International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices is focused to provide a platform for recent trends in elastic–plastic properties, Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage, impact damage, fracture repair techniques, modeling and numerical simulation. All the articles published in the journal go through stringent process of peer-reviewing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal              

Elastic instability Gross plastic deformation Tensile instability Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction Low and high cycle fatigue damage Brittle/elastic damage Ductile/plastic damage Strain softening and strain-rate sensitivity damage Impact damage Modeling and numerical simulation Elastic–plastic fracture mechanics Crack incubation and propagation Crack and fracture repair techniques Damage tolerance and fracture control

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sohel Rana University of Minho, Campus de Azurem, Portugal

Dr. Suryya K. Rana Dungarpur College of Engineering & Technology, India

Dr. Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Professor and Head Department of I & P Engineering BIET, Davanagere, India

Dr. Bhanu Kiran Goriparthi GITAM University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Manikandan Vai Kalasalingam University, Sriviliputhur, India

Dr. D. Siva Prasad GITAM University, India

Dr. Bhanu Pratap Singh Senior Scientist, Physics and Engineering of Carbon Section, Division of Materials Physics and Engineering, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India

Dr. Janu Sharma, Regional Institute of Education, Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh) India

Dr. Debdulal Das Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India

Dr. Aniruddha Chatterjee Department of Plastics and Polymers Technology University Institute of Chemical Technology, North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, India

Dr. S. C. Sahoo Indian Plywood Industries Research & Training Institute, Kolkata (West Bengal), India

Prof. S. B. Rai Department of Physics Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) India

Dr. Bijan Deb Department of Physics, Ambedkar College, Fatikroy Tripura (Unakoti), India

Dr. Sunain Katoch Chemistry Department (Organic Chemistry), Gautam Post Graduate College, Shimla, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Composite Materials and Matrices issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Composite Materials and Matrices as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Composite Materials and Matrices, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Composite Materials and Matrices in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Composite Materials and Matrices focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Elastic instability, Gross plastic deformation, Tensile instability, Creep damage and creep-fatigue interaction, Low and high cycle fatigue damage, Brittle/elastic damage, Ductile/plastic damage, Strain softening and strain-rate, sensitivity damage, Impact damage, Modeling and numerical simulation, Elasticâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;plastic fracture mechanics, Crack incubation and propagation, Crack and fracture repair techniques, Damage tolerance and fracture control etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Composite Materials and Matrices and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Composite Materials and Matrices. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Composite Materials and Matrices. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Composite Materials and Matrices readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Composite Materials and Matrices Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Sugar Manufacturing and Process Performance Analysis â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Study Nikhil Dev

2. Effect of Some Physical Properties on the Swelling Behaviour of Biomass Membranes S.A. Osemeahon, E.A. Agala, A.M. Kolo, A. Akinterinwa

3. Toxic Effect of Titanium (TiO2) on Wistar Rat Shantanu Gosh

4. Experimental Analysis on the Characteristics of Gas Turbine Blade Materials Sadananda Chakraborty, Rayapati Subbarao

5. Execution and Evaluation of Glass-Epoxy-TiC Hybrid Composites Shivi Sharma

International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Sugar Manufacturing and Process Performance Analysis – A Study Nikhil Dev* Mechanical Engineering Department, YMCA University of Science and Technology, Faridabad, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT Sugar is one of the most desirous commodity in every part of the world. It production requires a lot of planning from crop to final product development. In the present work it is analysed that sugar production is passed through a lot energy intensive processes. These energy intensive processes are necessary at every level of sugar production. Therefore, to plan any energy conservation policy it is rudiment to understand all these processes. Technology is making its way through human development with new inventions in science and engineering. A lot of new inventions are taking place day by day. The parameters to evaluate process performance are also numerous. These parameters may be inter-reliant or independent. Therefore, performance analysis of sugar manufacturing makes it necessary to look into the performance parameters and their interdependence so that their role in technology development may be fully understood. Keywords: analysis, performance, processes, sugar

INTRODUCTION Sugarcane and sugar are known to India since Vedic times. The first mention of sugarcane in the world literature is found in ATHARVA VEDA. In the legends in Hindu mythology many references of sugarcane, syrup and crystalline sugar are found. The words for sugar in most languages of world are derived from the Sanskrit word “Sharkara”. It is from India that knowledge of sugarcane culture, production and use of sugar spread to different parts of world. During Alexander’s invasion of India, Greeks learnt about sugarcane and sugar in 325 B.C. In 600 AD. Chinese learnt art of sugar manufacture from Indians. The cultivation of sugar was introduced to western world by the Spanish and Portuguese in 16th century.

Sugarcane being a C4 crop is capable of fixing more CO2 by efficient processes of photosynthesis and translocation. The sugars, synthesized in the leaves are translocated to the stem in the form of ‘sucrose’ and are converted into glucose and other sugars. The glucose molecules are used for the development of plant parts (structural units) in the growth phase. As soon as the processes related to growth and development start ceasing, the sugar accumulation starts and sucrose is formed by glucose and fructose after dehydration. There are about 140 types of sugars. Among these there is a family of sugar with whose name the suffix ‘ose’ is associated, for example sucrose, dextrose, maltose, mannose, etc. The suffix indicates that whole family is built up from components of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in different proportion. Inside this

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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effect of Some Physical Properties on the Swelling Behaviour of Biomass Membranes S.A. Osemeahon1, E.A. Agala1, A.M. Kolo2, A. Akinterinwa1* 1

Department of Chemistry, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola, Nigeria 2 Department of Chemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

ABSTRACT The membranes of Detarium microcarpum seeds (DMS) and Alfzelia africana seeds (AAS) were developed. The water uptake capacities for DMS and AAS were found to be 500% and 390% respectively. The percentage of water uptake by Detarium microcarpum membrane and Alfzelia africana membrane, both increased with increased in the concentration of DMS and AAS as well as pH. The effect of contact time on water uptake showed that the water uptake increases gradually from 30 minutes to 2 hours and rapidly from 2 hours to 4 hours which mark the saturation point of the bio-sorbent. The water uptake of both membranes decreased with increase in ionic strength and temperature. This study revealed that Alfzelia africana and Detarium microcarpum membranes have high water uptake capacities, therefore, the study presents both DMS and AAS plant seeds as potential bio-sorbents for industrial use. Keywords: Alfzelia africana seeds, Detarium microcarpum seeds, membrane, water uptake capacities

INTRODUCTION Water pollution is a worldwide problem and its control has become increasingly important in recent years. Aqueous heavy metal pollution represents an economical environmental problem due to their toxic effects and accumulation throughout the food chain.[1] Heavy metal contaminants exist in aqueous wastewaters of many industries, such as metal plating facilities, mining operations and tanneries. The contamination of water with substances which have adverse effect on human beings, animals and plant is called water pollution.[2] Removal of heavy metal ions from effluents can be achieved by various methods such as: chemical precipitation, ion exchange, electrochemical treatment, reverse osmosis, solvent extraction, lime

coagulation, adsorption carbon, etc.[3]

activated

These existing technologies for wastewater treatment have major problems, costs involved in the construction of waste water treatment plants are un-economical, it consumes lot of space, and commercially they are unattractive and have disposal problems.[4] The technologies are divided into three types namely biological, chemical and physical.[5] The technologies like electro floatation, electro kinetic coagulation, coagulation combined with floatation and filtration, conventional oxidation methods by oxidizing agents irradiation and electrochemical processes are the technologies which fall under chemical methods. These chemical technologies are having many

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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Toxic Effect of Titanium (TiO2) on Wistar Rat Shantanu Gosh* Department of Chemistry, Kurushetra University, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (<100 nm) has been generally utilized as a part of the creation of paints, paper, and plastics, and additionally in sustenance added substances and colorants. It has been named naturally inactive in both people and creatures. Here we concentrated the harmfulness of TiO2 on Wister rodent. Primary introduction zone of NPs is caudal vein of Wistar rodent. In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous infusion can convey TiO2 nanoparticulate transporters straightforwardly into the human body. Upon intravenous introduction, TiO2 NPs can initiate neurotic injuries of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and cerebrum. We have likewise appeared here that the vast majority of these impacts might be because of the utilization of high measurements of TiO2 NPs. Ultrafine estimate and morphological properties of NPs was dictated by TEM, SEM and X beam diffraction where the span of NPs were 5-20nm, discovered morphologically as total frame. Because of high dosage of NPs the body weight was decreased however the coefficient of liver, kidney and spleen were altogether expanded yet no adjustment in cerebrum. Receptive Oxygen Species (ROS) increment because of high measurements which harmed DNA. Serum protein and catalase catalyst action additionally expanded with expanding NPs fixation yet SOD diminished. Keywords: titanium, toxic, wistar rat

INTRODUCTION Titanium dioxide (TiO2) (<100 nm) has been broadly utilized as a part of the creation of paints, paper, and plastics, and in nourishment added substances and colorants. It has been delegated organically idle in both people and creatures. Here we concentrated the poisonous quality of TiO2 on Wister rodent. Fundamental presentation zone of NPs is caudal vein of Wistar rodent. In the field of nanomedicine, intravenous infusion can convey TiO2 nanoparticulate bearers specifically into the human body. Upon intravenous presentation, TiO2 NPs can prompt obsessive sores of the liver, spleen, kidneys, and cerebrum. We have additionally appeared here that the greater part of these impacts might be because of the utilization of high dosages of TiO2 NPs. Ultrafine estimate and morphological

properties of NPs was dictated by TEM, SEM and X beam diffraction where the span of NPs were 5~20nm, discovered morphologically as total frame. Because of high dosage of NPs increment of body weight was decreased however the coefficient of liver, kidney and spleen were essentially expanded yet no adjustment in mind. Responsive Oxygen Species (ROS) increment because of high measurements which harmed DNA. Serum protein and catalase catalyst action additionally expanded with expanding NPs fixation yet SOD decreased [1–5].

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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Experimental Analysis on the Characteristics of Gas Turbine Blade Materials Sadananda Chakraborty*, Rayapati Subbarao Mechanical Engineering Department, National Institute of Technical Teachers' Training and Research (NITTTR), Kolkata, India

ABSTRACT Gas turbine technology is gaining importance and has become viable option in most of the applications in view of depleting fossil fuels. Material research has widened the scope and life of gas turbines with improved performance. Present work experimentally studies about the characteristics of different materials that can be used in gas turbines and in particular, turbine/compressor blades. Nickel, titanium and steel alloys of different metal compositions are selected. Hardness test is performed and index is compared. Metallurgical microscope is used for studying the grain structure. Surface roughness test is carried out after grinding and the values of Ra and Rz are compared. Later, heat treatment is carried out and tests are done after the heat treatment as well. Study reveals that suitable alloy can be identified ensuring safer and long withstanding of gas turbine components and blades giving more options in order to meet future power generation requirement. Keywords: gas turbine materials, material testing, microscopic studies, surface roughness test, turbine blade

INTRODUCTION Gas turbine (GT) technology is getting prominence these days because of its wide range of applications and advantages it offers on working and performance. Progress in materials research has paved the way for further improvement of gas turbine performance [1]. The continuous flow of the working fluid requires performing processes like compression, heat input and expansion that take place in separate components. So, material selection is very importance that brings all the components working together in a coordinated way to achieve higher power output. Gas turbine components are subjected to extremely high temperatures causing significant mechanical and thermal stresses. In order to overcome such barriers, gas turbine blades are made using advanced materials and modern consent alloys (super alloys) that contain significant alloying elements [2]. If

suitable materials are selected, there are higher chances of withstanding elevated temperatures and thus higher efficiency. Lighter materials like Al alloys would help in reducing weight of the overall engine or system. High performance materials like special steels, titanium alloys Nickel alloys and other super alloys are used for the construction of gas turbines. Different combinations of materials are useful in different components. Metals like Nickel, Chromium, Cobalt and Tungsten are the primary metals necessary for all the components of the GT system. Titanium and Tantalum are also used [3]. Based on the suitability of GT materials, present work chooses Ti, Ni alloy and steel alloys for testing. Ti based alloys have been used

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International Journal of Composite Materials and Matrices Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Execution and Evaluation of Glass-Epoxy-TiC Hybrid Composites Shivi Sharma* CSIR, Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

ABSTRACT The present paper reports the handling and strong molecule disintegration conduct of a multiphase composite comprising of epoxy sap strengthened with E-glass fiber and TiC particles. The TiC powder incorporated from ilmenite utilizing DC amplified warm plasma procedure has been utilized as the filler as a part of these glass epoxy composites. It is watched that with expanding rate of filler particles, there is critical change in hardness and disintegration wear execution. It is additionally watched that, among every one of the components, affect speed is the most critical element took after by TiC rate and impingement edge, while erodent estimate has minimal centrality on disintegration of the strengthened composite. Taguchi's orthogonal clusters have been utilized to distinguish the controlling variables affecting the disintegration wear rate. Keywords: composites, glass, TiC

INTRODUCTION These days much consideration is centered around the investigation of strong molecule disintegration conduct of fiber strengthened polymer composites. This is because of the high potential utilization of these materials in mechanical and auxiliary applications in car, marine, and aviation enterprises. Thus disintegration resistance of polymer composites has turned into a critical material property, especially in choice of option materials. Polymer composites are frequently utilized as designing and also auxiliary segments where these are subjected to wear. Wear is harm to a strong surface for the most part including dynamic loss of materials, attributable to relative movement between the surface and a reaching surface or substances [1]. A few examinations on contact and wear properties of PEEK and its composites loaded with filaments, natural and

inorganic fillers have been done [2, 3]. Yen and Dharan [4] have examined the rough wear conduct of unidirectional fiber strengthened polymer composites. Chang et al. [5] have concentrated the tribological properties of fiber strengthened polymer composites like polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherimide (PEI). It has been watched that by consolidating filler particles into fiber-fortified composites, synergistic impacts can be accomplished as higher modulus and diminished material cost, yet went with diminished quality and effect strength [6â&#x20AC;&#x201C;13]. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS Preparation of TiC Powder Ilmenite is one of the vital metals of titanium. In the present examination, TiC powder has been blended from the ilmenite focus by an indigenously created developed circular segment plasma reactor. The reactor is a pot sort reactor where graphite cathodes are organized in a

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x International Journal of Biomechanics & Biodynamics x International Journal of Fluid Dynamics and Mechanics x International Journal Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements 2 more...

6 more...

Chemical Engineering x International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture

Composite Materials 2 more...

2 more...

& Matrices

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering

Julâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Dec 2016 5 more...

IJCMM

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

Nanotechnology

5 more...

Physics

Chemistry

5 more...

Nursing

Biotechnology x x x x x

4 more...