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EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Alexander Russell Mechanical Process Engineering, University of Magdeburg, Germany.
Dr. Animes K Golder Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.
Dr. Asif Mahmood Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.
Dr. Bharat Modhera Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.
Prof. C. M. Narayanan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.
Dr. Chandi Charan Malakar Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Imphal, India.
Prof. Chang-Yu Sun China University of Petroleum, Beijing, China.
Dr. Dharam Pal Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.
Dr. Didik Prasetyoko Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Dr. M. Jhansi L. Kishore Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.
Dr. Mohamed Abashar Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao Kanidarapu Bapatla Engineering College (Autonomous), Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Dr. Nanda Gopal Sahoo Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus, Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.
Dr. P. A. Pawar Department of Chemical Technology, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India.
Prof. Radha Das Department of Chemical Engineering, West Bengal University of Technology, India.
Dr. Rajendrasinh Jadeja Department of Chemistry, The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.
Saeed Soltanali Research Institute of Petroleum Industry (RIPI), Iran.
Mr. Sanjay L Bhagat Pravara Rural Engineering College, Maharashtra, India.
Dr. Shi-Peng Sun National University of Singapore, Singapore.
EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shivkumar Ranganathan R & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Dr. Soumitra Kumar Choudhuri Department of In Vitro Carcinogenesis, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, Calcutta, India.
Dr. Srinivasan Anandan Center for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur, Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Stoyan Novakov Nedeltchev Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf Institute of Fluid Dynamics, Germany.
Dr. Suryya K Rana Dungarpur College of Engineering & Technology, India.
Dr. Suyogkumar V. Taralkar Chemical Engineering Department, MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India.
Dr. T. K. Radhakrishnan Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, iruchirappalli, India.
Dr. V. Venkata Basava Rao Faculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator, University College of Technology (A), Osmania University Hyderabad, India.
Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Prof. Velluru Sridevi Department of Chemical Engineering, A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra University, India.
Dr. Vijaya Kumar Bulasara Department of Chemical Engineering, Thapar University, Patiala, India.
Dr. Vipan Kumar Sohpal Department of Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India.
Dr Wenming Yang National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Dr. Zhi Shang Louisiana State University, United States.
From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Chemical Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Chemical Engineering & Processing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Chemical Engineering & Processing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial science, Molecular dynamics & Chemical kinetics, and many more. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical Engineering & Processing. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Chemical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Chemical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Engineering and Processing. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director
Contents 1. Electrolytic Degradation of Uric Acid Using Nickel Electrodes in an Unpartitioned and Partitioned Batch Cell B. Ashraf Ali, R. Chetty, S. Pushpavanam
1
2. Career and Employability Skills of Diploma Chemical Engineers Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod
11
3. Sapota Seed Oil C.V. Subrahmanyam, D. Kamalakar
15
4. Influence of CeO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Behavior of Electrodeposited Ni Coatings K.M. Aswathi, L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde
19
5. Magneto-Electrodeposition of Sn–Ni Alloy Coating for Better Corrosion Protection Sandhya Shetty, Vaishaka R. Rao, Ampar Chitharanjan Hegde
29
International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Electrolytic Degradation of Uric Acid Using Nickel Electrodes in an Unpartitioned and Partitioned Batch Cell B. Ashraf Ali1*, R. Chetty2, S. Pushpavanam2 1
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Surathkal, Mangalore, India 2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
Abstract Electrolytic degradation of an aqueous solution of uric acid (UA) was performed in an unpartitioned and partitioned electrolytic tank using nickel electrodes. The concentration of uric acid was measured using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer, and the effect of operating parameters such as voltage, concentration of uric acid and the supporting electrolyte were investigated. It is found that the concentration of uric acid decreases with time in both the unpartitioned and partitioned batch operation. Whereas, the local electrolytic phenomena are observed only in the partitioned electrolytic tank, which is completely absent in the unpartitioned tank. In this study, degradation of 1000 ppm uric acid in alkaline solution with 90% removal efficiency was achieved in the partitioned tank at 10 V. Keywords: electrolysis, nickel electrode, non-porous partition, uric acid, waste treatment
INTRODUCTION Wastewater can arise from different sources: liquid wastes discharged by domestic residences, commercial properties, industry and agriculture. These contain a wide range of potential contaminants. The concentrations of these contaminants span a wide spectrum. A common compound present in the wastewater is uric acid (UA) i.e., 2,6,8trihydroxypurin, a waste organic acid, which is the principal vehicle of nitrogen excretion for reptiles, birds and insects, and is the end-product of purine metabolism in humans.[0,0] Although uric acid excretion is not limited to humans, its source can be traced to human urine, where the excretion ranges from 250 to 750 mg/person/day[0] and the concentration of uric acid varies directly with degree of pollution.[1]
The electrochemical degradation or oxidation of wastewater is a process in which the pollutants are destroyed/oxidized and converted into simpler forms like carbon dioxide and water. The electrochemical method has several advantages compared to biological treatment, and has attracted a great deal of attention, mainly because of its high efficiency, environmental compatibility and amenability to automation.[0] In general, here an electric field is applied on the anode, and the organic pollutants in wastewater is oxidized to intermediate products which are released into water. In theory, if there is ample time, the organic acids can be decomposed into CO2 and H2O, and the chemical oxidation demand (COD) can be decreased so that the wastewater is safe to be discharged.[0]
IJCEP (2016) 1–10 Š JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
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International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Career and Employability Skills of Diploma Chemical Engineers Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Arvi Dist.- Wardha, Maharashtra, India
BACKGROUND Today, Chemical Engineering is need of human survival. From morning to night, people used different products which are generally made up of different chemicals. From medicines to fuels, tremendous needs of chemical products are increasingly, which are useful in human life. Chemical Engineering was initiated with the aim to transform raw materials into some beneficial products using chemical reactions. The basic principle behind chemical engineering is to analyze and utilize knowledge of chemistry to design, build and operate processes that provides our society with products such as petroleum fuels, toothpaste, paint, plastic for athletic shoes or carpeting, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, computer chips, etc.
Main motive of chemical engineers is to analyze, design and make use of different chemical (i.e. reactions), physical (phase change) and biological (reactions inside cells) processes so as to carry out transformations of the matter. Chemical engineers must be able to deal with matter ranging from atomic to process scales. This requires a comprehensive knowledge of chemistry and the skill to apply physical laws over a wide range of length scales. So, the need of training and education in chemical engineering is on most demanding. With the opening up of the economy, diploma Chemical Engineers are increasingly offered opportunities with global perspective as shown in the following diagram.
IJCEP (2016) 11–14 Š JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
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International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Sapota Seed Oil C.V. Subrahmanyam*, D. Kamalakar Department of Chemical Engineering, R. V. R. & J. C. College of Engineering (Autonomous), Chowdavaram, Guntur, A.P., India
Abstract The objective of this work was to extract and determine the chemical composition of oil obtained from sapota seed fruits that are grown in India and characterize it. The sapota seed oil was extracted from kernel using different solvents viz., (a) carbon tetra chloride, (b) nhexane and (c) toluene for eight extractions or stages. Nearly, 20–23% of oil yield was obtained. The oil has acid value – 4.11 to 9.5, iodine value – 70.95, saponification value – 195.3 and density – 916 kg/m3. The chromatographic analysis indicates that, the oil consists of oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic as its main fatty acids. The characteristic property reveals that the oil can be used for cooking, confectionary and pharmaceutical purposes. Keywords: confectionary fats, extraction, fatty acid composition, Sapota seed oil
BACKGROUND Sapota (Achras zapota) commonly known as ‘chikoo’ is largely cultivated in India for its fruit value, while in other countries such as South-East Mexico and Guatemala, it is commercially grown for chicle production. Chicle is a gum like substance which is obtained from latex and is specifically used in the preparation of chewing gum. Sapota is mostly grown in the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. Sapota fruit is highly perishable and is also sensitive to cold storage. The fruit’s texture is creamy and soft; the flavour is a mix of sweet potato, pumpkin, honey, peach, apricot, cantaloupe, cherry, and almond. Sapota fruit has grey/brown, sandy, outer surface but without the fuzziness. Unripe fruits possess white, hard, inedible pulp that secretes sticky latex containing toxic substance saponin. This milky latex gradually disappears and its white flesh turns brown as the fruit ripe. Once ripen, it becomes soft, acquires sweet taste and smooth or grainy texture with slight musky
flavour. The fruit is a good source of digestible sugar (12–18%) and an appreciable source of protein, fat fibre and minerals, calcium and iron. The pulp is mainly consumed fresh, but is also used for making jam, ice cream, sauces and other regional food products. It is rich in calories and its sweet flavour can be attributed to the presence of simple sugars like fructose and sucrose that replenish energy and revitalize the body. It contains about 1–4 black, smooth, shiny shaped, inedible seeds, located at its centre. The seeds themselves are reported to be toxic. Sapota seed kernel oil is the solvent obtained after extraction or pressing from its seeds. The oil is described as having an ‘almond-like odour’ and a ‘mild, pleasant taste’, and is also used as a cooking oil in some tropical countries.[1,2] The oil is used as a skin ointment. It helps in moisturizing and softening the hair, thus making it more manageable. It imparts shine with a soft lustre and is proven excellent for curly
IJCEP (2016) 15–18 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
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International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Influence of CeO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Behavior of Electrodeposited Ni Coatings K.M. Aswathi, L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde* Electrochemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, India
Abstract Nickel-Ceria (Ni-CeO2) nanocomposite coatings were developed on mild steel (MS) substrate using electrodeposition method. The codeposition of the nanoparticles was achieved from the optimized Ni plating bath loaded with CeO2 nanoparticles (particle size <20 nm). Ni and NiCeO2 coatings were achieved at a wide current density (c.d.) range from 1.0 to 5.0 A/dm2 under optimal conditions, and their corrosion protection efficacy was examined in 5% NaCl medium. The material property of Ni coatings towards corrosion was found to be enhanced by the incorporation of the distributed phase, CeO2 nanoparticles, into the Ni matrix. Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques were used to examine the corrosion behaviors of metal and nanocomposite coatings. The obtained results showed an improvement in corrosion resistance for Ni-CeO2 coatings compared with Ni, and the nanocomposite coating obtained at 4.0 A/dm2 was found to be optimal with least corrosion rate (CR = 1.8 102 mm/y). The coatings have been characterized using diverse instrumental methodologies such as SEM, EDS and XRD study, and results are discussed. Keywords: corrosion study, electrodeposition, Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings, SEM
INTRODUCTION The demand for metal matrix composites is reaching new heights because of the enhanced properties such as wear, corrosion, oxidation resistance and dispersion hardening or self-lubrication relative to pure metal,[1,2] so that they can protect the metal substrates more effectively against severe environments during operation.[3] Even though Ni is a strong, tough metal that is resistant to corrosion, erosion and abrasion, its properties deteriorate during severe environmental and stress conditions.[3] To overcome this limitation, the developments of a metal matrix reinforced with ceramic particles are emerging as a new attractive field of research. Recently, rare earth oxide nanoparticles have been also used in
the development of composite coatings in various fields such as optics, electronics, metallurgy, chemical and materials engineering,[4,5] due to their special physical and chemical characteristics. CeO2 is one of the powerful rare earth oxides which can impart many superior properties to the composite coatings compared with the pure metal coating.[4,6] Electrodeposition is the commonly used method for the production of metal matrix composite materials, through codeposition of fine ceramic or polymer particles in a metal matrix from electrolytic baths.[3–8] Since, by electrodeposition, nanocomposite coatings can be fabricated
IJCEP (2016) 19–28 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved
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International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1
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Magneto-Electrodeposition of Sn–Ni Alloy Coating for Better Corrosion Protection Sandhya Shetty, Vaishaka R. Rao, Ampar Chitharanjan Hegde* Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Karnataka, India
Abstract The present paper reports the development of excellent corrosion resistant Sn–Ni alloy coatings from a new pyrophosphate bath by magneto-electrodeposition (MED) approach. First part reports optimization of conditions for deposition of Sn–Ni coatings on mild steel by conventional electrodeposition (ED) method and their characterization. The second part demonstrates how the corrosion resistance of Sn–Ni alloy coatings can be improved drastically by MED method, using same bath. Significant decrease of corrosion rate exhibited by MED coatings (under parallel and perpendicular magnetic field, B) was attributed to increase of Sn content in the deposit due to increase of its limiting current density (iL). Drastic decrease of corrosion rates was due to basic difference in the process of electro-crystallization and phases found in MED coatings, confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Low corrosion rates were attributed to unique phase structures formed, namely Sn (220), (411), (501) and Ni (200) which do not correspond to any distinct phases in ED Sn–Ni coatings. Changed crystallographic orientation and surface morphology of MED coatings, responsible for less corrosion rate were explained in the light of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) effect, and results are discussed. Keywords: corrosion behavior, magneto-electrodeposition, SEM, Sn–Ni alloy, XRD study
INTRODUCTION Sn–Ni coatings are of great interest in galvanotechnics, particularly due to its very bright appearance and corrosion resistance characters. In particular, the electronics industry has used them in through-hole plating of the printed circuit boards as protective and etch-resistant coatings for manufacturing the printed circuit boards, and as a partial substitute for gold. The excellent frictional resistance, ability to retain an oil film on its surface and good throwing power compared to chrome plating made the Sn– Ni alloy coating as most industrially important. Apart from its application as an alternative for electroplated chromium and
nickel in hardware, automotive, electrical and electronics accessories, it has also been used as good electrode materials in Li-ion batteries.[1–3] Wide spread use of Sn–Ni alloy in Li-ion batteries is reasoned by two important factors. One is its much higher electrochemical capacity compared to the traditional carbon materials, and other one is the ease of its fabrication by simple and inexpensive electrodeposition technique.[4–6] According to Brenner, there have been many studies on Sn–Ni alloy deposition from fluoride, pyrophosphate and chloride solutions.[7] In all these the most important aspect of electrodeposited
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