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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

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Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules the main aim of this journal is to create awareness in the scientific community and to provide a platform for discussion in the field of biochemistry and biomolecules. Precisely, journal deals with recent advancement in protein folding, purification, bioseparation and other related fields of biochemistry.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Metabolome

! Metabolomics ! Molecular medicine ! Plant biochemistry ! Proteolysis ! Biological macro and small molecule ! Biochemical processes ! Molecular-scale ! Fermentation, biochemical and bioreactor engineering ! Proteomics, functional genomics, metabolomics ! Chiral compounds production ! Bio separation, purification, protein refolding

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A. P), India

Dr. Promila Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. Brijesh Pandey Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow, India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. S. Seethalaksmi Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for women, Periyar University, Elayampalayam, Tiruchengod

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER] /University College of Medicine [UCM]

Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences Chettinad Academy of Research & Education Kelambakkam, Chennai, India

Dr.Arun Kumar Department of Biochemistry, Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Nepal

Dr. Durgadas Govind Naik, Management and Science University, Malaysia

Ashish Runthala Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science Pilani, Pilani (Rajasthan), India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Yousef Rasmi Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU) Urmia, Iran

Ajay Kumar Galgotias University, Greater Noida (U.P.), India

Dr. Arvind Diwan Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Dinesh Kumar Horticulture (Post harvest Technology) National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharahtra), India

Dr. Ir. Sreenivas Reddy Bathula Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering & Technology, Karnataka, India

Dr. Lonchin Suguna Department of Biochemistry Central Leather Research Institute Adyar, Chennai, India

Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Karnataka, India

Prof. Dheera Sanadhya Jaipur National University, Rajasthan, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Rajat Banerjee Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Jay Prakash Sah Pokhara University, Nepal

Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Saher Mahmood Aljamali Biology Department, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, India

Dr. Shikha Suman Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh), India

Dr. Vishwanath B Chachadi Deptartment of Biochemsitry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biochemistry and Biomolecules issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Biochemistry and Biomolecules as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biochemistry and Biomolecules, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Biochemistry and Biomolecules in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Biochemistry and Biomolecules focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Metabolome, Metabolomics, Molecular medicine, Plant biochemistry, Proteolysis, Biological macro and small molecule, Biochemical processes etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Biochemistry and Biomolecules and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Biochemistry and Biomolecules. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Biochemistry and Biomolecules. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Biochemistry and Biomolecules readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Biochemistry and Biomolecules. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Review on Bisphenol A M. Vangalapati, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra

2. Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita singh

3. Antifreeze Proteins Manish Agrawal

4. Metabolome Chetan Shah, Suraj Sharma

5. Biosorption: Review Ketan Mehndiratta

International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Review on Bisphenol A M. Vangalapati*, S. Monica Nissy, B. Surendra Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Chemical Engineering, AUCE (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important epoxy resin which is employed to make certain plastics. It is an organic synthetic compound and the chemical formula is (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2. It is a commonly utilized industrial chemical that has been used since 1960s to make certain plastics and resins. BPA is found in almost all polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins. These polycarbonate plastics are generally used in containers that store food and beverages, such as water bottles. The presence of BPA is really toxic to the human body and aquatic life. BPA is biodegradable to some extent in order to reduce the toxicity levels. Keywords: bisphenol A, cancer, endocrine disrupter, plastics, polycarbonate, thyroid

INTRODUCTION The texture is a colorless solid which is generally dissolved in solvents like ethanol, methanol and rarely soluble in water. Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in various consumer goods such as sports bottles, CD’s, DVD’s, children toys and gallon water cans,[1] etc. In the recent days, research is being conducted that BPA from thermal paper which is used in cash register receipts accounts for high levels of BPA in humans.[2] It shows that a rapid increase of BPA in their blood after using a skin care product and then touching a store receipt with BPA. It is known to be an endocrine disrupting chemical, and has been demonstrated to alter signaling mechanisms involving oestrogen and other hormones.[3] Massive amounts of BPA were observed on the store and fast food receipts, airline tickets, ATM receipts and other thermal papers all use on the surface of the paper as a print developer. Huge amounts of BPA can be transferred onto the hands and then to the food, it can also as be absorbed through the skin which is really toxic. BPA exhibits properties that

can cause reproductive defects in fetuses, infant, children, and adults. It is also known to cause cancer, metabolic and immune problem in rodents. BPA present on thermal papers can be easily absorbed into the blood, at such levels thereby leading to an increase in many diseases, such as diabetes and disorders related to obesity. Use of BPA or other similar chemicals that are being used to replace BPA in thermal paper is again a threat to human health. "BPA will be seeped into the food or beverages from the containers which are made with BPA. Major concern is exposure to BPA where there will be possible health effects on the brain, reproductive system, behavior and prostate gland of fetuses, infants and children. Along with these there were few additional researches which are suggesting a feasible link between BPA and increase in blood pressure. BPA exposure may disrupt normal breast development in ways that predispose women for later life breast cancer. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has peeped into the issue and confirmed that at very low levels

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Short Review Article: Role of Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is an important fruit crop in America, Southern Europe, the Middle East, and India, with increasing production in China, Japan, and Southeast Asia. It is grown throughout the country. Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) is a chief enzyme used during plant metabolism for the biosynthesis of different natural products from Lphenylalanine. It also has a role in pathogenic defense. Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase, plant metabolism

INTRODUCTION Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in the phenylpropanoid pathway. PAL catalyses the conversion of L-phenylalanine to trans-cinnamic acid.[1] The products of PAL are modified, through phenylpropanoid metabolism, to precursors of secondary metabolites, including lignin, flavonoid pigments, and phytoalexins, all of which play key roles in a range of plant-pathogen interactions.[2] PAL is a key enzyme leading to synthesis of phenols and SA involved in pathogen defense, stress response and secondary metabolism and is subject to posttranslational phosphorylation.[3] PAL activity in host tissues is induced following pathogen infection of plant tissues and by several biotic and abiotic elicitor treatments.[4] PAL activity are often considered as indicators of resistance as it accumulates more rapidly and reaches higher levels within host plant during resistance responses (incompatible interactions) than in susceptible responses (compatible interactions).[5] Several studies indicated that the

activation of PAL and subsequent increase in phenolic content in plants is a general response associated with disease [6,7] resistance. Increased activities of PAL, by neem products have also been demonstrated earlier.[8] The increased activities of PAL were observed in resistant cultivars than the susceptible cultivars. Various studies have recorded the time course changes of enzyme activities of PAL in young rice inoculated with the blast fungus Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc. for a five day period after inoculation. Kale and Choudhary (2001) observed that in groundnut, resistant interaction was concurrent with early and rapid expression of PAL. Gupta and Kaushik (2002) reported enhanced specific activities of PAL in infected leaves of mustard as compared to healthy leaves. Chakrabarty et al. (2002) concluded that induced rather than constitutive levels of PAL played crucial role in governing resistance in cotton genotypes. Sharma (2003) reported high activity of PAL and TAL in resistant healthy (uninoculated) apple rootstock (MM115), but minimum activities were recorded from highly

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Antifreeze Proteins Manish Agrawal* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Ice is a major issue for life forms that live in chilly atmospheres. Once the temperature plunges beneath solidifying, ice crystals consistently develop and burst cells. This threat, nonetheless, has not constrained the spread of life on Earth. Life forms of numerous kinds plants, animals, fungi and microorganisms - have created different ways to battle the destructive development of ice crystals. At times, they pack their cells with antifreeze compounds like sugars or glycerol. Be that as it may, in situations where additional assistance is required, cells make specific antifreeze proteins to protect themselves as the temperature drops. Keywords: antifreeze proteins, subzero environment

INTRODUCTION Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) or ice structuring proteins (ISPs) allude to a class of polypeptides created by specific vertebrates, plants, parasites and microbes that allow their survival in below zero situations. AFPs bind to little ice crystals to hinder development and recrystallization of ice that would somehow be fatal.[1] There is additionally expanding proof that AFPs interact with mammalian cell membanes to shield them from cold damage. This work suggests the involvement of AFPs in cold [2] acclimatization. AFPs can be defined as proteins that have an affinity for ice. In a circumstance where an ice front is in equilibrium with a fluid arrangement, a slight undercooling of the arrangement underneath the balance the point of solidification will prompt water particles joining the ice cross section. Accordingly, the ice front will progress.[3] Most solutes, including by far most of

proteins (e.g. bovine serum albumin and myoglobin) will be avoided and pushed in front of the extending ice front. AFPs are distinctive in that they adsorb to the ice. Thus, they limit the development of the ice front to points between the adsorbed protein particles. These districts develop with a local curvature and flow that makes it thermodynamically unfavorable for water particles to add to the ice cross section.[4] This outcomes in non-colligative, non-balance bringing down the point of solidification. In the presence of AFPs, ice crystals continue to remain the same size for a considerable length of time or days at temperatures between the colligative freezing point (melting point) and the lower non-equilibrium freezing point. The contrast between these two temperatures is alluded to as thermal hysteresis and is a component of the AFP focus.[2,5]

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Metabolome Chetan Shah*, Suraj Sharma Department of Biochemistry, University of Hyderabad, Telegana, India

Abstract Metabolome is defined as a complete collection of small molecule chemicals found inside a biological sample. The biological specimen can be a cell, a cell organelle, an organ, a tissue, a tissue concentrate, a biofluid or a whole life form. Metabolomics is the exploratory investigation of chemical processes including metabolites. In particular, metabolomics is the "precise investigation of the unique chemical fingerprints that particular cell forms have", the investigation of their small molecule metabolite profiles. Keywords: metabolome, metabolomics, chemical processes

INTRODUCTION The metabolome refers to a collection of all metabolites in a biological cell, tissue, organ or living being, which are the final results of cell processes.[1] mRNA gene expression information and proteomic analyses uncovers the array of gene products being created in the cell, that denotes different aspects of cell function. On the other hand, metabolic profiling can give a quick depiction of the physiology of that cell. One of the difficulties of systems biology and functional genomics is to incorporate proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic data to give a superior understanding of cell science.[2] The small molecule chemicals found in a given metabolome may incorporate both endogenous metabolites that are actually created by a living being, (for example, amino acids, natural acids, nucleic acids, unsaturated fats, amines, sugars, vitamins, co-elements, colors, anti-infection agents, and so forth.) and additionally exogenous[3] chemicals, (for example,

drugs, ecological contaminants, nourishment added substances, poisons and different xenobiotics) that are not normally delivered by a living being. That is, there is both an endogenous metabolome and an exogenous metabolome. The endogenous metabolome can be further subdivided to incorporate a "primary" and a "secondary" [4] metabolome. A primary metabolite is specifically required in the typical development, advancement, and generation. A secondary metabolite is not specifically included in those procedures, but rather as a rule has essential natural capacity. Secondary metabolites may incorporate pigments, anti-infection agents or waste items got from partially metabolized xenobiotics. To qualify as a metabolite, or to be thought to be a piece of the metabolome, a little atom should ordinarily have a sub-atomic weight <1500 Da.[5]

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International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Biosorption: Review Ketan Mehndiratta* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The discharge of heavy metals into oceanic biological communities has turned into a matter of worry in India in the course of the most recent couple of decades. These poisons are brought into the oceanic frameworks essentially as an aftereffect of different modern operations. Industrialization in India picked up a force with start of five year formative arrangement in the mid 50's. The toxins of concern incorporate lead, chromium, mercury, uranium, selenium, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, gold, silver, copper and nickel. These dangerous materials might be gotten from mining operations, refining minerals, muck transfer, fly ash from incinerators, the preparing of radioactive materials, metal plating, or the production of electrical hardware, paints, composites, batteries, pesticides or additives. Substantial metals, for example, zinc, lead and chromium have various applications in essential building works, paper and basic commercial enterprises, pulp industries, organochemicals, petrochemicals fertlisers, and so on. Significant lead contamination is through autos and battery makers. For zinc and chromium the real application is in fertliser and cowhide tanning separately. Over the couple of decades, a few strategies have been contrived for the treatment and expulsion of substantial metals. Keywords: biosorption, heavy metals

INTRODUCTION Release of a lot of metal-contaminated wastewater, commercial enterprises bearing heavy metals, for example, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, As, Pb, and Zn, are the most perilous among the synthetic concentrated businesses. On account of their high dissolvability in the oceanic situations, heavy metals can be consumed by living life forms. When they enter the food chain, expansive groupings of heavy metals may aggregate in the human body. On the off chance that the metals are ingested past the allowed focus, they can bring about genuine wellbeing issue.[1]

the end goal to meet innovation based treatment guidelines. The regularly utilized systems for expelling metal ions from watery streams incorporate synthetic precipitation, lime coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis and solvent extraction.[2-4] Reverse Osmosis: It is a procedure in which heavy metals are isolated by a semipenetrable layer at a pressure more increased than osmotic pressure created by the disintegrated solids in wastewater. The impediment of this technique is that it is costly.

There are different procedures for treating industrial wastewater containing heavy metals frequently include advancements for lessening of danger keeping in mind

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

International Journal of

Biochemistry & Biomolecules Jan – Jun 2016

IJBB

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences