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International Journal of Solid State Materials

International Journal of Solid State Materials is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of solid state and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to solid state material. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Amorphous oxide semiconductors

! Photovoltaics ! Advanced materials for CMOS ! Novel devices ! Thin films ! Crystal structure ! Quasicrystals ! Spin glasses ! High-temperature superconductivity

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Nitu R Katariya Rajiv Gandh Technical University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India.

Bhavana Singh Jabalpur Engineering College, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr Saikat Kumar Seth Department of Physics, Mugberia Gangadhar Mahavidyalaya Bhupatinagar, Purba Medinipur West Bengal, India

Tanmaya Badapanda Department of Physics, C.V.Raman College of Engineering, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Alexander Samardak Far Eastern Federal University, Russian Federation

Dr. Pravanjan Mallick North Orissa University, Orissa, India

P D Sahare Department of Physics & Astrophysics, University of Delhi, Delhi, India

Joydeep Chowdhury Department of Physics, Sammilani Mahavidyalaya, E.M. Bypass, Baghajatin, Kolkata, India

Mohammad Mirzazadeh Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematical Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran, Islamic

Dr. Malay Kanti Sikdar The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India

Rami Ahmad El-Nabulsi Neijing Normal University, Department of Mathematics, Neijiang, Sichuan, China

Dr Ramachandran Esakki Department of Physics, Thruvalluvar College Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India

Hong Van Nguyen Department of Computational Physics, School of Engineering Physics, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Vietnam

Dr. Binay Prakash Akhouri Ranchi University, Ranchi, India

Mustafa Okumuยบ Batman University, Turkey

Dr. Nabachandra Singh Asem Department of Physics, Thoubal College, Thoubal, Manipur, India

Dr. P Murali Krishna National Institute of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management, Sonipat, Haryana, India

Dr Gurmeet Singh Lotey DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Ajay D. Thakur Department of Physics, School of Basic Sciences & Center for Energy and Environment, Indian Institute of Technology, Patna Patliputra, India

Dr. M. Jayasimhadri Department of Applied Physics, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ajaykumar P Patel Arts, Commerce and Science College, Kinhavali, Tal. Shahapur, Dist. Thane, India

Dr. Narendra Kumar Department of Physics (CASH), Mody University of Science & Technology, India

Dr. M Wasi Khan Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Prof. Rupayan Bhattacharya University of Calcutta, India

Hemen ch. Medhi Lecturer , Department of Electronics St. Edmund's College, Shillong 793003,Meghalaya,, India

Dr. Santanu K. Maiti Physics and Applied Mathematics Unit Indian Statistical Institute 203 Barrackpore Trunk Road Kolkata, India

Dr. Kushal Kalita Physics Department, Gauhati University, Shillong, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Solid State Materials. This journal is part of the physics, and is devoted to the scope of present physics issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Solid State Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Solid State Materials community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Solid State Materials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Solid State Materials in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Solid State Materials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Amorphous oxide semiconductors, Photovoltaics, Advanced materials for CMOS, Novel devices, Thin films, Crystal structure, Quasicrystals, Spin glasses, High-temperature superconductivity. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Solid State Materials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Solid State Materials community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Solid State Materials. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Solid State Materials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of solid state materials. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17F R. Bhattacharya, P. Banerjee, K. Krishan

2. The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of Quantum Optical Model H. Sabri

3. Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining Better Performances Saeid Zoghi

4. Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time Dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation With Hermite Polynomial. E.N. Ganesh

5. Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO Nanoparticles E. Ramachandran, D. Alice Rajabai, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar

6. Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol Crystals S. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran

7. Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra Hydrate Ajay Agarwal, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak

International Journal of Solid State and Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Structure of the Proton Drip Line Nucleus 17F R. Bhattacharya1*, P. Banerjee2, K. Krishan2 1

University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre, 1/AF Bidhan Nagar, Kolkata, India

Abstract The odd a proton drip line nucleus 17F has been studied in a semi-microscopic model which couples proton quasi particle motion to the vibrational motion of the neighbouring even-even 18 Ne core. The experimentally observed low lying excitation spectrum, electric quadru pole moment, magnetic dipole moment, B(E1) and B(E2) values have been fairly well reproduced. The calculated rms radius of the first excited state is well reproduced and is found to be larger than that of the ground state which agrees with the experimental observation. PACS number(s): 21.60 Ev, 27.20 +j Keywords: excitation spectrum, proton, semi-microscopic

INTRODUCTION With the advent of radioactive ion beam facilities, new experimental data concerning exotic nuclei are becoming available. Some of the exotic nuclei show halo structures which has generated a lot of interest, in recent times, among various theoretical and experimental groups. Experimental investigations have shown the enhancement of sub-barrier fusion cross-section in reactions involving exotic nuclei,[1,2] which is thought to be related to the sizes and structure of such nuclei. Thus the understanding of the structure of such nuclei is of utmost importance to the study of various phenomena involving these nuclei. It is well known that the very low binding energy of the last unpaired nucleon is responsible for the large matter radii of one-nucleon halo nuclei. A number of one-neutron halo nuclei have been identified and studied in recent times. In a similar way, one-proton halo nuclei ought to exist except for the fact that the proton wave function, unlike the neutron wave function, is squeezed due to the Coulomb barrier. The nucleus 17F may be a good

candidate for a proton halo nucleus since the binding energy of the last proton is only 0.60 MeV. Experimental studies[3–5] have revealed that the spin-parity of the ground state of 17F is 5/2+ and has spectroscopic strength equal to 0.93. The first excited state is known to be ½+, with a dominant 2s1/2 single particle (s.p.) configuration having binding energy equal to 0.1 MeV. However, the root mean square (rms) radius of the ground state is 3.78 fm whereas that of the first excited state, at 500 keV excitation, is observed to be 5.33 fm.[6] Considering the ground state and the first excited state to be pure single particle configurations of 1d5/2 and 2s1/2, respectively, the rms radii of the last proton, using Harmonic Oscillator wave functions, turn out to be the same, which is contrary to the experimental findings. This indicates that coupling of the odd proton motion and that of the core may modify the wave function of 17F sufficiently to affect the rms radius of the ground state and that of the first excited state. The neighbouring even-even cores for this nucleus are 16O and 18Ne.[6] The first, 16O,

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International Journal of Solid State and Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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The Effect of Electromagnetic Field on Spectral Statistics of Quantum Optical Model H. Sabri* Department of Physics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract In this paper, we have considered the spectral statistics of two-level atoms which interacting with a single mode of a quantized electromagnetic field in the nearest neighbor spacing distribution framework. The Berry- Robnik distribution and Maximum Likelihood estimation technique are used for analyses. An obvious relation between the strength of the fields and the chaocity degrees of considered systems is reported. Also, our results show a transition between regular and chaotic limits due to the variation of mean photon number in the 0-200 region. Keywords: maximum likelihood estimation (MLE), quantized electromagnetic field, spectral statistics, two-level atoms

INTRODUCTION The microscopic many-body interaction of particles in Fermi systems is rather complicated. Several theoretical approaches to the description of the Hamiltonian which are based on the statistical properties of its discrete levels are applied for solutions of realistic problems. For a quantitative measure for the level of chaoticity in the numerous body forces, the statistical distributions of the spacing between the closest neighboring levels were acquainted in connection with the purported random matrix theory (RMT). The fluctuation properties of quantum frameworks with fundamental established classical chaotic behavior and time reversal symmetry relate with the expectations of the gaussian orthogonal ensemble (GOE) of random matrix theory. Despite what might be expected, integrable frameworks lead to level variances that are very much depicted by the Poisson distribution, i.e., levels act as though they were uncorrelated.[1-9] The

information on customary and chaotic nuclear movement accessible from exploratory information is fairly restricted, on the grounds that the examination of energy levels requires the learning of adequately huge unadulterated sequences, i.e., sequential levels test all with the same quantum numbers (J, Ď&#x20AC;) in a given nucleus. This implies, one needs to consolidate diverse level plans to set up the arrangements and perform a critical factual study. An interesting example for quantum chaos field is the most basic quantum optical model of a two level atom which interacting with a single mode of a quantized electromagnetic field.[10-21] Such systems under some special initial conditions such as strong coupling between the field and atom show irregularity which is inconsistent with the results of Graham et al[11] and Ku.[12] In

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International Journal of Solid State and Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Adding New Chemical Dopants to Wafer Chips for Attaining Better Performances Saeid Zoghi* Department of Applied Chemistry, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract Real crystals vary to the ideal one in that they possess imperfections or defects.[1] Some defects, due to impurity dopant atoms, are absolutely necessary for the creating devices in the crystal. Other crystalline defects may be useful if they present in moderate density. Most of them however are undesirable, regardless of the density in which they may be found in the crystal. Different forms of defects in single-crystal and their basic structures, mechanisms of their formation are described by, S. Wolf and R. N. Tauber, in great detail.[2] Unwanted crystalline defects and impurities can be introduced during process of silicon crystal growth or subsequent wafer fabrication processes. These defects and impurities, some are undesirable because of both can degrade device characteristics and overall gain. Gettering is the process whereby impurities concentrations are lessen in the device segment of the wafer by system of localizing them in discrete, predefined sections of the wafer where they cannot disturb device demonstration. The organization of metal contamination is one of the greatest significant features and constraints of effective integrated circuit manufacture. Gettering has extended as a significant part of the silicon fabrication procedure. Simply, gettering is a stand-by course whereby metal contamination is reduced inoffensive in the event of a letdown of method contamination management. This paper shields particular of the essential principles that motivate this significant skill and confers about numerous methods to the problematic, prominence the problems related with each of them. Keywords: crystal manufacturing, impact of chemical dopants, silicon fabrication process

INTRODUCTION All gettering techniques are based on the fundamental physical principles of nonequilibrium (relaxation) gettering and equilibrium (segregation) gettering. In relaxation gettering techniques, such as gettering by silicon oxide precipitates heterogeneous precipitation sites are intentionally formed in the regions away from the device surface. For example, oxide-precipitate regions beneath denuded zones (DZs) can be prepared during wafer manufacturing. The relaxation gettering process requires impurity super saturation, which typically occurs during a cooling from high temperatures.[1,2]

Any mobile and supersaturated impurity will quickly precipitate (“relax”) in regions of the silicon wafer with high concentrations of precipitation sites (e.g., at silicon oxide precipitates in the bulk). On the contrary, the device/surface region is depleted of oxygen (and therefore is called the denuded zone) by a prior outdiffusion heat treatment. Hence the DZ contains a low oxide-precipitate density and thus few nucleation sites, resulting in slow precipitation of supersaturated impurities. This difference in precipitation rates creates a dissolved-impurity concentration gradient, which causes diffusion of supersaturated impurities

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Modeling Quantum Cellular Automata Cell Using Time Dependent Schrodinger Wave Equation With Hermite Polynomial E.N. Ganesh* Electronics Communication Engineering, Department, Saveetha Engineering College, Chennai, India

Abstract Quantum cellular automata (QCA) is an innovative skill in the nanometer scale and has been measured as unique of the substitute to CMOS technology. QCA have a great potential in the development of circuits with high space density and low heat dissipation and allow the advancement of faster computers with lower power consumption. This paper discuss about modeling of simple QCA wire using hermite polynomials by solving Schrodinger equation thereby finding kink energy and tunneling energy of QCA Cell. The polarization value of the output QCA cell (two cell QCA Wire) is derived by statistical method and expected polarization of output QCA cell can be found theoretically. Simulations are performed for device parameters with different temperature and it was found that coulombic interaction is more for two cell QCA wire than four and three cell QCA wires due to shorter range. Stability is more for shorter QCA wire than three and four cell QCA wires. The effect of inter-dot distance and cell to cell distance of QCA cell on output QCA cell is analyzed and it is concluded that equal distance of quantum dots within the cell and also between the two QCA cells with equal distance in dots arrangement will give maximum polarization value. Keywords: majority gate, majority voting scheme, statistical quantum treatment method, quantum cellular automata

INTRODUCTION Quantum Dot Cellular Automata Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA) is an emerging technology that offers a revolutionary approach to computing at nano-level.[1] Quantum dots are nanostructures created from standard semi conductive materials. These structures are modeled as quantum wells. They exhibit energy effects even at distances several hundred times larger than the material system lattice constant. A dot can be visualized as well, Once electrons are trapped inside the dot, it requires higher energy for electron to escape. The fundamental unit of QCA is

QCA cell created with four quantum Dots positioned at the vertices of a square.[2,3] The electrons are quantum mechanical particles; they are able to tunnel between the dots in a cell. The electrons in the cell that are placed adjacent to each other will interact; as a result the polarization of one cell will be directly affected by the polarization of its neighboring cells. Figure 1 shows quantum cells with electrons occupying opposite vertices.

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International Journal of Solid State and Materials Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Synthesis and Characterization of Ibuprofen-CuO Nanoparticles E. Ramachandran1*, D. Alice Rajabai1, E. Kandasamy alias Kumar2 1

Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, Tamilnadu, India Department of Gastroenterology, Government Medical College, Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract RS-ibuprofen-CuO nanodrug crystals were prepared by microwave irradiation. The nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction method. Morphology of the nanoparticles was analyzed by Scanning electron microscopy. The Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR)s of the nanoparticles was compared with bulk ibuprofen. Optical bandgap energy of ibuprofen-CuO nanoparticles was determined from UV–Vis spectrum. Keywords: FTIR, ibuprofen, microwave irradiation, nanomedicine, SEM

INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves science and engineering. Nanomaterials are used in various sectors like biology, medicine, agriculture, pharmacy, etc. Nanoparticles (NPs) may be classified as organic and inorganic NPs. Nanotechnology is opening new therapeutic opportunities for agents that cannot be used effectively as conventional formulations due to poor bioavailability or drug instability.[1] Nanotechnology and personalized medicine are two of the most rapidly emerging areas of biomedical research, as well as two of the most promising technologies for improving health care and health outcomes.[2] Personalized medicine is often summarized as targeting the right medicine at the right dose to the right patient.[3] One of the most interesting capabilities in nanomedicine is the functionalization of NPs. Functionalization involves altering properties of NP through chemical or physical modifications that are applied to achieve a desired effect.[4]

Metal NPs are of much importance due to their high specific surface area and high fraction of surface atoms[5] and metal oxide NPs have been expected to find many applications.[6,7] Hence, their physicochemical characteristics were studied by many researchers.[8,9] Copper and silver are the most interesting elements for various biomedical applications such as: anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and bactericidal [10,11] effects. It also offers selection of radioisotopes, suitable for nuclear imaging and radiotherapy.[12] Also combination of conventional drugs such as: antibiotics, anti-inflammatory and other drugs with suitable metal NPs will improve the efficacy of the drugs and may help for the creation of templates for such formulations.

NPs are prepared from methods such as co-precipitation, microemulsion, thermal decomposition, solvothermal, sonochemical, microwave irradiation, chemical vapour deposition, combustion, carbon arc, laser pyrolysis and green synthesis. Among these methods, the microwave synthesis is a simple and an

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Mechanical Studies and Thermal Kinetics of Paracetamol Crystals S. Ramukutty, E. Ramachandran* Department of Physics, Thiruvalluvar College, Papanasam, India

Abstract Single crystals of paracetamol were crystallized by slow solvent evaporation method. Monoclinic form of the crystal was confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Microhardness of the crystal was analyzed as a function of the applied load. Kinetic analysis was made from the thermogravimetric analysis/differential thermal analysis (TGA/DTA) data using Coats-Redfern (CR) relation. Thermodynamic parameters were also determined. Arrhenius equation for paracetamol is k = 0.32 × 105 e–89703/RT mol–1s–1. Keywords: crystals, paracetamol, thermogravimetric

INTRODUCTION Hardness of a material is a function of the rigidity of crystal network which exists between the molecules or atoms of the material. It characterizes the resistance to its penetration. It also characterizes the intensity of the atomic bonds, structure and crystallization. In pharmaceutical research, thermal analysis is one of the most frequently used techniques to establish the thermal stability, shelf life period, purity level and to determine the kinetic parameters. Paracetamol (p-hydroxyacetanilide) is a well known commonly used pain relief drug. It is used in many conditions such as headache, muscle aches, arthritis, backache, toothaches, cold and fever. Enormous research articles were reported in the characterization and crystallization of paracetamol.[1–8] Mechanical[9–11] and thermal studies of few drugs[12–14] are reported by the authors recently. Thus, in this series the thermal kinetic and mechanical analysis were carried out.

The grown crystal was confirmed using single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Hardness of the material was tested using Vickers hardness measurement. Thermal analysis was carried out to estimate the thermal stability and decomposition. Kinetic analysis was made using CR relation. CRYSTALLIZATION Paracetamol was purchased from Glaxo SmithKline Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (Mumbai, India). 2.5% w/v of paracetamol solution was prepared using water/methanol (1:1 ratio). The filtered solution was transferred to crystal growth vessels, and the crystallization was carried out by controlled evaporation method in a cryogenic constant temperature water bath, initiating from a constant ambient temperature (27 °C) and setting a decreasing sequence of temperature.

Presently paracetamol crystals were crystallized by slow evaporation method.

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Spectral and Magnetic Moment Studies of Mixed Ligand Complexes of Hydroxamic Acids With Potassium Hexathiocyanato Chromium (III) Tetra Hydrate Ajay Agarwal*, Virendra Mishra, Babita Agarwal, Rahul Pathak B.S.A College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India Abstract Some hydroxamic acids eg. [L1=3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acids (TMBHA), L2= Nphenyl–3,4,5-trimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid (NPTMBHA), L3=3,4-dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid (DMBHA) and L4=N-phenyl-3,4-dimethoxy benzohydroxamic acid (NPDMBHA) prepared and reacted with L’=Potassium hexathiocynato chromium (III) tetra hydrate K3[Cr(SCN)6]4H2O. The mixed ligand complexes of hydroxamic acids characterized with the help of repeated melting point identification, by I.R.studies, magnetic moment, molar conductance and by elemental analysis(C, H and N).The geometry of complexes were found to be octahedral .On the basis of these facts the structure of the metal complexes found to be K2 [M(L’)4(L1)], K[M(L’)2(L2)2], K[M(L’)2(L3)2] and K[M(L’)2(L4)2]. Keywords: hydroxamic acids, mixed ligand complexes, potassium hexathiocynato chromium (III),

INTRODUCTION Hydroxamic acids were discovered in 1869 by Lossen.[1] Most of the hydroxamic acids have biological and biocidal activities[1-8]In recent years it has become evident that these weak acids possesses other type of biological activities[9],because the biological activities of hydroxamic acids have been mainly attributed to their complexing properties towards transition metals,[10-13] food additives, antibiotic, antagonist, tumor inhibitors, antifungal agents,anticancer, antifungal and antibacterial activity, toxilogical, pharmacological importance and their –NO releasing properties. Hydroxamic acids have bivalent coordination mode i.e., through the oxygen of deprotonated hydroxamic acids and through carbonyl oxygen atom (O,O) resulting in the formation of mononuclear complexes. The introduction of secondary coordinating

group like thiocynate does not change the coordination behavior of coordination (O,O) as bridging bis-chealating ligand. Very scanty work has been done with the Cr (III) metal with hydroxamic acids. The importance of chromium in mammalian metabolism has been studied greatly. Diet deficient in chromium develops a visible eye lesion, which causes opacity, hence keeping the above facts in mind, we thought it is worthwhile to isolate some new complexes of hydroxamic acids with Cr (III) and thiocynate group as bridging chelating ligand. Chromium compounds enhanced the action of insulin; outstanding activity is manifested by the chromium complexes extracted from the brewer’s yeast and pork kidney powder. These acts as a co-factor in insulin and facilitating the metal –insulin tissues interaction forming ternary complexes.

1. .

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Electrical Engineering

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Material Sciences and Engineering

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

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« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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JAN – JUNE 2016

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Signals

Solid State Materials

¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences