International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, 6 Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India 1 t E-mail: info@journalspub.com 0 i e l 2 m ic b rt u S A Mechanical Engineering Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and International Journal of Thermal Energy and u Mechanical Behaviour Applications International Journal of Machine Design and International Journal of Production Engineering Yo «

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

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Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

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Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

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Signals

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Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering is concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials and mining. The journal also focuses on the dynamic behavior of the soil and rocks, earthquake mechanics and other important fields of civil engineering that deals with geological and geotechnical engineering.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Soil and rock engineering ! Offshore geotechnical engineering ! Applied geology and geosynthetics ! Geo-environmental engineering ! Earthquake engineering ! Dynamic behavior of soils and rocks ! Geohazards and mitigation ! Mining engineering ! Soil mechanics and soil dynamics ! Computational geomechanics ! Lateral earth pressures and slope stability

International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. AFM Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Department of Civil Engineering Orissa Engineering College Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. Manoj Khandelwal Department of Mining Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India

Dr. V. R. Sastry, Professor of Mining Engineering, HOD Training & Placement, Director Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., Director- KIOCL Limited National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, India

Dr. Saad Issa Sarsam Department of Civil Engineering University of Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. Ramani Bai Vardharajan School of Civil Engineering, Linton University College, Malaysia

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India

Kausar Ali Department of Civil Engineering Z.H. College of Engineering & Technology A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P), India

Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Department of Applied Geology National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India

Dr. Intha Srinivasa Reddy Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam, Haranadhareddy Institute of Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Akshey Bhargava Professor, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, A.P, India

Amarsinh Babanrao Landage Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, Tal. Karad, Dist. Satara, Mahrashtra, India

Sonal Jain Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, India

Prerna Sharma Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, G D Goenka University, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Geological and Geotechnical Engineering from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Geotechnical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Soil and rock engineering, offshore geotechnical engineering, Applied geology and geosynthetics, Geo-environmental engineering, Earthquake engineering etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Geological and Geotechnical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Effect of Varying Shear Velocity on the Mechanical Behavior of Jointed Rock Subjected to Lower Normal Load Sumit Maskey

2. Spatial and Temporal Variation of Bioaerosols with Meteorology at Different Land Sites Sonal Jain, Ankit Sharma, Ankita Singh

3. A Case Study of the Krishna Bhir Slope Failure Disaster: Past and Present Scenario at a Glance Sumit Maskey

4. Under Water Blasting for Rock Dredging and Protection of Structures: A Case Study V. Rama Sastry, G. Raghu Chandra, C. Karthik

5. Analysis of Stability of Slope Subjected to Blast Vibrations: A Numerical Modelling Approach V.R. Sastry, D. Venkat Reddy, S. Parvathy

International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effect of Varying Shear Velocity on the Mechanical Behavior of Jointed Rock Subjected to Lower Normal Load Sumit Maskey* Department of Earthquake Engineering Research and Training, National Society of Earthquake Technology, Nepal (NSET), Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract This study investigates the effect of shearing velocity on the mechanical behavior of rock joints, namely, the shear strength, residual strength, joint dilation, its surface roughness and the shearing stiffness under the application of lower normal load. The slower rate of shearing plays an important role in creep and the fatigue effect on jointed rock masses whereas, higher rate of shearing is experienced in the cases of dynamic loadings such as earthquake ground motion, blasting, drilling and traffic loading. In order to study the influence of shear velocity on the mechanical behavior of joints, CNL direct shear test are conducted at the geotechnical engineering laboratory of Kyoto University, Japan. The shear velocity effects the degree of interaction between the joint wall and the change in the surface roughness, which is brought upon by the asperity degradation during shearing. Finally, these phenomena will have the significant effect on the overall mechanical properties of the joint. However, under the lower normal load (<1.00 MPa) shear velocity has no serious effect on the mechanical properties of the joint. Hence, based on the experimental results, its effect can be neglected for the normal confining stress less than 1.00 MPa. Eventually, the results of this work can help in studying the weak nature of jointed rock slopes under dynamic loading conditions which would be the main focus of this research work in near future. Keywords: mechanical behavior, shear velocity, shear strength, joint asperity

INTRODUCTION Joints are the discontinuities that act as the weakest planes in a rock mass with a tendency towards sliding or shearing during civil engineering constructions in, over and under them. Therefore, in the study about the joint behavior, shear strength can be the staple property because the stability of a rock slope is mainly controlled by the shear strength of the joints present within. In turn, the shear strength of the joints is also governed by other mechanical properties, namely, dilation, surface roughness and the shearing stiffness. These properties depend upon some important parameters such as normal confining stress, material strength, surface roughness, the filling

material present between the joints and the shearing velocity. Earlier studies have focused on the investigation of the shear strength of joints considering the effect of normal loading and surface roughness, but the influence of shearing velocity in the entire mechanical behavior of joints has not been reported till now. Patton[1] had presented the new shear strength criteria and stated that the undulations and asperities on a natural joint surface, applied normal confining

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Spatial and Temporal Variation of Bioaerosols With Meteorology at Different Land Sites Sonal Jain1*, Ankit Sharma2, Ankita Singh3 1

Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India 2 Mother Teresa Saket College of Physiotherapy, Haryana India 3 Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, India

Abstract Air particulates associated with biological origins are termed as bioaerosols. These bioaerosols consist of different species of bacteria, fungi, pollen and spores, etc. and can be allergenic and infectious in nature. The study is an attempt to understand the seasonal variation in bioaerosols concentration at three different land use sites: site I (commercial site), site II (dumping site), Site III (vegetated site). Statistical correlation was applied to infer the relation between bioaerosols concentration with meterological parameters (relative humidity and temperature) at selected sites. The study showed that Site II (dumping site) has high bioaerosols concentration (129 CFU) with high bacterial number (80 CFU) whereas the site III (vegetated site) has highest fungal concentration (67.8 CFU). This shows that different land use type and their micro habitat affect the type of biogenic agent that harbour. The bacterial and fungal concentration shows anti-synergistic trends with RH and temperature at different land use pattern. Contrastingly, at site II (dumping site) where the RH (42.5%) is observed to be minimum and are accompanied with maximum bacterial count. Study demonstrates the strong correlation between temperature and abundance of bacteria indicated that temperature is one of the most important meteorological factors controlling bacterial abundance whereas the humidity exceeds the fungal population. In winter season the fungal concentration dominates the ambient environment whereas in summer season the bacterial spores were contributing most. Keywords: bioaerosols, colony forming unit, gram-negative and -positive bacteria, monitoring, sampling, temperature, humidity, meteorology, bacteria, fungi

INTRODUCTION The biological material present in the atmosphere in the form of pollens, fungal spores, bacteria, viruses and any fragments from the plants and animals; they are referred as biogenic aerosols or simply known as bioaerosols.[1] They are either the suspension of air-borne particles containing living organisms or released from the living organisms ranging from 1 to 100 Âľm (Cox, 1995).[2] The predominant fraction of these biological pollutants acts as an irritant which are

found responsible to exacerbate respiratory illness.[3] Srikant, 2008 reported that the carrying and the colonization of a bioaerosol is affected by its physical properties and the meteorological parameters that it encounters. The physical characteristics are size, density, and shape of droplets or particles, whereas the meteorological factors include magnitude of air currents, relative humidity and temperature, which determine the

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Case Study of the Krishna Bhir Slope Failure Disaster: Past and Present Scenario at a Glance Sumit Maskey* Department of Earthquake Engineering Research and Training, National Society of Earthquake Technology – Nepal (NSET), Kathmandu, Nepal

Abstract The massive landslide disaster of Krishna bhir has been infamous for its dreadful consequences. This huge landslide in the region led to serious socio-economic and environmental disorders in the vicinity of the region, whose negative impacts were reflected soon in the capital city. In addition to the feeble geology, the blasting and drilling activities, rampant deforestation, heavy monsoon rain and the poor drainage are the engenders for weakening the natural slope resulting the perpetual slope failure of Krishna bhir. The concept of bio-engineering cum civil engineering was implemented by the Department of Road – Nepal to strengthen the hill slope and manage the mass movement. This has been a very effective solution, since it has managed to sustain the slope from more than past decade. However, Krishna bhir has managed to revert to its volatile state once again. Hence, this study investigates about the past and the present condition of the slope with the future recommendations to prevent the impending landslide. Keywords: bio-engineering, geotechnical infrastructures, highway slope, Krishna bhir, landslide

INTRODUCTION Nepal is a poor country where most of the people live under the threshold of poverty. Therefore, the country has a very fragile base in terms of its trade and economy. Moreover, being an underdeveloped nation, roadways are the most efficient option for travel, trade and economy. So, the development of road networks is foremost mission to improve the trade and economy of the country. Krishna bhir (‘hill slope’ termed as ‘bhir’ in Nepali) is located 83 km west from the capital city of Kathmandu in Dhading district and lies along the major highway of Nepal, the Prithivi highway. In 1974, this highway was made the major route for trade and commerce from India to the capital and other parts of the nation

through the aid of Chinese government. This major highway, since its construction has contributed towards gradual rise in the economic condition of Nepal. By the time when this road network had already started to gain more attention, the natural hill slope along the Prithivi highway started to get affected by the dynamic and cyclic traffic loadings, and encroachment to the natural environment via deforestation. This ensued to the first minor-scale landslide in the upper two slopes of the terrain in the year 1999 AD, as presented in Figure 1. By the year May, 2000, deforestation and the heavy monsoon rain badly eroded the slope. The consequences was reflected in mid-scale landslide which led to 13 hours of road closer in the day and nearly 20

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Under Water Blasting for Rock Dredging and Protection of Structures: A Case Study V. Rama Sastry*, G. Raghu Chandra, C. Karthik Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore, India

Abstract Rock dredging in ports involves under water blasting for the pretreatment of hard sea bed. A rock dredging project covering an area of about 257,058 m2 involving 400,000 cu.m of hard Khondalite rock mass was taken up in a port in the east coast of Southern India, for deepening of Turning Circle and Inner Harbour Channel. Pre-blast survey was carried out to assess type and condition of various structures standing on different distances from the dredging area and safe Peak Particle Velocities (PPV) were assigned. STADDPro analysis was carried out for determining the natural frequency of some marine structures with pile foundation. Under water blasts were planned with varying blast configurations at different locations from the structures in order to maintain the vibration levels to within prescribed threshold values. In total, 1150 under water blasts were conducted till date, consuming about 425 t of explosives. Down the hole initiation was implemented for protecting nearby structures from blast vibrations. The paper gives details of the methodology of underwater blasting and related studies carried out. Keywords: blast vibrations, pre-blast survey, protective design, rock dredging, under water blasts

INTRODUCTION India is having 12 major sea ports and about 185 minor ports, along a coastline spreading over 7000 km. The Vishakhapatnam Port is one of the major ports operating under government sector on east coast. In order to enhance the cargo handling capacity, in tune with the increasing market demands, a project of deepening the draught has been taken up to dredge Inner Harbour Channel and Turning Circle area for a length of over 1.37 km, from the existing draught of 8 to 16.1 m. Sea bed in this port consists of hard Khondalite rock formation overlain by soil, clay, sand, etc. It is planned to dredge the softer overburden material initially, followed by rock dredging after exposing the rock mass layer. The pretreatment of hard sea bed was planned by

adopting under water blasting methodology, as it is the cheapest method of fragmenting the hard rock mass. Rock dredging involving under water blasting operation requires meticulous planning, to begin with for designing the floating drilling barge, finalizing the blasthole array like Burden and Spacing in order to fix the Drill machines on the floating barge, for locating the blastholes, achieving good fragmentation, minimizing impact of ground vibrations and water borne shock waves on nearby structures, etc. Economy of any rock dredging project depends on the fragmentation results

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Analysis of Stability of Slope Subjected to Blast Vibrations: A Numerical Modelling Approach V.R. Sastry1*, D. Venkat Reddy2, S. Parvathy2 1

–Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangalore, India 2 Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Mangalore, India

Abstract Numerical simulation was employed to estimate the dynamic behaviour of the canal slope under blasting load based on the blast vibration field test of Yanakandla Mine, Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh. Blast vibrations were monitored at different distances and based on the data obtained a regression curve was generated. The study consisted of slope stability analysis of the canal near the mine using Distinct Element Modelling technique in 3DEC software. To simulate the explosion, a simplified triangular blasting load was adopted. The velocity and displacement fields of the slope under blasting were analysed and the PPV values obtained from numerical modelling showed close approximation to the field investigation results. As a parametric study, a vertical joint was incorporated into the model and analysis was undertaken to determine the influence of joint in rock mass. Keywords: 3DEC, numerical modelling, numerical simulation, triangular blasting load

INTRODUCTION Slope stability analysis is becoming a major concern, as open cast mining contributes maximum of the total production in mining industry. Hence, it is very crucial to evaluate various potential failure mechanisms occurring in the slope and to take economically feasible steps to reduce, remove and mitigate the risk associated with slope stability. In order to tackle the problems related to stability, numerical modelling software is needed. Yang et al. (2012)[1] conducted a study on dynamic behaviour of road high cutting rock slope under the influence of blasting for excavation and numerical simulation by FLAC-3D was employed. They found that the particle vibration velocity simulated was consistent with that by field tests. Singh et al. (2010)[2] carried out a study on effect of blast vibration on damage of surface structures, focusing the study on determination of safe levels of

ground vibration for residential structures and other buildings in the mining area. Xu et al. (2006)[3] discussed in their studies on numerical simulation on the influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined out area, dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in FLAC 3D. Griffiths et al. (1999)[4] conducted a study on the slope stability by FEM and described several examples of finite element stability analysis with comparison against other stability analysis methods. From the study, it was found that the FE method in conjunction with an elasticperfectly plastic stress strain method is a reliable and robust method for assessing the factor of safety of slopes. Singh (2002)[5] conducted a study on blast vibration damage to underground coal

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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JAN - JUNE 2016

IJGGE

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Engineering

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Computer Science and Engineering

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Geological and Geotechnical

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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International Journal of

Chemical Engineering

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences