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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering is concerned with the engineering behavior of earth materials and mining. The journal also focuses on the dynamic behavior of the soil and rocks, earthquake mechanics and other important fields of civil engineering that deals with geological and geotechnical engineering.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  Soil and rock engineering  Offshore geotechnical engineering  Applied geology and geosynthetics  Geo-environmental engineering  Earthquake engineering  Dynamic behavior of soils and rocks  Geohazards and mitigation  Mining engineering  Soil mechanics and soil dynamics  Computational geomechanics  Lateral earth pressures and slope stability

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PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Prof. AFM Saiful Amin Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Dr. Tarun Kumar Lohani Department of Civil Engineering Orissa Engineering College Bhubaneswar, India

Dr. Manoj Khandelwal Department of Mining Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India

Dr. V. R. Sastry, Professor of Mining Engineering, HOD Training & Placement, Director Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd., Director- KIOCL Limited National Institute of Technology Karnataka Surathkal, Mangalore, India

Dr. Saad Issa Sarsam Department of Civil Engineering University of Baghdad, Iraq

Dr. Ramani Bai Vardharajan School of Civil Engineering, Linton University College, Malaysia

Dr. Pradeep Kumar Agarwal Department of Civil Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal (MP), India

Kausar Ali Department of Civil Engineering Z.H. College of Engineering & Technology A.M.U., Aligarh (U.P), India

Dr. Dalchand Jhariya Department of Applied Geology National Institute of Technology, Raipur (Chhattisgarh), India

Dr. Intha Srinivasa Reddy Professor Department of Civil Engineering, Kallam, Haranadhareddy Institute of Technology, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Akshey Bhargava Professor, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, A.P, India

Amarsinh Babanrao Landage Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering Department, Govt. College of Engineering, Karad, Tal. Karad, Dist. Satara, Mahrashtra, India

Sonal Jain Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali University, India

Prerna Sharma Assistant Professor, School of Engineering, G D Goenka University, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Geological and Geotechnical Engineering from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Geotechnical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Soil and rock engineering, offshore geotechnical engineering, Applied geology and geosynthetics, Geo-environmental engineering, Earthquake engineering etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Geological and Geotechnical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of Journals Pub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar

2. Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India Akshey Bhargava, Rajni Dargan

3. Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals Ankita Singh

4. Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water) Sonal Jain

5. Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil Garima Agarwal

International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Study of Seismic Forces by Changing the Location of Lift Core Shashwati S. Vahadane, Ashok W. Yerekar

Department of Civil Engineering, Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Education Society, college of Engineering, Aurangabad, India

ABSTRACT An important element for strengthening of structure is lift core in earthquake prone area (Mw=6.5 or more). Major content in this paper is use of lift cores to resist the seismic forces and its effect by changing the lift core location. The study for G+5 and G+10 type frame buildings are taken under study. These buildings are further subdivided as per strata type. Centre core and Corner core are locations that considered for study. Zone V is assumed for all buildings which will cause maximum base shear to the structure. Comparative static and dynamic analysis will be considered in study which will show graphical representation of G+5 and G+10 building along with soil type. Economy is observed as well. Keywords: base shear, DBE, lift core location, story drift, modal analysis

INTRODUCTION Earthquake is natural phenomena of movement of underground tectonic plates which releases tremendous amount of energy that leads earth surface to vibrate. According to the theory of Plate Tectonics, the entire surface of the earth can be considered to be constantly on the move. These plates brush against each other or collide at their boundaries giving rise to earthquakes. Earthquakes became frequent after the construction of Koyna Dam and this is regarded as a classic case of manmade seismicity. It was observed before that earthquake may not occur on hard rock but after Latur earthquake it was clear that even in most stable areas around the world this natural calamity can occur, which brings us to the conclusion that engineer has to design all structure as per earthquake standards. Hence Core shear wall is considered as earthquake resistant element.[1]

location for lift core will be important for safety and economy purpose in structure as the study gives analysis of earthquake forces by changing the location of lift core with various cases included. In this report there will be static and dynamic analysis to be taken in to consideration. There are many methodologies to spot the location for lift core and it has to be done on the basis of static and dynamic analysis which gives comparison of base shear and time period of structure. DESIGN Design Criteria The study will focus all in behaviour of frames as per soil strata hence according to the lift locations there will be selected frames of structures considered. Details of frame behaviour are studied with the help of the section considered from the structure.

Lift core plays vital role as a strengthening element in structure and it is observed that architectural planning for many buildings avoiding this concept of study. Ideal

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Climate Change – Causal Factors and Impacts with Special Reference to India 1

Akshey Bhargava1, Rajni Dargan2

Department of Civil Engineering, Global Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad, India 2 Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India

ABSTRACT The change of climate during the last few decades have witnessed frequent floods, droughts, loss of agriculture yield, effect on water resource, food security, rise in sea levels, impact on coastal areas, biodiversity and ecological changes and occurrence of cyclones resulting into significant damage to life and health, property, land, agriculture, and economy. Climate change in earlier times were predominantly on account of natural factors due to changes in Earth’s orbit, changes in solar activity, or volcanic eruptions but with the rapid advancement of urbanization and industrialization along with other development activities, billions of tons of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are being pumped into the atmosphere resulting into climate change. The authors of the present paper tend to explain the causal factors coupled with impacts of climate in the present paper.

INTRODUCTION Climate change is the variation in the Earth’s global or regional climate over time and space. It demonstrates changes in the state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. Climate change may be defined in many ways, while some define it as an offshoot of Earth’s natural processes, others define it as a result of human activities. However, climate change may be defined as “a change which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods”. There is a broad scientific agreement that most of the warming in the recent decades can be attributed to human activities.[1–5] It would be interesting to note that the Indian per capita CO2 emissions would grow only modestly from one tonne per

capita in 2004–2005 to 2.77 tonnes per capita in 2030–2031. CAUSAL FACTORS FOR CLIMATE CHANGE There are a few contributing factors leading to climate change which include greenhouse gases such as CO2, methane and NOx. Moreover, cutting down of rain forests and logging of forests decreases the number of plant life to absorb said CO2. The logging however is not a major contributing factor considering the amount of transfer of CO2 from atmosphere to water. There is an exchange between oceans and atmosphere when it comes to gases and also there are a lot of phytoplankton and bacteria that use the CO2 in the oceans. The Earth intercepts the Sun's radiation, which is the energy that drives our weather and climate. About one third of this solar radiation is reflected back into space. The rest is absorbed by different parts of the climate system: the

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Research Insight on Everest Contaminated by Toxic Metals Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, India

ABSTRACT The goal of this investigation of the Everest was to look at follow component fixations and altitudinal patterns in soil and snow. Mount Everest was chosen since its remote area and amazing height disengages it from limited contamination sources. Soil tests were gathered from Mount Everest by different specialists and the examples were broke down for Pb, Zn, Cd, Ni, Cr, Co, Cu, As, Mn, Hg, and V utilizing inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy. Comes about demonstrate that As and Cd are both above USEPA drinking water rules in all snow tests, and arsenic is over the USEPA soil screening rules in all dirt specimens. There was a reasonable pattern in component variety in the dirt examples, with the most elevated focuses found. There was no unmistakable pattern distinguished in the snow tests, perhaps because of vertical blending of surface snow. Anthropogenic sources are suspected to have added to the lifted groupings of both cadmium and arsenic. So this insight is about the dirt contamination on Mount Everest. Keywords: Mount Everest, soil contamination

RESEARCH INSIGHT Different specialists found that Everest contain potentially unsafe levels of the follow metals arsenic and cadmium. In 2006, the study's lead analyst Bill Yeo moved along Everest's Rongbuk Glacier and up the Northeast Ridge (one of the principle courses to the summit), gathering soil and snow tests and testing their follow component focus. The outcomes were educational. The majority of the examples had arsenic levels that surpassed the most extreme contaminant level (MCL) set by the U.S. Ecological Protection Agency – with a few examples containing five times the breaking point. Cadmium levels were in like manner above EPA rules in the majority of the snow tests yet fell

underneath discernible breaking points in the dirt.[1,2]

Source: Wikipedia.

Other follow components, for example, mercury and lead, were at adequate levels. The specialists suspect that mechanical air contamination – especially from the ignition of fossil fills and the creation of nonferrous metals – in India and focal Asia are to a great extent to fault, since the

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Different Types of Pollutants and Their Impact (Soil, Air and Water) Sonal Jain*

Department of Biotechnology, Banasthali University, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT Pollution is an environmental problem that can lead to – among other things – global warming, acid rain, and the ozone hole formation. The status of air pollution is changing and there are many different air pollutants contributing to it. Once pollutants are released into the air, they interact with each other in a complex manner depending on temperature, humidity and other environmental factors. Keywords: bioaerosol, pollution

INTRODUCTION Depending on their form they are emitted and altered in the environment, in its reactive state pollutants can be of following types: (a) Primary pollutants – Primary air pollutants are those emitted directly from the identifiable sources. Majorly they are from the anthropogenic sources. Either they can directly and serve as precursors of secondary air pollutants (chemicals formed through reactions in the atmosphere). Examples are: finer particles(less than 100µ in diameter), coarse particles (greater than 100µ in diameter), sulfur compound, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxides, organic compounds. (b) Secondary pollutants – These are formed from the interaction of primary pollutant within the atmosphere. These pollutants are product of ambient chemical and photochemical reactions and various step involved in the formation of secondary pollutants and

are influenced by many factors such as precursors, the humidity in the atmosphere, degree of photoactivation, meteorological forces and local topography. These primary and secondary air pollutants are studied widely across the globe. These pollutants are dependent directly or indirectly on the natural and anthropogenic activities as given in Table 1. Their emissions are also dependent on the different sources at different land use pattern. Among all primary and secondary pollutants the particulate matter (PM) load is found to be increasing due to more nature imbalance and anthropogenic activities. These increasing PM load draws global attention to study further their emission, dispersal, suspension mechanism and most important their adverse impact on human health.[1–3]

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International Journal of Geological and Geotechnical Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Editorial Note: Source of Pollutants – A Study of Soil Garima Agarwal

Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, India

Soil is very important asset for future and ecosystem but day by day it’s going to be depleted and its direct impact is on various factors. Like recently various researchers found that the soil near to Himalayan regions, where they found that it can be contaminated very badly by arsenic and cadmium. Different studies on neighboring mountains have uncovered comparative discoveries showing the potential for

various water sources to end up tainted. Other exploration has been performed at similar locales in Europe, Japan, Alaska, and New Zealand. Ponders in Antarctica discovered focuses three to four times lower than in Yeo's investigation, representing that the measure of arsenic and cadmium on Everest originated from human commitments.

Source: Wikipedia. Another study from University of Southern Maine plans to comprehend the part of soil as a wellspring of pollutants. Nearly onefifth of the world's surface is involved mountains that assume a part in the capacity and circulation of crisp water, with one-tenth of the total populace depending on that mountain snowpack as their sole wellspring of new water. So

understanding the measure of contaminations in soil and snow is basic to keeping up the nature of elevated water sources. Scientists gathered soil tests from Mount Everest’s Rongbuk ice sheet and snow tests were taken from the upper east edge of the mountain. The examples were then examined for follow component focuses, including cadmium, nickel, zinc,

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

« « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

IJGGE

Nursing

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Computer Science and Engineering

« « « « «

Engineering

1 more...

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

Geological and Geotechnical

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

International Journal of

Chemical Engineering

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences