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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture

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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture

International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture provides a platform that publishes high quality conference proceeding, original research articles and editorial reviews from the field of landscape planning, ecosystem analysis, field ecology and other major related issues.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! Design techniques of gardens and parks ! Plant systems and processes ! Landscape engineering ! Eco-system analysis and field ecology ! Environmental psychology, geography ! Environmental economics and environmental legislation ! Challenges of environmental planning and design ! Rain gardens, green roofs, groundwater recharge, and treatment wetlands ! Coastal and offshore developments

International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture is published twice a year (bi-annual by JournalsPub- an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Adesoji David Jiboye Department of Architecture, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria

Dr. Steve Kardinal Jusuf National University of Singapore, Singapore

Dr. Nelly Shafik Ramzy Associate Professor, Sinai University Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Cairo, Egypt., Egypt

Dr. Yogesh K. Garg Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India

Assistant Professor Department of Horticulture and Landscape, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Prof. Elham Hatami Professor, Daneshpajhoohan University, Islamic Republic of Iran

Shima Hamidi University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States

Dr. Mohd Fairuz Shahidan Universiti Putra Malaysia

Er saikala Lakshminarayanan National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Mohammad Arif Kamal Dept. of Architecture Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh, India

Minakshi Jain National Institute of Technology Hamirpur (H.P), India

Dr. Suchandra Bardhan, Jadavpur University, India

Kailas M. Rao Manipal University, India

Mr Akmal Hakim Department of Architecture, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Amar Nath Nayak Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, India

Dr. B. S. Bhooshan, BMS College of Engineering, Bangalore, BSB Architects, Bangalore and Mysore, India

Prakash Chandra Tamrakar, Department of Architecture and Interior, Decoration & Design, Government Girls Polytechnic, Raipur (C.G.), India

Mr. Saptarshi Sanyal, Assistant Professor of Architecture, School of Planning & Architecture, (SPA) New Delhi, India

Ayman Hassaan Ahmed Mahmoud Department of Architecture Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo Unversity, Giza, Egypt

Dr. Ashwani Kumar Department of Architecture and Planning, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, India

Dr. Steve Kardinal Jusuf School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore

Ankur Prabhakar Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Nishant Nathani Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture & Planning, Amity University Haryana, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture. This journal is part of the Architecture community, and is devoted to the scope of present Landscape Planning and Architecture issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Landscape Planning and Architecture as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Architectural community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Architecture in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Design techniques of gardens and parks, Plant systems and processes, Landscape engineering, Challenges of environmental planning and design. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Landscape Planning and Architecture and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Landscape Planning and Architecture community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Landscape Planning and Architecture. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Architecture readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Landscape Planning and Architecture. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Designing and Application of Prefabricated Structures in Building Construction Works A.N. Sarkar

2. How to Control Climatic Conditions by Vernacular Architecture in Palei, Rajasthan Zeeshan Ansari, Avitesh

3. Built Heritage at Menace Mohammad Farhan Fazli

4. Environment Feasibility Need to Step-Up in India Ankita Singh

5. How a City Develops With Respect to Architecture Bulandshahr Part-1 (Present Condition) Avitesh

International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Designing and Application of Prefabricated Structures in Building Construction Works A.N. Sarkar* Asia-Pacific Institute of Management, 3 & 4 Institutional Areas, Jasola (Sarita Vihar), New Delhi, India

Abstract Prefabricated structure; also popularly called Prefab or Precast, is an old concept that originated in the UK way back in 1837. Innovative engineering designing and the wideranging applications of the prefabricated structure has revolutionarised the realty industries at large world over, Among others, two broad areas using wide-ranging variants of prefab in the construction woks are building and bridges. Prefabricated construction is a new technique and is desirable for large-scale housing programmes. The paper discusses at length the various designing and application aspects of prefabricated structures in building construction work; including in the earthquake-prone areas. The scope of blending prefabricated structure with modular structure in an integrated manner has also been discussed in the paper. Keywords: building construction, modular structure, prefabricated structure, seismic zone

PREFABRICATION/PRECASTING: THE CONCEPT A prefabricated structure or building is a structure that has several factory built components that are assembled on a site. These premade components can consist of panels, modules or transportable sections. Like modular home, manufactured home, panelised home, or site-built home, the word ‘Prefab’ or ‘Precast’ is not an industry term. The term is an amalgamation of panelised and modular building systems, and can mean either one. In today's generation the term “Prefab” is more closely related to the style of home, usually modernist, rather than to a particular method of home construction. Buildings have been built in one place and reassembled in another throughout history. Possibly the first advertised prefab house was the Manning Portable Cottage. A London carpenter, Henry Manning, build a

house that was constructed in components, then shipped and assembled by British emigrants. This was published at the time (advertisement, South Australian Record, 1837) and a few still stand in Australia. One such is the “Friends Meeting House, Adelaide.” The peak year for the importation of portable buildings to Australia was 1853, when several hundred arrived. These have been identified as coming from Liverpool, Boston and Singapore (with Chinese instructions for re-assembly). In Barbados the Chattel house was a form of prefabricated building which was developed by emancipated slaves who had limited rights to build upon land they did not own. As the buildings were moveable they were legally regarded as chattels.[1] The concept of precast (also known as “prefabricated”) construction includes those buildings, where the majority of

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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture Vol. 2: Issue 1

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How to Control Climatic Conditions by Vernacular Architecture in Palei, Rajasthan Zeeshan Ansari, Avitesh Faculty of Architecture, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Faculty of Architecture, Centre for Architecture, BGI, Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper discusses the specific climatic conditions of Palei, Rajasthan. Palei is a small village of Rajasthan. Rajasthan is one of the hottest states of India. The region experiences more than 45°C during summers and in January which is the coldest month of the year, the temperature recorded 5°C. There has been no year of scanty rainfall in 35 years from 198° to 215°. It is one of the extreme climatic zones for human survival. Despite such extreme conditions humans have continuously inhabited the region for centuries. Here, we are discussing, how they people sustain in this climate with their building construction technology and Vernacular Architecture. Keywords: building construction technology, climatic design, hot and dry climate, Palei, vernacular architecture

INTRODUCTION Palei is a village near Newai Tehsil in Tonk district of Rajasthan State, India. It belongs to Ajmer division. Rajasthan is located in the north-western part of the subcontinent. Aravallis divided Rajasthan into two geographical divisions. Rajasthan is a vibrant, exotic state where tradition and royal glory meet in a riot of colors against the vast back drop of sand and desert. It has an unusual diversity in its entire forms – people, customs, culture, costumes, music, manners, dialects, cuisine and physiographic. That is why it is famous worldwide.[1] CLIMATE Apart from its unique and rich cultural heritage, it is the survival of human beings in the extreme climatic conditions that intrigues any scholar of architecture and settlement studies. It has hot and dry

climate and one of the hottest places in India which is continuously inhabited by the human beings. The summers are extremely hot and the temperature exceed more than 45°C, posing challenges for the survival of humans or for that matter any life forms. However, the nights in Rajasthan are pretty cool, with the night temperature falling considerably. Summer prevail for almost eight months in a year. As a result sky is clear in most of the months with 345 sunlight days per year. When winter comes, January is the coldest month of the year and the temperature recorded 5°C. It means in winters, days are shiny and the nights are very much cold. In monsoon season, there was no rain drop in 215° and there has been no year of scanty rainfall in 35 years from 198° to 215°. That is why it is one of the extreme climatic zones for human survival.[2]

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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Built Heritage at Menace Mohammad Farhan Fazli* Department of Architecture, Zakir Husain College of Engineering & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

Abstract This paper intends merely to focus on the heritage buildings, which is a part of the tangible cultural heritage. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role that built cultural heritage can play within sustainable urban development. It will also look on some conservation issues that may arise while defining the significance and values of the heritage areas. Finally it will provide some basic management & maintenance guidelines which may help to conserve the built heritage.

INTRODUCTION India is a country incorporating a very rich cultural heritage. But conservation of heritage buildings is not taken very seriously in our country due to the limited fund available with the government agencies like Archaeological Survey of India which is taking care of most of these heritage buildings. Due to which we are losing our past. The conservation of historic structures is not only the responsibility of the government but it is a social responsibility of the individuals to understand the importance and help to enhance and appreciate the cultural, social, historical and architectural qualities of these heritage monuments in our surroundings. Conserving historic buildings is essential to understanding the culture of our past. But it is not an easy task; it is a much specialised field and can be done judiciously to restore the historic buildings in their original character. WHAT TO CONSERVE Heritage incorporates many things like buildings, sites, nature, traditions and artefacts which were developed through experience of generations. The traditions can be restored but the heritage buildings are to be conserved for the future generations to explain the glory of past.

Every region has a unique style of construction which was developed with years’ experience of the local skills and crafts of the artisans and with the locally available resources and materials. Therefore these historic monuments can be conserve to restore the traditional knowledge system which was evolve thought, architectural, beauty, ideas, and culture of the people. WHY TO CONSERVE The heritage buildings are to be conserved to restore the knowledge of the past. These architectural marvels explain the importance of traditional knowledge systems and skills of the people which have disappeared in the fast pace of technology. The construction of Great Pyramid of Giza is the best example to understand that without the advance technology the stone blocks of 3m height were placed to a height of 139 m and the precession at an angle of 51° without compass was achieved in its construction. HOW TO CONSERVE There are common problems with most of

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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Environment Feasibility Need to Step-Up in India Ankita Singh* Department Of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, India

Abstract In India environmental issue is a major concern in different-different parts of India. India is a democratic country with various religions and cultures. Soil, Water, Air and Climate are the most important factors to sustain the healthy environment anywhere. In India different soils, different climate, different aspects of various factors contribution leads to different- different environmental issues in various parts of India.

INTRODUCTION Air pollution, poor management of waste, growing water scarcity, falling groundwater tables, water pollution, preservation and quality of forests, biodiversity loss, and land/soil degradation are some of the major environmental issues India faces today. The various /important challenges facing by India are as follows:  Growing population demands for more revenue to survive and more natural environment can be effected.  Agriculture growth turning into more yields of food which damages the natural agriculture practices and disturb the life cycle.

 Urbanization is a major concerned as it clashes with all the important factors which contribute healthy environment.  Poverty increases day-by-day because poor people directly depend on the natural resources for their basic needs.  Almost 40% land in India degraded and rest is going to be spoiling in the coming years.  Air and water population increases due to bad activities of people all over India like—drainage, non-recycled products, harmful gases etc.  It is essential to restore ground water otherwise our estuaries, water bodies etc. going to be polluted.  Genetic diversity increases like various species got extinct.  Development and forest.

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International Journal of Landscape Planning and Architecture Vol. 2: Issue 1

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How a City Develops With Respect to Architecture Bulandshahr Part-1 (Present Condition) Avitesh* Centre for Architecture, BGI Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The paper discusses the economic conditions of Bulandshahr, Uttar Pradesh. Bulandshahr is a city and a municipal board in Bulandshahr District in the state of U.P. India. It has a long history. The history of Bulandshahr begins even before 1200 BCE. This region was close to the capital of the Pandvas-Indraprastha and Hastinapur. After, a Tomar king named Ahibaran laid the foundation of a fort called Bran here and established his capital. It was traditionally called Barn City and recently came to be known as Bulandshahr . From then to now architecture had faced many stages same as its development went up and down. Here I am discussing how architecture helps in the development of a city. Keywords: architecture, bulandshahr, culture, factors of urbanization, travel pattern, sources of development

OBJECTIVE The main objective of this study is to carry out the development analysis with Architecture in Bulandshahr city and to map out the results as well as to find out the new development resources such as travel pattern, factors of urbanization in Bulandshahr city. INTRODUCTION Bulandshahr, a city and district of British India in the Meerut division of the United Provinces. The city is situated on a height on the right bank of the Kali-Nadi, whence the substitution of the names Unchanagar and Bulandshahr (high town) for its earlier name of Baran, by which it is still sometimes called Bulandshahr. It is located at 28.4° N 77.85° E. It has an average elevation of 196 meters (643 feet). The city is 237.44 meters above the sea level. It is situated in north U.P. and 64 km from Delhi.

concentrated district in India, on the basis of the 2011 census data of population, socioeconomic indicators and basic amenities indicators.

CLIMATE The climate of Bulandshahr is warm and temperate. The rainfall in winter is more than the summer in Bulandshahr. The average annual temperature is 25.0°C in Bulandshahr. Precipitation here averages 626 mm.The driest month is April, with 4

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« « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

International Journal of

g in n n la P e p a c s Land e r u t c e it h c r A d n a IJLPA

e 2016 n u J – n a J

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences