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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes aims to stimulate scientifically grounded exchange of ideas. It contains timely reviews and original research articles, with emphasis on cellular processes and cell biology, including all major fields of research.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Cell disruption

! Cellular microbiology ! Prokaryotic cell ! Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell ! Cell communication ! Cellular senescence? ! Cell growth, differentiation, migration, ! Signal transduction ! Protein secretion and transport ! Gene expression and regulation ! Cell-matrix interactions

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Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Medchal. Secunderabad (A. P), India

Dr Shashi Bhushan Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Brijesh Pandey Amity University, Lucknow (U.P.), India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research [IPGMER] /University College of Medicine [UCM], Kolkata, India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Manager Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Bangalore University, Karnataka, India

Dr. Arvind Diwan (Marine Fisheries), ICAR Project Director (Biotechnology), Mahatma Gandhi Mission Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Rajat Banerjee Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr. Venu Perla West Virginia State University Research & Development Corporation, Washington, USA

Dr. Avinash Tiwari School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India

Dr. Sanjay Mahendrakumar Dave Department of Biotechnology, Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Gujarat, India

Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Department of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering and Technology, Tangori-Mohali, India

Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. K.S. Karthikeyan Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. M. Anusuyadevi Jayachandran Molecular Gerontology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bharathidasan University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Guru Prasad Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute, Hyderabad, India

Vishwanath B Chachadi Department of Biochemsitry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

Dr. Sougata Roy Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, USA

Dr. P. Udaya Sri Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Kakali Purkayastha Scientist, AIIMS, New Delhi, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Cell Biology and Cellular Processes issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Cell Biology and Cellular Processes in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Cell disruption, Cellular microbiology, Prokaryotic cell, Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell, Cell communication, Cellular senescence?, Cell growth, differentiation, migration, Signal transduction, Protein secretion and transport, Gene expression and regulation, Cell-matrix interactions etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Cell Biology and Cellular Processes readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction Saurav Majumdar

2. Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees D. Srinivasa Rao, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao

3. Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Myth Buster K.S. Karthikeyan, K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa

4. Cellular Senescence and Its Role in Cancer Shashasvi Gupta

5. Neural Development: Review Tarun Sareen

International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Relationship Between Evolution and Mass Extinction Saurav Majumdar* Sobhasariya Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Sikar, Rajasthan, India

Abstract Evolution is the process of inhibiting changes in the inherited characteristic traits of living beings. It gives rise to diversity and causes variation in living organisms. Mass extinction is also a gradual event that has a sudden burst out result. It can also be explained as an event which gets triggered when a long-term pressure bursts due to a sudden dramatic pulse. It has a catastrophic effect on the total biotic world and results in dying of more than 50% percent of the world’s total living population of animals and trees. Keywords: evolution, mass extinction, super dominance and super evolution

INTRODUCTION In this paper I will introduce a characteristic relation, the two different biological events share, with respect to their virtual and past effects. Evolution backs variations which lead to such diverse world in which we live. It is just not evolution which makes the world far different from the pre-historic one. These great devastating mass extinctions have great devastating effects on earth but is it really as much devastating as it looks from its killing figures. I do not think so, let us see how? Every bits and pieces of this world which is made up of organic tissue possess a supernatural potential of changing themselves gradually according to their need and it occurs over a long period of time, that’s all what we know about evolution but what is the cause behind it, does it only depend on the animals need?[1–3] This makes a big question. Do we possess such power that we could develop in such a manner that it could make such a big

difference in our anatomical and homological stats. From the birth of life on earth it has travelled a fascinating journey of 4.5 billion years. From the first single cell body to a super body like human it has faced many difficulties, such as five mega extinction, and anyhow managed to retain its existence by evolution. Till today it looks like it is true and evolution favors life as a friend, whereas mass extinction plays a role of foe in nature’s community. Like many times when reality differs from the actual in these major events of life too this seems to be right. To know how these are related and what are their respective effects on our life. Life started its journey on earth with very first single celled body somewhere around or inside water body. This single celled organism was the primitive one which resulted in such complex organisms, known as Homo sapiens. Throughout the journey from primitive to supermative, has seen five mass extinction events, which almost consumed life but somehow, we managed to survive and not only survive

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Coelomic Fluid (Vermiwash) of Earthworm Eudrilus eugeniae as Hormone Substitute in Callus Induction of Adhatoda vasica Nees D. Srinivasa Rao*, K.R.S. Sambasiva Rao Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract Adhatoda vasica belongs to the Acanthaceae family. Extracts of its leaves are extensively used in treating various respiratory ailments like cough, asthma, bronchitis and allergy. The pharmaceutical value of Adhatoda vasica is associated with levels of two important alkaloids, namely vasicine and vasicinone. The amounts of these alkaloids in the plant are too low to exploit commercially. Hence, a plant technological approach has been tried to enhance the vasicine and vasicinone content. The callus was induced by leaves in MS medium supplemented with the coelomic fluid of Eudrilus eugeniae and in commercially available growth hormones IAA and 2,4-D for comparison. The results indicated that the growth and alkaloid content in the callus culture of A. vasica was higher in medium having coelomic fluid (2.0 ml l-1) of E. eugeniae than media having IAA and 2,4-D. Keywords: Adhatoda vasica, coelomic fluid, Eudrilus eugeniae, growth hormones Abbreviations: 2,4-D,2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; MS, Murashige and Skoog

INTRODUCTION Adhatoda vasica, a plant native to India, is popularly known by its name vasaka. It has been recommended for the treatment of various respiratory diseases.[1] In the indigenous system of medicine, A. vasica is included as an expectorant in many proprietary of cough remedies manufactured in the country.[2] The main advantage of these herbal preparations is that they are virtually free from side effects unlike allopathic medicine.[3] The pharmacological activities of the two main alkaloids, namely vasicine and vasicinone, in A. vasica are claimed to have therapeutic value. Vasicine has been reported to produce bronchodilatation, relaxation of tracheal muscles and protection against histamine-induced bronchospasm.[4] Herbal medicines are used both in developed and developing

countries for the last few years for primary health care because of better cultural acceptability, better compatibility and lesser side effect, than the synthetic drugs.[5] Alkaloids are classified as secondary metabolites of plants and serve basically to compact infections.[6] In terms of cellular economic secondary metabolites are generally metabolically expensive to produce and accumulate, and therefore they present in plants in much smaller quantities than the primary metabolites.[7] Plants are of medicinal value for the secondary metabolites accumulated in different tissues. They contribute to specific physiological functions in human body. The more important of these substances are alkaloids. Alkaloid production as has been

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Lysine Overproduction by S. cerevisiae – A Myth Buster K.S. Karthikeyan,* K. Sivarama Sastry, M. Rajender, M. Shilpa Department of Microbiology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India

Abstract Contrary to popular belief that yeast can be used for the industrial production of basic amino acid lysine. This work has totally disproved and has shown that only Corynebacterium glutamium – which is the standard organism used for many years – is the best organism. Keywords: C. glutamicum, Gln40 and Gln50, S. cerevisiae

INTRODUCTION Lysine is one of the essential amino acids which need to be used in our daily diet. The sole industrial production organism to do this is Corynebacterium glutamicum.[1,2] However, due to the fact that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be grown easily in the laboratory using minimal conditions and is used as chromium supplement, and due to the unusual mode of lysine production in yeast it was thought worthwhile to investigate if it could be possible to use S. cerevisiae strain NCIM3555 for lysine overproduction. Several approaches were tried and proved to be unsuccessful, and it has been proved beyond doubt that S. cerevisiae is unfit for this purpose. MATERIALS AND METHODS All chemicals used were that of Merck (AR) grade. Two strains were obtained from NCIM Pune (NCIM 3555 &3558) and used.[3] The usual media used was that of YEPD (Yeast Extract = 1%, Peptone = 2% Dextrose = 2%) for routine subculturing weekly and for all experimental purposes Watson’s Minimal media[4] was used. N-source being 1 mM ammonium sulfate and C-source being 1% glucose.

The strain of S. cervisiae NCIM 3558 was used by growing on successive high concentrations of L-glutamine (since it is the precursor for L-lysine synthesis, details not mentioned herein) and the maximum concentrations that were suitable were 50 and 40 mM for the strain. Now the strains were routinely subcultured on such slants (these were –N and –C wherein the N and C source was Lglutamine only). Now these cultures were transferred to liquid media 10 mL in 50 mL conical flasks growth monitored for 24 hours and such cultures were centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 30 min at 30°C and lysine estimated by Vogel and Shimura method[5] in the supernatant for the extracellular lysine content, if any. The “cell crop” was tolueneized and with 5 mL of toluene for three successive times and the toluenized supernatant was washed with double distilled water twice successively and lysine content analyzed.

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Cellular Senescence and Its Role in Cancer Shashasvi Gupta* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract Cells persistently encounter pressure and distress from exogenous and endogenous sources, and their reactions range from complete recuperation and healing to cell death. Cells that are in the proliferating stage after reaching a certain stage in the cell cycle can receive certain signals that can make them achieve a state of permanent cell cycle arrest, also termed as cell senescence. Understanding the causes and outcomes of cell senescence has given novel bits of knowledge into how cells respond to stress, particularly genotoxic stress, and how this cell reaction can influence complex organismal procedures, for example, the occurrence of cancer and ageing. Keywords: cell death, ageing, cancer, senescence

A BRIEF REPORT Senescence is not a general phenomenon. It was once believed that senescence did not happen in single-celled living beings that duplicate through the procedure of cell mitosis Recent examination has uncovered a more complicated scenario.[1–3] Single cells do experience age-related impairment. On mitosis the debris and waste material is not equitably separated between the new cells. Rather it goes to one of the cells leaving the other cell perfect. With progressive eras the cell populace turns into a mosaic of cells with half ageless and the rest with fluctuating degrees of senescence.[4–7] Besides, cell senescence is not seen in a few organisms, including perennial plants, sponges, corals, and lobsters. In those species where cell senescence is seen, cells in the long run get to be post-mitotic when they can no more duplicate themselves through the procedure of cell mitosis; i.e., cells experience replicative senescence.[7– 10] How and why a few cells get to be post-

mitotic in a few animal categories has been the subject of much research and theory, yet it is at times proposed that cell senescence has advanced as an approach to keep the onset and spread of malignancy. Substantial cells that have separated ordinarily will have accumulated DNA changes and would in the long run pose as a risk factor for development of cancer.[3–7] Accordingly, it is getting to be evident that senescent cells experience transformation to an immunogenic phenotype that empowers them to be cleared out by the immune system. Of late, the part of telomeres in cell senescence has stirred general interest, particularly with a perspective to the conceivable hereditarily unfriendly impacts of cloning. The progressive shortening of the chromosomal telomeres with every cell cycle is likewise accepted to constrain the quantity of divisions of the cell, in this way adding to maturing.[11,12] There have, then again, likewise been reports that cloning could change the

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International Journal of Cell Biology and Cellular Processes Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Neural Development: Review Tarun Sareen* Department of Biotechnology, Sharda University, U.P., India

Abstract Nerve cells, or neurons, are one of the most specialized cell types. A neuron has a phenomenal structure, with a long axon and diverging dendrites linking it through synaptic joints to different cells. A major task of neural development is to describe how the axons and dendrites develop, and create a fully functional system with the help of synapse. Keywords: axon, dendrite, neurons, neural development, synapse

INTRODUCTION Neural development signifies the procedure that creates, shape, and reshapes the nervous system, from the initial phases of embryogenesis to the last years of life. The investigation of neural advancement expects to define the procedure of brain development and to address different mechanisms. The study of neural development is further assisted by the core areas of neuroscience and developmental biology that helps in further understanding of the complex cellular and molecular mechanisms that aid in the development of the nervous system as a whole. Faults in neural development can further lead to cognitive and motor damage, along with neurological disorders, for example, Rett disorder, and intellectual disability.[1â&#x20AC;&#x201C;3] A few points of interest of neural development incorporate the birth and differentiation of neurons from undifferentiated stem cells, the passage of immature neurons from their place of origin in the developing fetus to their late stages, outgrowth of axons and dendrites from neurons, direction of the motile development cone through the incipient organism towards postsynaptic accomplices, the era of neurotransmitters between these axons and their postsynaptic

accomplices, lastly the long lasting changes in neural connections, which are thought to underlie learning and memory.[1,3,4] Regularly, these neurodevelopmental procedures can be extensively isolated into two classes: activity-independent mechanisms and activity-dependent mechanisms.[2,5] Action independent mechanisms are for the most part accepted to happen as hardwired procedures controlled by hereditary programs played out inside individual neurons. These incorporate differentiation, migration and axon direction to their underlying target regions. These procedures are considered as being autonomous of neural action and tactile experience. When axons achieve their targeted areas, activity-independent mechanisms become possibly the most important factor. Despite the fact that synapse formation is an action independent mechanism, alteration of synapses and synapse disposal requires neural movement.[6,7]

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

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Pollution

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

Electrical Engineering

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Material Sciences and Engineering

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International Journal of Cell Biology and

« International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences