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International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology

International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology is a comprehensive journal that covers all the topics of Distributed operating system. All articles that are included in the journal are peer-reviewed and follow stringent guidelines before publishing. From Decentralized computing to Optical computing all the topics fall under the scope and the focus of this journal.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Decentralized computing ! Distributed algorithmic mechanism design ! Distributed cache ! Distributed operating system ! Multiprocessor and multi-core architectures ! Synchronization protocols and concurrent programming ! Parallel programming ! Distributed sensor networks ! Pervasive computing ! Optical computing

International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Mansaf Alam Alam Department of Computer Science, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

Senthil Kumar Lakshmanan Department of IT GNITS, Shaikpet, Hyderabad, India

Professor Ravi Prakash Reddy Department of IT GNITS, Shaikpet, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Kiran Sree Professor, Department of CSE, NBKRIST, Vidyanagar, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh), India

Dr. Tripty Singh Asst.Professor, Amrita School of Engg, Bangalore, India

Dr. S. Sreejith Associate Professor, Power Electronics and Drives Division, School of Electrical Engineering,Vellore Institute of Technology, India

Dr. R G Jeyakumar Professor, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore., India

Dr. T Abirami Professor, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode Tamilnadu, India

Ziyan Wu Research Scientist, Vision Solutions and Technologies, Siemens Corporate Research, Princeton, NJ

B M Alaudeen Asst.Professor, AVS College of Arts & Science ,Salem, India

Mr. Sanku Sinha Assistant Professor, R.V.S. College of Engineering and Technology, Jamshedpur, India

Mr. S Sivakumar Periyar University, Salem, India

B M Alaudeen Asst.Professor, AVS College of Arts & Science ,Salem, India

K Abirami Amrita School Of Engineering, Coimbatore, India

Kalyan Kumar Jena Dept. of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India

Ch.Satyananda Reddy Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.

Dr. Kiran Sree Professor in the department of CSE at NBKRIST, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology. This journal is part of the Computer Science and Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Distributed Computing and Technology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Computer Science and Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Computer Science and Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Decentralized computing, Distributed algorithmic mechanism design, Distributed cache, Distributed operating system, Multiprocessor and multi-core architectures, Synchronization protocols and concurrent programming, Parallel programming Distributed sensor networks, Pervasive computing, Optical computing. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Computer Science and Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Computer Science and Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Computer Science and Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Computer Science and Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Computer Science and Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. CSPC: A New Approach for Edge Detection of Gray-Scale Images Kalyan Kumar Jena, Sarojananda Mishra, Sasmita Mishra

2. An Improved Approach for Edge Detection of Noisy Images Kalyan Kumar Jena, Sarojananda Mishra, Sasmita Mishra

3. Analysis of Fingerprint Image Enhancement by Different Methods Mayur S. Patil, Sandip S. Patil

4. Short Communication: Human Resource Management System Kshitij Singh Raghav

5. Location Search with Mobile Images Using Spatial Data Anirudh Mathur

International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology ISSN: 2455-7307 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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CSPC: A New Approach for Edge Detection of Gray-Scale Images Kalyan Kumar Jena*, Sarojananda Mishra, Sasmita Mishra Department of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India

Abstract We can define an edge of an image as a set of connected pixels that creates boundaries of several objects in an image. Generally, Edge detection is a process of segmenting an image into regions of discontinuity. Edge detection takes a greater role in digital image processing as well as practical aspects of our life. Edges of an image can be generated by implementing several edge detector mechanisms. In this paper, anew edge detection mechanism that computes edges of different images using the quantitative combination of Canny-SobelPrewitt-Canny (C-S-P-C) edge detectors is presented. Here, the proposed methodology is compared with Canny, Sobel and Prewitt edge detectors separately. Keywords: Canny-Sobel-Prewitt (C-S-P-C) edge detectors, edge detection, digital image processing

INTRODUCTION Digital image processing refers to the use of computer algorithm in order to perform image processing on several digital images.[1] It is a very popular mechanism that can be widely used for digital image processes or operations like pattern recognition, segmentation, feature extraction, image morphology, etc. Edge detection is a very popular and well developed field in image processing. Edges normally arise on the boundary between two different regions or objects in an image.[2–19] Generally, Edge detection mechanism allows the user to check those features of any image in which there is a more or less abrupt change in case of gray level or texture that indicates the end of one region or object in the image as well as the beginning of another. It has a lot of real time applications like finger print recognition, study of anatomical structure, face recognition, medical imaging, computer guided surgery diagnosis, locate

object in satellite images, automatic traffic controlling systems, etc.[20–25] There are many traditional operators such as Sobel Operator, Prewitt Operator, LOG Operator, Canny Operator and Robert Operator which are used for edge detection of images.[6] Different methods can be used for edge detection. But, maximum methods can be grouped into either Gradient or Laplacian.[2] In case of Laplacian method, it checks for zero crossings in the 2nd derivative of the image specifically to find edges. In Image Processing and Computer Vision, Edges give valuable and very important information towards human image understanding. [7] Now-a-days, edge detection has become very serious challenge to the image processing scientist and researchers. Due

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International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology ISSN: 2455-7307 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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An Improved Approach for Edge Detection of Noisy Images Kalyan Kumar Jena*, Sarojananda Mishra, Sasmita Mishra Department of CSEA, IGIT, Sarang, Odisha, India

Abstract Edge detection of images is a very serious challenge to the researchers till date. Several techniques can be implemented to detect the edges of different images. But a single edge detection methodology is not enough to perform very well in each and every possible image context. In this paper, an innovative edge detection methodology is presented, that computes the edges of different images using the combination of Bergholm–Rothwell–Sobel–Prewitt edge detectors (BRSP). Here, the edge detection of images using B-R-S-P technique is compared with each Operator individually. Keywords: Bergholm–Rothwell–Sobel–Prewitt edge detectors, B-R-S-P technique, Edge detection, image context

INTRODUCTION Edges in context of image processing and computer vision provide valuable information towards human image understanding. It probably most important processing step in human picture recognition system consists of edge detection process naturally.[1] Edge detection has become serious challenge to image processing scientist. Edge detection algorithm is essentially a process of detection of this discontinues in an image.[2,3] Since the abrupt change in brightness level indicates edge, its detection in binary or segmented image is quite straight forward. There could be various reasons, such as lighting conditions, object geometry, type of material surface texture, etc. as well as their mutual interaction, for discontinuities. How does edge comes in an image? The answer to this question probably, provides the early clue for locating edge in an image.

The variation of image feature, usually brightness gives rise to edges. Objectively the edges are representation of the discontinuities of image intensity function.[4] However, the process of edge localization is quite complex in case of gray level or intensity image. The nature of intensity variation points to application of derivative operators for detecting edges, application of derivative operator on intensity image produce another image, usually called gradient image as it reveals the rate of intensity variation. The transition in intensity in Gray scale image is relatively smooth in nature rather than abrupt in case of segmented image or binary image. The image is then made to undergo thresholding and /or edge linking in order to yield contours. There are many ways to perform edge detection.[2]

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International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology ISSN: 2455-7307 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Analysis of Fingerprint Image Enhancement by Different Methods Mayur S. Patil*, Sandip S. Patil Department of Computer Engineering, SSBT’s COET, Bambhori, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

Abstract The fingerprint enhancement method using directional filter/Rotational filter is effective in both dry fingerprint images and wet fingerprint images. It removes noise in between the ridge and filling the white hole in the ridge. This leads to decrease the False Acceptance Rate (FAR) and False Rejection Rate (FRR), in fingerprint minutiae extraction. In fingerprint image enhancement, for the image matching there are used various filters likes Gabor filter, FFT filter etc. By using these filters the noise is reduced and image is cleared. Then this image is matched with stored image. Keywords: false acceptance rate (FAR) and false rejection rate (FRR), directional median filter (DMF), multi-resolution analysis.

BACKGROUND The biometry or biometrics refers to the automatic identification of an individual by using certain physiological or behavioral traits associated with the person. Fingerprints are fully formed at about seven months of fetus development and finger ridge configurations do not change throughout the life of an individual except due to accidents such as bruises and cuts on the fingertips. A fingerprint consists of ridges as well as valleys. The outline of the ridges and valleys is unique for every individual. There are two most important methods of fingerprint matching: global pattern matching and local Features. The first approach analyses ridge bifurcations and endings, the second technique represents additional macroscopic approach. The last approach considers the stream of ridges in

conditions of, for example, arches, whorls and loops. ROTATIONAL FILTER/DIRECTIONAL FILTER Directional Filter is one of the enhancement techniques which are familiar in multi-resolution enhancement method. [1] The Multi-resolution analysis has been proposed to remove noise from fingerprint image by decomposing the image into different frequency bands (or sub-images). This allows compensating for different noise components at different scales: in particular, at higher levels (low and intermediate frequency bands) the rough ridge-valley flow is cleaned and gaps are closed, whereas at the lower levels (Higher frequencies) the finer details are preserved. The enhanced image bands are then recombined to obtain the final image. Generally, in directional filter bank, the fingerprint image is divided into eight parts according to the orientation of the ridge structure. The eight orientations

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International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology ISSN: 2455-7307(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Short Communication: Human Resource Management System Kshitij Singh Raghav Department of MCA, Guru Gobind Singh IP University, New Delhi, India

Every organization has numerous types of resources like office equipments, finance, raw material, etc. Human Resource (HR) is one of these resources. It is the most vital among all the resources of an organization. So, HR functions are common to all type of organizations. These HR functions may include recruitment, time management, management of payroll, and many more. In the scenario of handling thousands of employees, their recruitment procedure,

their time scheduling and their salary slip generation according to their packages, and their working days may become difficult to handle manually. Here comes the need of a system which can help the administration to do all the above said jobs in an automated and efficient manner. We call our proposed system as Human Resource Management System (HRMS), which is being developed for the management of human of HR.

Source: Wikipedia There is a huge amount of information which needs to be entered, stored, and searched thereafter related to large number of employee of a particular organization. HRMS reduces the work load of the administration department by automating all the related process electronically. This HRMS not only automates the data entry for employee details such as personal information, past experience details, skills, and so on, but also efficiently manage the time/work relation for every employee and the work distribution methods generates the payment cheques periodically and

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International Journal of Distributed Computing and Technology ISSN: 2455-7307(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Location Search With Mobile Images Using Spatial Data Anirudh Mathur* Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India

Abstract This paper describes a method to do location recognition based on images taken from mobile devices. Its usefulness emerges out when we are in a foreign land and because of language barrier we fail to collect relevant information regarding popular monuments or structures. Now searching a matching image would mean comparing earth’s moon with billions of stars in the entire galaxy. It is computationally very expensive to match with billions of images from web. So we devise a hybrid image-keyword-spatial data mechanism for searching. Keywords: image, mobile, searching

INTRODUCTION Majority of search engines today use keyword based image searches. Image based techniques often returns unrelated images that are not even near to the searched images. Though these techniques are inherently fast and computationally less expensive, but again these techniques become less relevant when we are in foreign unknown land. Google has a collection of more than a million web pages. These pages have been indexed with text that appears near images or are image caption etc. Google images already contain EXIF data.

EXIF format has standard tags for location information. As of 2014 many cameras and most mobile phones have a built-in GPS receiver that stores the location information in the EXIF header when a

picture is taken. Some other cameras have a separate GPS receiver that fits into the flash connector or hot shoe. OUR APPROCH: We propose a hybrid approach that can provide content-based image retrieval by combining spatial based, image-based and text-based search. We leverage the fact that there will be redundant landmark images on the web and that a search in a subset of the web will likely find a matching image We first search a set of images obtained by crawling a restricted domain. The domain is selected based on the spatial data obtained either by GPS data of users and using the mobile image send by user for expected application, for example monuments-related sites for a particular geographic location. GPS data are to be used in identifying the region and each region already has a database of geographic locations. This

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6 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

e-ISSN: 2455-7307 Applied Mechanics

Mechanical Engineering

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International Journal of

Chemical Engineering

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Civil Engineering

Architecture

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Computer Science and Engineering

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Electrical Engineering

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Nursing

Jan - Jun 2016

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Material Sciences and Engineering

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Biotechnology

Chemistry

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Nanotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences