International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications covers all major areas of animal biotechnology, and publishes peer-reviewed articles that give an insight in to the ongoing research and recent advancement of the topic. Journal also covers stem cell technology, infectious diseases and probiotics as additional fields under the scope of the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Animal genetics and genomics

 Transgenic technology  Reproductive biotechnology  Infectious diseases  Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment  Transgenic animals  Animal cell culture  Probiotics & feed biotechnology  Gene cloning and expression  Stem cells  Cryopreservation  Animal tissue culture  Recombinant DNA technology

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India

Dr. Lingayya Hiremath Department of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Leon Pereira University of Mumbai, Bio-safety Committee of Bharat Serums and Vaccines, India

Dr. Kumaresan Mohan Udaya School of Engineering Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. K Purushotham Reddy Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Dr. Avinash Cheekoth Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs, UAE

Dr. Rekha Khandia Department of Science and Technology, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Animal Biotechnology and Applications issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Animal Biotechnology and Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Animal Biotechnology and Applications, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Animal Biotechnology and Applications in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Animal genetics and genomics, Transgenic technology, Reproductive biotechnology, Infectious diseases, Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment, Transgenic animals, Animal cell culture, Probiotics & feed biotechnology, Gene cloning and expression, Stem cells, Cryopreservation, Animal tissue culture, Recombinant DNA technology etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Animal Biotechnology and Applications and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Animal Biotechnology and Applications readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Botulinum Toxin: Cosmetic Purposes Peenal Raj

2. An Overview of Stem Cells Som Kumar

3. Cryopreservation of Embryo Manjit Singh

4. Transgenic Animal: Their Production, Benefits and Concerned Ethical Issue Rahul Sharma

5. Animal Cell Culture: Features, Requirements and Various Applications Som Kumar

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

eISSN: 2455-7315 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Botulinum Toxin: Cosmetic Purposes Peenal Raj*

Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, U.P., India

ABSTRACT Botulinum toxins are used for curing skin problems and for cosmetic purposes. These are generally called as BTX. It had been used earlier for reducing certain muscle activities which were responsible for aging symptoms. Dr. Alan Scott had started his research in the BTX about 40 years ago. BTX has so many types like A, B, E and F but the type used for cosmetic treatment is type A. BTX type A is used for the treatment of blepharospasm, a physiological condition in which there is recurring closing of the eyelids. The main mechanism lies in the inhibition of release of neurotransmitter, acetylcholine at the junction of nerves and muscles. It also acts at the parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. It is used in the form of injections and it is effective for about 3 months. The overuse of BTX injections may weaken the adjacent muscles. Botulinum toxin type A is very much needed for future generation because we live in a society where looks matters most of the time rather than knowledge so everyone wants to look younger and smarter than others. Keywords: Botulinum toxin, cosmetics, aging; skin problems, acetylcholine

INTRODUCTION The earth consists of large varieties of species which are present in nature. One of the smallest organisms is bacteria which are present everywhere in the environment. The bacterium Clostridium botulinum, anaerobic in nature produces the botulinum neurotoxins. It is the most poisonous substance present in the nature. It causes food poisoning and it also affects the autonomic nervous system. Van Emergen describes the relation between botulism and the bacterial toxin in 1897.[1] The botulinum toxin stops the transmission of the neuromuscular.[2] Dr. Alan Scott was an ophthalmologist and in 1981, he used botulinum toxin for the treatment of strabismus for the first time.[3] Then after some time Dr. Jean and Dr. Alastair Carruthers observed that there is reduction in the vertical and horizontal lines on the forehead and reported in 1992.[4] The USA had conducted a study on seven hundred

people for double-blind and declared that BTX type A is safe to use for cure of lower forehead vertical lines (Figure 1).[5]

Fig. 1. Botulinum research in different countries.(Source: http://earthzine.org/2009/02/10/botulinumtoxins-the-good-bad-and-the-ugly/). There are various products of botulinum toxin, type A like Onabotulinumtoxin A,

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

eISSN: 2455-7315 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Overview of Stem Cells Som Kumar

Department of Biotechnology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India

BACKGROUND Immature microorganisms are a class of undifferentiated cells that can separate into specific cell types. Generally, immature microorganisms originate from two fundamental sources: 



Embryos framed amid the blastocyst period of embryological advancement (embryonic immature microorganisms) and Adult tissue (grown-up immature microorganisms).

Both types are for the most part characterized by their strength, or potential to separate into various cell types, (for example, skin, muscle, bone, and so on.). ADULTS STEM CELLS Adult stem cells exist throughout the body after embryonic development and are found within various types of tissue. These undeveloped cells have been found in tissues, for example, the cerebrum, bone marrow, blood, veins, skeletal muscles, skin, and the liver. They stay in a nondividing state for quite a long time until initiated by infection or tissue damage. Adult stem cells can separate or restore itself uncertainly and empowers them to produce a scope of cell sorts from the beginning organ or even recovers the whole unique organ [1, 2]. It is by and large felt that grown-up undifferentiated organisms are restricted in their capacity to separate in view of their tissue of origin, yet there is some confirmation to propose

that they can separate to end up distinctly other cell types. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS Embryonic undifferentiated cells are derived from a four-or five-day-old human embryo blastocyst phase of development. The embryos are typically created in IVF (in vitro treatment) clinics where a several eggs are fertilized in a test tube, however just a single is implanted into a woman. Sexual reproduction begins when a male's sperm prepares a female's ovum (egg) to shape a solitary cell called a zygote. The single zygote cell then starts a progression of divisions, shaping 2, 4, 8, 16. Following four to six days - before implantation in the uterus - this mass of cells is known as a blastocyst. The blastocyst comprises of an inward cell mass (embryoblast) and an external cell mass (trophoblast). The external cell mass turns out to be a piece of the placenta, and the internal cell mass is the gathering of cells that will separate to wind up distinctly every one of the structures of a grown-up life form. This last mass is the wellspring of embryonic undeveloped cells - totipotent (cells with aggregate potential to form into any phone in the body). CREATIVE COMMONS LICENSE In a typical pregnancy, the blastocyst organizes proceeds until implantation of the incipient organism in the uterus, and soon thereafter the developing life is alluded to as a baby. This more often than not happens before the end of the tenth

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

eISSN: 2455-7315 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Cryopreservation of Embryo Manjit Singh

Department of Biotechnology, DAV College, Jalandhar, India

BACKGROUND Cryopreservation or cry conservation is a procedure where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs or whatever other natural develops powerless to harm brought on by unregulated chemical kinetics are protected by cooling to low temperatures[1](typically - 80 °C utilizing strong carbon dioxide or - 196 °C utilizing fluid nitrogen). At sufficiently low temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activities which may make harm the biological material being referred to be viably halted. Cryopreservation techniques look to achieve low temperatures without bringing about extra harm brought about by the development of ice amid solidifying. Conventional cryopreservation has depended on covering the material to be solidified with a class of particles named cryoprotectants. New techniques are continually being researched because of the inherent toxicity of numerous cryoprotectants. [2] By default it ought to be viewed as that cryopreservation adjusts or bargains the structure and capacity of cells unless it is demonstrated generally for a specific cell population. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is the procedure in which animal genetic material is gathered and put away with the expectation of protection of the breed. Cryopreservation of embryos is the way toward preserving an embryo at sub-zero temperatures, by and large at an embryogenesis stage comparing to preimplantation, that is, from preparation to the blastocyst stage. Cryopreservation for embryos is used for embryo storage. Pregnancies have been reported from embryos stored for 16 years. Many

reviews have assessed the children born from frozen embryos, or "frosties". The outcome has been consistently positive with no expansion of birth defects or development abnormalities.[3-5] An investigation of more than 11,000 cryopreserved human embryos had no significant effect of storage time on postdefrost survival for in vitro fertilization (IVF) or oocyte donation cycles, or for embryos frozen at the pronuclear or cleavage stages. Additionally, the duration of storage did not have any critical impact on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, implantation, or live birth rate, whether from IVF or oocyte donation cycles. Rather, oocyte age, survival extent, and number of exchanged embryos are indicators of pregnancy result. METHODS Embryos cryopreservation is for the most part executed as a segment of in vitro fertilization (which by and large likewise incorporates ovarian hyperstimulation, egg retrieval and embryo transfer). The ovarian hyperstimulation is ideally done by utilizing a GnRH agonist instead of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) for definite oocyte development, since it diminishes the danger of ovarian hyperstimulation disorder with no confirmation of a distinction in live birth rate (as opposed to new cycles where use of GnRH agonist has a lower live birth rate). The principle procedures utilized for embryo cryopreservation are vitrification versus moderate programmable freezing

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

eISSN: 2455-7315 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Transgenic Animal: Their Production, Benefits and Concerned Ethical Issue Rahul Sharma

Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India

BACKGROUND Transgenic Animal is animals in which there has been a deliberate modification of its genome, the genetic makeup of a living being in charge of inherited characteristics. The nucleus of all cells in each living life form contains qualities made up of DNA. These qualities store data that directs how our bodies shape and capacity. Genes can be altered artificially, so that a few characteristics of an animal are changed. For instance, a developing life can have an additional, working quality from another source misleadingly brought into it, or a quality presented which can thump out the working of another specific quality in the embryo. Animals that have their DNA controlled along these lines are knows as transgenic animals. The larger part of transgenic animals delivered so far are mice, the animal that pioneered the technology. The principal fruitful transgenic animal was a mouse. Transgenic Animals are valuable as sickness models and makers of substances for human welfare.  Some transgenic animals are delivered for particular financial attributes. For instance, transgenic cows were made to create drain containing specific human proteins, which may help in the treatment of human emphysema.  Other transgenic animals are delivered as ailment models (creatures hereditarily controlled to display infection indications so that compelling treatment can be concentrated on). For instance,

Harvard researchers made a noteworthy logical leap forward when they got a U.S. patent (the organization DuPont holds elite rights to its utilization) for a hereditarily designed mouse, called OncoMouse® or the Harvard mouse, conveying a quality that advances the improvement of different human cancers. Production of Transgenic Animals Since the disclosure of the molecular structure of DNA by Watson and Crick in 1953, molecular biology research has gained momentum [1]. Molecular biology technology consolidates strategies and aptitude from biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, developmental biology, and microbiology. Scientists can now produce transgenic animals on the grounds that, since Watson and Crick's disclosure, there have been achievements in: The insertion of a foreign gene (transgene) into an animal is successful just if the quality is acquired by posterity. The achievement rate for transgenesis is low and effective transgenic animals should be cloned or mated. • Recombinant DNA (falsely created DNA) • Genetic cloning • Analysis of quality expression (the procedure by which a quality offers ascend to a protein) • Genomic mapping

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications

eISSN: 2455-7315 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Animal Cell Culture: Features, Requirements and Various Applications Som Kumar*

Department of Biotechnology, Mewar University, Chittorgarh, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Animal cell culture fundamentally includes the in vitro (in the laboratory) support and proliferation of animal cells in a suitable nutrient media. In this manner, culture is a procedure of developing cells falsely. Cell culture has turned into a key innovation in different branches of life sciences. Keywords: animal, cell, plastic

INTRODUCTION Animal cells can develop in straightforward glass or plastic compartments in nutritive media however; they become just too constrained eras. Animal cells display contact inhibition. In culture the disease cells obviously vary from the normal cells. Because of uncontrolled development and more adjusted shape, they lose contact hindrance and heap over each other. There is a distinction in the in vitro and in vivo development example of cells. (i) There is a nonattendance of cell-cell association and cell lattice interaction (ii) There is an absence of cell-cell interaction and cell matrix interaction (iii)Changed hormonal and nutritional environment They method for adherence to glass or plastic holder in which they develop, cell multiplication and state of cell results in modifications. The support of development of cells under laboratory conditions in reasonable culture medium is known as Primary Cell Culture [1, 2]. Cells are separated frame tissues by mechanical means and by enzymatic processing utilizing proteolytic enzymes.

Cells can grow as adherent cells (anchorage dependent) or as suspension cultures (anchorage independent).The essential culture is sub cultured in fresh media to build up Secondary Cultures. The different types of cell lines are arranged into two types as Finite cell line and Continuous cell line. Finite cell lines are those cell lines which have a restricted life expectancy and become through a predetermined number of cell eras. The cells regularly separate 20 to 100 circumstances (i.e. is 20-100 populace doublings) before extinction. Cell lines changed under in vitro conditions offer ascent to continuous cell lines. The continuous cell lines are changed, immortal and tumorigenic. The physical environment incorporates the ideal pH, temperature, osmolality and gaseous environment, supporting surface and shielding the cells from substance, physical, and mechanical stresses [3]. Nutrient media is the blend of inorganic salts and different supplements equipped

Page 19

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing «

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Jul–Dec 2016

Electrical Engineering

eISSN: 2455-7315

2 more...

« « « «

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJABA

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Animal Biotechnology & Applications

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

« « « « «

International Journal of

Mechanical Engineering

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences