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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures

International Journal of Nanomaterial and Nanostructures is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to NanoMaterials and Nanostructures All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !

Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures Special Nanomaterials Nanostructures Fabrication Nanomaterials synthesis Nanotopography Nanocomposite GML nanofilm Nanocages Nanofabrics Nanofiber Nanoflake Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys Nano Minerals: Nanoclays

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandhi Technical University, Bhopal (M.P.) India, India

Dr Kalaivani Thirunavukarasu SRM University, India

Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem Portugal

Dr. Alagiri Swamy SRM university Main Campus, India

Dr. Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

Dr. Swapnadip De Meghnad Saha Institute Of Technology, India

Dr Jay Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India

Dr. Tapas Kuila DST INSPIRE Faculty Fellow, India

Dr. Suresh Kumar Kailas S. V. National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), India

Dr. Lavanya khanna Thapar University, Patiala, India

Dr. Saeed Khodabakhshi Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI) Tehran, Iran

Dr Prashanthi Kovur University of Alberta, Canada

Dr. Michael Loong Peng Tan Dept. of Electronics and Computer Engineering (ECE) Faculty of Electrical Enginering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Skudai Johor Malaysia

Dr. Ajaya Kumar Singh Associate Professor Department of Chemistry (DST-FIST Sponsored) Govt. V. Y. T. PG. Autonomous College, (College with Potential for Excellence) Durg Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal Advisor, Sri Sukhmani Group of Institutions ChandigarhIn

Dr. Neetha J. Shetty Associate Professor, Manipal college of dental sciences Mangalore, India

Dr. Rajesh Das Associate Professor Haldia Institute of technology, Haldia Purba-Medinipur, West Bengal, India., India

Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee Deptment of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon India

Dr. S. Krishnakumar Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama University Chennai, India, India

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal, Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal (FTA(I), FISCA, FICER, FIJERIA, FIJMRAE, FANSF) Associate Professor Department of Textile Chemistry Faculty of Technology & Engineering The M. S. University of Baroda vadodara India

Dr. Shobhna Vij, niscair, nsl, new delhi, India

Dr. Pradip Kumar Roy Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Banaras Hindu University (B.H.U.),Varanasi

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures. This journal is part of the Nanomaterials and Nanostructures and is devoted to the scope of present Nanotech and Material Sciences from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nanotech and Material Sciences community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Nanotech and Material Sciences in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructured focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Nanomaterial sciences and Material Structure. Zero- One and two -Dimensional Nanostructures,Special Nanomaterials, Nanostructures Fabrication, Nanomaterials synthesis, Nanotopography, Nanocomposite,GML nanofilm, Nanocages, Nanofabrics ,Nanofiber, Nanoflake, Nanoparticles: Metals and Metal Alloys,Nano Minerals: Nanoclays The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques to share Nanomaterials, Nanostructures and Material sciences solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nanomaterial and Nanostructures community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nanomaterial sciences and Nanostructure This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nanomaterial and Nanostructures Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review P. Chowdhury, A. Banerjee, U. Gangopadhyay, S. Roy

2. Review on Graphene Oxide Composites S. Nandhini, M. Devasena

3. Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation Dinesh Singh

4. Nanotechnologies for the Future Col. Dr. Dalvinder Singh Grewal

5. Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model Mayank Sharma

International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Expedition to Nanosynthesis: A Review P. Chowdhury1, A. Banerjee2, U. Gangopadhyay3, S. Roy4* 1

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, India 2 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India 3 Project Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Meghnath Saha Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India 4 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Guru Nanak Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India

Abstract Semiconducting metal oxide (like SnO2, ZnO, Ga2O3, Co3O4,TiO2, WO3, etc.) based gas sensors are widely used for the detection of the gases like H2, CO, Nox, CH4 and other hydrocarbons due to its smaller particle size as well as higher surface to volume ratio. Presently several nanoforms of metal oxides like rods, combs, rings, springs, wires, belts, propellers are becoming popular in the field of optoelectronics, ultra-sensitive nanosized gas sensors, nanoresonators etc. for their interesting properties compared to their bulk counterpart. These distinctive features of nanostructures definitely demonstrate that metal oxides are probably the richest family of nanostructures amongst all materials. Nanocrystalline thin films of metal oxide can be produced by different methods like sputtering, spray pyrolysis, CVD, sol–gel, etc. This article provides a comprehensive review of current research activities that concentrate on synthesis of nanostructures based on nanotubes, nanorods, nanosprings, and nanowires. Most emphasis has been given on the experimental principle that is synthesis techniques with some important parameters. Synthesis procedures are elaborated. This review is aimed for the direction towards which future research on nanostructured sensors might be directed. Keywords: nanobelts, nanorods, nanosprings, nanotubes, nanowires

INTRODUCTION With the advent of nanotechnology and nanoengineering, many research efforts have been made to work on onedimensional nanostructured materials, including nanotubes, nanorods, nano flakes and nanowires and eventually several articles were published every year. Semiconductor compounds have drawn much attention during the last few years because of their novel optical and transport properties which have great potential for many optoelectronic applications. To fit the need of different temperatures, scientists were looking for large intrinsic

band gap semiconductor materials so as to expand the exhaustion regions. Extremely small size of these particles would result in quantum confinement of the photogenerated electron-hole pair, leading to a blue shift in the absorption spectrum. Some structures are nearly symmetrical. As for example rods and wires are basically alike only the length is varying. In case of wires the length is hundred times larger than nanorod. There are various characterization techniques to

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review on Graphene Oxide Composites S. Nandhini, M. Devasena* Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, India

Abstract Addition of inert nanomaterials to cement composites is gaining interest. Graphene Oxide is one such inert additive which can impart modifications in cement hydration, improve strength and durability of cement based materials. Research on graphene oxide (GO) is intensified in the recent years for its versatile applications emanating from its very small particle size. This comprehensive review will provide the fundamentals of GO and understand the effects of GO addition on the immediate and long term properties of cement composite systems. Keywords: graphene oxide, dispersion, cement composite, compressive strength

INTRODUCTION Concrete is the most widely used cement composite since it bears many advantages such as low cost, easy availability of constituents along with high strength and durability. However, disadvantages such as low tensile and flexural strength coupled with brittleness have promoted research on addition of nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, titanium oxide, nanosilica, and nanoalumina to concrete. Nano scale reinforcement of cement composite is an emerging technology that is expected to fix the shortcomings of conventional concrete. Graphene oxide (GO), a wellstudied nanomaterial possesses high mechanical and tensile strength, high Young’s modulus and therefore can be best applied to strengthen the cement composites. It has fracture strength of 130 GPa, 200 times higher than that of steel, and a Young’s modulus of 1 TPa, identical to that of diamond (1.2 TPa). GO is a form of graphene with oxygen containing functional groups acting as binders between GO and cement.[1] The benefits of introduction of GO in cement composite systems include obtainment of elastic,

lightweight and extremely strong material. The physical and chemical properties such as reactivity, sensitivity, and agglomeration capacity of GO strongly influence the overall properties of GO added cement composite. Addition of GO is expected to improve the degree of hydration of the cement paste and increase the density of the cement matrix thus creating a more durable product. Fundamental understanding of GO and past studies related to GO application is essential for increased research in this area. This is a summary paper on the work done with usage of GO as replacement of Portland cement at various ratios to improve the mechanical properties of concrete. Usage of GO as an antibacterial agent in improving the life of concrete is also discussed in this review. The influence of GO nanoparticles on rate of hydration and compressive strength are also reviewed.

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Gold Nanoparticles and Its Preparation Dinesh Singh* Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India

Abstract Among the colorimetric detection tactics, metallic nanoparticle based detection is gaining more attention due to quickness and less resource requirement at the point of use. Unique chemical inertness, shape, size and optical attributes of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) make them ideal for various diagnostic tools. In this approach synthesized GNPs were stabilized by citrate counter ions. These GNPs were characterized for their optical properties, shape, size, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering. Absorption maxima (λmax) were observed at 519.8 nm with the average particle size of 34.8 nm. Transmission electron microscopy also revealed that the average size of GNPs were about 35 nm. Negative zeta potential (– 43.2 mV) indicates presence of negative charge at the surface of GNPs. To find the stability of GNPs in buffer, two buffers (borate and phosphate) having different pH (6.5, 7.5 and 8.5) and same molarity (0.1 M) were evaluated with a purpose to determine the suitable buffer required for conjugation of GNPs to antibody for lateral flow assays. Keywords: antibody, citrate reduction, dynamic light scattering, gold nanoparticles, size distribution, zeta potential

INTRODUCTION In recent years, metal nanoparticles have attracted an increasing attention in different fields of sciences because of their easy biofunctionalization, high surface area and spectral properties. Nanoparticles are typically in the size range of 1–100 nm (1 nm=10-9). Due to their small size they comprise unusual physical, chemical and optical properties which makes them very important for diagnostic, biological and biomedical purposes. Widely used nanoparticles are, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs or GNPs), quantum dots and super paramagnetic nanoparticles. Among these nanoparticles, GNPs are one of the most useful nanoparticles in medical, chemical and biological sciences. GNPs are employed as anti-aging components for skin protection, to treat wool or cotton fibres for a permanent coloration of value textiles, polymer/gold nanocomposites for novel coatings and paintings, as catalysts, labelling cancer cells, radiotherapy and

light based therapy for cancer, scaffolds to couple carbohydrates and protein, in gene therapy. The GNPs of 15–40 nm size range can also be used in fabrication of smart sensing devices such as lateral-flow devices, lateral-flow immunoassay in biomedical sciences as diagnostic tools. GNPs exhibits high sensitivity for the detection due to characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption properties. Size, shape, dielectric properties, and local environmental conditions of the GNPs strongly affect the resonance frequency. Due to aggregation tendency the colour of GNPs may range from red to purple, to blue and almost black. In colloidal solutions, GNPs are wine red in colour with the λmax at 520 nm which can be visualized easily without any

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Nanotechnologies for the Future Dalvinder Singh Grewal* Desh Bhagat University, Punjab, India

Abstract The needs of the world are growing while the sources are decreasing. The existing systems have not been able to cope up this developing situation. It is likely that with the fast increasing population will worsen this situation. All types of sciences, commerce and arts have not been able to provide the solutions to this situation so far. Nanotechnology is the new field which provides us some hope to meet the growing challenges. New wonder nanomaterials like carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, bucky-balls, dendrimers, quantum dots, nanocrystals, titanium dioxide nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, silver nanowire and other such nanosized particles have brought a change in the materials at a surface level but need now is changing the redundant systems into new workable nanotechnology systems which could provide worthwhile solutions to the ever growing problems. This concept paper aims at delineating the role of Nanotechnology in the new world. Keywords: buildings, energy, health, nanotechnologies, space

INTRODUCTION The world has grown too big over the years and requires very large scale solutions. The various knowledge-sources provide some solutions but the continuously growing problems are going out of hands. The mushrooming of buildings, factories, automobiles, roads etc., has not only occupied large productive lands but also are spreading uncontrollable pollution. Men want shelter for which they build houses and occupy valuable spaces; they want mobility for which they create cars, buses, trains, aircrafts and even spacecrafts and to run them they build roads, rails, bridges and airports all occupying large spaces and eating into existing resources. Men fall sick by the polluted environment for which they use numerous hospitals and tons of medicines. They need eatables for which they want various food items including vegetables. They need water to irrigate fields, build reservoirs and dams

for canals and electricity. These too occupy vast spaces needing vast lands and resources. This way our earth is now occupied much beyond its capacity. The way the population of the world is growing no space will be left for human beings, animals, plants or any other type of life requiring space. This is essentially a set of problem which needs urgent solutions.[1–5] Can we spare this space for nature’s growth? Can be stop these pollutions? Can we have better treatment or control of diseases? Can we move unhindered in the open space and enjoy the nature’s beauty? Can we have better solution for our food chain? These and many more questions need to be answered. For this we have to change the systems which go on increasing the burden on the limited earth space and resources.

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International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review on Quantum Ballistic Transport Model Mayank Sharma* Department of Nanotechnology, Semiconductor Research and Development Center, IBM, Bangalore, India

Abstract Nanowire MOSFETs are perceived as a standout amongst the most encouraging possibility to expand Moore's law into nanoelectronics period. This paper audits the procedure, application, gadget material science and minimal demonstrating of Gate All around (GAA) nanowire MOSFETs. The most broadly utilized techniques for nanowire combination have been examined. The paper shows the different gadget enhancement methods and scaling capability of nanowire transistors. A process sensitivity study of silicon nanowire transistors at the end of the paper justifies the theory of nanowire FETs to carry forward the downscaling of MOSFETs in the sub-10 nm regime. Keywords: nanowire, scaling, MOSFET, VLS

INTRODUCTION The steady journey for execution change of electronic gadgets is basically fulfilled by lessening the extent of their dynamic segments, the transistors. Scaling of semiconductor gadgets to the nanoscale administration can prompt gadget execution upgrades. These incorporate decrease in working voltage, expanded velocity and more noteworthy bundling densities.[1] The more an IC is down scaled, the higher turns into its pressing thickness, the higher its circuit speed, and the lower its energy dissipation.[2,3] OVERVIEW OF NANOWIRES Following the revelation of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) by Iijima, there has been awesome enthusiasm for the amalgamation and portrayal of other One Dimensional (1D) structures, which incorporate nanowires (NWs), Nanorods and Nanobelts.[4,5] Inorganic NWs can go about as dynamic parts in gadgets, as uncovered by late examinations. In the most recent 4–5 years, Nanowires of

different inorganic materials have been blended and characterized.[6] A Nanowire is an article with a 1D angle in which the proportion of the length to the width is more prominent than 10 and the width does not surpass a couple of several nanometers. Today, this definition has been extended to atomic and molecular wires, which have proved to exhibit very interesting physical properties without necessarily having the geometrical characteristics, defined earlier. Nanowires represent the smallest dimension for efficient transport of electrons and excitons. Thus, they will be used as interconnects and critical devices in nanoelectronics and nano[7,8] optoelectronics. They are especially attractive for nano-science studies as well as for nanotechnology applications. Nanowires, compared to other low dimensional systems, have two quantum confined directions, while still leaving one unconfined direction for electrical conduction.[9] Today, different types of

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

Civil Engineering

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IJNN JAN – JUN 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanostructures

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Nursing « « « « «

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nanomaterials &

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences