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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications covers all major areas of animal biotechnology, and publishes peer-reviewed articles that give an insight in to the ongoing research and recent advancement of the topic. Journal also covers stem cell technology, infectious diseases and probiotics as additional fields under the scope of the journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Animal genetics and genomics

! Transgenic technology ! Reproductive biotechnology ! Infectious diseases ! Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment ! Transgenic animals ! Animal cell culture ! Probiotics & feed biotechnology ! Gene cloning and expression ! Stem cells ! Cryopreservation ! Animal tissue culture ! Recombinant DNA technology

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India

Dr. Lingayya Hiremath Department of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Leon Pereira University of Mumbai, Bio-safety Committee of Bharat Serums and Vaccines, India

Dr. Kumaresan Mohan Udaya School of Engineering Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. K Purushotham Reddy Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Dr. Avinash Cheekoth Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs, UAE

Dr. Rekha Khandia Department of Science and Technology, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal (MP), India

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Animal Biotechnology and Applications issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Animal Biotechnology and Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Animal Biotechnology and Applications, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Animal Biotechnology and Applications in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and Applications focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Animal genetics and genomics, Transgenic technology, Reproductive biotechnology, Infectious diseases, Bioinformatics and nutrition enrichment, Transgenic animals, Animal cell culture, Probiotics & feed biotechnology, Gene cloning and expression, Stem cells, Cryopreservation, Animal tissue culture, Recombinant DNA technology etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Animal Biotechnology and Applications and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Animal Biotechnology and Applications readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Animal Biotechnology and Applications. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Eggshell as Calcium Supplement Tablet Aastha P. Chakraborty, Madhavi Gaonkar

2. Transgenic Animals Aashima Mathur

3. Probiotics Sushant Gupta

4. Cryopreservation Mandeep Saini

5. Gene Cloning Prateek Sharma

International Journal of Animal Biotechnology & Applications ISSN: 2455–7315 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Eggshell as Calcium Supplement Tablet Aastha P. Chakraborty*, Madhavi Gaonkar Department of Chemical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University, Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India

Abstract Hen eggs are very nutritious food items but their shells are discarded as wastes from different sources like hotels, houses etc. In this study these discarded eggshells were collected. They were processed and a powder was obtained in final stage. This eggshell finds applications in many fields due to its rich calcium content and here it was used as a calcium supplement for females. Calcium extracted from different eggshells was characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The data depicted the percentage of calcium in different eggshells. The purpose of this particular project was to study the use of eggshell in different applications like fertilizer, calcium supplement, etc. Keywords: calcium supplement, eggshell

INTRODUCTION The outer shells of eggs of different birds and some sea animals are having rich content of calcium. Off these birds eggshells are discarded very carelessly everywhere. They are a part of biological waste but they constitute to environment pollution. For disposing them proper disposal sites, cost effective methods need to be found out. Also odor of eggshell results in flies and abrasiveness. Everyday million tons of eggshells are generated as bio- waste around the globe. The sources of these eggshells are houses and fast food industries. The eggshell which contains the highest amount of calcium that is nearly 90% is chicken eggshell.[1] The application of eggshell that has been studied in this research work is : Eggshell as a calcium supplement tablet. The chicken eggshell which constitutes about 11% of the total weight of the whole egg contains about 91% of CaCo3. In this study we will use Eggshell as a calcium supplement for females. This would give a better substitute because in market the available calcium supplement tablets are obtained

from oyster shell and we are using chicken eggshell as a substitute for it.[2,3] MATERIALS We used chicken eggshell as a raw material in different applications like as a fertilizer and as a calcium supplement tablet. These eggshells are easily available in the market. But eggs obtained from different birds contain varying quantity of calcium. Different birds eggshells were collected from poultry farm, houses, hotels, bakeries, fast food industries etc. After collection the shells were first cleaned up with tap water and boiled. The ratio being 12 eggshells boiled in 6 cups of filtered water. Then they were cooked in boiling water for 10 minutes. The water was drained out of the shells. After this they were dried overnight in open air by spreading on a stainless steel sheet or glass sheet. In the morning, they were heated in oven at 200°C for about 10 minutes for complete drying. The last step was to

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology & Applications ISSN: 2455–7315 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Transgenic Animals Aashima Mathur* Department of Biotechnology, Gautam Budhdha University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract A transgenic animal is one that carries a foreign gene that has been deliberately inserted into its genome. The foreign gene is constructed using recombinant DNA methodology. In addition to the gene itself, the DNA usually includes other sequences to enable it to be incorporated into the DNA of the host as well as to be expressed correctly by the cells of the host. Keywords: applications, genetically modified organisms, transgenic animals

INTRODUCTION Transgenic animals are animals (most commonly mice) that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. Such animals are most commonly created by the micro-injection of DNA into the pronuclei of a fertilised egg which is subsequently implanted into the oviduct of a pseudopregnant surrogate mother.[1-3] This results in the recipient animal giving birth to genetically modified offspring. The progeny are then bred with other transgenic offspring to establish a transgenic line. Transgenic animals can also be created by inserting DNA into embryonic stem cells which are then micro-injected into an embryo which has developed for five or six days after fertilisation, or infecting an embryo with viruses that carry a DNA of interest.[4-7] This final method is commonly used to manipulate a single gene, in most cases this involves removing or 'knocking out' a target gene. The end result is what is known as a ‘knockout’ animal.[2-5] The process of genetically engineering animals is a slow, tedious, and expensive process. However, new technologies are making genetic modifications easier and more precise.

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology & Applications ISSN: 2455–7315 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Probiotics Sushant Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Thapar University, Punjab, India

Abstract Probiotics are live bacteria and yeasts that are good for health, especially digestive system. Usually bacteria are thought of as something that causes diseases. But our body is full of bacteria, both good and bad. Probiotics are often called "good" or "helpful" bacteria because they help keep our gut healthy. Thus, probiotics are live microorganisms that may be able to help prevent and treat some illnesses. Promoting a healthy digestive tract and a healthy immune system are their most widely studied benefits at this time. These are also commonly known as friendly, good, or healthy bacteria. Probiotics can be supplied through. Keywords: helpful bacteria, probiotics

INTRODUCTION Probiotics are microorganisms that are believed to provide health benefits when consumed. The term probiotic is currently used to name ingested microorganisms associated with benefits for humans and animals. The term came into more common use after 1980. The introduction of the concept is generally attributed to Nobel recipient Élie Metchnikoff, who postulated that yogurt-consuming Bulgarian peasants lived longer lives because of this custom. He suggested in 1907 that "the dependence of the intestinal microbes on the food makes it possible to adopt measures to modify the flora in our bodies and to replace the harmful microbes by useful microbes". A significant expansion of the potential market for probiotics has led to higher requirements for scientific substantiation of putative benefits conferred by the microorganisms.[1-3] The World Health Organization's (WHO) 2001 definition of probiotics is "live micro-organisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health beneﬁt on the host".[15]

Following this definition, a working group convened by the FAO/WHO in May 2002 issued the “Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food”. This first global effort was further developed in 2010; two expert groups of academic scientists and industry representatives made recommendations for the evaluation and validation of probiotic health claims.[4-7] Probiotics have to be alive when administered. One of the concerns throughout the scientific literature resides in the viability and reproducibility on a large scale of the observed results, as well as the viability and stability during use and storage, and finally the ability to survive in stomach acids and then in the intestinal ecosystem.[5,7] Probiotics have been the subject of research to see whether the health claims made for them have any supporting evidence.[8,9] Overall scientific demonstration of probiotic effects requires

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International Journal of Animal Biotechnology & Applications ISSN: 2455–7315 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Cryopreservation Mandeep Saini* Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Technology, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract Cryopreservation depends on the capacity of certain molecules to enter cells and avert drying out and arrangement of intracellular crystals, which can bring about cell death and annihilation of cell organelles amid the solidifying procedure. Two basic cryoprotective operators are dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol. Glycerol is utilized fundamentally for cryoprotection of red platelets, and DMSO is utilized for assurance of most different cells and tissues. A sugar called trehalose, which happens in animals equipped for surviving amazing lack of hydration, is utilized for stop drying strategies for cryopreservation. Trehalose balances out cell layers, and it is especially helpful for the protection of sperm, foundational microorganisms, and platelets. Keywords: animal cells, cryopreservation, DMSO, glycerol, sub-zero temperatures

INTRODUCTION Cryopreservation is a procedure where organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular lattice, organs or some other natural develops vulnerable to harm created by unregulated substance energy are saved by cooling to low temperature (ordinarily - 80 °C utilizing strong carbon dioxide or - 196 °C utilizing fluid nitrogen). At sufficiently low temperatures, any enzymatic or substance movement which may make harm the natural material being referred to is viably ceased. Cryopreservation strategies try to achieve low temperatures without bringing about extra harm brought about by the arrangement of ice amid solidifying. Customary cryopreservation has depended on covering the material to be solidified with a class of particles termed cryoprotectants.[1-3] New techniques are always being explored because of the inalienable poisonous quality of numerous cryoprotectants. By default it ought to be viewed as that cryopreservation modifies or bargains the structure and capacity of cells unless it is demonstrated generally for a specific cell

populace. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is the procedure in which animal genetic material is gathered and put away with the goal of preservation of the breed.[2,4] Cryopreservation is the utilization of low temperatures to protect basically in place living cells and tissues. Unprotected solidifying is typically deadly and this section looks to examine a portion of the instruments included and to show how cooling can be utilized to create stable conditions that save life. The natural impacts of cooling are ruled by the solidifying of water, which results in the centralization of the solutes that are broken up in the staying fluid stage.[5] Rival hypotheses of solidifying harm have conceived either that ice precious stones puncture or tease separated the cells, crushing them by direct mechanical activity, or that harm is from auxiliary

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Gene Cloning Prateek Sharma* Department of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Abstract Gene cloning (DNA cloning) is a technique used for the generation of precise (clones) of a specific quality or DNA sequence utilizing genetic engineering techniques. The DNA containing the target gene(s) is cut into sections utilizing restriction enzymes. These sections are then embedded into cloning vectors, for example, bacterial plasmids or bacteriophages, which exchange the recombinant DNA to reasonable host cells, for example, the bacterium E. coli. On the other hand, complementary DNA is embedded into the vectors, or "naked" DNA pieces can be taken up directly by a host bacterium from its medium (this is less effective than vector exchange). Keywords: cloning, gene expression, molecular biology technique

INTRODUCTION Gene cloning is a technique used in molecular biology that is utilized by scientists to make duplicates of a specific gene for downstream applications, for example, sequencing, mutagenesis, genotyping or heterologous articulation of a protein. The conventional method for gene cloning includes the exchange of a DNA fragment of interest from one species to a self-replicating genetic element, for example, a bacterial plasmid. This method is ordinarily utilized today to isolate long or unstudied genes and protein expression. One of the procedures is the utilization of polymerase chain response (PCR) for amplifying a gene of interest. The benefit of utilizing PCR over conventional quality cloning, as portrayed above, is the diminished time required for producing an unadulterated specimen of the quality of interest. In any case, gene confinement by PCR can just increase qualities with foreordained successions. Thus, numerous unstudied genes require starting gene cloning and sequencing before PCR can be performed for further investigation.

Gene cloning is an arrangement of test techniques in molecular science that are utilized to gather recombinant DNA molecules and to coordinate their replication inside host organisms. The utilization of the word cloning alludes to the way that the strategy includes the replication of one molecule to deliver a populace of cells with indistinguishable DNA particles. Gene cloning by and large uses DNA groupings from two unique life forms: the species that contains the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Gene cloning techniques are fundamental to numerous contemporary zones of present day science and drug. In a gene cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is taken from a living being of interest, then treated with proteins in the

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

« « « «

Jan – Jun 2016

eISSN: 2455-7315

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering

« « « «

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJABA

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Animal Biotechnology & Applications

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences