International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control intends to provide its readers with swift and concrete information on the advancements in the field of pollution control. Editors recommend high quality papers that are original and comprehensive in nature and those that focus on the application of the work done. Journal also encourages review articles that cover all aspects of pollution control and that can have an immediate impact on the ongoing research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Assessment of risk from air, water and soil pollution

! Feasible remedies for treatment and prevention of pollution ! Protection of groundwater from pollutants ! Waste disposal techniques and waste water management ! Life cycle assessment ! Feasibility study of pollutants ! Impacts of pollutants on ecology ! Assessment of environmental policies and legal aspects ! Assessment of water quality

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Jayanta Kumar Biswas International Centre for Ecological Engineering, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia (West Bengal), India

Dr. Harishankar Chandra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur, Sarguja University, Ambikapur Chhattisgarh, India

Dr. T. R. Vijayaram School of Mechanical and Building Sciences SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

Dr. K J Sreekanth Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum (Kerala), India

Dr. Ajay Bharti Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Itanagar (Arunachal Pradesh), India

Dr. Sohail Ayub Department of Civil Engineering, Z. H. College, India

Dilip B Kulkarni Institute of Engineers (India), Kolkata, & Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

Gobinath Ravindran Department of Civil Engineering, Jay Shriram Group of Institution, Avinashipalayam, Tirupur (Tamil Nadu), India

Shivaji Bhandarkar Department of Automobile Engineering, Pusa Institute, DTTE, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Pollution and Noise Control issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Pollution and Noise Control as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Pollution and Noise Control in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Protection of groundwater from pollutants, Waste disposal techniques and waste water management, Life cycle assessment, Feasibility study of pollutants, Impacts of pollutants on ecology, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Pollution and Noise Control and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Pollution and Noise Control community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Pollution and Noise Control. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Pollution and Noise Control. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Project During Construction Phase: A Case Study Y.Y. Taba, A.U. Roy, A. Bharti

2. Environment and Pollution Laws in India â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Overview A.U. Roy, A. Bharti

3. Review on Techniques Used for Wastewater Treatment Manisha Goswami, Priyanka Garg

4. Research Insight: Impact of Indoor Polluted Air on Health Nibha Singh

5. Highlights on Effects of Noise Pollution Priyanka Garg

International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Environmental Impact Assessment of Hydroelectric Project During Construction Phase: A Case Study Y.Y. Taba1*, A.U. Roy2, A. Bharti3 1

Environmental Science & Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India 2 North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India 3 Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract When a proposed construction action is considered to threaten the physical, chemical, ecological, social and economic environment, then a thorough assessment is required to be carried out and measures are identified to prevent and offset the adverse environmental impacts by conducting comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It is an important regulatory, legal and monitoring tool for all involved in decision making including planners, engineers, scientists, administrators, academicians and all stake holders in the sustainable development of hydroelectric projects pre, post and at the end of life of the installed project. It also gives avenues to the project affected citizens to voice their concern freely in the open forum, through the government mechanism, thus establishing the democratic sanctity of the constitution. Pare hydroelectric project is being constructed across the river Dikrong in the Papumpare district of Arunachal Pradesh, India to generate hydroelectricity. The project is currently under construction and has been evaluated for physical, chemical, ecological and socio economical elements in this case study. Sample pertaining to water, air and soil within a radius of 5 km is tested and results are analyzed. An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is formulated, outlining preventive and curative strategies for minimizing adverse impacts during construction and operational phases of the project. Keywords: ecology, hydroelectric, hydel, EIA, water, air, soil

INTRODUCTION Hydropower is a renewable, clean and green energy resource having high conversion efficiency, operational flexibility, long term dependability and economic superiority over the other power generation methods. There are several hydel power plants across the world which is operational even after completing hundred years of project commissioning. In addition to electricity generation, other environmental benefits include reliable water supply, improved water quality, flood control, fishery, reclamation of degraded land and irrigation. A reliable

and bounty water supply will itself pave way for palatable water supply and a sanitation system for the nearby human settlement, which is one of the most hygienic approaches to keep water borne disease at bay. However, when a proposed action is considered to threaten the physical, chemical, biological, ecological, social or economic environment, then a thorough

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Environment and Pollution Laws in India – An Overview A.U. Roy1, A. Bharti2 1

North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India Department of Civil Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India

Abstract Protection and improvement of deteriorating natural environment is a common cause and obligation of all the citizens and it is the right time for introspection by every citizen and nation as to what our future generations are going to inherit from us. It is they who will reap the grim consequences of our failure to act timely on the programmes which are needed now if we are to prevent future disaster and natural resource depletion. The constitution gives right to life for every citizen, an onerous obligation which we owe to posterity is clean air, potable water and liveable natural environment and these ought to be elevated to the status of birth rights of every citizen born today and in future. The Constitution of India was amended in 1976, to incorporate the provisions for protection of environment and imposing a fundamental duty upon the citizens of this country to protect and improve the natural environment. Article 51A mentions “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India - (g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures. The objective of the author in the article is to create awareness among all concerned in the society about the various laws on environment and pollution control that are existing in our country to ensure that justice prevails on all matters related to environment protection, which is the basis of sustenance of life on earth. Keywords: nature, air, water, noise, pollutant.

INTRODUCTION Environment include air, water, land and their inter-relationship with sun rays and moon’s coolness which exists between them to sustain life on earth i.e. human being, animal life, plants and microorganism on land and in water. We human beings are both, creature and moulder of environment which gives us physical sustenance and affords us the opportunity for intellectual, moral, social and spiritual growth in the long and tortuous evolution of the human race on this planet. In our quest for development and supremacy, we have always ruthlessly exploited the natural resources available on land, in

water and in air and have in return polluted them through the waste coming out from the products of development and warfare. A stage has reached when through the rapid acceleration of science and technology; we have acquired the power to transform our environment, in countless ways and on an unprecedented scale. Both aspects of human environment, the natural and man-made, are essential to the wellbeing and to the enjoyment of basic human rights even the right to life itself (United Nations Conference, 1972). Human being’s capability and zeal to meet its need and requirement by discovery,

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review on Techniques Used for Wastewater Treatment Manisha Goswami1, Priyanka Garg2* 1

C. C. S. University, Meerut, India University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract There is a great need for wastewater treatment for all sources of water pollution and an obvious potential for natural treatment systems. In this paper, we looked into the problem of growing quantity of wastewater irrespective of the limited drinking water supply. The water once utilized for domestic or industrial applications is then obtained as the released water from the waste, which cannot be reused until not being recycled or reprocessed thoroughly using reliable wastewater treatment techniques. In the paper, a review on various wastewater treatment techniques used and their development are presented. Keywords: wastewater, pollution, treatment, filtration, industrial applications, natural, oxidation, UV radiation

INTRODUCTION Numerous efforts are made to treat wastewater in order to solve the major problem of water deficiency mainly for industrial applications. Researchers stick to the conventional rule of using the natural treatment systems that evidently considered being quite efficient technologies. There are many fine examples of the use of natural treatment systems for purification of many types of wastewater, sludge handling and use of purified water for irrigation. Indeed, the natural treatment systems for wastewater treatment have to compete with technical solutions, namely with so called conventional treatment systems such as activated sludge process. Natural technologies are the most than for large producer frequently used for wastewater treatment and water management ranging from individual houses, recreational and the other facilities to the settlements up to 2,000 inhabitants (p. e.), smaller industrial plants, and farms. Their use is also the

question of the availability of affordable land. PRETREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES Besides pollution indicators routinely monitored, raw sewage contains, a number of other substances, such as pieces of rags, fibers, hair, thread, feces, grease, household trash, remnants of fruit and vegetables, plastic, various containers, pieces of wood. A stream of water at the bottom of the drainage may be, particularly in the rainy season, also entrained with heavier materials such as gravel, pieces of brick, etc. For this reason, the mechanical pretreatment stage is an important part of any treatment plant. It protects the mechanical parts and/or the filter material of distribution layers from damages and clogging. It prevents

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Research Insight: Impact of Indoor Polluted Air on Health Nibha Singh* C.C.S. University, Meerut, India

BACKGROUND The health effects of air pollution have been subject to intense study in recent years. Exposure to pollutants such as airborne participate matter and ozone has been associated with increases in mortality and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. These effects have been found in shortterm studies, which relate day-to-day variations in air pollution and health, and long-term studies, which have followed cohorts of exposed individuals over time. Although official efforts to control air pollution have traditionally focused on outdoor air, it is now apparent that elevated contaminant concentrations are common inside some private and public buildings. Concerns about potential public health problems due to indoor air pollution are based on evidence that urban residents typically spend more than 90 percent of their time indoors, concentrations of some contaminants are higher indoors than outdoors, and for some pollutants personal exposures are not characterized adequately by outdoor measurements. Among the more important indoor contaminants associated with health or irritation effects are passive tobacco smoke, radon decay products, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde, asbestos fibers, microorganisms and aeroallergens. Efforts to assess health risks associated with indoor air pollution are limited by insufficient information about the number of people exposed, the pattern and severity of exposures, and the health consequences of exposures.

Effects have been seen at very low levels of exposure, and it is unclear whether a threshold concentration exists for particulate matter and ozone below which no effects on health are likely. In this review, we discuss the evidence for adverse effects on health of selected air pollutants. INTRODUCTION It is of great concern that, almost half the world's population still relies for its everyday household energy needs on inefficient and highly polluting solid fuels, mostly biomass (wood, animal dung, and crop wastes) and coal. About 3 billion people still rely on solid fuels, 2.4 billion on biomass, and the rest on coal, mostly in China. Access to modern energy sources has been described as a "necessary, although not sufficient, requirement for economic and social development" (IEA 2002). It is, therefore, of great concern that almost half the world's population still relies for its everyday household energy needs on inefficient and highly polluting solid fuels, mostly biomass (wood, animal dung, and crop wastes) and coal. Indoor air pollution is a major global public health threat requiring greatly increased efforts in the areas of research and policy-making. Research on its health effects should be strengthened, particularly in relation to tuberculosis and acute lower respiratory infections. A more systematic approach to the development and evaluation of interventions is desirable, with clearer recognition of the interrelationships

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International Journal of Pollution and Noise Control Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Highlights on Effects of Noise Pollution Priyanka Garg University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

BACKGROUND Noise pollution is considered as more important environmental problem, especially in the industrialized and developed countries. Industrial noise is an important source of noise pollution, which annoys and disrupts the daily activities of workers. A growing body of research reveals, transport noise can cause sleep disturbance, cardiovascular disease, elevated hormone levels, psychological problems and even premature death; studies on children have identified cognitive impairment, worsened behavior and diminished quality of life. More widely, the negative effects of transport noise have been known for years, but in light of pressing air pollution problems, noise has often taken a back seat. The situation now appears to be changing. Environmental noise consists of all the unwanted sounds in our communities except that which originates in the workplace. Environmental noise pollution, a form of air pollution, is a threat to health and well-being. It is more severe and widespread than ever before, and it will continue to increase in magnitude and severity because of population growth, urbanization, and the associated growth in the use of increasingly powerful, varied, and highly mobile sources of noise. It will also continue to grow because of sustained growth in highway, rail, and air traffic, which remain major sources of environmental noise. A lack of sleep,

caused by the traffic noise, can also affect the immune system and metabolism. In many cases, people in the city may not realize their sleep patterns are being thrown off by noise pollution. The sound is a mechanical wave that results from variations, or oscillations, in elastic medium like water, air and solids and “Noise” generally can be defined as unpleasant and disturbing sounds which disturb the human being physically and physiologically and cause environmental pollution by destroying environmental properties and it is one of the physical environmental factors affecting our health in today’s world and harmful to people. Noise can be measured by determining the pressure created by the sound waves in the human ear and is measured in (dB), which is used as an international measure of the intensity of sound. Due to the rapid growth and development in technology which is occurred in the developing countries, noise pollution has become one of the major threats that face the environment and the cost of reducing it in future years is expected to be insurmountable and it is considered to be the commonest reason of annoyance and permanent hearing loss. Acoustic quieting is the process of making machinery quieter by damping vibrations to prevent them from reaching the observer. Noise decreases as distance from its source increases. When two identical

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

IJPNC Jan – Jun 2016

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences