
legal
 del
incapaz,
oído
 el
 dictamen
de
 dos
 especialistas,
el
Ministerio
Fiscal
y
previa
exploración
del
incapaz. 14

Original
 text:.”
 En
 los
 delitos
 de
 lesiones,
 si
 ha
 mediado
 el
 consentimiento
 válida,
 libre,
 espontánea
 y
 expresamente
 emitido
 del
 ofendido,
 se
 impondrá
 la
 pena
 inferior
 en
 uno
 o
 dos
 grados.
 No
 será
 válido
 el
 consentimiento
otorgado
por
un
menor
de
edad
o
un
incapaz.” 14

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain n.
163,
[p.
24457])
And
it
is
in
force
since
july
the
10
th
200515. This
law
is
applied
to
Spanish
nationals
or
foreigners
with
these
requirements: a)
facts
 are
one
of
these
 serious
 crimes
 in
 Spain:
genocide,
 terrorism,
 piracy,
 foreign
money
 forgery,
prostitution,
drugs
trade,
female
genital
mutilation.... b)
the
principle
of
double
incrimination
(not
sentenced
or
absolved
abroad):
principle
non
bis
 in
idem
(Art.
23.2.c,
Judicial
Power
Law) c)
“people
responsible”
must
be
in
Spain. This
 change
 suposes
 the
 inclusion
 of
 a
 paragraph
 
 in
 the
 Judicial
 Power
 Law
 (LOPJ)
 that
 extends
 the
 principle
 of
 extra‐territoriality
 to
 FGM.
 So
 all
 other
 conditions
 were
 removed.
 With
 effect
 from
 10th
 of
 July
 this
 law
 has
 changed
 in
 this
 sense.
 The
 principle
 of
 extraterritoriality
is
applied
to
the
offence
of
FGM
if
"people
responsible"
were
in
Spain
when
 the
 offence
 is
 committed
 outside
 the
 borders
 of
 Spain.
 "Responsibles"
 include
 those
 who
 participated
 in
 the
 "offence":
 performance,
 participation,
 attempt
 to...etc.
 And
 if
 parents
 "participate",
they
are
responsible.
The
criminal
offence
does
not
change,
 article
149
of
Penal
 Code
is
the
same.
What
changes
is
the
applicability
of
the
principle
of
extra‐territoriality
to
it. 
 In
 Spain,
 the
 extra‐territorial
 principle
 is
 an
 exception
 and
 not
 a
 rule,
 because
 it
 includes
 some
requiremets
and/or
it
refers
to
a
limited
number
of
crimes. 1.2.3.
Child
protection
laws
and
measures
with
regard
to
FGM Preventative
measures
may
be
adopted
by
social
authorities,
and
in
penal
or
civil
procedures.
 If
there
is
an
impending
risk
of
FGM,
protective
measures
in
co‐operation
with
the
family
are
 taken
by
social
authorities
or
by
a
judge.
A
hearing
with
the
family
is
organised
and
parents
or
 guardians
are
counselled.
 If
there
 is
 an
immediate
need
for
 care
or
protection,
 which
cannot

15
(In
spanish
art.
23.
4
Judicial
Power
Law,
the
reference
is:
LO
6/1985,
1
de
julio,
del
poder
judicial:
"Igualmente

será
 competente
la
 jurisdicción
 española
 para
 conocer
de
los
 hechos
cometidos
 por
españoles
o
extranjeros
 fuera
 del
territorio
nacional
susceptibles
de
tipi>icarse,
según
la
Ley
Penal
Española,
como
alguno
de
los
siguientes
delitos: a)
Genocidio. b)
Terrorismo. c)
Piratería
y
apoderamiento
ilícito
de
aeronaves. d)
Falsi>icación
de
moneda
extranjera. e)
Los
delitos
relativos
a
la
prostitución
y
los
de
corrupción
de
menores
o
incapaces. f)
Trá>ico
ilegal
de
drogas
psicotrópicas,
tóxicas
y
estupefacientes. g)
Los
relativos
a
la
mutilación
genital
femenina,
siempre
que
los
responsables
se
encuentren
en
España. h)
Y
cualquier
otro
que,
según
los
tratados
o
convenios
internacionales,
deba
ser
perseguido
en
España. 5.
 En
 los
 supuestos
 de
los
apartados
 3
 y
4
 será
 de
aplicación
 lo
 dispuesto
 en
 la
 letra
 c)
 del
apartado
 2
 de
este
 artículo.” 15

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain be
met
 by
 means
 of
voluntary
 solutions,
 compulsory
 measures
 are
taken
by
 the
 judge.
 The
 judge
 can
 take
 a
 variety
 of
 measures
 in
order
 to
 protect
 the
minor,
 such
as
 a
 prohibition
to
 leave
 the
 country,
 an
 order
 to
 return
 after
 a
 delimitated
 period
 of
 time,
 taking
 the
 girl’s
 passport,
demanding
a
medical
examination
by
a
doctor…etc.
 These
measures
are
 justi_ied,
 between
others,
 by
 article
158
Civil
 Code16,
 article
22.3
and
 5
 Judicial
Power
Law17;
 article
13
of
the
Law
for
Criminal
 Procedures
 18 ;
 
 article
134 19
and
138
 20 
 Family

Code
 (Law
 9/1998,
 from
 july
 the
 15th,
 Parliament
 of
 Catalunya);
 Article
 1
 Ley

Orgánica
1/1996
de
protección
jurídica
al
menor
(legal
protection
of
minors)21;
 and
9.6
Civil
 Code22. 16
“The

judge, ex-officio or under the request of the son himself, or any other relative, or the Public Prosecutor, will decide: .../... 3rd. For the most, all other dispositions considered adequate to remove the child from an imminent danger or to avoid him/her any damage. All this measures can be laid down in all procedures, be them penal, civil or in a voluntary jurisdiction process”. 17
“In

the civil jurisdiction, Spanish courts and judges have authority: 3rd....
regarding
incapacity
and
protective
measures
towards
the
person
or
property
of
the
child
or
the
incapable
 person,
when
they
had
habitual
residence
in
Spain. 5th
When
laying
 down
preventative
measures
or
reassuring
measures
towards
people
and
property
in
Spanish
 territory
and
that
must
be
complied
within
Spain”. 18 
“Are
considered
 
preparatory
 inquiries
 the
 ones
 initially
 gathers
 the
evidence
of
 the
offence
 to
be
kept
 in
a

secure
place
for
 future
use
in
identifying
the
offender
 with
the
possibility
of
prosecution.
It
 is
 possible
to
adopt
 measures
to
protect
victims
 or
damaged
people,
their
families
or
other
people,
as
it
is
 established
in
article
544
 bis
of
this
law.” 19
1.
The
judicial
authority,
ex
‐of_icio
and
in
any
procedure,
could
lay
down
any
measure
considered
adequate
to

avoid
damage
to
children... 2.
The
sons,
father
and
mother,
and,
even
when
deprived
of
the
patria
potestas,
any
relative
of
the
sons
up
to
the
 fourth
degree
of
cosanguinity
and
up
to
the
second
degree
of
a_inity
and,
in
any
case,
the
Public
Prosecutor
are
all
 legitimized
to
demmand
the
accord
of
the
measures
especi_ied
in
paragraph
1. 3.
The
Judicial
Authority,
before
deciding
any
of
the
resolutions
determined
by
this
Law,
must
hear
the
son
or
 daughter
of
12
years
old
or
older
and
must
hear
the
minor
if
s/he
is

mature
enough”
 20In
the
situation
of

puntual
disagreement,
the
judicial
authority,
under
demmand
of
father
or
mother
and,
after

hearing
them
and
their
children
aged
12
or
more
and
younger
if
mature
enough,
can
concede
the
total
or
partial
 patria
potestas
to
the
father
or
mother
separately
or
to
distribute
among
them
several
functions
during
a
period
 of
time,
which
can
never
be
longer
than
two
years,
when
disagreement
 is
frequent
or
when
concurring
any
cause
 that
may
alter
considerably
the
common
exercise
of
the
patria
potestas.
 21“the
present
law
and
its
dispositions
are
applicable
to
all
minors
under
18
that
are
in
Spain.” 22
“Guardianship,
curatorship
and
analogous
institutions
protecting
unabled
people
will
be
regulated
by
his/her

national
law.
However,
preventative
measures
or
urgent
measures
of
protection
will
be
regulated
by
the
law
of
 the
habitual
residence
state. The
requirements
for
the
constitution
of
the
guardianship,
curatorship
and
analogous
institutions
in
which
the
 spanish
judicial
or
administrative
authorities
intervene,
will
be
conducted,
in
any
case,
according
to
spanish
law. Spanish
law
will
be
enforced

to
lay
down
protective
and
educational
measures
towards
unprotected
or
 abandonned
children
and
unable
persons
found
in
spanish
territory” 16

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

1.2.4.
Other
measures
or
policies
for
child
protection:
guidelines
and
protocols There
are
generic
protocols
against
gender‐based
violence
at
national
and
regional
level.
Since
 2001,
 there
 are
 speci_ic
 protocols
 on
 FGM
 in
 Catalonia
 and
 Girona,
 and
 a
 Plan
 in
 Aragon
 (2004).
 There
 is
 no
 plan
 or
 protocol
 at
 National
 level.
 Before
 the
 change
 of
 Penal
 Code,
 Protocols
 proposed
 focus
 on
 preventative
 measures
 because
 the
 problem
 was
 not
 the
 existence
of
a
generic
penal
protection
as
serious
injuries
but
other
factors.
 We
 may
 distinguish
between:
 1)
general
 procedure
 of
report
 of
 suspicion
of
a
future
 crime;
 and
2)
Measures
recommended
in
guidelines
and
protocols 1)
Procedure
of
report
of
suspicion
of
a
future
crime As
 described
in
Article
450.2
of
the
Penal
Code,
 every
 citizen
who
 can
prevent
 a
crime
being
 committed
 or
 an
 attempt
 on
 somebody’s
 life,
 his/her
 physical
 integrity
 or
 his/her
 sexual
 liberty,
 by
 an
 immediate
 action
 without
 incurring
 danger
 to
 him‐/herself
 or
 others,
 and
 voluntary
 fails
 to
 do
 so,
 is
 punishable.
 In
 this
 context,
 citizens
 can
 report
 a
 suspicion
 of
 a
 future
crime
to
 the
prosecutor,
 the
 investigating
judge
or
 the
police.
 Apart
 from
 this
 duty
 to
 report,
 professionals
 with
 knowledge
 about
 children
 at
 risk,
 have
 to
 inform
 the
 relevant
 authorities
 about
 this
 situation
 as
 regulated
 in
the
 Child
 Protection
 Laws
(Ley
 21/1987,
 11
 november
and
Ley
Organica
1/1996

15
january,
de
Protección
Juridica
del
Menor).

2)
Measures
recommended
in
guidelines
and
protocols 23 There
are
guidelines
and
protocols:
a)
Generic
protocols
(National
and
Regional)
;
b)
Speci_ic
 Protocols
(Protocols
 of
Catalonia
and
Girona;
 Protocol
of
Aragon;
and
a
proposal
in
Navarra);

 c)
Guidelines
for
professionals;
d)
Public
instructions a)Generic
protocols There
are
generic
protocols
against
gender‐based
violence
in
national
and
regional
level.

23
Lucas,
2008

17

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain There
 is
 a
 national
 protocol
 against
 gender‐based
 violence
 that
 includes
 female
 genital
 mutilation
in
Primary
Health
Care,
Emergency
Services
or
Specialist
Services24 . In
the
regional
level
there
are
other
protocols
and
guidelines
about
gender‐based
violence.

b)
Speci_ic
Protocols
and
guidelines
 b.1)
Protocols
of
Catalonia
and
Girona 25 The
 Parliament
 of
 Catalonia,
 in
 its
 session
 held
 on
 the
 20th
 of
 June
 2001,
 approved
 the
 Resolution
 832/VI,
 about
 the
 acceptation
 of
 measures
 against
 the
 practice
 of
 ritual
 female
 genital
 mutilations.
 Among
 the
different
 actions
to
 which
the
 Parliament
 of
Catalonia
urged
 the
 Government
 of
 the
 Generalitat,
 there
 was
 the
 one
 of
 creating
 an
 interdisciplinary
 commission
of
experts26,
to
 design
an
action
plan
against
the
practice
of
ritual
 female
genital
 mutilations
in
Catalonia.
In
june
2002,
the
Protocol
 to
prevent
Female
Genital
Mutilation
was
 submitted 27
and
in
february
2008
was
reedited
and
reviewed
by
a
Monitoring
Commission28
 by
 different
 reasons:
on
the
one
hand,
 genital
 mutilation
has
been
speci_ically
established
as
 an
 offence
 in
 the
 Penal
 code
 and,
 on
 the
 other,
 there
 have
 been
 other
 changes
 in
 the
 extraterritoriality
 criteria
 in
 the
 execution
 of
 this
 offence,
 through
 the
 amendment
 of
 the
 Organic
Law
of
judicial
Power
(LOPJ). 24

Protocolo
 Común
 para
 la
 Actuación
 Sanitaria
 ante
 la
 Violencia
 de
 Género.
 Comisión
 contra
 la
 Violencia
 de
 Género.
Consejo
Interterritorial
del
Sistema
Nacional
de
Salud,
Madrid,
Ministerio
de
Salud
y
consumo,
2007 http://www.msc.es/organizacion/sns/planCalidadSNS/pdf/equidad/protocoloComun.pdf 25
All
guidelines
may
be
found
in:

http://146.219.26.6/depsan/units/sanitat/html/ca/dir441/doc10503.html 26 
 Comissió
 Interdisciplinària
 d'Experts.
 Integrada
 per
 tècnics

dels
 Departaments
 de
 Sanitat,
 Interior,
 Justícia,
 Benestar
 Social,
 Ensenyament
 i
 de
 la
 Presidència,
 Protocol
 d'actuacions
 per
 a
 prevenir
 la
 mutilació
 genital
 femenina,
Barcelona
:
Generalitat
de
Catalunya,
Secretaria
per
a
la
Immigració,
2002.
Comissió
 de
seguiment
dels
 protocols
 en
 casos
 de
 violència
 domèstica
 i
 maltractaments
 infantils
 de
 Girona;
 Protocol
 de
 prevenció
 de
 la
 mutilació
genital
femenina
a
la
demarcació
de
Girona,
Departament
de
Justícia,
Generalitat
de
Catalunya,
2003; 27
http://www.gencat.net/benestar/immigracio/guia_ab/index2ENG.html 28 
Last
 version
published,
extended
and
corrected,
was
 in
december
2007.

In
English:
Generalitat
 de
Catalunya,

Action
 Protocol
 for
 the
 Prevention
 of
 Female
 Genital
 Mutilation,
 Department
 of
 Social
 Action
 and
 Civic
 Responsibility,
 Secretariat
 of
 Immigration,
 Generalitat
 de
 Catalunya,
 Barcelona,
 2007;http://www.gencat.cat/ benestar/immi/pdf/ANGLESde_i.pdf;
 http://issuu.com/drets/docs/2007_protocol_mgf_generalitat.
 The
 original
 in
Spanish
and
Catalan:
Generalitat
 de
 Catalunya,
 Protocolo
 de
actuaciones
para
 prevenir
 la
 mutilación
 genital
 femenina,
 Departamento
 de
 Acción
 Social
 y
 ciudadanía,
 Secretaría
 de
 Inmigración,
 Generalitat
 de
 Catalunya,
 Barcelona,
 2007.
 (Comisión
 de
 seguimiento
 integrada
 por
 los
 departamentos
 de
 Acción
 Social
 y
 Ciudadanía,
 Educación,
 Salud,
 Interior
 y
 Relaciones
 Institucionales
 y
 Participación.
 Revisión
 y
 ampliación
 de
 la
 segunda
 edición
a
cargo
 de
Ester
Bessa,
Enric
 Castella,
Tona
Lizana,
Rosa
Negre
y
Llorenç
Olivé)
http://www.gencat.cat/ benestar/immi/pdf/CASTELLAde_i.pdf;
 http://issuu.com/drets/docs/2007_protocol_mgf_generalitat_castella
 http://www.gencat.net/benestar/immi/pdf/ABLACIO__inal.pdf 18

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain In
 Girona,
 there
 is
 a
 speci_ic
 Protocol,
 reviewed
 in
 february
 2006.
 A
 Work
 Commision
 on
 Domestic
Violence
of
Girona,
 Department
of
Justice
of
Generalitat
 de
Catalunya
(Comissió
 de
 seguiment
 dels
 protocols
 en
 casos
 de
 violència
 domèstica
 i
 maltractaments
 infantils
 de
 Girona;
Departament
de
Justícia,
Generalitat
de
Catalunya)
decided
in
June
2001
to
establish
a
 Protocol
 in
 cases
 of
 Female
 genital
 mutilation.
 A
 Sub‐Commission
 decided
 the
 guidelines,
 criteria
and
general
 principles
in
order
 to
 give
information
to
 professionals.(Protocol
 for
the
 prevention
of
female
genital
mutilation
in
the
area
of
Girona
 (June
2002,
modi_ied
in
2003
and
 in
2006)29.
 These
protocols
inform
of
measures
or
policies
that
can
be
adopted
to
 prevent
female
genital
 mutilation: •
To
undertake
information
and
socio‐cultural
educational
measures,
aiming
at
explaining
the
 different
social
and
legal
meaning
of
genital
mutilation. •
 To
 forbid
parents
to
take
 the
child
out
of
the
Spanish
territorry,
 (specifying
the
duration
of
 the
 measure
 and
 its
 aim
 to
 protect
 the
 child
 of
 the
 imminent
 and
 concrete
 risk
 of
 being
 summited
to
the
practice
when
leaving
the
country),
or
requiring
parents
not
to
travel
outside
 the
country
with
 the
minor
without
 previous
 communication
to
 a
 judge
 with
the
 stablished
 delay
 (explaining
that,
 if
 not
 doing
 so,
 they
 could
be
 accused
 of
 severe
 desobedience
to
 the
 Authority). •
 To
 agree
to
 the
 regular
 presentation
of
the
child
in
order
to
accomplish
with
the
 temporal
 prohibition
of
leaving
the
territory,
so
that
she
can
be
visited
by
the
forensic
doctor.
 •
To
give
the
patria
potestas
to
the
one
parent
desagreeing
with
the
practice
of
the
mutilation
 (art.
138
Family
code). •
To
 ask
for
a
report
and
surveillance
of
the
case
to
 the
different
 teams
of
technical
advisers,
 victim
attendance
and
social
services.
 All
this
measures
 do
not
exclude
others
that,
 considering
 the
case,
 can
be
taken
into
account
 and
brought
forward
in
the
best
interest
of
the
child. They
include
information,
for
example
of
useful
telephone
numbers
or
about
associations
 29 
 Comisión
 de
 trabajo
 sobre
 Violencia
 Doméstica
 (Departamento
 de
 Justicia
 de
 la
 Generalitat

de
 Catalunya),
 Protocolo
 para
 la
prevención
 de
la
 Mutilación
 Genital
Femenina
 en
 la
 demarcación
 de
Girona,
 2006.
In
spanish:
 http://mgf.uab.es/doc/8r.pdf;
http://issuu.com/drets/docs/2006_protocol_mgf_girona
 19

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain working
for
the
prevention
of
FGM30. Other
informations
and
campaigns
are
given
to
users
through
lea_lets
and
websites
 31. Actually,
they
have
proposed
to
act
locally
to
 prevent
risk
situations
creating
multidisciplinar
 groups
 of
 work
 (Social
 Services,
 Police,
 Doctors…)
 called
 “Mesas”
 in
 towns
 with
 risky
 situations
 of
 FGM
 with
the
 objective
of
 collecting
 information
 and
designing
 a
 local
 plan
of
 prevention. b.2)
In
Aragon:
 In
 Aragon
 in
 November
 the
 14th
 2003
 an
 Interdisciplinary
 Commision
 was
 constituted
 to
 create
a
protocol.
They
elaborated
guidelines
and
a
Plan: a)
“Guide
for
the
prevention
of
 
Female
Genital
 Mutilation” 32
edited
in
2004
by
Social
Service
 of
Aragon
Government
(Consejería
de
Servicios
Sociales
y
Familia
del
Gobierno
de
Aragón)
 b)There
is
 a
 general
 Plan
 to
 prevent
 violence
against
 women
 in
 Aragon
 that
 includes
 FGM:
 “Integral
 Plan
for
prevention
and
eradication
of
violence
against
 women
in
Aragon”
(2004)33
 with
 measures,
 actions
 and
 programmes
 of
 prevention,
 formation,
 coordination
 and
 dissemination
of
good
practices. They
have
collaborated
through
a
Interdepartamental
Commission
coordinated
by
Instituto
 Aragonés
de
la
Mujer. In
the
case
of
Catalonia
and
Aragón
they
have
proposed
to
act
locally
to
prevent
risk
situations
 creating
 multidisciplinary
 groups
 to
 work
 in
 towns
 to
 collect
 information
 and
 design
 local
 plans
of
prevention.

30 
Infància
respon
(Child
helpline):
900
300
777;
Línia
d’atenció
a
les
dones
en
situació
de
violència
(Helpline
for

women
in
situations
of
 violence)900
900
120;
Sanitat
 respon
(Healthcare
 helpline)
902
111
444;
Secretariat
 of
 Immigration
932
701
230;
Associations
working
for
the
prevention
of
FGM:
Associació
Equis‐Mgf.
Female
Genital
 Mutilation
awareness
 raising
 team:
a/e:
Equis_mgf@yahoo.es;
Associació
 E‐kre@.
 Community
 involvement
 for
 the
 prevention
 of
 female
 genital
 mutilation:
 www.ekrea.org
 a/e:ekrea@ekrea.org;
 Associació
 Yamari‐kafo:
 yamarikafo@hotmail.com;
 Associació
 de
 dones
 antiablació
 (Amam
 España):www.amam.es
 a/e:
 amamespana@yahoo.es 31 
For
example,
Institut
Catalá
de
la
Salut
(Departament
de
Salut,
Generalitat
de
Catalunya)
has
published
lea_lets

and
a
website:
http://www.gencat.cat/ics/usuaris/campanyes/sunna/index.html 32 
 STOP.
 Mutilación
 Genital
 Femenina.
 Guía

de
Prevención;
 Comisión
 Interdisciplinar
 para
 la
 prevención
 de
 la
 Mutilación
Genital
Femenina,
Gobierno
de
Aragón,
2004 http://www.hera2001.com/violenciasporhonor/upload/doc91_Guia_Mutilacion_Arargon.pdf http://mgf.uab.es/doc/8m.pdf;
http://issuu.com/josegarciaanon/docs/2004_stop_mgf_aragon 33
Plan
Integral
para
la
prevención
y

erradicación
de
la
violencia
contra
las
mujeres
en
Aragón,
de
24
de
febrero
de

2004,
del
Gobierno
de

Aragón

(
Orden
de
2
de
abril

de
2004,
del
Departamento
de
Servicios
Sociales
y
Familia,
 publicada
en
el
Boletín
O_icial
de
Aragón,
nº
49,
30
de
abril
de
2004).
 20

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

b.3)
In
Navarra:
 There
 is
 a
resolution
from
the
 regional
Parliament
of
Navarra
(26th
march
2009)
that
 urges
 the
 Goverment
 of
Navarra
 to
 submit
 within
 six
 months
 an
 action
 protocol
 for
 women
 who
 have
 undergone
 genital
 mutilation,
 taking
 into
 account
 health,
 educational,
 social
 and
 psychological
aspects.34 c)
Guidelines
for
professionals:
 There
 are
guidelines
 for
professionals
or
 sectors
(social,
 health,
 education,
 police)
 edited
by
 the
 midwives
 association
 (Kaplan‐Martínez
 Bueno
 2004,
 Kaplan‐Pérez
 2006),
 the
 Welfare
 Of_ice
(Romeu,
2002a,
2002b;
206,
2007)

or
the
Health
Of_ice
(Gobierno
de
Aragón,
2006). In
 other
 cases,
 NGOs
 and
 civil
 associations
 have
 published
 guides,
 websites
 and
 other
 reports35. Besides,
there
is
a
protocol
for
regional
police
in
Catalonia
(2008)
inspired
in
the
principles
of
 prevention,
networking
and
interdisciplinary
work.

(Generalitat
de
Catalunya,
2008,
75‐76)36

d)
Public
instructions There
 is
 an
 Instruction
 of
 
 Attorney
 General
 of
 
 Valencian
 Community
 addressed
 to
 public
 attorneys
 and
 police
 about
 how
 to
 proceed
 in
 the
 prevention
 and
 punishment
 of
 genital
 mutilation,
November
thr
4th,
2004 37. 34 http://www.parlamento‐navarra.es/castellano/Resoluciones/Resoluciones159.asp;

BOPN,
 nº
 26
 ,
 2th
 april

2009;
http://www.parlamento‐navarra.es/castellano/boletines/2009/b2009026.pdf

35 
Medicus
Mundi(Andalucia)
has
a
website
to
informa
about
FGM
http://www.luchamgf.org/
and
has
published

in
2009
 
 a
guide
addressed
to
 the
health
sector
to
 prevent
 Female
 Genital
Mutilation.
 (Medicus
 Mundi
 2008a,
 2008b);

http://medicusmundiandalucia.blogspot.com;
http://www.medicusmundi.es. NGO
“Paz
 y
 Desarrollo”
 has
 published
a
 guide:
Paz
 y
Desarrollo,
 Cooperación
al
desarrollo
 en
 el
 ámbito
 de
la
 salud
 y
 los
 derechos
 sexuales
 reproductivos.
 Guía
 metodológica.
 
Paz
 y
 Desarrollo.
 Junta
 de
 Andalucía.
http:// mgf.uab.es/doc/8s.pdf;
http://issuu.com/drets/docs/paz_desarrollo_mgf_andalucia 36 
 Departament

d’interior,
 relacions
 institucionals
 i
 participació,
 Protocol
de
 prevenció
 i
 atenció
 policial
 de
 la
 mutilació
 genital
 femenina
 (MGF),
 Programa
 de
 Seguretat
 contra
 la
 violència
 masclista,
 DIRIP,
 Generalitat
 de
 Catalunya,
juliol
2008;
http://www.gencat.cat/interior/policia/violenciamasclista/protocol_mgf.htm http://www.gencat.cat/interior/policia/violenciamasclista/protocol_MGF.pdf 37
http://issuu.com/drets/docs/2004_instruccion__iscal_valencia

21

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

e)
Other
actions There
are
other
formative
and
informative
actions
promoted
by
local
or
regional
governments
 included
as
part
of
plans
or
policies
against
gender‐based
violence 38. 1.3.
Cases:
preventative
measures
and
cases
in
Court This
 change
 of
 law
 has
 not
 changed
 procedures
 of
 prevention
 and
 there
 are
 some
 child
 protection
 cases
 in
 Administrative
 procedure.
 On
 the
 other
 hand,
 all
 court
 cases
 are
 held
 before
the
change
of
law
in
2003,
and
all
of
them
have
been
_iled. 1.3.1.
Administrative
and
court
preventive
measures There are some child protection preventive cases but it is not possible to concrete a number. For example, Instituto de la Mujer (Women Institute, Equality Office), collecting data from Ministerio del Interior (Home Office), shows these reports on genital mutilation39:

From Women From Men

2004 7 2

2005 7 1

2006 11 0

2007 6 0

There
has
been
an
increase
in
the
number
of
reports
 received
in
recent
years
and
more
than
 two
 hundred
 girls
 are
 affected40.
 But,
 only
 in
 two
 cases,
 Premià
 de
 Mar
 (Barcelona)
 and
in
 Cervera
(Lleida),
parental
rights
were
taken
away.

38
Gobierno
de
Cantabria,
Hablando
de
Infancia:
La
mutilación
genital
femenina
,
Gobierno
de
Cantabria,
Dirección

General
 de
 Políticas
 Sociales,
 Consejería
 de
 Sanidad
 y
 Servicios
 Sociales,
 2006,
 http:// www.serviciossocialescantabria.org/pdf/infancia/MutilacionGenitalFemenina.pdf 39

Figure
 about:
 Reports
 based
 on
 penal
 offences
 (2002‐2007):
 http://www.migualdad.es/mujer/mujeres/ cifras/tablas/W303‐2.XLS http://www.migualdad.es/mujer/mujeres/cifras/violencia/denuncias.htm 40
Department
of
Social
Action
and
Citizenship
(Generalitat
de
Catalunya)
says
that
between
2003
and
2005
there

were
more
than
100
cases
of
girls
on
risk
in
Girona
,El
Pais,
24‐12‐2007;
 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/cataluna/Descubiertas/ninas/Girona/riesgo/ablacion/elpepiespcat/ 20071224elpcat_13/Tes) 22

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain According
to
 Report
 on
 security
in
 Catalunya
 2008
 "the
increase
in
reports
 collected
seem
to
 respond
to
 a
process
of
awareness,
 training
and
information
being
implemented
in
different
 institutions
 and
 organizations
 of
 Catalan
 society,
 resulting
 in
 a
 number
 of
 outcrop
 reports,
 thus
enabling
a
process
of
clear
visibility
of
the
issue
of
FGM.”
(Generalitat
de
Catalunya,
2008,
 75) Reports
received
by
Mossos
d’Esquadra

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Cases

12

23

30

31

36

55

Girls

‐

41

58

59

67

104

Source:
Mossos
d’Esquadra
(O_icina
de
Relacions
amb
la
Comunitat
de
la
Regió
Policial
de
Girona)
(Generalitat
de
 Catalunya,
2007,
81‐82;
2008,
75‐76;
García
Sánchez,
2009,
22)

And
 in
 the
 last
 year,
 as
 said
 by
 the
 Home
 Secretary
 of
 Generalitat
 of
 Catalonia,
 Mossos
 d’Esquadra
are
avoided
around
40
cases
of
female
genital
mutilation,
and

in
the
_irst
semester
 of
 2008,
 18
 cases.41 
 According
 to
 police,
 in
 that
 year,
 104
 genital
 mutilation
 have
 been
 prevented
(García
Sánchez,
2009,
21).
In
Aragon,
there
are
no
cases
of
the
practice
but
around
 _ifty
African
and
Oriental
 families
 are
on
risk,
 in
opinion
of
the
Health
Center
 Director
(year
 2004).
In
Hospitals
they
have
seen
some
cases
and
they
inform
directly
to
judge 42. We
 have
 compiled
 documental
 information
 about
 eleven
 preventive
 cases
 held
 in
 courts
 between
2000
and
2008. In this research we have included all documented preventive court cases we had access to. There will be more, but with these we may see which measures are adopted by Courts and in which ways. Cases are originating from the health sector, social services and citizens. In the context of this case study, it is not possible to establish how many cases remain unreported. We have reported and extracted here eleven cases until 2008. In
 case
 of
 a
 reported
 risk
 for
 FGM,
 child
 protection
 procedures
 are
 initiated.
 In
 general,
 a
 hearing
with
the
family
is
organised,
parents
are
counselled,
and
future
holidays
in
Africa
are
 noti_ied
 to
 the
 police
 or
 the
 social
 authorities.
 If
 there
 is
 an
 immediate
 need
 for
 care
 or
 protection,
 a
judge
orders
compulsory
measures,
such
as
the
prohibition
to
leave
the
country,
 41
La
Vanguardia,
17/7/2008,
http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/20080717/53502545829.html

42
El
Periódico
de
Aragón,
30/9/2004,
http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=141498

23

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain the
removal
 of
 the
passport
 of
the
girl,
 the
 realisation
of
a
 medical
 examination
 by
 a
 doctor
 after
return
from
holiday.
 In
 the
 cases
 collected,
 personal
 data
 have
 been
 omitted
 and
 we
 have
 pointed
 out
 the
 year,
 complainant,
 country
 of
 origin,
 legal
 situation
 of
 case,
 if
 mutilation
 was
 practiced
 and
 the
 source
of
information.
 Most
of
cases
are
civil
proceedings
through
a
voluntary
jurisdiction
process.
In
cases
of
penal
 procedure,
 measures
 are
 decided
 in
 an
 incidental
 proceeding.
 These
 cases
 are
 held
 in
 Catalonia
and
Aragón,
and
in
most
of
them,
country
of
origin
is
Gambia,
but
from
Senegal
and
 Mauritania,
 too.
 In
all
cases,
 except
case
A,
preventive
measures
were
adopted
as
established
 in
 the
 protocol
 and
 they
 were
 effective
 because
 mutilation
 was
 not
 adopted.
 Case
 A
 was“disappointing
 from
 the
 point
 of
 view
 of
 juridical
 argumentation,
 since
 the
 aspects
 we
 later
 
stated
and
collected
from
the
Gerona
Protocol
were
not
taken
into
account.
In
any
case,
 the
real
result
was
better
than
the
judicial
proceeding
had
anticipated.
The
practice
was
truly
 prevented,
 and
the
 paediatrician
could
verify,
after
the
return
from
the
trip
to
 the
country
of
 origin,
 that
it
 had
not
 been
practiced.”
(J.
 M.,
 Sección
 de
 Atención
 al
 Menor
 (Child
 Protection
 Of_ice),
Dirección
Territorial
de
Justicia
de
Girona)
Justice
and
Law
Of_ice
in
Girona,
Generalitat
 de
Catalunya. In
some
cases,
 as
case
J,
there
was
precipitation
in
taking
legal
measures
because
it
could
had
 been
 resolved
 through
 the
 investigation
 in
 the
 history
 of
 the
 family
 who
 were
 against
 the
 practice
of
female
mutilation. The
summary
is
as
follows:
 Case
 A.
 Year
 2000:
 Santa
 Coloma
 de
 Farners
 (Girona).
 Initial
 procedure
 (Diligencias
 indeterminadas)
 449/00,
 Court
 of
 First
 Instance
 and
 Preliminary
 Investigations
 number
 3,
 Santa
Coloma
de
Farners
(Girona) A
paediatrician
informed
the
court
of
the
intention
of
a
Senegalese
national
to
travel
 with
his
 daughter
 to
 his
 country
 of
 origin
 in
 order
 to
 have
 mutilation
 performed
 on
 the
 child.
 The
 doctor
 learned
 the
 facts
 through
 the
 comments
 made
 by
 the
 mother,
 who
 was
 against
 the
 practice. The
 Department
 of
Public
 Prosecution
 required
 the
 adoption
of
 preventive
 measures.
 After
 the
 parents
 declared
 that
 the
 intervention
 would
 not
 be
 practiced,
 the
 order
 of
 stay
 of
 24

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain proceedings
 was
made,
since
it
was
 understood
that
there
was
no
 penal
 infringement.
 It
was
 appealed
by
the
Public
Prosecutor
and
dismissed
by
the
Provincial
Court.
 Complainant:
Paediatrician Country
of
origin:
Senegal Situation:
Filed.
No
preventive
measures
were
adopted.
The
mutilation
was
not
practiced. Source:
 Original
 documentation.
 Annual
 Report
 of
 the
Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
of
 the
Provincial
Court
of
Girona,
2001,
pp.
74‐75

Case
 B.
 Year
 2001:
 Girona.
 Voluntary
 jurisdiction
 proceeding
 (expediente
 de
 jurisdicción
 voluntaria)
numer
314/01.
Court
of
First
Instance
and
Preliminary
Investigations,
numer
6
of
 Girona. A
 complaint
 lodged
 before
 the
 Mossos
 d’Esquadra
 (Autonomic
 Police)
 of
 Girona
 due
 to
 comments
 made
at
work
 in
the
presence
of
colleagues
 by
a
Mauritanian
about
 his
 desire
of
 travelling
at
 the
end
of
July
 2001
to
 his
country
 of
origin
in
order
to
 have
genital
 mutilation
 performed
on
his
daughter. The
Department
 of
Public
Prosecution
 required
the
adoption
of
urgent
 preventive
measures
 and
 to
 open
 a
 voluntary
 jurisdiction
 process,
 because
 facts
 in
 that
 moment
 were
 not
 considered
 as
 offences:
 prohibition
 of
 leaving
 the
 country
 of
 the
 child
 and
 removal
 of
 passport;
declaration
of
the
parents
of
the
child,
medical
examination
of
the
child
by
forensic
 doctor
in
order
to
determine
her
state
of
health
and
physical
integrity
and
periodical
presence
 of
 the
 child;
 parents
 of
 the
 child
 were
 informed
 and
 warned
 of
 the
 transcendence
 and
 importance
of
the
facts. The
Judge
believed
 that
 facts
 could
 not
 be
 considered
 an
offence.
 He
adopted
 the
following
 measures:
prohibition
of
leaving
the
country,
with
possibility
of
passport
removal,
inform
and
 warning
to
the
parents
of
the
civil
and
penal
consequences,
and
examination
of
the
child
by
a
 forensic
doctor. The
parents
appeared
in
court,
the
child
was
examined
and
was
found
without
any
injury,
and
 the
court
issued
a
warning
to
the
parents
about
the
civil
and
penal
consequences
were
stated,
 and
the
leaving
of
the
child
from
national
territory
was
allowed,
previous
communication,
and
 a
new
appearance
in
court
and
forensic
examination
was
appointed
_ive
months
later. Complainant:
job
colleagues 25

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Country
of
origin:
Mauritania Situation:
Adoption
of

preventive

measures.
Mutilation
was
not
practiced. Source:
 Original
 Documents.
 Annual
 Report
 of
 the
 Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
 of
 the
 Provincial
Court
of
Girona,
2001,
pp.
69‐72

Case
 C.
Year
2001:
 Santa
Coloma
de
 Farners
 (Girona).
 Preliminary
proceedings
 (Diligencias
 previas)
75/01.
Court
of
First
Instance
and
Investigation
number
2
of
Santa
Coloma
de
Farners
 (Girona). Some
neighbours
informed
to
Social
Services
about
the
intention
of
the
parents
of
travelling
to
 their
country
of
origin,
Senegal,
 in
order
to
have
genital
mutilation
practiced
on
the
child.
The
 Social
Services
communicated
it
to
the
prosecuting
authorities. The
 Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
 solicited
 the
 commencement
 of
 preliminary
 proceedings
 and
the
adoption
of
urgent
preventive
measures:
prohibition
of
leaving
National
 Territory
of
the
child,
and,
if
advisable,
removal
of
passport,
taking
of
statements
and
warning
 of
the
penal
transcendence
of
the
facts
to
the
parents.
 The
 parents
 stated
 that,
 although
 they
 had
 planned
 to
 have
 mutilation
 practiced
 on
 their
 daughter,
they
would
no
longer
do
it. The
Court
handed
 down
a
ruling
in
 which
 it
was
 formally
 agreed
to
 request
 the
 parents
 to
 abstain
from
promoting
any
action
that
impaired
the
integrity
of
their
children,
warning
them
 of
 the
 penal
 consequences
 (contempt
 of
 court,
 child
 abuse
 and
 injuries);
 and
 they
 were
 required
to
have
a
medical
examination
on
her
return
to
Spain.
 After
 their
 return
 from
 Africa,
 a
 medical
 examination
 was
 practiced
 in
 which
 no
 sign
 of
 mutilation
was
found. Afterwards,
 dismissal
 without
 prejudice
 was
 agreed,
 since
 evidence
 of
 an
 offence
 was
 not
 found. Complainant:
Social
Services,
neighbours. Country
of
origin:
Senegal Situation:
 Adoption
of
preventive
measures
and
dismissal
without
prejudice.
Mutilation
was
 not
practiced. Source:
 Original
 documents.
 Annual
 Report
 of
 the
 Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
 of
 the
 Provincial
Court
of
Girona,
2001,
pp.
72‐73

26

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

Case
 D.
 Year
 2004.
 Girona.
 Voluntary
 jurisdiction
 proceeding
 (expediente
 de
 jurisdicción
 voluntaria)
number
24/2004,
11th
february.
Provincial
Court
of
Girona
(section
2) Appeal
against
resolution
of
the
Court
of
First
 Instance
number
5
of
Girona
 that
 rejected
the
 prosecution's
request
of
prohibition
to
leave
the
Spanish
territory
by
risk
of
genital
mutilation
 of
three
children Complainant:
­ Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
 Revocation
 of
the
 resolution
and
adoption
of
preventive
measures:
prohibition
of
 leaving
Spanish
territory
by
risk
of
genital
mutilation
of
three
children. Source:
CENDOJ,
 Centro
de
 Documentación
Judicial,
 Poder
Judicial,
 http://www.poderjudicial.es/ jurisprudencia/?cuerpoframe=buscador

Case
 E.
Year
2004.
Sant
Feliu
de
Guíxols
 (Girona).
 Court
 of
First
Instance
and
Investigation.
 The
court
(May
2004),
 prohibited
two
Gambian
girls
from
leaving
the
country
until
the
age
of
 18
years
and
ordered
to
be
screened
every
six
months
until
the
age
of
majority. Complainant:
­ Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Preventive
measures
were
taken. Source:
 cited
 in
 KAPLAN
 Marcusán,
 A.,
 TORÁN,
 P.,
 BERMÚDEZ,
 K.;
 CASTANY,
 M.J.;
 “Las
 mutilaciones
genitales
femeninas
en
España:
 posibilidades
de
 prevención
desde
los
 ámbitos
 de
la
Atención
Primaria
de
salud,
 la
educación
y
los
servicios
sociales”,
 Migraciones,
 2006:19,
 p.
204

Case
F.
Year
2004.
Girona.
Provincial
Court
of
Girona.
number
7/2004,
26th
january.
 It
was
appealed
a
decision
of
court
of
_irst
instance
establishing
preventive
measures
to
three
 girls
at
risk
of
genital
mutilation.
The
court,
in
_irst
instance,
established
preventive
measures
 for
three
girls
at
risk
of
FGM:
 a)To
 prohibit
 the
 departure
 of
 the
 national
 territory
 until
 the
 
 majority
 of
 age
 unless
 subsequently
otherwise
resolved.
 b)To
 prohibit
the
 issue
of
 passports
 to
 children
until
 the
 majority
 of
age
 
 unless
 otherwise
 27

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain provided
later.
 c)Withdraw
the
passport
of
the
minor
if
it
had
already
been
issued.
 d)
To
explore
the
minor
every
six
months
by
the
court
forensinc
doctor. This
decision
was
appealed
and
con_irmed.
 Complainant:
­ Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
preventive
measures
were
con_irmed Source
 :
 Source:
 CENDOJ,
 Centro
 de
 Documentación
 Judicial,
 Poder
 Judicial,
 http:// www.poderjudicial.es/jurisprudencia/?cuerpoframe=buscador

Case
 G.
 Year
 2005.
 Zaragoza.
 Family
 Incident
 procedure,
 Provincial
 Court
 of
 Zaragoza
 (Section
5ª),
number.
274/2005,
13th
may. It
is
appealed
the
decision
of
the
Court
of
First
Instance
number
16
of
Zaragoza,
forbidding
to
 leave
the
 country
and
 the
 issuance
 of
passports
 to
 two
 young
 daughters.
 The
 reason
 is
 the
 suspicion
 that
 they
 might
 suffer
 the
 same
 treatment
 as
 two
 older
 daughters
 that
 had
been
 mutilated. Complainant:
Social
Services Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Preventive
measures
were
con_irmed.
Collaboration
with
social
 services
 to
modify
 these
measures
depending
on
reports. Source:
CENDOJ,
Centro
de
Documentación
Judicial,
Poder
Judicial,
 http://www.poderjudicial.es/ jurisprudencia/?cuerpoframe=buscador

Case
 H.
 Year
 2007.
 Girona.
 Voluntary
 jurisdiction
 process
 (expediente
 de
 jurisdicción
 voluntaria),
Provincial
Court
of
Girona
(Sección
2ª),
number
152/2007,
2th
july. It
is
appealed
the
decision
of
the
Court
of
First
Instance
number
5
of
Girona
prohibiting
three
 minor
daughters
and
their
mother
leaving
the
country
to
prevent
the
practice
of
mutilation. Complainant:
­ Country
of
origin:
Gambia,
etnia
"sarahule" Situation:
preventive
measures
were
taken.
Mutilation
was
avoided. Source:
 CENDOJ,
 Centro
 de
 Documentación
 Judicial,
 Poder
 Judicial,
 http:// www.poderjudicial.es/jurisprudencia/?cuerpoframe=buscador

28

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Caso
I.
 Año
 2007.
Girona.
 Court
 of
Preliminary
Investigations
number
2,
 Girona,
 20th
 june
 2007;
Rec.
1342/2007 Father
reported
to
the
court
that
mother
intended
to
travel
to
Gambia
with
a
daughter
of
three
 years
to
perform
the
ablation. Complainant:
Father Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Preventive
measures
were
adopted:

prohibition
of
leaving
the
country. Source:
Commercial
database. CASE
J.
Year
2007.
Premià
de
Dalt.
(Barcelona).
Court
of
_irst
instance
of
Mataró. A
 judge
 withdrew
 parental
 authority
 of
 children
 of
 6
 and
 13
 years,
 and
 put
 them
 under
 custody
of
Administrative
Protection
because
they
were
at
risk.
 It
 seems
 that
 there
 was
 precipitation
 in
 taking
 legal
 measures
 because
 it
 could
 have
 been
 resolved
through
the
investigation
in
the
history
of
the
family
who
were
against
the
practice
of
 female
circumcision. Complainant:
Social
Services
of
Municipality
(Premià
de
Mar) Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Preventive
measures
were
taken.
Parental
authority
was
withdrawn. Source:
 Newspaper
 La
 Vanguardia,
 28‐12‐2007;
 http://www.lavanguardia.es/lv24h/ 20071228/53422298890.html

CASE
K.
Year
2008.
Cervera
(Lleida).
 Court
of
preliminary
investigations
of
Cervera
(Lleida)
 ordered
 to
 retain
 the
 residence
 permit
 of
 
 a
 seven‐year‐old
 girl
 from
 Gambia
 on
 risk
 of
 mutilation. Complainant:
a
citizen/Mossos
d’Esquadra Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Preventive
measures
were
adopted.
Mutilation
was
not
practiced. Source:
Europa
Press,
22‐1‐2008;
 http://terranoticias.terra.es/nacional/articulo/cervera_lerida_juez_impide_salir_2195911.htm

1.3.2.
Penal
Court
Cases
 29

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain There
 is
 information
 collected
 here
 of
six
 court
 cases.
 All
 of
them
 are
 _iled
and
 are
 held
in
 Cataluña
and
Mallorca
before
the
change
of
law
 in
2003.
 Countries
of
origin
are
Gambia
and
 Mali.
 In
the
newspapers
there
are
informations
 of
other
six
cases
 in
Aragón
but
we
 have
not
 included
them
here
because
we
have
no
more
information
43 . According
to
 the
information
collected,
reports
 with
regard
to
a
suspicion
of
performed
FGM
 are
followed
up
by
a
preliminary
police
investigation.
In
the
process
of
gathering
evidence,
the
 realisation
 of
 a
 medical/genital
 examination
 of
 the
 victim
 is
 paramount.
 Until
 now,
 no
 evidence
has
 been
found
to
 open
the
oral
phase
of
the
criminal
procedure
by
 lack
 of
proof
of
 who
 is
 the
 author,
 or
 because
 facts
 are
 committed
outside
 the
country.
 In
 a
 case
(1)
 it
 was
 applied
as
a
cause
of
exclusion
of
criminal
liability
 “error
 in
law”.
 Error
in
law
could
only
 
be
 applied
as
 an
exclusion
cause
 the
_irst
time
a
case
arrives
 to
 courts,
 but
 it
seems
dif_icult
 to
 justify
it
later
on. A
different
case
is
a
boy
circumcision
held
in
the
Provincial
Court
of
Castellón
(355/2006)
that
 dedided
that
conduct
is
not
 included
as
an
offence
because
there
is
 no
injury
and
is
included
 in
the
family
practice
of
muslim
and
jew
cultures.44 Case
 1.
 Year
1993.
 Matró
 (Barcelona).
 Preliminary
inquiries
 (previous
 judicial
 proceeding)
 number
 66/93.
 Court
 of
 _irst
 instance
 and
 preliminary
 investigations
 number
 1,
 Mataró
 (Barcelona) There
was
a
phone
report
to
 the
court
from
the
Urgencies
Service
of
Gynecology
of
a
Hospital
 related
to
 some
 injuries
 in
the
 genital
 organs
 of
 a
 girl.
 The
 judge
 opened
previous
 judicial
 proceedings,
and
he
interviewed
the
parents.
 In
the
declaration
they
explained
that
 
mutilation
had
been
carried
out
on
the
8
year‐old
girl
 by
 a
woman
 of
 certain
religious
 authority
 that
 arrived
 in
 Spain
 to
 carry
 out
 the
 procedure.

43 
El
País,
 3‐5‐2001;
http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/_iscal/Aragon/abre/diligencias/casos/ablacion/

elpepisoc/20010503elpepisoc_3/Tes;
 El
 País,
 13‐5‐2001;
 http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/Zaragoza‐ Banyoles/viaje/mutilacion/genital/elpepisoc/20010513elpepisoc_5/Tes 44 
Original
 text:
“…se
trata
de
 una
intervención
de
cirugía
 ambulatoria
consistente
en
la
 exéresis
de
la
porción

distal
 del
 prepucio
 o
 piel
 que
 recubre
 el
 glande.
 Forma
 parte
 del
 ritual
 infantil
 masculino
 de
 las
 culturas
 musulmana
 y
 judía
 y,
 aunque
 posiblemente
 tuviera
 en
 su
 origen
 como
 _inalidad
 facilitar
 la
 higiene,
 en
 la
 actualidad
está
plenamente
incorporada
a
los
acontecimientos
familiares
de
las
culturas
 citadas
 donde
millones
 de
 varones
 están
 circuncidados.
 Correctamente
 realizada,
 no
 afecta
 a
 la
 funcionalidad
sensorio‐motriz
 en
 las
 relaciones
sexuales
o
en
la
micción.”
(SAP
Castellón,
355/2006,

21‐9‐2006,
fºjº
2º).
Before
the
change
of
the
law
 in
2003
there
was
 a
case
in
 Roquetas
 de
Mar
 (Almeria)
of
 a
clandestine
circumcision
of
 a
 boy
 of
6
years
 from
 Guinea
 Bissau.
 
 Father
 and
 uncles
 were
 charged
 with
 an
 offence
 of
 injuries.
 El
 País,
 10‐7‐2002;
 http:// www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/detenidos/mutilar/nino/anos/ritual/circuncision/elpepisoc/ 20020710elpepisoc_4/Tes 30

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Usually
she
perfomes
these
rites
 in
her
 own
country.
 The
circumcision
was
also
practiced
to
 the
 son.
 The
 parents
 manifest
 to
 ignore
 that
 these
 practices
 are
 punishable
 in
 Spain.
 They
 understand
that
these
 practices
 are
 a
tradition
of
cultural
 and
religious
 type
 rooted
in
their
 country. After
an
examination
by
 the
forensic
 doctor
 they
found
that
 recent
 amputation
 (10
days)
of
 the
clitoris
and
major
lips
had
been
carried
out. The
Prosecutor
argued
the
 “error
in
law”
(“error
de
 prohibición”)
 (Art.
 6
 bis
 a),
 par.
 3
Penal
 Code)
 as
 cause
 of
 exclusion
 of
 the
 criminal
 liability,
 since
 they
 believed
 acting
 correctly:
 ignoring
the
forbidding
norm
or
understanding
they
act
under
a
justi_ication
cause. The
judge
declares
nonsuit
for
not
being
the
constituent
facts
of
a
crime
and
also
to
appreciate
 the
 “error
 in
 law”.
 In
 crimes
 against
 the
 physical
 integrity
 the
 intention
 is
 demanded
 from
 injuring
 (animus
 laendi).
 In
 the
 case,
 intentional
 element
 doesn't
 exist,
 since
 the
 parents
 promoted
and
facilitated
the
intervention
of
the
rite
not
only
with
the
absolute
conviction
that
 the
mutilation
was
not
an
attack
to
their
daughter's
physical
integrity
but
they
didn't
consider
 the
organ
affected
as
such. Complainant:
Gynecological
Emergency
Service
of
an
Hospital Country
of
origin:
Gambia
(tribe
Maraka
or
Saranhule).
Religion:
muslims Situation:
 Nonsuit.
 Dismissal
 without
 prejudice,
 due
 to
 facts
 are
not
 offences
 and
 “error
 of
 law”
as
a
cause
of
exclusion
of
criminal
liability.
Mutilation
has
been
practiced. Source:
original
documents Case
2.
–

Year
1998.
Palma
de
Mallorca.
Investigation
by
police
of
the
genital
mutilation
of
a
 girl
of
three
years
that,
according
to
the
mother,
was
mutilated
two
and
half
years
ago
in
Mali
 when
she
was
only
_ive
months
old.
 
Police
have
collected
some
evidence
to
 contradict
this
version:
none
of
the
doctors
who
have
 visited
the
 child
(who
 was
 operated
 for
 a
 hernia
in
 Palma),
 have
 noted
in
 their
 reports
 the
 existence
 of
 female
 circumcision
 or
 any
 of
 the
 effects
 side
 generates
 (debilitating
 anemia,
 urinary
 infections).
 On
the
other
hand,
 in
 the
passport
 of
the
parents
 there
 is
 not
a
visa
for
 entry
or
exit
from
Mali
on
the
dates
 when
mutilation
was
performed.
The
absence
of
data
on
 female
circumcision
in
the
medical
reports
shows
that
the
girl
was
mutilated
recently
in
Palma
 de
Mallorca,
possibly
in
early
1998. Complainant:
‐ Country
of
origin:
Mali 31

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Situation:
 Dismissal
 without
 prejudice,
 due
 to
 extra‐territoriality
 and
 lack
 of
 evidence.
 Practice
of
Ablation.
Probably
mutilation
was
committed
in
Spain,
but
there
were
no
proofs. Source:
 Newspaper
 El
 Mundo,
 13­6­1998;
 http://www.elmundo.es/1998/06/13/sociedad/ 13N0058.html

Case
 3.­
 Year
2000:
 Banyoles
(Girona).
 Preliminary
inquiries.
 (Diligencias
previas)
Court
of
 First
Instance
and
Preliminary
Investigations
number
3
and
number
7
of
Girona.
 Commencement
 of
 enquiries
 by
 the
 Public
 Prosecutor
 and
 the
 Judicial
 Authority
 after
 information
published
by
the
mass
media
related
to
activities
 of
genital
mutilation
practiced
 in
Banyoles
(Girona)
by
a
woman
at
the
price
of
15.000
pesetas
(90
€). Dismissal
without
prejudice
was
resolved.
There
are
no
proofs. Complainant:
mass
media Country
of
origin:
not
speci_ied Situation:
 Dismissal
 without
 prejudice,
 due
 to
 extra‐territoriality
 and
 lack
 of
 evidence.
 Practice
of
Ablation. Source:
 Annual
 Report
 of
 the
 Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
 of
the
 Provincial
 Court
 of
 Girona,
2001,
p.75 Case
 4.
 ­
 Year
 2001:
 Blanes
 (Girona).
 Preliminary
 inquiries
 (Diligencias
 Previas)
 569/01.
 Court
of
First
Instance
and
Investigation
number
2
of
Blanes
(Girona) Commencement
 of
 initial
 proceedings
 in
 May
 2001,
 after
 a
 report
 from
 the
 Paediatric
 Emergency
Service
of
the
Girona
Hospital
after
examining
a
child
from
Gambia
who
presented
 signs
of
ablation
of
labia
minora. The
parents
 declared
that
the
parental
 grandmother
performed
the
mutilation
without
their
 consent
in
Gambia
during
the
holidays
of
2000. The
Department
of
Public
 Prosecution
 solicited
the
 dismissal
 without
 prejudice,
 since
there
 was
not
any
evidence
that
it
had
been
practiced
in
Spain,
 nor
that
the
parents
had
taken
with
 malice
aforethought
the
child
to
Gambia
to
have
mutilation
practiced
on
her.
 The
court
agreed
 to
dismiss
the
case.
 Complainant:
Pediatric
Emergency
Service
of
an
Hospital Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
 Dismissal
 without
 prejudice,
 due
 to
 extra‐territoriality
 and
 lack
 of
 evidence.
 Practice
of
Ablation. 32

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Source:
 Annual
 Report
 of
 the
 Department
 of
 Public
 Prosecution
 of
 the
 Provincial
 Court
 of
 Girona,
2001,
pp.
73‐74. Case
 5.
 Year
 2002.
 Cervera
 (Lleida).
 A
 social
 assistant
 reported
 to
 the
 police
 and
 judicial
 authorities
 the
 intention
 of
 the
 father
 of
 three
 girls,
 expressed
 in
 public,
 of
 practicing
 the
 mutilation
 of
 the
 clitoris
 on
 his
 6
 and
 9‐year‐old
 daughters.
 The
 prosecutor
 opened
 an
 investigation. Months
later
the
doctors
veri_ied
in
an
ordinary
inspection
that
mutilation
had
been
practiced.
 The
 mutilation
 was
 carried
 out
 in
 Gambia.
 The
 prosecutor
 opened
 previous
 judicial
 proceeding
and
accused
the
parents
 of
facilitation
for
 a
mutilation
crime.
 The
parents
 stated
 that
the
practice
was
carried
out
by
the
grandparents
and
the
girls'
uncles
when
they
were
in
 another
 town.
 The
 parents
 believed
 they
 had
 done
 nothing
 wrong
 as
 the
 practice
 there
 is
 usual. Complainant:
social
assistant Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
 Nonsuit
 because
 the
 procedure
 was
 committed
 outside
 of
 the
 country
 by
 some
 relatives
who
 acted
convinced
that
they
hadn’t
done
anything
 bad,
 since
the
practice
there
is
 usual.
The
mutilation
was
practiced
to
the
three
sisters. Source:
 A
 newspaper:
 La
 Vanguardia,
 25‐4‐2003;
 (http://amnistiacatalunya.org/edu/2/nin/inf‐ javier.ricou‐ablacion.html)

Case
 6.
Year
2002.
Sant
Feliu
de
 Guíxols
 (Girona).
 Court
of
First
Instance
and
 Investigation
 number
1.
 Last
Summer,
four
 sisters
 between
 4
and
13
years
old
born
in
Spain
and
living
in
 Santa
Cristina
d'Aro
(Girona)
were
mutilated
during
a
visit
to
Gambia,
 the
country
of
origin
of
 their
parents.
 A
doctor
from
the
Center
for
Primary
Care
of
Santa
Cristina
d'Aro
which,
during
a
routine
visit,
 found
the
ablation
of
one
of
the
sisters.
 Subsequently
 con_irmed
the
suspicion
that
the
other
 three
sisters,
 all
 born
in
Girona,
had
been
subjected
to
 the
same
practice
during
a
recent
trip
 to
Gambia.
 A
 judge
 opened
 proceedings
 against
 parents
 for
 the
 crime
 of
injuries,
 the
 investigation
 has
 been
_iled,
at
the
request
of
the
Prosecutor,
 because
Spanish
law
prevents
prosecution
of
such
 offences
 if
 committed
 abroad
 by
 foreigners.
 Parents
 blame
 the
 Gambian
 grandparents
 for
 devising
and
organizing
the
mutilation.
 The
parents
 of
four
girls,
 living
 in
Spain
for
 over
13
years,
 said
they
 had
no
 knowledge
 that
 33

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain during
their
stay
in
their
home
country
their
daughters
 could
have
been
subjected
to
genital
 mutilation.

The
mother
of
the
four
girls
also
had
excision
of
the
clitoris
as
a
child.
 Complainant:
Doctors
of
the
Primary
Care
Center Country
of
origin:
Gambia Situation:
Nonsuit
because
the
facts
were
committed
outside
of
the
country45. Source:
Newspaper,
El
País,
8‐6‐2002;
http://www.elpais.com/articulo/sociedad/GIRONA/juez/archiva/ ablacion/hermanas/hizo/extranjero/elpepisoc/20020608elpepisoc_2/Tes/

El
Mundo,
8‐6‐2002;
http://www.elmundo.es/papel/2002/06/08/catalunya/1156742.html

45
A
query
about
the
_ile
of
the
case
was
asked
to
Government
in
the
Senate.
Boletín
O>icial
de
las
Cortes
Generales,

VII
Legislatura,
Serie
I,
Boletín
General,
18
de
marzo
de
2003,
número
617,
página
4. www.senado.es/legis7/publicaciones/pdf/senado/bocg/I0617.PD 34

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain 1.4.
Asylum
Cases The
 legal
 basis
 for
 asylum‐seeking
 based
 on
 FGM
 may
 be
 found
 in
 the
 law
 on
 equality
 on
 women
and
men
in
force
since
24th
march
200746.
This
law
has
included
a
change
in
article
3
 of
 Asylum
law
(Law
 5/1984,
 26th
 march 47)
that
extends
 the
 possibility
 to
 ask
for
asylum
 to
 foreigner
 women
 who
 
 leave
 their
 countries
 of
 origin
 due
 to
 a
 founded
 fear
 to
 undergo
 persecution
by
gender
reasons. In
 this
 moment
 Asylum
 Law
 is
 being
 modi_ied
 and
 will
 include
 in
 article
 6.2.f)
48 :
 “Acts
 of
 persecution
may
take
the
following
forms:
…
sexual
 acts
 involving
adults
or
children.”
And
in
 article
7.1.e).
 Reasons
for
persecution:
“In
assesing
the
grounds
for
persecution,
the
following
 elements
must
 taken
into
 account:…
Also,
 depending
on
the
circumstances
in
the
country
of
 origin,
 including
 women
 _leeing
 their
 countries
 of
 origin
 due
 to
 well‐founded
 fear
 of
 persecution
on
grounds
of
gender
or
age…”
 Until
 this
 moment
 only
 a
 case
 in
 the
 Supreme
 Court
 (TS,
 11‐5‐2009,
 rec.
 3155/2006)
 has
 recognized
the
 right
of
asylum
in
Spain
to
a
Nigerian
who
was
subjected
to
 FGM
and
 
forced
 marriage,
because
this
woman
suffers
from
persecution
in
her
country
because
she
belongs
to
 female
gender.
Asylum
was
denied
by
Interior
Ministry
in
2004.
 In
2006,
the
competent
Court
 (Audiencia
Nacional,
 is
 like
a
High
Court)
rejected
her
application
for
asylum,
 but
allowed
to
 stay
in
Spain
for
humanitarian
reasons.Bola
O.
born
in
a
town
in
southern
Nigeria,
where
her
 parents
gave
to
 a
 Muslim
man
with
a
more
comfortable
economic
position,
although
she
 did
 not
 want
 to,
 and
 was
 previously
 practiced
 FGM.
 She
 escaped
 to
 Benin
 City,
 where
 a
 family
 46
LEY
ORGANICA
3/2007,
de
22
de
marzo,
para
la
igualdad
efectiva
de
mujeres
y
hombres,
BOE
nº
71
de
23
de

marzo 47
 Ley
5/1984,
de
26
de
Marzo,
reguladora
 del
Derecho
de
Asilo
y
de
la
Condición
 de
Refugiado
(BOE
núm.
74,
de

27
de
Marzo
de
1984)
modi_icada
por
la
Ley
9/1994,
de
19
de
Mayo
(BOE
núm.
122,
de
23
de
Mayo)
y
por
la
Ley
 Orgánica
 3/2007,
 de
 22
de
 marzo
 –Disposición
Adicional
vigésima
novena
 (BOE
núm.
 71,
 de
23
de
 marzo)
In
 spanish:
"Disposición
adicional
vigésima
novena. Se
añade
una
 nueva
disposición
adicional
tercera
a
la
Ley
5/1984,
de
26
de
marzo,
reguladora
del
 derecho
de
 asilo
y
de
la
condición
de
refugiado,
en
los
siguientes
términos: «Disposición
adicional
tercera. Lo
 dispuesto
 en
el
apartado
1
del
artículo
3
será
de
aplicación
a
las
mujeres
extranjeras
que
huyan
de
sus
países
 de
origen
debido
a
un
temor
fundado
a
sufrir
persecución
por
motivos
de
género.»" Article
3.1
of
spanish
asylum
law
says
(Law
5/84):
"Podrán
solicitar
asilo
en
España: a)
Las
personas
a
quienes
se
hubiere
reconocido
la
calidad
de
refugiado
de
acuerdo
con
lo
dispuesto
en
el
título
II
 de
la
presente
Ley. b)
 Quienes
 sufran
 persecución,
 estén
 sometidos
 a
 enjuiciamiento
 o
 hayan
 sido
 condenados
 por
 delitos
 de
 carácter
político
o
por
hechos
 conexos
 con
un
delito
de
tal
naturaleza
o
que
deriven
del
ejercicio
de
un
derecho
 fundamental
reconocido
en
la
Constitución
española." 48
Ley
reguladora
del
derecho
de
asilo
y
de
la
protección
subsidiaria.
Project
of
Law
has
been
aproved
in
the

Congress
(25‐6‐09)
and
now
is
in
the
Senate. 35

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain member
lived,
 then
to
 Togo
and
Ghana
and
later
to
 Spain.
FGM
is
 prohibited
in
Nigeria
since
 2000
but
practice
is
still
common
in
most
of
Nigeria,
 especially
in
rural
areas.
Supreme
Court
 says
 that
 a
 situation
of
vulnerability
 and
 social
 marginalization,
 political
 and
 legal
 status
 of
 women
in
their
country
of
origin,
which
violates
a
clear
and
serious
human
rights
is
cause
for
 asylum. But
until
this
moment,
there
were
no
asylum
cases
granted.
Reasons
were: a) First,
 there
is
 an
administrative
process
 
 of
admission
and
the
 Of_ice,
 until
now
 (that
 there
is
this

change
in
law)

restricted
the
admission
of
asylum
seeking
based
on
FGM. b) 
 Courts,
 when
it
 is
 appealed
 against
 Of_ice
 no
 admission,
 consider
 FGM
 as
 a
 form
 of
 persecution
inside
Geneva
Convention. c) There
 are
 no
 administrative
 resolution
 or
 court
 decision
 granting
 asylum
 based
 on
 FGM,
except
that
of
Supreme
Court
(2009). d) 
 When
 Courts
 decide
 there
 is
 a
 restrictive
 interpretation
 and
 they
 do
 not
 grant
 by
 different
 reasons:
 1)
 The
 lack
 of
 identi_ication
 or
 passport;
 2)
 lack
 of
 credibility;
 3)
 Persecution
 by
 “society”
 and
 not
 by
 the
 State
 authorities,
 and
 that
 there
 was
 a
 possibility
to
 ask
protection
to
police;
4)
If
FGM
is
forbidden
by
law
in
that
country;
5)
 if
there
is
another
possible
escape
inside
the
country.

36

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain 2.
 Workshop:
 Female
 Genital
Mutilation:
 enforcement
 of
 Law
 and
 implementation
 of
 good
practices
 The
workshop
took
place
on
october
30th
and
31th,
2008,
at
the
Faculty
of
Law,
University
of
 Valencia.
Key
people
from
NGOs,
Community‐based
organisations,
Prosecutors,
Judges,
Health
 care
 sector,
 social
 authorities,
 Child
 protection
 authorities,
 police
 and
 academics;
 Criminal
 Law
Professors,
Human
Rights
professors,
Prodecure
Law
Professors
were
present. 2.1.
Participants María
José
Añón
Roig,
Head
of
Human
Rights
Institute,
University
of
Valencia María
Elena
Torres
Fernández.
Penal
Law
professor,
University
of
Almería. Julia
Ropero
Carrasco.

Penal
Law
professor,.
University
Rey
Juan
Carlos
of
Madrid Socorro
Zaragoza,

Public
Prosecutor,
Victims
of_ice
Coordinator,
Valencia Antoni
Llabrés
Fuster.
Penal
Law
professor,
University
of
Valencia.
 Ricardo
Juan
Sánchez.
Procedure
Law
,
University
of
Valencia Carmen
Miguel
Juan.
Lawyer.
The
AIRE
Centre
(Advice
on
Individual
Rights
in
Europe) Leire
 Lasa.
 CEAR.
 Comisión
 Española
 de
 Ayuda
 al
 
 Refugiado‐Euskadi.
 (Spanish
 Center
for
 refugees
 assistance) Yolanda
García
Ruiz.
Public
Church
Law
,
University
of
Valencia Víctor
Merino
Sancho.
Human
Rights
Institute,
University
of
Valencia Els
Leye,
ICRH,
The
International
Centre
for
Reproductive
Health,
Ghent
University Alexia
Sabbe,
ICRH,
Ghent
University Sara
Johnsdotter,
Malmö
University Linda
Weil‐Curiel,
CAMSE
‐
Commission
pour
l'abolitions
des
mutilations
sexuelles,
France Ángeles
Solanes
Corella,
Human
Rights
Institute,
University
of
Valencia Anna
Mateu
i
Vidal,
Of_ice
against
women
violence,
Girona
(Generalitat
de
Catalunya) Rosa
Negre
Costa.
Mossos
Esquadra,
Regional
Police.
Girona. Pilar
Aldea
Lacambra,
Children
protection
of_ice.
Generalitat
de
Catalunya Lucía
Henar
Esteras,
Women
Institute,
Social
Services
Of_ice,
Aragón
Government
 Àngels
Galiana
Saura.
Universitat
Rovira
i
Virgili,Tarragona Sally
Saidy.
AMAM
(Asociación
de
Mujeres
Anti
Mutilación.)
CBO Esther
Cañete
Celestino.
Médicos
del
Mundo‐Aragón.
NGO 37

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain Juana
 Moreno
 Navarro,
 Pediatric
 nurse.
 Enfermera
 pediátrica,
 
 Institut
 Català
 de
 Salut,
 Mataró‐ Maresme,
 Grupo
 Interdisciplinar
 para
 la
 Prevención
 y
 el
 Estudio
 de
 las
 Prácticas
 Tradicionales
 Perjudiciales;
Universitat
Autónoma
de
Barcelona Inmaculada
Sau
Giralt,
Pediatrician
ABS
Sta.
Coloma
de
Farners,
Girona.
 Ruth
Mestre
i
Mestre,
Human
Rights
Institute,
University
of
Valencia José
García
Añón.
Human
Rights
Institute,
University
of
Valencia

In
addition
to

the
panel
of
speakers
other
professionals
participated
too. 2.2.
Aim
of
the
workshop Some
of
the
objectives
of
the
Seminar
were: 1) Evaluation
of
known
FGM
cases
in
Spain.
 2) Evaluation
of
Spanish
Legislation
(criminal
law,
procedure
law,
administrative
law…)on
 FGM 3) Evaluation
of
protocols
and
prevention
guidelines
and
their
enforcement. 4) Evaluation
of
services
and
bodies
for
FGM
prevention. 5) Evaluation
 of
 ethical
 aspects
 and
 racial
 con_licts
 in
 legislation
 and
 in
 prevention
 measures
. 6) Formulate
 good
 practices
 and
 experiencies
 in
 the
 enforcement
 of
 Female
 Genital
 Mutilation
legislation. 7) Formulate
practical
 recommendations
to
EU
countries,
 and
if
is
possible,
a
framework
 for
FGM
criminal
law
and
child
protection

2.3.
Programme,
themes
and
methodology The
 program
 of
workshop
 was
 divided
 in
 _ive
 panels
 in
 which
 specialists
 of
 the
 particular
 areas
 prepared
 answers
 of
 the
 questions
 previously
 prepared
 by
 the
 moderator
 of
 each
 panel49: I)
Female
Genital
Mutilation
in
Spanish
Legislation:
criminal
law II)
Female
Genital
Mutilation
in
Spanish
Legislation:
procedure
law,
prevention
measures
and
 Asylum
law III)
Experiences
and
good
practices
from
other
European
Countries 49
http://issuu.com/innodret/docs/mutilacion

38

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain IV)
Experience
of
prevention
with
protocols:
Cataluña
and
Aragón V)
 FGM
 prevention
 from
 health
 and
 social
 services
 perspective
 and
 from
 civil
 society
 perspective In
the
development
of
each
panel
was
followed
the
outline
of
subjects
and
themes
established
 by
 the
 moderator.
 Conclusions
 from
 each
 panel
 and
 the
 workshop
 were
 drawn.
 Communications
 also
 were
 presented
 and
 were
 published
 in
 an
 electronic
 journal50.
 The
 sessions
were
_ilmed
and
are

accessible
on
the
internet51 .

50
Cuadernos
Electrónicos
de
Filoso>ía
del
Derecho,
17/2008;
http://www.uv.es/CEFD/Index_17.htm 51http://www.uv.es/legalskills/audiovi/mediateca/mediatecadret/Entradas/

2008/10/30_Seminario_Mutilacion_Genital_Femenina.html 39

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain 2.4.
Conclusions,
recommendations
and
good
practices
 These
 are
 some
 of
 the
 suggestions
 and
 recommendations
 from
 the
 Workshop
 after
 presentations
of
topics
and
discussions52:

1)
 It
 must
 be
 recognized
 that
 cases
 of
 gender
 violence
 are
 a
 violation
 of
 human
 Rights
 .(WHO,
 2008,
 8‐11).
 Indeed
 genital
 mutilation
 constitutes
 an
 infringement
 of
 human
rights
suffered
by
girls. For
 example,
it
 is
 recognized
 in
 this
way
 in
 the
 preamble
 of
the
 Law
 5
 /
 2008
 of
the
 Autonomous
Community
of
Catalonia,
April
24,
the
 right
 of
women
to
eradicate
 male
 violence.
(BOE
number
131
of
30/5/2008),
which
entered
into
force
on
May
9,
2008. "We
must
tackle
male
violence
as
a
violation
of
human
rights,
taking
into
account
their
 multidimensional
nature
and
therefore
the
response
must
be
global
and
incorporate
all
 entities.
At
the
same
time,
the
integration
and
 mainstreaming
of
the
measures
require
 that
 each
 agency
 involved
 de_ines
 the
 speci_ic
 areas
 of
 intervention,
 always
 in
 agreement
with
this
model
of
intervention.
" 2)
It
is
necessary
to
know
the
foreign
population
and
practising
communities
in
each
 region
to
assign
social,
health
and
welfare
assistance.
(Moreno
and
others,
2008) 3)
 The
 proposal
 to
 decentralize
 and
 territorialise
 
 protocols
 and
 action
 policies
 and
 to
 formalizate
of
coordinated
and
networked
groups
and
entities
involved
with
institutions. Prevention
 is
 best
 done
at
 the
local
 level,
 the
 closest
 one.
 This
also
 requires
 coordination
of
 different
services,
organizations
and
entities
that
exist
in
the
community.
 E.g,
 in
Catalonia,
 through
the
creation
of
"Taules"
(Mesas)
or
coordinated
working
groups
at
 the
local
 level.
 There
 are
 “Taules”
 set
 up
in
thirty
localities.
 The
groups
 are
formed
 by
 local
 Social
Services;
immigration
policies
Services,
 representatives
 of
schools;
Pediatricians
 and
/
 or
 others
health
professinals;
 Autonomous
Police
and
/
or
local
 police;
EAIA
 (Equipment
for
 the
Care
of
Children);and

other
staff
that
the
municipality
considers
appropriate. In
the
 case
 of
 Aragon,
 they
 are
working
 with
district
 (comarca)
protocols
because
 there
 are
 widely
dispersed
rural
areas.
 The
aim
is
that
in
the
future
there
will
 be
a
decentralization
of
 52
Some
of
them
already
appeared
in
the
conclusions
of
the
previous
report
(Leye,
Deblonde
2004)

40

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain the
 protocols
 in
 the
 region
 with
support
 of
 NGOs.
 For
 example,
 there
 is
 a
 pilot
 project
 on
 networking
 with
co‐ordination
between
the
 various
 working
 groups
 which
aim
is
 to
 review
 suspected
cases
to
discuss
what
could
be
done.
(Médicos
del
Mundo‐Aragón53)

4)Proposals
 for
 helping
 foreigners
 in
 European
 countries
 to
 avoid
 pressure
 from
 the
 community
in
the
countries
of
origin.
These
measures
are:
 a)
providing
parents
with
of_icial
documentation
translated
into
native
languages
to
show
the
 risk
of
conviction
for
parents
should
they
return
with
a
girl
mutilated. The
commitment
is
voluntary
for
parents.
The
families
demand
and
use
it
and
it
is
also
 a
way
 to
know
that
parents
are
informed. An
example
is
the
document
of
preventive
commitment
that
informs
parents
of
the
health
and
 legal
aspects
 of
FGM
.
If
they
want
 to
sign
it,
 they
 can
have
a
copy
 and
the
other
is
 _iled
with
 doctors54. b)
Through
networks
between
families,
associations
 and
professionals.
 This
 will
 reinforce
to
 families
 who
 want
 to
 stop
 the
practice.
 Now
 police
interventions
 are
 minimal
 and
 its
 Social
 Services
role,
before
they
used
to
negotiate. The
word
 and
 the
 pact
 also
 works
 sometimes.
 They
 create
bonds
 of
trust
 and
 commitment
 validated
by
professionals
who
monitor
the
cases. 5)Need
to
work
in
countries
of
origin
and
facilitate
the
change
of
mind
to
eliminate
FGM
 globally There
 are
 various
 projects
 being
 carried
 out.
 For
 example,
 the
 commitment
 
 of
 the
 government
 of
 Gambia
 with
 the
 project
 "Initiation
 without
 mutilation"
 directed
 by
 Adrian
 Kaplan,
 Department
 of
 Social
 and
 Cultural
 Anthropology
 at
 the
 Autonomous
 University
 of
 Barcelona
(February
2009). The
 project
 designed
 a
 work
 plan
 for
 the
 prevention
 of
 FGM
 practices
 in
 Gambia
 in
 which
 international
NGOs
in
the
area
take
part.
It
is
about
the
development
of
an
alternative
method
 to
 the
 ritual
 of
 female
circumcision
which
is
 respectful
 towards
 Gambian
 culture:
 that
 is,
 it

53
http://www.medicosdelmundo.org;
http://mdmaragon.blogspot.com/ 54
http://mgf.uab.es/m/docs/Compromiso_cast.pdf

41

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain maintains
 and
 enhances
 the
 cultural
 transmission
 and
 social
 belonging
 without
 physical
 mutilation. At
 the
same
time
they
will
 work
 with
Gambian
women
in
Spain,
 most
residents
in
Catalonia,
 through
NGOs,
 so
 that
pediatricians,
 doctors
 or
teachers
 who
 know
 of
cases
 of
families
 who
 travel
 to
 Gambia
will
 prepare
a
document
 that
allows
 them
 to
 fend
off
pressure
 to
 mutilate
 their
daughters. In
Togo,
there
is
a
project
with
the
participation
of
Medicus
Mundi‐Andalucia,
the
University
of
 Granada
 (Spain),
 the
 University
 of
 Kará
 (Togo)
 and
 GRADSE/PHCI
 (Group
 de
 Recherche‐ Action
 pour
le
Développement
 Socio‐Economique).
 The
 aim
 is
to
 do
 a
 research
and
develop
 action
strategies
against
FGM
adapted
to
the
socio‐economic
and
demographic
situation
of
the
 regions
of
Kará
and
Central
in
Togo. 
 6)
 Internal
 development
 of
 protocols
 in
 some
 professional
 areas:
 promoting
 information
and
awareness
to
expand
to
other
operators. For
 example,
 in
 the
 case
 of
 the
 police
 in
 Catalonia
 (Mossos
 d’Esquadra)
has
 developed
 the
 protocol
in
the
internal
sphere
to
spread
throughout
the
_ield
of
 
regional
policing.
There
has
 been
speci_ic
training
at
the
Institute
of
Public
Security
 of
about
300
police
were
trained
and
 speci_ically
police
belonging
toa
n
of_ice
for
aiding
victims. 
 7)
 Approaching
 the
 phenomenon
 from
 different
 viewpoints,
 encouraging
 dialogue,
 knowledge
 of
 the
 roles
 played
 by
 parents
 and
 the
 community.
 The
 problem
 has
 both
 an
 individual
and
community
perspective
(Moreno
et
al,
2008) 8)
Proposals
from
the
health
Vield: Given
 the
 problems
 of
 underdiagnosis
 or
 lack
 of
 understanding
 of
 some
 doctors,
 for
 this
 reason
it
 is
 a
 immediate
and
 long
 term
 health
and
 medical
 issues.
 It
 also
 has
an
impact
for
 other
medical
professionals:
psychiatric,
obstetric
... The
 proposal
 made
 was
 to
 record
 genital
 problems
 on
 pregnancy
 records
 (as
 the
 pregnant
 card),
 on
 the
 health
 card
 and
 on
 the
 medical
 record
 because
 this
 may
 be
 a
 problem,
 for
 example,
 at
 the
 time
 of
 baby’s
 delivery.
 E.g,
 Catalonia
 has
 
 e‐CAP,
 software
 containing
 the
 medical
history
of
primary
care
and
it
would
be
useful
to
record
this
information
on
it.

42

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain There
 are
 other
 concrete
 proposals:
 to
 give
 emotional
 support,
 sex
 education
 for
 young
 couples,
the
possibility,
in
some
cases,
of
reconstruction
of
the
genital
area. 9)
Proposals
of

training
for
professionals Further
 work
 is
needed
in
the
training
 of
specialists
and
professionals
 for
their
ignorance
of
 the
phenomenon,
health
and
legal
implications. Programs
 should
 be
 created
 to
 train
 professionals
 in
 the
 detection,
 recognition
 and
 intervention
with
families
and
children
at
risk.
(Moreno
et
al,
2008) Eg
 Female
 genital
 mutilation
 is
 part
 of
 continuing
 education
 in
 health
 centers
 and
 in
 the
 subject
of
Gynecology,
in
the
Faculty
of
Medicine
of
Zaragoza. 10)
Development
 of
speciVic
standards
for
the
 prevention,
detection,
eradication,
care,
 assistance,
protection,
recovery
and
reparation. For
example,
Law
5
/
2008
of
the
Autonomous
Community
of
Catalonia,
April
24,
the
right
of
 women
 to
 eradicate
 male
violence.
 (BOE
 number
 131,
 30/5/2008)
speci_ically
provides
 for
 the
cases
of
FGM
in
Article
5,
paragraph
4
as
"Violence
in
the
social
_ield
or
community,
which
 includes
the
following: a)
sexual
assault b)
Sexual
harassment. c)
Traf_icking
and
sexual
exploitation
of
women
and
girls. d)
Female
genital
mutilation
or
risk
of
it,
includes
any
procedure
that
involves
or
could
involve
 a
 partial
 or
 total
 removal
 of
 female
 genitalia
 or
 injury
 occurring
 in
them,
 although
there
 is
 express
or
tacit
consent
of
the
woman.
" Some
measures
are
proposed: a)
Investigation
of
the
phenomenon
(art.
8) b)
Social
awareness
and
information
to
prevent
and
eliminate
male
violence
(art.
9) c)
Obligation
of
intervention
and
communication
from
professionals
(art.
11) d)
Performance
of
public
policies
in
education
(Art.
12
et
seq.) e)
training
and
mandatory
training
for
all
professionals
involved
directly
and
indirectly
in
the
 processes
of
violence,
and
insists
the
government
of
Catalonia
to
design
training
programs
for
 this
purpose.
(arts.
18
and
19) f)
Measures
speci_ically
 aimed
at
the
media,
 in
advertising
should
follow
 the
duty
 to
 respect
 the
dignity
of
women
and
banning
the
generation
and
dissemination
of
content
to
justify
male
 violence,
incite
their
practice,
whether
they
are
exhibited
in
public
or
in
private.
(ar.
20
et
seq.) g)
Regulation
of
the
rights
 of
women
to
prevention,
 care,
assistance,
 protection,
 recovery
and
 redress
(Articles
30
et
seq)

43

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain There
 are
 other
 laws
 of
 the
 regions
 that
 speci_ically
 include
 genital
 mutilation
 as
 a
 form
 of
 gender
violence55. 11)
Proposals
for
distributing
information
on
existing
resources
to
speciVic
groups In
 areas
 with
 the
 presence
 of
 immigrants
 who
 belong
 to
 groups
 at
 risk,
 it
 is
 necessary
 to

 distribute
information,
brochures,
lea_lets,
videos
and
various
ways
of
materials
(Moreno
et
al,
 2008) For
 example,
 the
 lea_lets
 of
 the
 Catalan
Institute
 of
 Health
 and
 
 of
 the
 Institut
 Catalá
 de
 la
 Dona56

55 
 Ley
 16/2003,
 de
 8
de
 abril,
 Comunidad
 Autónoma
 de
 Canarias
 de
 Prevención
 y
 Protección
 Integral
 de
 las

Mujeres
contra
la
Violencia
de
Género.
(BOE
número
162
de
8/7/2003);

Ley
1/2004,
de
1
de
abril,
Comunidad
 Autónoma
 de
 Cantabria
 ,
 Integral
para
 la
Prevención
 de
 la
 Violencia
 Contra
 las
 Mujeres
 y
 la
 Protección
a
 sus
 Víctimas.
(BOE
número
 101
de
26/4/2004);
Ley
 4/2007,
Comunidad
Autónoma
de
Aragón,
 de
22
de
marzo,
de
 Prevención
 y
 Protección
 Integral
 a
 las
 Mujeres
 Víctimas
 de
 Violencia
 en
 Aragón.
 (BOE
 número
 141
 de
 13/6/2007);

Ley
7/2007,
 de
la
Región
de
Murcia
de
4
de
abril,
para
la
Igualdad
entre
Mujeres
y
Hombres,
y
de
 Protección
 contra
 la
 Violencia
 de
 Género
 en
la
 Región
 de
 Murcia
 (BOE
 número
 176
 de
 22/7/2008),
 entró
 en
 vigor
el
11
de
mayo
de
2007);
Ley
5/2005,
Comunidad
Autónoma
de
Madrid
de
20
de
diciembre,
integral
contra
 la
violencia
de
género
 de
la
Comunidad
de
Madrid.
(BOE
número
 52
de
2/3/2006);
Ley
 12/2008,
 de
3
de
julio,
 Comunidad
 Autónoma
 Valenciana
 de
 protección
 integral
 de
 la
 infancia
 y
 la
 adolescencia
 de
 la
 Comunitat
 Valenciana.
 (BOE
 número
 200
 de
 19/8/2008)
 http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2008/08/19/pdfs/ A34843‐34873.pdf 56http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/icdones/02%20Serveis/Documents/Arxius/ressenyes_mutilaciofeminina.doc

44

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

Other
discussed
aspects: *Prevention
Procedure
Laws There
 are
 no
 speci_ic
 prevention
 and
 precautionary
 measures
 (protective
 measures/ preliminary
injunction)
on
FGM,
so
it
would
be
open
to
discussion
if
they
are
necessary
or
not. Discussion
 about
 what
 kind
of
jurisdiction
or
 procedure
would
be
 more
 appropriate
to
 deal
 with
such
problems:
criminal,
Gender
Violence,
Family,
Child
Protection
. *Jurisdiction
 In
cases
where
the
acts
are
committed
outside
Spanish
territory,
competent
Courts
are
the
 Central
Court
of
Investigation
and
the
Criminal
Chamber
of
National
Court
(Audiencia
 Nacional),
both
based
in
Madrid.
The
physical
and
geographical
location
can
be
a
barrier
to
 the
reporting
of
the
facts
and
it
would
be
advisable
to
follow
the
approach
of
territorial
 jurisdiction
for
the
bene_it
of
the
victim. *Discussion
about
whether
professionals
should
report
cases It
is
argued
that
knowing
that
the
practice
is
 a
crime,
if
they
are
not
going
to
report,
practice
 will
become
even
more
 
occult.
 But
others
 say
that
when
people
arrive
in
a
different
country
 will
 have
 to
 accept
 the
 laws
 of
 that
 place.
 In
 whatever
 case,
 others
 say
 that
 professionals
 should
also
report
any
case
as
it
is
a
violating
of
human
rights. *Discussion
 on
whether
 the
argument
of
health
 is
 not
 the
 most
 important
 argument
 for
 the
 prevention,
because
in
fact
some
Africans
do
not
see
it,
because
they

assume
it. *Discrimination
and
stigmatization Some
 groups
 (from
 an
anthropological
 perspective)
argue
 that
 procedures
 in
 the
 protocols,
 the
role
of
police
and
social
 services,
 are
repressive
rather
than
preventive.
 In
this
 way,
 girls
 who
are
planning
to
travel
to
their
home
country
on
holidays
are
stigmatized
in
a
situation
of
 criminalization
 in
 our
 country.
 For
 example,
 can
 become
 dependent
 on
 social
 services,
 or
 parents
can
be
imprisoned
.

45

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

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María
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in
Spain COMISIÓN
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2006 47

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enforcement
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571‐600 JOHSDOTTER,
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50

Prevention
and
enforcement
of
Female
Genital
Mutilation
Legislation
in
Spain

With
the
support
of
the

European
Commission,
Daphne
programme
to
combat
violence
against
children,
young
people
and
 women

Consolider
Programme,
Secretaria
de
Estado
de
Universidades
e
Investigación
,
 Ministerio
de
Educación
y
Ciencia
de
España
 (El
tiempo
de
los
derechos,
CONSOLIDER
2008­00007)

51

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