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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination provides a medium for rapid publication of research and review articles that are original and can create an immediate impact on the ongoing research. Journal includes site specific recombination, recombination frequency and recombination hotspots as the major topics. Articles included in the journal can be original research article, review articles or short communication.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Gene patent

 Genetically modified crops  Genetically modified food  Genetically modified organisms  Induced stem cells  Marker assisted selection  Paratransgenesis  Recombination frequency  Recombination hotspot  Four-gamete test  Independent assortment  Site-specific recombination  Site-specific recombinase technology

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Nayira College of Medicine, Imam University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Promila Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. K Purushotham Reddy Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Daya Shankar Srivastava Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Sharad Tiwari Biotechnology Centre JN Agricultural University Jabalpur, India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. Ruth Laldinthar Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya

Dr. Divya Verma Department of Botany Kalindi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Dr. N. Manikanda Boopathi Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur, India

Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Shashwat Sharad Center for Prostate Disease Research Washington D.C., USA

Dr.Sougata Roy Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, USA

Rajnish Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Genetic Engineering and Recombination issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Genetic Engineering and Recombination as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Genetic Engineering and Recombination, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Genetic Engineering and Recombination in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Genetic Engineering and Recombination focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Gene patent, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organisms, Induced stem cells, Marker assisted selection, Paratransgenesis, Recombination frequency, Recombination hotspot, Four-gamete test, Independent assortment, Site-specific recombination, Site-specific recombinase technology etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Genetic Engineering and Recombination and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Genetic Engineering and Recombination readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Genetically Modified Crop in India: History, Benefits and Drawbacks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Review Solomon Das, Archana Bagwari

2. A Short Note on Genetic Markers Harpreet Kaur

3. Genetically Modified Food Can Be Harmful To Human Health: A Report Rahul Sharma

4. Profoundly Efficient Genome Engineering in Flowering Plants: A Report Harpreet Kaur

5. Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods Tejas Dhoble

International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Genetically Modified Crop in India: History, Benefits and Drawbacks – A Review 1

Solomon Das1, Archana Bagwari2

Vimix Solutions Private Limited, Dehradun, India 2 Forest Research Institute, Dehradun, India

ABSTRACT Food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. India is facing the challenge to produce more and more from diminishing per capita arable land and irrigation water resources and expanding abiotic and biotic stresses. Genetically modified crops, insects, weeds and bacteria gave a new hope in meeting the food productivity challenges such as crop production, disease management, crop resistance and nutrient deficiency. Some of the hazardous effects of genetically modified products cannot be ignored. But regulated methodologies and policies need to be taken upfront by balancing out the negative effects of GM and provide better solutions to meet the food requirements.

INTRODUCTION According to the World Development Report (1986), food security is a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO, 2003). As the world population reaches a stage of more than six billion, to which India contributes one billion, the question regarding the future availability of food for all assumes some importance (http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/essay/ population-explosion-and-food-securityinindia/42503/).[1–3] Over 60 per cent of the Indian population continue to depend on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. Hence, growth of this sector is an essential perquisite for overall economic growth. Globally, India is the third largest producer of cereals, with only China and the USA

ahead of it (Swaminathan and Bhavani, 2015). According to Swaminathan (2009), India’s population is likely to reach 1.5 billion by 2030, the challenge facing the country is to produce more and more from diminishing per capita arable land and irrigation water resources and expanding abiotic and biotic stresses. India currently produces about 230 million tones of cereals to meet the needs of a population of 1.15 billion. It has been estimated that food production will need to increase by 70% by the year 2050 based on population growth particularly in countries with developing economies Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO, 2009). The number of countries and the populations within them far exceed those countries with more advanced economies as they include China, India and other populous Asian and African countries (Delaney, 2015). To reduce the demand-supply gap for food

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Short Note on Genetic Markers Harpreet Kaur*

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT A genetic marker is characterized as a particular gene or DNA succession that produces a detectable trait with a known area on a chromosome and that can be utilized to study family and populace, recognizable proof of cells, species or individual Keywords: DNA, genetic, genome, sequence

INTRODUCTION Genetic marker can likewise be portrayed as a variety (or a change that might emerge because of modification or transformation in the chromosome locus). It might be a short sequence of DNA, for instance single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP (genetic variation in a DNA arrangement that happens when a solitary nucleotide in a genome is modified; SNPs are generally thought to be point transformations that have been developmentally sufficiently fruitful to repeat in a critical extent of the number of inhabitants in an animal varieties), or a long sequence, for example, mini-satellites (is an area of DNA that comprises of a short arrangement of bases 10–60 bp).



BACKGROUND Before, most living beings were restricted in gene mapping (is characterized as graphical representation of the game plan of qualities on a chromosome) by genetic markers these incorporates genes that interpret perceptible components, for instance blood classifications or seed shapes [1, 2]. Types of Genetic Markers There are various types of genetic markers that are regularly utilized:  Simple Sequence Length Polymorphism or SSLP: This is IJGER (2016) 8–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved

utilized as a genetic marker with polymerase chain response or PCR (used to create various duplicates of DNA). It is a sort of polymorphism (is the presence of at least two types of people inside a similar creature animal groups) and rehashed arrangements in intergenic districts of DNA. Genetic variety between two people can be comprehended by utilizing length of SSLPs. Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism or RFLP: It is a procedure that utilizations varieties in DNA sequences. In this strategy, sample of DNA is broken into small pieces with the assistance of restriction enzyme. At that point these small pieces will be isolated by lengths by gel electrophoresis (that isolates particles on the premise of their rate of development through a gel). RFLP is a critical apparatus in confining genes for genetic issue, genome mapping, finding of hazard for sickness, and paternity testing (is the utilization of genetic fingerprinting to figure out if two people have a biological parentchild relationship) [3].

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination

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Genetically Modified Food Can Be Harmful To Human Health: A Report Rahul Sharma

Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India

BACKGROUND Genetically modified foods or GM foods, also genetically engineered foods, are sustenanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s delivered from living beings that have had changes brought into their DNA utilizing the strategies for Genetic building. Genetic engineering procedures take into consideration the presentation of new characteristics and additionally more noteworthy control over qualities than past strategies, for example, specific reproducing and change rearing. Business offer of genetically modified foods started in 1994, when Celgene initially promoted its unsuccessful Flavr Savrdelayed-aging tomato. Most sustenance alterations have principally centered on trade trims out popularity by ranchers, for example, soybean, corn, canola, and cotton. Genetically adjusted yields have been built for imperviousness to pathogens and herbicides and for better supplement profiles. GM domesticated animals have been produced, in spite of the fact that as of November 2013 none were available. There is a logical accord that right now accessible sustenance got from GM crops represents no more serious hazard to human wellbeing than routine nourishment, yet that every GM food should be tried on a case-by-case premise before presentation [1, 2]. Regardless, individuals from the general population are significantly less likely than researchers to see GM foods as protected. The legitimate and administrative status of GM foods fluctuates by nation, with a few countries banning or confining them, and others

allowing them with broadly varying degrees of control. Nonetheless, there are progressing open concerns identified with food safety, direction, naming, ecological effect, inquire about techniques, and the way that some GM seeds are liable to protected innovation rights claimed by enterprises. The genetically modified foods debate comprises of an arrangement of disagreements about the utilization of sustenance produced using genetically modified crops. The debate includes buyers, agriculturists, biotechnology organizations, legislative controllers, nonadministrative associations, ecological and political activists and researchers. The real contradictions incorporate whether GM foods can be securely expended, hurt nature or potentially are sufficiently tried and directed. The objectivity of logical research and productions has been tested. Cultivating related debate incorporate the utilization and effect of pesticides, seed creation and utilize, reactions on nonGMO crops/ranches, and potential control of the GM food supply by seed organizations. The disputes have continued since GM supports were envisioned. They have had the media, the courts, neighborhood, commonplace and national governments and overall affiliations. Constantly Ill Humans Have Higher Glyphosate Levels than Healthy Humans A new study out of Germany infers that Glyphosate buildup could achieve people and creatures through encourage and can

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Profoundly Efficient Genome Engineering in Flowering Plants: A Report Harpreet Kaur

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

Plant biologists have built up a genome altering strategy to knockout target genes in a model plant with high proficiency. The group reports another CRISPR/Cas9 vector for the model plant that can firmly incite inheritable mutations. This strategy is relied upon to end up distinctly an intense molecular instrument for genome designing in different plant species. The genome comprises of the life form's entire arrangement of DNA, including its genes, which contains all the data expected to create and keep up the organism. Genome engineering, which includes particular adjustment of parts of the genome by evacuating, including and changing segments of the DNA arrangement, is a rapidly developing. As such, the CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-related protein 9) framework is a standout amongst the most prominent genetic manipulation emerging from its effortlessness, adaptability and proficiency. In any case, the mutation inducing efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 towards the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana, has remained to some degree low as such. This is because they trigger for gene mutation is enacted at later formative stages in cells. Consequently, a lot of time, exertion and plant species has been required to get the wanted plant species with the focused on gene knocked out.

CRISPR/Cas9 comprises of 2 key molecules, a bit of RNA called direct

RNA (gRNA) and a chemical called Cas9. Cas9 goes about as a molecular scissor that can cut both strands of DNA at a particular location in the genome, so DNA sequences can be included or expelled at that position. Then again, the gRNA comprises of a pre-designed RNA arrangement (around 20 bases in length) that is situated inside a more drawn out RNA framework. The RNA platform ties to DNA and the pre-composed RNA succession manages the Cas9 protein to the particular part of the genome, so that Cas9 can cut at the focused on position. "By utilizing a promoter for a RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S5A (RPS5A) gene, which is expressed from early embryonic stages in plant cells, we could instigate the Cas9 protein to knockout genes in egg cells with high effectiveness," says Hiroki Tsutsui, the primary author of this review. "This RPS5A promoter is dynamic in egg cells and we chose to call this molecular tool, a pKAMA-ITACHI Red (pKIR) vector, which can alter the plant's genome in high productivity in respect to the 35S promoter regularly utilized as a part of plants," he proceeds. 'Kama-itachi' has the Japanese significance of three weasel-like animals, where the principal weasel targets and treks a man, trailed by the second one harming the individual by cutting them, and the third one recuperating the individual. This is like the procedure of the CRISPR/Cas9 framework towards DNA, where CRISPR targets, Cas9 cuts,

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination

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Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Foods Tejas Dhoble

Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

BACKGROUND Genetically modified (GM) foods are life forms that have had new qualities added to themselves from other organisms. Being around since 1994, they are delivered in a way that is fundamentally the same as genetic engineering. The strategy utilized as a part of this type of crop management has been acquainted with guarantee ranchers and dealers can improve crop or food quality in a more effective manner. A few people arrogate that this innovation will help those in the farming business diminish the measure of squandered products and foods. In any case, while there are many advantages of genetically modified foods, there are additionally potential downsides that are available [1]. Here are their favorable circumstances and burdens. VARIOUS PROS OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS Insect Resistance Some GMO sustenanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s have been changed to make resistant to insects and other pests. A report from the University of California in San Diego states that harmful microscopic organisms (yet alright for human utilize) can be added to products to make them repel insects. This implies the measure of pesticide chemicals utilized on the plants is lessened, so their introductions to hazardous pesticides are additionally diminished. More Grounded Crops Another advantage that GM innovation is accepted to realize is that harvests can be engineered to withstand climate extremes and changes, which implies that there will

be great quality and adequate yields even under a poor or serious climate condition. As populaces over the world develop and more terrains are being used for lodging rather than food production, ranchers are incited to develop trims in areas that are initially not reasonable for plant cultivation, and refined plants that can withstand high salt substance in soil and groundwater, also long stretches of dry season, will help them develop healthy crops [2]. Likewise, animals and plants that have been genetically modified can turn out to be more impervious to startling disease problems. We can simply think about the innovation as a vaccine for the species, aside from that it is encoded into their qualities, as opposed to being shot into their immune system. Bigger Production It has been less demanding to raise trims that are named genetically modified on the grounds that the greater part of their illustrations have the more grounded capacity to resist pests. This characteristic helps ranchers with delivering more noteworthy measures of products or foods. Natural Protection The increase of GM animals and harvests regularly requires less time, devices and chemicals, and may help with greenhouse gas emissions, soil erosion and environmental pollution. This implies the general wellbeing and excellence of the environment that encompasses ranches will be enhanced, adding to the conservation of better water and air quality, which can likewise in a

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

IJGER

Jul–Dec 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Genetic Engineering & Recombination

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences