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International Journal of Nursing Critical Care International Journal of Nursing Critical Care aims to improve the care of critically ill patients by distributing, and promoting information relevant to intensive care. The Journal is devoted to Nurses and Other Health Professionals involved in the care of patients with critical needs. Time to time journal will publish peer- reviewed papers that are research and development oriented and is of interest to the healthcare providers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Assessment of critical care patients ! Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary

systems ! Intensive care ! Critical care environmental issues. ! Critical Care Networks. ! End of life care ! Ethical and legal issues in critical care ! Patient centered care ! Inotropic therapy, invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring. ! Safety Culture Replacement therapies

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INTERNAL MEMBERS

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Mala-Thayumanavan BGS Global Hospital, Bangalore, India.

Dr. Pratibha Swamy College of Nursing, NIMHANS, Bangalore, India.

Dr. Sukhwinder Kaur National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, India.

Dr. Usha Ukande Choithram College of Nursing, CH&RC Indore (M.P.), India.

Dr. C. Kanniammal Meenakshi College of Nursing, Chennai, India.

Dr. Arnel Banaga Salgado RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, United Arab Emirates

Kawaljit Kaur Medical surgical Nursing, Mai Bhago College of Nursing, Tarn Taran (Punjab), India.

Regina D Satvekar Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Nursing, Sangli (Maharashtra), India.

Mr. N.J. Vasudevan Chitra College of Nursing, Kerala, India.

K. Priscilla Matha College of Nursing, Tamil Nadu, India.

A Arvin Babu Sree Abirami Hospital and College of Nursing, Coimbatore, India

Mr. Sembian. N. Government Nursing College, U.P. Rural Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, Saifai, Etawah

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Nursing Critical Care. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present nursing issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Nursing Critical Care as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Nursing Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Nursing Critical Care in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Nursing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Nursing Critical Care focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Intensive care, Assessment of critical care patients, Anatomy and physiology of the respiratory, cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal and integumentary systems, Critical care environmental issues, Critical Care Networks, End of life care, Ethical and legal issues in critical care, Patient centered care, Inotropic therapy, invasive and non-invasive cardiac output monitoring, Safety Culture Replacement therapies. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Nursing and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Nursing community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Nursing. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Nursing readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Nursing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District, Kerala, India J.V. Sindhu, S.K. Saini

2. A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur 7 3. A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of Self-Informational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption Among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility Clinics in Punjab Laxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani

4. Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in Primigravida Women Jyoti Arora

5. A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption among Infertile Couple Laxami Thakur

International Journal of Nursing Critical Care Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Prevalence of Common Problems Among Elderly Residing at Selected Urban and Rural Community of Kottayam District, Kerala, India J.V. Sindhu1*, S.K. Saini2 1

Mercy College of Nursing, Thalayolaparambu, Kottayam, Kerala , India 2 National Institute of Nursing Education, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Abstract Constipation, insomnia, immobility and urinary incontinence are common problems among elderly. With a view to assess these problems descriptive study was done among 200 elderly between the age group of 65 and 80 years old. The study was done in selected urban and rural community of Kottayam district using Pittsburgh sleep quality index scale, Victoria bowel performance scale, Tinetti Assessment Tool and revised urinary incontinence scale using interview technique. The result revealed that all these problems are of high prevalence. The highest prevalence was observed for constipation (54.5%). This was followed by insomnia (52.5%), urinary incontinence (42.1%) and immobility (37.1%). All these problems are preventable and manageable with simple nursing measures. Nurses working in the community should be able to identify these problems and manage so that their quality of life is improved. Keywords: common problems, elderly

BACKGROUND Population ageing is the most significant result of the process known as demographic transition. Reduction of fertility leads to a decline in the proportion of the young in the population. Decrease in mortality rate would lead to a longer life span for individuals. Population ageing includes a change from high fertility/high mortality to low fertility/low mortality and subsequently an increase in the ratio of older people in the total population. India is undergoing such a demographic transition. There would be an increase in the proportion of older people, in the world, who would be in need of assistance from adults of working age, from 10.5% in 1955 and 12.3% in 1995 to 17.2% in 2025.[1] The size of India’s elderly population aged

60 and above is expected to increase from 77 million in 2001 to 179 million in 2031 and further to 301 million in 2051. The proportion is likely to reach 12% in 2031 and 17% in 2051.[1] In a study done to identify the incidence, and potential risk factors for, constipation in a representative elderly community, using symptom-based diagnostic criteria, a random sample of 1833 eligible residents of Olmsted Country, above 65 years were mailed questionnaire. The overall prevalence of constipation was 40.1%.[2] As the age progress all the systems get weak and some of the symptoms are common which can create lot of stress and lower the quality of life. These problems are easily preventable and manageable with simple nursing measures.

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A Study to Assess the Warning Signs During Pregnancy Among Primigravida Women in Selected Hospital, Jalandhar, Punjab Jyoti Arora, Bimla Rani*, Ashu kesar, Harleen Kaur Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Abstract Pregnancy is a joyous occasion for a woman and her family. But, sometimes, certain risks are associated that can prove to be harmful for the mother and her child. This study has been done to analyze the knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy among primigravida women. A total of 100 participants were selected for the study and the study concluded that 10% of women had good knowledge, while 2% had very good knowledge; 26% had average knowledge, more than 51% of women had poor knowledge, followed by 11% who had very poor knowledge regarding the warning signs during pregnancy. Keywords: pregnancy, primigravida women, pregnancy risks, warning signs

INTRODUCTION “Maternal health is Nation’s wealth. There is chance for the welfare of the world only when the condition of the women improves. It is not possible for a bird to fly on only one wing.” Swami Vivekananda Pregnancy and childbirth are special events in a woman’s life and indeed in the lives of their families. This can be a time of great hope and joyful anticipation. It can also be a time of fear, suffering and even death. Pregnancy is a normal physiological process and not a disease, however, sometimes; it is associated with certain risks to health and survival both for the woman and for her infant. These risks are prevalent in every society and in every setting. In developed countries they have largely been overcome because every pregnant woman has to take special care during pregnancy and childbirth. In developing countries where each pregnancy represents a journey into the unknown from which all too many woman

never return, provision.[1]

due

lack

care

Women have been given the ability to produce children. However, this can also sometimes lead to death of the woman. At least 40% of all pregnant women suffer from certain types of complications during their pregnancy. For about 15%, these complications will be potentially life threatening, and requires instant obstetric care. Maternal death also compromises the health and survival of infants and children they have behind. The death of a woman during pregnancy and childbirth is not only a health issue but also a matter of social injustice.[2]

There are 430 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births. In developing countries, the Figure 1 is 480 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births. In developed countries, there are 27 maternal deaths for every 100,000 live births.[3] In India, most of the mothers are deprived of the knowledge concerning antenatal,

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A Quasi-Experimental Study to Assess the Effectiveness of SelfInformational Module Regarding Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption among Infertile Couple in Selected Infertility Clinics in Punjab Laxami Thakur, Ashu Kesar, Bimla Rani* Bharat College of Nursing, Jalandhar, Punjab, India Abstract The birth of a child brings immense happiness to the parents and the whole family. However, couples who are infertile remain elusive to this happiness. Though there are different treatment strategies to overcome this problem, but these methods also remain futile in certain cases. Such couples should plan for adoption, which can also be a form of rehabilitation for the child as well. This study was done to assess the effectiveness of self-informational module regarding knowledge and attitude of child adoption among infertile couple in selected infertility clinics in Punjab. There were a total of 50 participants in the study. Keywords: child adoption, self-informational module, infertility, knowledge, attitude

INTRODUCTION “A child is precious and beautiful, A source of joy and happiness, A focus of love and care, A Subject of dream for the future.” Child care 1996 The birth of a baby is one of the most inspiring and emotional events that occurs in one’s life time. The child signifies the beginning of life and provides the foundation for future for the fertile couples. But for the infertile couples, this is not achieved and it can be very upsetting. It rescues as a threat to the women identity and may influence their self-concept in terms of their inability to conceive.[1] Infertility is a tragic condition. Though Infertility does not claim an individual’s life, it inflicts devastating emotional trauma on the individual for being unable to fulfill the biological role of parenthood. In India for infertility, the

female partner is generally blamed and she becomes the victim of social gossip for her barrenness. This gradually brings unhappiness in the female partner, psychosomatic ill health and even suicide.[2] Infertility which affects as many as 1in 6 couples is defined as a failure to conceive with in one or more years of regular unprotected intercourse. Infertility can be caused by a wide variety of factors. 40–50% of infertility results from female factors, 30–40% from male factors, in 10 percent of cases, the cause is unknown, and the remaining 10 per cent of the infertility results from both male and female factors.[3] In India, Infertility appears to be an unimportant question for policy makers and women’s groups alike. None of the programmes on National reproductive health policy has focused on implementing preventive and curative services for

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Short Communication: Risks Associated With Pregnancy in Primigravida Women Jyoti Arora Bharat College of Nursing, Baba Farid University of Health Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India

Primigravida is a term used to refer to women who are pregnant for the first time. Certain pregnancies get affected by different kinds of warning signs that are indications of possible danger during pregnancy regarding complications. In such cases women should be aware of factual information regarding warning signs. Primigravida women may have knowledge of warning signs during pregnancy, which is influenced by their demographic variables like age, type of family, religion, area of residence, educational status and family income. The modifying factors and perceptual factors directly influence them to participate in health promotion activities. The outcome of this can be very poor, poor, average, good and very good knowledge. The primigravida women with very good and good knowledge are capable of enhancing the likelihood for having active role to overcome the problem. Thereby, promoting the health and for better adoption of treatment modalities. On the other hand, the primigravida women with average knowledge and poor and very poor knowledge can result in likelihood for having moderate and not having any active role respectively, in overcoming the problem. This can lead to poor management modalities. At this junction a researcher can provide health education material on warning signs during pregnancy in the view to improve the existing knowledge which acts as cues to action to obtain a very good level of

knowledge on warning signs during pregnancy. According to statistical reports from World Health Organization, approximately 53% of African women, followed by Asians (42%) and Latin Americans (4%), die each year due to pregnancy or childbirth related complications. Less than 1% of maternal deaths occur in developed countries.[1] According to a study by Gupta N, five direct obstetric causes that can lead to four–fifths of the maternal deaths worldwide, can actually be prevented and managed. The direct causes include severe bleeding (81%), sepsis (15%), unsafe abortions (13%), eclampsia (12%), and obstructed labor (8%). Other direct causes are ectopic pregnancy (8%), embolism. Indirect causes (19%) are malaria, anemia and heart diseases.[2] As per another study conducted by Prual A, Bouvier, Bernis, Breart on direct causes, incidence, and fatality rates with respect to maternal morbidity, the direct causes of severe maternal morbidity includes hemorrhage (3.05 per 100 live births), obstructed labor (2.05 per 100), 23 cases of which involved uterine rupture (0.12 per 100). Other direct obstetric causes accounted for 12.2% of cases. The mortality rates were very high for sepsis (33.3%), uterine rupture (30.4%) and eclampsia (18.4%); hemorrhage varied from 1.9% for antepartum hemorrhage to

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A Short Review Article on Knowledge and Attitude of Child Adoption among Infertile Couple Laxami Thakur Bharat College of Nursing, Punjab, India

Infertility is quite common among couples nowadays. The standard of living of today’s generation is one of the major causes that contribute to it. Infertility is referred to as the incompetence to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse. Having a child in a couple’s life is the greatest happiness a couple can experience. Due to this infertile couples can also look for child adoption as an alternative. Child adoption is the process by which a child is taken in to a family by one or more adults who are not the biological parents; but are recognized as child’s parents by the law. Infertile couples often have different personal opinions or views regarding child adoption. A study was conducted by EzugWu FO, Obi SN, Onah H.E in 2002 on knowledge, attitude and practice of child adoption amongst infertile women in Nigeria. According to the results, 86.4% of the target population for the study was had knowledge regarding child adoption, followed by 27.3%, who knew its correct meaning, 21.6% women knew the procedure to adopt a baby while the rest did not have any idea regarding adoption. 69.3% of women stated their reluctance to adopt a baby while the remaining 30.7% were prepared to adopt a child. The conclusion drawn from this study was that, although majority of Nigerian women who were infertile and had taken part in the study, had heard about child adoption, whereas, only a fraction of them knew its real meaning, its legal procedure and protocol.[1,2]

Karpel L, Frydman N, Hesters L, Fanchin R, Frydman R, Flis-Trèves M.(1999) did a study on the location of adoption for couples engaged in medical help for reproduction. Results from the study implied that 49% of the couples were not in support of adoption, particularly when they had already conceived earlier through medical help. 84.5% considered adoption as an alternative as soon as they got to know about their infertility, 69% had shown their interest in adoption by reading books, watching television or by speaking with adoptive parents or adopted children. 29% had begun the procedure for adoption, out of which, only 18% actually meant to adopt a child.[3] Archana Banyal (2009) conducted a study on the factors influencing the decisions for child adoption among the infertile couples attending the outpatient department of obstetrics and gynecology at All India Institute of Medical Sciences in India. The study consists of 25 infertile couples. The findings revealed that 56% of the total sample favored child adoption among which 52% were in the age group of 26-30 years and 83.33% in the age group of 31.35 years. 50% of the sample that favored for adoption wanted a male child, 14.29% opted for a female child, 35.71% had no preference and 57.14% of couples wanted to adopt a relatives child.[4]

Page 64

6 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

Applied Mechanics

Mechanical Engineering

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Chemical Engineering

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Civil Engineering

Architecture

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Computer Science and Engineering

Electrical Engineering

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Nursing Critical Care

Jan – Jun 2016

5 more...

Nursing

International Journal of

IJNCC

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

5 more...

Biotechnology

Chemistry

3 more...

Nanotechnology

3 more...

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences