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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination provides a medium for rapid publication of research and review articles that are original and can create an immediate impact on the ongoing research. Journal includes site specific recombination, recombination frequency and recombination hotspots as the major topics. Articles included in the journal can be original research article, review articles or short communication.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Gene patent

! Genetically modified crops ! Genetically modified food ! Genetically modified organisms ! Induced stem cells ! Marker assisted selection ! Paratransgenesis ! Recombination frequency ! Recombination hotspot ! Four-gamete test ! Independent assortment ! Site-specific recombination ! Site-specific recombinase technology

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Nayira College of Medicine, Imam University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Promila Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Uttarakhand, India

Dr. K Purushotham Reddy Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia

Dr. Daya Shankar Srivastava Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Sharad Tiwari Biotechnology Centre JN Agricultural University Jabalpur, India

Dr. Indraneel Ghosh Systems Biology Department Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. Aseel Mahmood Aljamali Surgery Department, College of Medicine, Kufa University, Iraq

Dr. Ruth Laldinthar Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Meghalaya

Dr. Divya Verma Department of Botany Kalindi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Dr. N. Manikanda Boopathi Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Institute for Cotton Research Nagpur, India

Dr. Anjali Priyadarshini Department of Biotechnology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India

Dr. Shashwat Sharad Center for Prostate Disease Research Washington D.C., USA

Dr.Sougata Roy Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland College Park, USA

Rajnish Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Dr YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Genetic Engineering and Recombination issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Genetic Engineering and Recombination as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Genetic Engineering and Recombination, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Genetic Engineering and Recombination in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Genetic Engineering and Recombination focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Gene patent, Genetically modified crops, Genetically modified food, Genetically modified organisms, Induced stem cells, Marker assisted selection, Paratransgenesis, Recombination frequency, Recombination hotspot, Four-gamete test, Independent assortment, Site-specific recombination, Site-specific recombinase technology etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Genetic Engineering and Recombination and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Genetic Engineering and Recombination readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Genetic Engineering and Recombination. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Editorial Review B.D. Bulchandani

2. Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Ankita Singh

3. Paratransgenesis: Short Review Article Kalpesh Singh

4. Coalescent Theory Shivam Puri, Manoj Srivastava

5. Genetic Recombination: A Review Punit Malhotra

International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Editorial Review Dr. B.D. Bulchandani Associate Professor Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Sikar, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Genetically Modified Crops - Editorial Review Why have genetically modified (GM) crops failed to be the popular success the scientists claimed them to be, few decades back? One can point out multiple reasons, ranging from technical issues related to ill effects or toxicity to genetic pollution to bio piracy issues, and also the social issues including their acceptance by traditional people in light of their fears, doubts and wide ranging apprehensions that are possibly hard to address, if not impossible. Although, the real reasons may be there to decipher and deliver, but the fact is that the promises have grown but their popularity in terms of fulfilment has not[1]. Despite twenty plus years of pro GM marketing campaign by powerful industry lobbies, supported by several scientific documentations in their favour, GM technology has only been taken up by a handful of countries, that too for a handful of crops. Figures and data from the GM industry indicate, that only five countries account for 90% of global GM cropland, and nearly all of these GM crops are belonging to either herbicide tolerant or pesticide producing plants. Meanwhile, rest of the regions of the world have resisted or have been hesitant in accepting them. Further, European consumers do not prefer consuming GM foods, and only a single type of GM maize is cultivated there. Major part of Asia is GM free, with the GM acreage in two large agricultural countries, i.e. India and China mostly accounted for by a non food crop i.e. cotton. Only three countries in Africa grow

any GM crops. In other precise words, GM crops are not 'feeding the world' as were claimed to do so at the dawn of twenty first century[2]. Not only was this technology supposed to make food and agriculture systems more efficient, simpler, safer, but GM crops have constantly being touted as the key to feed the exponentially growing population of world' and 'fighting climate change by producing strong, resistant crops, best suited for growing in harsh conditions[3]. In 1942, J.I. Rodale said, ‘One of these fine days, the public is going to wake up and will pay for food and eatables including, fruits, vegetables, meats, etc., according to how they were produced.’ Although this has been a low pace movement, the interest has been growing in leaps and bounds, and that day has finally arrived. With the growing health concerns and awareness, more and more people have understood that food matters, because right food is not less than medicine. The reasons for such disappointments may lie in the close and detailed critical studies in various parts of world that have not been encouraging and some have shown a dismal picture. No GM crops have been designed to deliver the motive of higher yields. Few instances, where yields have been enhanced, the gains to which a GM trait has then been added, have tended to come not from GM technology, but from the high quality varieties created through conventional breeding. GM pesticide

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Isoenzyme Profiling of Polyphenoloxidase and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase in Cytoplasm of Lycopersicum esculentum in Response to Leaf Extract of Tagetes erecta (Marigold) Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract In the present study, the effect of leaf extracts of marigold (Tageteserecta) on the activity of Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in Tomato (Lycopersicumesculentum) leading to the changes in the expression of the PR proteins Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and Phenyl Ammonia Lyase (PAL) was evaluated. For this evaluation four sampling intervals were taken 0 hour, 24 hour, 48 hour and 72 hour.At the third node from base of each plant leaves were treated and samples from the distal untreated leaves were collected.The change in the activity of defense enzyme PPO and PAL and the expression of PPO isoforms was studied. The results demonstrate Seven acidic isoforms of PPO (Rf = 0.37, 0.5, 0.61, 0.65, 0.69, 0.71 and 0.74) could be observed in both control and marigold extract treated plants. Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, phenyl ammonia lyase, polyphenol oxidase, PR proteins, Tagetes erecta

INTRODUCTION Tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum) is one of the most popular and widely consumed vegetables grown worldwide. Popularity of the crop stems from its acceptable flavour, nutritive value (high in vitamin C and A), the short life cycle, and the high productivity. Marigold is an annual herb with pale-green leaves and golden yellow or orange flowers.[1-5] PR Proteins By changing their physiological conditions, higher plants protect themselves from various stresses such as pathogen attacks, wounding, application of chemicals including phytohormone and heavy metals, air pollutants like ozone, ultraviolet rays, and harsh growing conditions.[5-7] These protective reactions are known as "defense responses" of higher plants, and the proteins actively synthesized in accordance with this reaction are called "defense-related

proteins".[7-9]

Figure1.In particular, protective plant proteins specifically induced in pathological or related situations have been intensively studied from an agricultural perspective and are called "pathogenesis-related proteins" (PR proteins).

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Paratransgenesis: Short Review Article Kalpesh Singh Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Paratransgenesis is a system that endeavors to kill a pathogen from vector populaces through transgenesis of a symbiont of the vector. The objective of this system is to control vector-borne infections. The initial step is to distinguish proteins that keep the vector species from transmitting the pathogen. The qualities coding for these proteins are then brought into the symbiont, with the goal that they can be communicated in the vector. The last stride in the procedure is to bring these transgenic symbionts into vector populaces in nature.

Paratransgenesis aims at reducing vector competence by genetically manipulating symbionts. Transformed symbionts are spread maternally or via coprophagy across an insect population. Symbionts currently targeted in paratransgenesis include bacteria found within triatomine, tsetse fly, and mosquito tissues, and densoviruses infecting An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. In order to perform paratransgenesis, there are several requirements: 

The primary case of this strategy utilized Rhodnius prolixus which is connected with the symbiont Rhodococcus rhodnii. R. prolixus is an imperative bug vector of Chagas' sickness that is brought about by Trypanosoma cruzi. The methodology was to architect R. rhodnii to express proteins, for example, Cecropin A that are dangerous to T. cruzi or that piece the transmission of T. cruzi. Vector transgenesis and paratransgenesis are novel methodologies that go for diminishing insect vectorial limit, or look to dispense with transmission of pathogens, for example, Plasmodium sp., Trypanosoma sp., and Dengue infection right now being produced. Vector transgenesis depends on direct hereditary control of sickness vectors making them unequipped for working as vectors of a given pathogen. Paratransgenesis concentrates on using hereditarily changed insect symbionts to express particles inside the vector that are harmful to pathogens they transmit.



  

The Symbiotic bacteria can be grown in vitro easily. They can be genetically modified, such as through transformation with a plasmid containing the desired gene. The engineered symbiont is stable and safe. The association between vector and symbiont cannot be attenuated. Field delivery is easily handled

Current information demonstrate that symbionts expressing molecules focusing on pathogen improvement can possibly lessen transmission in endemic districts, and seem random to any wellness load. As with transgenesis, spread of transformed symbionts also would benefit from the availability of a gene drive system to replace non-transformed symbionts present in natural vector populations.

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Coalescent Theory Shivam Puri*, Manoj Srivastava Department of Biochemistry, Gautam Buddha University, U.P., India

Abstract Coalescent theory is broadly used to gauge population genetic parameters, for example, populace size, migration rates and recombination rates in a normal population. It was initially detailed as the "n-coalescent" by Kingman (1982). Others allude to it as the "Kingman coalescent" or simply the "coalescent". The coalescent model is gotten from a basic populace genetic model, and the most straightforward approach to comprehend what it is and how it functions is to follow the basic derivation. Keywords: coalescent theory, genetic parameters

INTRODUCTION Coalescent hypothesis is a review stochastic model of populace hereditary qualities that relates genetic assorted qualities in a specimen to demographic history of the populace from which it was taken. That is, it is a model of the impact of genetic drift, saw in reverse in time, on the family history of antecedents.[1] It involves a probabilistic evaluation of variety so as to normal parentage of alleles in a moderately small sample of people, from a much bigger populace. This incorporates thought of all pathways of inheritance through which inspected duplicates of a homologous DNA component are followed back to a solitary hereditary duplicate, known as the most recent ancestor (MRCA; additionally also termed the coancestor to underline the coalescent relationship). The inheritance connections among alleles are normally spoken to as a gene genealogy, or gene tree, comparative in structure to a phylogenetic tree.

assumptions shapes the premise of coalescent hypothesis. In light of recombination, diverse quality loci take after various pathways of parentage, bringing about various gene family histories. The coalescent is likewise pertinent to phylogenetics, as inadequate genealogy sorting between speciation events results in conflict among gene loci in phylogenetic connections construed among species. The numerical hypothesis of the coalescent was initially created in the mid 1980s by John Kingman.[2] In the easiest case, coalescent hypothesis accept no recombination, no natural selection, and no gene flow or populace structure. The gene parentage is free of the mutational procedure, such that adjustments in the DNA arrangement don't influence heredity and can be considered independently (regardless of the fact that all gene copies are indistinguishable in grouping they are not similarly related in the gene tree).[3,4] Under this model, the normal time between progressive blend occasions, by

The probabilistic desire of this gene family history is otherwise called the coalescent. Understanding the measurable properties of the coalescent under various

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International Journal of Genetic Engineering and Recombination Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Genetic Recombination: A Review Punit Malhotra* Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India

Abstract Genetic recombination alludes to the process of recombining genes to deliver new gene arrangement that contrast from those of either parent. Genetic recombination produces genetic variety in living beings that repeat sexually. Genetic recombination happens as a consequence of the division of genes that happens amid gamete development in meiosis, the irregular joining of these genes at fertilisation, and the exchange of genes that happens between homologous chromosome sets in a procedure known as crossing over. Crossing over permits alleles on DNA molecules to change positions starting with one homologous chromosome fragment then onto the next. Genetic difference amongst individuals is achieved through genetic recombination. Keywords: crossing over, genetic diversity, genetic recombination

INTRODUCTION Genetic recombination is the production of offspring with mixes of traits/ genes that vary from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, hereditary recombination amid meiosis can prompt a novel arrangement of hereditary data that can be passed on from one generation to another. Most recombination is normally happening. Amid meiosis in eukaryotes, genetic recombination includes the matching of homologous chromosomes. [1] This might be trailed by data exchange between the chromosomes. The data exchange may happen without physical trade (a segment of hereditary material is duplicated starting with one chromosome then onto the next, without the giving chromosome being changed; or by the breaking and rejoining of DNA strands, which frames new atoms of DNA.[2,3]

this situation, new blends of alleles are not delivered subsequent to the sister chromosomes are typically indistinguishable. In meiosis and mitosis, recombination happens between comparable particles of DNA (homologs). In meiosis, non-sister homologous chromosomes pair with each other so that recombination distinctively happens between non-sister homologues. In both meiotic and mitotic cells, recombination between homologous chromosomes is a typical system utilized as a part of DNA repair.[4] Genetic recombination and recombinational DNA repair likewise happens in microscopic organisms and archaea, which use asexual mode of multiplication. Recombination can be misleadingly impelled in research facility (in vitro)

Recombination may likewise happen amid mitosis in eukaryotes where it customarily includes the two sister chromosomes framed after chromosomal replication. For

Page 17

« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Nursing « « « « «

IJGER

Jan – Jun 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Genetic Engineering & Recombination

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences