International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog 5 more... Signals

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

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International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Industrial Biotechnology & Biomaterials

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

International Journal of

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

eISSN: 2455-7323

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials is a peer-reviewed journal that includes original research articles and review papers. Journal is concerned with recent advancements in the field of fermentation technology, biofilms, bio-plastics and vascular grafts.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining



Biomass and feed stocks



Bio-plastics, biofilms



Bio-based chemicals and enzymes



Biofuels taskforce

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Fermentation and cell culture

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Bio-catalysis



Environmental microbiology



Natural products discovery and biosynthesis



Synthesis & catalysis



Drug delivery mechanisms



Sustainable materials



Vascular grafts



Stents



Nerve conduits

International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shashi Bhushan

Dr. Annapurna S Agasthya Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College, Moodabidri, Karnataka, India

Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Lingayya Hiremath Deptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials, Bangalore, India

Dr. Al Arni Saleh Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering,Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, India.

Dr. Ruth Laldinthar Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara (GUJARAT), India

Dr. P. Udaya Sri Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining, Biomass and feed stocks, Bio-plastics, biofilms, Bio-based chemicals and enzymes, Fermentation and cell culture, Bio-catalysis, Environmental microbiology, Natural products discovery and biosynthesis, Drug delivery mechanisms, Sustainable materials, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and success of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications Shaina Chaudhary

2. Drug Delivery Systems Tejas Dhoble

3. Biofilms Causing Bacteria R. Kondal

4. An Overview of Bioplastics R. Kondal

5. A Future Cleaner Fuel: Biofuel Surjit Sharma

International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials

eISSN: 2455-7323 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Overview of L-Ascorbic Acid Production and Its Applications Shaina Chaudhary*

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT L-Ascorbic acid is the usually utilized chemical name for the water soluble vitamin C. This vitamin frames a redox system and takes an interest in a few biological procedures. It is personally required in the biosynthesis of collagen, the richest protein in the human body. Keywords: ascorbic acid, D-glucose, vitamin C

INTRODUCTION Vitamin C additionally ensures the body against carcinogenic nitrosamines and free radicals. The deficiency of ascorbic acid causes scurvy. Our bodies require vitamin C to make a substance called collagen which is required for the health and repair of our skin, bones, teeth and cartilage. We get vitamin C from the nourishment we eat, especially products of the soil. In an absence of vitamin C in our fruits and vegetables, manifestations of scurvy incorporate seeping from the gums, wounding, and joint and muscle pains. It has additionally been proposed that an absence of vitamin C may bring about poor wound recuperating and issues battling contamination, despite the fact that this has not been proved [1, 2]. Vitamin C deficiency can be treated with supplements of vitamin C (as ascorbic acid tablets) and eating sustenance’s which are rich in vitamin C. MATERIAL AND METHODS Industrial Production of Ascorbic Acid Ascorbic acid is industrially produced by a combination of a several chemical steps, and one response of biotransformation brought out by microorganisms. This procedure is alluded to as ReichsteinGrussner blend (Figure 1). D-glucose is

initially converted to D-sorbitol. Oxidation of D-sorbitol to L-sorbose is done by acetobacter xylinum or A. suboxydans (The enzyme being sorbitol dehydrogenase). A submerged bioreactor fermentation process is perfect for this reaction. It takes around 24 hours at temperature 30–35°C. Sorbose by a few chemical reactions can be finally converted to L-ascorbic acid. Regularly, around 100 g of ascorbic acid is produced from 200 g of glucose in ReichsteinGrussner synthesis. Two-Step Fermentation Process In this, D-glucose is converted to 2, 5diketogluconic acid by Erwinia, acetobacter or gluconobacter sp. in the second step, corynebacterium sp. converts over 2,5-diketogluconic acid to 2-keto-Lgluconic acid; it is likewise conceivable to include Bacillus megaterium for changing over L-sorbose to 2-keto-L-gluconic acids. By chemical reactions, it can be converted to ascorbic acid. Production Through L-Gulonolactone Ascorbic acid can synthesized is incorporated through gulonolactone which can be straightforwardly changed over to L-ascorbic acid by the protein Lgulonolactone dehydrogenase (Figure 1).

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials

eISSN: 2455-7323 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Drug Delivery Systems Tejas Dhoble

Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

BACKGROUND Drug delivery is the strategy or procedure of overseeing a pharmaceutical compound to accomplish a restorative impact in human or animals. For the treatment of human illnesses, nasal and pneumonic routes of drug delivery are increasing expanding significance. These routes give promising contrasting options to parenteral drug delivery especially for peptide and protein therapeutics. For this reason, a few drug delivery frameworks have been figured and are being explored for nasal and aspiratory delivery. These incorporate liposomes, proliposomes, microspheres, gels, prodrugs, cyclodextrins, among others. Nanoparticles made out of biodegradable polymers demonstrate affirmation in satisfying the stringent prerequisites put on these delivery frameworks, for example, capacity to be moved into an airborne, security against strengths created amid aerosolization, biocompatibility, focusing of particular destinations or cell populaces in the lung, arrival of the drug in a foreordained way, and debasement inside a worthy timeframe. Medicate Delivery Carriers Colloidal drug transporter frameworks, for example, micellar arrangements, vesicle and fluid precious stone scatterings, and additionally nanoparticle scatterings comprising of little particles of 10–400 nm breadth indicate incredible guarantee as drug delivery frameworks. At the point when building up these details, the objective is to get frameworks with advanced drug stacking and discharge properties, long time span of usability and low poisonous quality [1, 2]. The fused

drug takes an interest in the microstructure of the framework, and may even impact it because of atomic cooperation’s, particularly if the drug has amphiphilic or potentially mesogenic properties. Micelles framed independent from anyone else get together of amphiphilic block copolymers (5-50 nm) in watery arrangements are of extraordinary enthusiasm for drug delivery applications. The drugs can be physically ensnared in the center of square copolymer micelles and transported at fixations that can surpass their inherent water- solubility. Besides, the hydrophilic squares can frame hydrogen bonds with the aqueous environment and shape a tight shell around the micellar center. Therefore, the substances of the hydrophobic core are adequately secured against hydrolysis and enzymatic degradation. Also, the corona may counteract acknowledgment by the reticuloendothelial framework and in this manner preparatory disposal of the micelles from the circulation system. [3]A last element that makes amphiphilic piece copolymers alluring for drug delivery applications is the way that their synthetic organization, add up to atomic weight and square length proportions can be effortlessly changed, which permits control of the size and morphology of the micelles. Functionalization of piece copolymers with cross linkable gatherings can build the strength of the relating micelles and enhance their transient control. Substitution of piece copolymer micelles with particular ligands is an exceptionally encouraging methodology to a more extensive scope of locales of action with a much higher selectivity.

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials

eISSN: 2455-7323 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Biofilms Causing Bacteria R. Kondal*

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT Biofilms are thickly pressed groups of microbial cells that develop on living or idle surfaces and encircle themselves with emitted polymers. Numerous bacterial species shape biofilms, and their study has uncovered them to be unpredictable and assorted. The auxiliary and physiological multifaceted nature of biofilms has prompted to the possibility that they are composed and helpful gatherings, similar to multicellular organisms. Keywords: biofilms, microbial, organism

INTRODUCTION Analysts have assessed that 60–80 percent of microbial contaminations in the body are brought about by microorganisms developing as a biofilm rather than planktonic (free-skimming) microscopic organisms.

pathogens, which as indicated by the Marshall Pathogenesis, all in all cause unending sickness. The Marshall Protocol focuses on the Th1 pathogens, to a limited extent, using beat low dosages of antiinfection agents, since they confine the development of "persister cells."

There is discernment that solitary celled living beings are asocial, however that is confused. At the point when microscopic organisms are under anxiety which is the narrative of their lives they collaborate and shape this aggregate called a biofilm. In the event that you take a gander at normally happening biofilms, they have exceptionally confused engineering [1–3]. They resemble urban areas with channels for supplements to go in and waste to go out. Some outer biofilm, in particular perpetual injuries and dental plaque, can be physically expelled. On account of their detachment and elevated imperviousness to certain anti-infection blends and measurements, inner biofilm are harder to kill.

Basic Sites of Biofilm Infection once biofilm achieve the circulatory system they can spread to any sodden surface of the human body [4].

Biofilm microscopic organisms are a part of what is known as the Th1 bacterial

Biofilms can stop up channels, watersheds, stockpiling ranges, and sully nourishment items, vast organizations with offices that are contrarily affected by their nearness have actually appreciated supporting biofilm explore, especially inquire about that determines how biofilms can be wiped out. Diseases for Which Biofilms Have Been Implicated More than 500+ biofilm species colonize the human mouth, bringing about tooth rot and gum illness. This picture, recovered contaminated dental embed, was taken by a checking electron magnifying

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials

eISSN: 2455-7323 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Overview of Bioplastics R. Kondal*

Department of Microbiology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab, India

ABSTRACT Bioplastics are plastics in which all carbon is derived from renewable feedstocks. They could possibly be biodegradable. Bio based plastics contain both renewable and fossil-fuel-based carbon. The rate of bio based fixings and the conditions, under which the bio based item may biodegrade, if by any means, differ broadly. Keywords: bioplastics, material, renewable

INTRODUCTION As per the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), a bio-based material is a natural material in which carbon is derived from a renewable asset through organic procedures. Bio based materials incorporate all plant and creature mass got from CO2 as of late settled by means of photosynthesis, per meaning of a renewable asset. Items available are produced using an assortment of characteristic feedstocks including corn, potatoes, rice, custard, palm fibre, wood cellulose, wheat fibre and bagasse. Items are accessible for an extensive variety of uses, for example, mugs, bottles, cutlery, plates, sacks, bedding, furniture, rugs, film, materials and bundling materials [1–3]. In the US, the rate of bio based fixings required for an item to be alluded to as bio based, is characterized by the USDA on an item byitem premise. ILSR has suggested that the USDA set a base edge of 50 percent bio based substance for items to be considered bio based. A biodegradable material is, as indicated by the Biodegradable Products Institute (BPI), "where under the correct conditions the microorganisms in the earth can separate the material and utilize it as a

nourishment source". At the end of the day, a biodegradable plastic is totally mineralized by microorganisms. Biodegradable plastics are not really bio based. Bio based and biodegradability is not the same. Some bio based items can biodegrade in city or business treating the soil offices, home fertilizing the soil and sea-going and roadside situations, others will just biodegrade in particular situations and some won't biodegrade by any stretch of the imagination. In North America the BPI is the outsider certifier for items that are compostable in business treating the soil offices. To get the BPI Compostable Logo, items must meet the ASTM Standards D6400 (for Compostable Plastics) or ASTM D6868 (for Compostable Packaging). As indicated by the BPI, to be guaranteed, an item should: 

 

Disintegrate quickly amid the treating the soil procedure (so that no extensive plastic pieces will end up on the composters' screens when the procedure is done). Biodegrade rapidly under the treating the soil conditions.

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials

eISSN: 2455-7323 Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Future Cleaner Fuel: Biofuel Surjit Sharma*

Department of Biotechnology, Dr. B. Lal Institute of Biotechnology, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT The Main advantage of using liquid as fuel is that they can be easily pumped and can also be handled easily. This is the primary motivation behind why every one of the vehicles utilizes liquid type of fuels for combustion reason. For different types of non-transportation applications there are other option strong biomass fuel like wood. These non-transportation applications can bring into utilization these strong biomass powers as they can without much of a stretch bear the low power density of external combustion. Wood has been brought into utilization since a long period and is one of the major contributors of global warming. Keywords: biofuel, wood, vehicle

INTRODUCTION Biofuels are the most ideal method for decreasing the emission of the greenhouse gasses. They can likewise be looked upon as a method for energy security which remains as an option of fossil fills that are constrained in accessibility. Today, the utilization of biofuels has extended all through the globe. A portion of the significant makers and clients of biogases are Asia, Europe and America. Hypothetically, biofuel can be effectively delivered through any carbon source; making the photosynthetic plants the most regularly utilized material for production. All types of materials derived from the Biofuel Ethanol

Fossil fuel Gasoline/ethane

Biodiesel

Diesel

Methanol

Methane

Biobutanol

Gasoline/Butane

plants are utilized for manufacturing biogas [1, 2]. One of the best issues that are being confronted by the specialists in the field is the manner by which to secret the biomass energy into the liquid fuel. SORTS OF BIOFUELS The compound structure of biofuels can contrast similarly that the chemical structure of fossil powers can vary. Generally, our advantage is in liquid biofuels as they are anything but difficult to transport. The table underneath contrasts different biofuels and their fossil fuel partners.

Differences Ethanol has about half the energy per mass of gasoline, which means it takes twice as much ethanol to get the same energy. Ethanol burns cleaner than gasoline, however, producing less carbon monoxide. However, ethanol produces more ozone than gasoline and contributes substantially to smog. Engines must be modified to run on ethanol. Has only slightly less energy than regular diesel. It is more acid to engine parts than standard diesel, which means engines have to be designed to take biodiesel. It burns cleaner than diesel, producing less particulate and fewer sulfur compounds. Methanol has about one third to one half as much energy as methane. Methanol is a liquid and easy to transport whereas methane is a gas that must be compressed for transportation. Biobutanol has slightly less energy than gasoline, but can run in any car that uses gasoline without the need for modification to engine components.

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog 5 more... Signals

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

IJIBB Jul–Dec 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Industrial Biotechnology & Biomaterials

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

International Journal of

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

eISSN: 2455-7323

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences