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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

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Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes aims to stimulate scientifically grounded exchange of ideas. It contains timely reviews and original research articles, with emphasis on cellular processes and cell biology, including all major fields of research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Cell disruption

! Cellular microbiology ! Prokaryotic cell ! Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell ! Cell communication ! Cellular senescenceâ&#x20AC;&#x17D; ! Cell growth, differentiation, migration, ! Signal transduction ! Protein secretion and transport ! Gene expression and regulation ! Cell-matrix interactions

International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A. P), India

Dr Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Brijesh Pandey Amity University, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER] /University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Bangalore University, Karnataka, India

Dr. Arvind Diwan (Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director (Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Rajat Banerjee Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. Venu Perla West Virginia State University Research & Development Corporation, Washington, USA

Dr. Avinash Tiwari School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India

Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Department of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering and Technology, Tangori-Mohali, India

Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Guru Prasad Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

Vishwanath B Chachadi Department of Biochemsitry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Dr. Sougata Roy Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, USA

Dr. P. Udaya Sri Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

Dr. Vishwas Tripathy Assistant Professor, Gautam Buddha University, UP, India.

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Cell Biology and Cellular Processes issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Cell Biology and Cellular Processes in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Cell disruption, Cellular microbiology, Prokaryotic cell, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell, Cell communication, Cellular senescenceâ&#x20AC;&#x17D;, Cell growth, differentiation, migration, Signal transduction, Protein secretion and transport, Gene expression and regulation, Cell-matrix interactions etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Cell Biology and Cellular Processes readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Role of Fungus and Mycotoxins in the Genesis of the Breast Carcinoma A. Ravi Shankar, R. RajKumar, K. Rutu Raj, M. Guru Prasad

2. Overview of Cell Signaling Anuradha Chaudhary

3. New Switch Decides Between Genome Repairs, Death of Cells: A Report Shaina Chaudhary

4. Structure of an Anti-CRISPR Protein Anuradha Chaudhary

5. Short Communication: How HIV Destroys Immune Cells? Manjit Singh

International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Role of Fungus and Mycotoxins in the Genesis of the Breast Carcinoma A. Ravi Shankar, R. RajKumar, K. Rutu Raj*, M. Guru Prasad

Department of Microbiology, Kamineni Academy of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Telangana, India

ABSTRACT The commonest cancer in the world affecting the women after cervical carcinoma is the breast cancer. The etiology for the genesis and progression of breast cancer includes mutations and infectious agents including oncogenic viruses and fungi. The role of oncogenic viruses in the formation of breast carcinoma is known. We reviewed the possible role of the fungi or mycotoxin and carcinogenic mechanism in breast cancer formation. Keywords: BRCA1, BRCA2, mycotoxins, TGF-2

INTRODUCTION Fungi are the large group of eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds as well as edible mushrooms. These organisms were different from others in having the presence of chitin in their cell wall. Fungi were very abundant in nature and spread worldwide and act as symbionts, nonpathogenic and pathogenic organisms. They play an important role in the organic matter decomposition in nature, fermentation of the various food products, production of antibiotics etc. On the other hand fungi acts as major pathogens or the agents causing disease in humans, and it is collectively termed as the mycoses, similarly the exposure of skin, or diet to the toxic fungal metabolites leads to a condition termed as [1]. mycotoxicoses. These fungi or mycotoxins termed as hidden killers, they cause a number of infections in numerous organs of the body. It includes dermatophytes causing athletes foot, or infection to nails.[1] The invasive fungal infections are mainly caused by Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus sp. The fungal pathogens such as Cryptococcus sp. were classified as the primary pathogen which causes disease

leading to the development of subclinical disease.[2] These opportunistic pathogens incite disease in patients with impaired immune system. The virulence factors which contribute for the development of the mycoses includes the adherence to the tissues by the fungus involving the a cell wall molecule adhesion, which resist the physical clearing the fungus in the humans, for example Histoplasma capsulatum and Candida albicans adhere to various host surfaces, avoid being washed out and initiates the onset of hematogenous infections.[2] The other mechanism includes the presence of penetration and dissemination factors. The Aspergillus fumigatus has an ability to penetrate the blood vessels and disseminate through blood.[3] The necrotic enzymes produced by the fungus such as extracellular proteinase produced by the C. albicans, Aspergillus sp. allow the fungus to overcome structural barriers. The other

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Overview of Cell Signaling Anuradha Chaudhary

Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

Cells regularly convey utilizing chemical signals. These chemical signs, which are proteins or different molecules produced by a sending cell, are regularly discharged

from the cell and discharged into the extracellular space. There, they can float – like messages in a bottle – over to neighboring cells.

Sending cell: this cell secretes a ligand Target cell: this cell has a receptor that can tie the ligand. The ligand ties to the receptor and triggers a signaling cascade inside the cell, prompting to a response. Non target cell: this cell does not have a receptor for the ligand (however it might have different sorts of receptors). The cell does not see the ligand and in this manner does not react to it.

At last, it prompts to an adjustment in the cell, for example, modification in the movement of a gene or even the acceptance of an entire procedure, for example, cell division. In this manner, the first intercellular (between-cells) signal is changed into an intracellular (inside cell) signal that triggers a reaction.

 



Not all cells can "hear" a specific chemical message. In order to detect a signal (that is, to be a target cell), a neighbor cell must have the correct receptor for that signal. At the point when a signaling molecule ties to its receptor, it adjusts the shape or movement of the receptor, triggering off a change within the cell. Signaling particles are regularly called ligands, a general term for molecules that predicament particularly to different molecules, (for example, receptors).

Types of Signaling Cell-cell signaling includes the transmission of a signal from a sending cell to a receiving cell. Notwithstanding, not all sending and receiving cells are nearby neighbors, nor do all cell pairs exchange signals in the same way.

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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New Switch Decides Between Genome Repairs, Death of Cells: A Report Shaina Chaudhary

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

The genetic information of each cell is encoded in the sequence of the DNA double helix. Double strand breaks up the DNA, which can be instigated by radiation, are a dangerous threat to the cells, and if not appropriately repaired can prompt to cancer. Damaged cells need to choose whether the breaks can be settled or whether they ought to be evacuated by a cellular suicide program called "apoptosis" before starting cancer. The genetic information of each cell is encoded in the sequence of the DNA double helix. Double strand breaks up the DNA, which can be initiated by radiation, are a dangerous danger to the cells, and if not appropriately repaired can prompt to cancer. Damaged cells need to choose whether the breaks can be settled or whether they ought to be evacuated by a cellular suicide program called "apoptosis" before starting cancer. BjĂśrn Schumacher, one of the senior authors, clarifies: "Inside seconds after an unsafe episode, diverse instruments begin. Schizophrenically, the cells begin repairing and in preparing for apoptosis. We recognized an uncharacterized system that incorporates signals from the continuous repair handle and the cell death machinery. A protein called UFD-2 frames expansive edifices at the breaks and verifies whether to proceed with the repair or whether it's time to die." Simultaneously, UFD-2 is a point of intersection that both gets and gives signals. The tests were performed with the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. "For our research we utilized diverse strains of C. elegans, including wild sort and genetically modified ones. They were presented to ionizing

radiation to instigate double strand breaks and afterward analyzed," says Leena Ackermann, lead author of the review. Schumacher includes: "The outcomes are imperative to additionally see how and why a cell chooses to repair or to die. Is the repair as yet continuous and effective or is apoptosis essential? Cells lacking UFD-2 neglect to experience apoptosis. In people such a circumstance could prompt to a higher danger of a damaged cell turning into a cancer cell." All the proteins that have an influence in this mechanism can be found in humans also, and the discoveries could be exceptionally applicable to better seeing how DNA damage prompts to cancer. DNA damage is likewise an imperative driver of the aging process. Despite the fact that apoptosis protects from cancer, excessive cell death can prompt to tissue degeneration and aging. The senior author Thorsten Hoppe initially distinguished UFD-2 as a key regulator of protein degradation. Here, UFD-2 frames administrative focuses that facilitate DNA repair and cell death. Hoppe seeks after coming about advances in tumor therapy: "The information we picked up from this review gives new points of view to fighting cancer pharmaceutically. It may be conceivable to control the very much balanced process of apoptosis and protein degradation to make clearance of tumor cells more proficient."

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Structure of an Anti-CRISPR Protein Anuradha Chaudhary*

Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT Bacterial CRISPR–Cas adaptive immune systems utilize small guide RNAs to protect against phage infection and invasion by outside genetic components. We heretofore showed that a get-together of Pseudomonas aeruginosa phages encode against CRISPR proteins that inactivate the type I-F and I-E CRISPR–Cas frameworks using particular mechanisms. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of a hostile to CRISPR protein and guide a valuable surface that is essential for its powerful inhibitory action. The connection of the counter CRISPR protein with the CRISPR–Cas complex through this utilitarian surface is proposed to keep the binding of target DNA. Keywords: bacteria, DNA, RNA

INTRODUCTION Phage predation is a major selective pressure on bacterial populaces, and bacteria have advanced an evolved an adaptive immune system, known as CRISPR–Cas, to shield against them. CRISPR loci are included palindromic repeats sequences blended with novel short spacer districts that are regularly identical to phage and plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) After transcription, CRISPR ribonucleic corrosive (RNA) is prepared and complexed with Cas proteins to frame a genome reconnaissance system guided by the sequence of the spacer RNA. Sequences particular authoritative by this complex to an invading phage genome targets it for degradation. AcrF1, is a strong inhibitor of the type I-F CRISPR– Cas system of P. aeruginosa. AcrF1 hinders the DNA- binding activity of the reconnaissance complex of this system (called the Csy complex) by communicating with the Csy3 subunit6 [1, 2]. Using site-directed mutagenesis, recognize a practical surface through which it intervene its hostile to CRISPR

movement. The inactivation of the type I-F CRISPR–Cas system by AcrF1 was observed to be reliant on tight official to the Csy complex. LOCUS STRUCTURE Repeats and Spacers CRISPR repeats extend in size from 24 to 48 base pairs. They more often than some dyad symmetry, inferring the arrangement of an auxiliary structure, for example, a hairpin, yet are not really palindromic. Repeats are isolated by spacers of comparable length. Some CRISPR spacer sequences precisely coordinate arrangements from plasmids and phages, although some spacers coordinate the prokaryote's genome (self-targeting spacers) [3]. New spacers can be included quickly as a major aspect of the immune response to phage infection. Cas Genes and CRISPR Subtypes Small clusters of cas genes are frequently situated alongside CRISPR repeat-spacer arrays. Similar genomics identified multiple cas genes; an underlying analysis

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Short Communication: How HIV Destroys Immune Cells? Manjit Singh

Department of Biotechnology, DAV College, Punjab, India

HIV leads to AIDS principally because the virus destroys essential immune cells called CD4 T cells, but precisely how these cells are killed has not been clear. Two papers written by same G. Doitsh et al. and K. M. Monroe et al. reveal the molecular components that cause the death of most CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues, the main reservoir for such cells, during infection. Two research groups led by Warner Greene at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco have exhibited that by far most of CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissues despite their ability to resist full infection by HIV, respond to the presence of viral DNA by relinquishing themselves by means of pyroptosis – a highly inflammatory form cell death that lures more CD4 T cells to the area, in this manner making an endless loop that eventually wreaks havoc on the immune system.

components that HIV may need to slaughter CD4 T cells” [1]. “This cell-death pathway interfaces the two signatures of HIV Research Center that is, CD4 T cell-depletion and chronic inflammation surprisingly,” included Greene, who coordinates the Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology. Besides, existing anti-inflammatory can hinder the pathway, raising the possibility of new therapies that objective the host reaction as opposed to the virus.

"It's truly elegant science," said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in Bethesda, Maryland, who was not included in the research. "It goes far to clarifying what has been a puzzle for all intents and purposes 30 years."

The death of CD4 T cells amid HIV infection has by and large been credited to plain old apoptosis, or customized cell death. Issue is, most reviews have concentrated on active cells in the blood, which are “productively infected “by HIV, implying that the virus has incorporated with host-cell genome and can make duplicates of itself. In a recent report, Greene and his associates demonstrated that 95 percent of CD4 T cells in lymphoid tissue, by differentiation, are bystander cells that are " abortively infected "– the virus penetrates however can't coordinate or repeat. To better comprehend HIV pathogenesis, Greene tried to make sense of how this specific populace of immune cells dies during HIV infection.

Richard Koup, who drives the immunology lab at the Vaccine Research Center at the NIH, concurred: “For a considerable length of time we have recently said ‘HIV infects the cells and kills them,’ however it's obviously more complicated than that. These papers begin to depict the numerous diverse

G. Doitsh et al. looked at human spleen and tonsil tissue refined in the lab and spiked with HIV. The scientists found that when the virus productively infects the couple of permissive CD4 T cells present, death happens through apoptosis intervened by a protein called caspase-3. Be that as it may, when HIV abortively

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization

Pollution

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Signals

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Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

IJCBCP

Jul–Dec 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Cellular Processes

2 more...

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International Journal of Cell Biology and

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences