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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials is a peer-reviewed journal that includes original research articles and review papers. Journal is concerned with recent advancements in the field of fermentation technology, biofilms, bio-plastics and vascular grafts.

Focus and Scope of the Journal Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining

？Biomass and feed stocks

？Bio-plastics, biofilms

？Bio-based chemicals and enzymes

？Biofuels taskforce

？Fermentation and cell culture

？Bio-catalysis

？Environmental microbiology

？Natural products discovery and biosynthesis

？Synthesis & catalysis

？Drug delivery mechanisms

？Sustainable materials

？Vascular grafts

？Stents

？Nerve conduits

International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journals is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Shashi Bhushan

Dr. Annapurna S Agasthya Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College, Moodabidri, Karnataka, India

Food and Nutraceutical Lab, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Himachal Pradesh, India

Dr. Lingayya Hiremath Deptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, India

Dr. P Mary Anupama Department of Biotechnology, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam (A.P.), India

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Campus-XI, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India

Dr. Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials, Bangalore, India

Dr. Al Arni Saleh Department of Chemical Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering,Andhra University College of Engineering, Visakhapatnam, India.

Dr. Ruth Laldinthar Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara (GUJARAT), India

Dr. P. Udaya Sri Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers at excellently, well-timed & successfully. International Journals of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Bioenergy, biofuels, bio-refining, Biomass and feed stocks, Bio-plastics, biofilms, Bio-based chemicals and enzymes, Fermentation and cell culture, Bio-catalysis, Environmental microbiology, Natural products discovery and biosynthesis, Drug delivery mechanisms, Sustainable materials, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and success of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Optimization of Nutritional Parameters for Production of Alpha Amylase Using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3017 by Central Composite Design Mary Anupama Palukurty, Subba Rao Somalanka

2. Desizing of Cotton Fabrics With Enzymes for Improved Performance Bipin J. Agrawal

3. Production of Bioethanol From Muntingia calabura â&#x20AC;&#x201C; An Under Exploited Fruit B.V. Ravishankar, B.E. Rangaswamy, Ir. S. Reddy Bathula

4. Biofilm Formation Ravi Kapur

5. Biofuels: A Short Review Manoj Shah

International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN 2455–7323 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Optimization of Nutritional Parameters for Production of Alpha Amylase Using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3017 by Central Composite Design Mary Anupama Palukurty*, Subba Rao Somalanka Department of Chemical Engineering, ANITS, Sangivalasa, Visakhapatnam, AP, India

Abstract Amylases are the most widely used enzymes that are used many sectors such as clinical, medical, analytical and industrial applications. Beside their use in starch saccharification they also find applications in food, baking, brewing, detergent, textile and paper industries. Increasing utility and consumption of amylase in different industries has placed a greater stress on increasing indigenous enzyme production and search of more rapid processes. The aim of the present investigation is to achieve optimal amylase production by using the culture Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3107. Central composite design was used to optimize the condition for the six independent variables Starch, Peptone and the four mineral elements. The critical values obtained at the end of experimentation resulted in amylase yield of 4496.72 units while the expected was 4116.37 units. The critical condition revealed, when investigated had resulted in a 9.24% increase in product concentration. An R2 value of 0.96172 indicates 96% fit of the model. This states that the chosen statistical model for the production of amylase is a powerful to get good product yield. Keywords: alpha amylase, Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 3107, nutritional parameters, optimization,

INTRODUCTION The method of chemical hydrolysis has been effectively replaced by microbial amylases in starch processing industries. Amylase is produced by several fungi, yeasts, bacteria and actinomycetes, though, enzymes produced by certain fungi and bacteria have dominated applications in industrial sectors. Chief benefit of using fungi for production of amylase is the economical bulk production capacity. Many species of Aspergillus such as A. niger, A. tamarii, A. awamori and A. oryzae have received most attention to obtain many kinds of hydrolytic enzymes like alpha amylase, lipase and protease. However, A. oryzae is the organism of choice because of its ubiquitous nature,

non-fastidious nutritional requirements and high productivity of alpha amylase. [1-4] Usually production of amylase from fungi has been carried out using well defined chemical media by submerged fermentation (SmF) and solid state fermentation (SSF).[5] No defined medium has been established for optimum production of enzymes from different microbial sources and each organism has its own special condition for maximum enzyme production. The use of a good reliable statistical model is essential to develop better strategies for the optimization of the fermentation process.[6] Response surface methodology is an experimental strategy for seeking the optimization of production medium that

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN 2455–7323 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Desizing of Cotton Fabrics With Enzymes for Improved Performance Bipin J. Agrawal* Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Abstract Desizing of cotton substrates with Amylase enzymes has been practiced since long time and is commercially successful. Amylases convert the water insoluble starches, used during sizing operation for enhancing the performance of the warp yarns, into water soluble products which are removed during subsequent washing. The use of enzymes for desizing is quite safe for the cotton substrates and do not cause any detrimental effect on the cotton cellulose unlike the oxidative and acid desizing operations. The performance of the desized fabric towards dyeing, printing and finishing is enhanced due to enzymatic desizing. Thus, desizing with enzymes is an effective substitutional approach for the chemical-based desizing processes. Keywords: cotton, desizing, eco-friendly, efficiency, enzymes

INTRODUCTION The application of a sizing agent to warp yarns, prior to weaving, is essential for high weaving efficiency in the production of most fabrics because warp cotton yarns require a protective coating to improve the yarn strength and to reduce the yarn hairiness.[1] Sizing agents are selected on the basis of type of fabric, environmental friendliness, ease of removal, cost considerations, effluent treatment, etc. Starch, gelatin, oil, wax, and synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol, polystyrene, polyacrylic acid and polyacetates are usually employed as sizing ingredients. The size formulation covers the warp yarns and ultimately the fabric and the sized fabrics are less absorbent especially for dyes and chemicals; hence it may lead to uneven dyeing, printing or finishing if not completely removed from the substrate after weaving operation. The process of removal of size from the substrate is termed as ‘desizing’. It can be carried out

by prolonged cooking or by using strong chemicals such as acids, bases, oxidizing agents or suitable enzymes. The desizing operation is aimed to remove the size material from the warp yarns in woven fabrics and also to ensure the levelness of the dyestuff or printing ink applied during dyeing or printing. If the size is not taken out completely, it will also affect washing and rubbing fastness of the fabrics. The major desizing processes include rot steeping, oxidative desizing, acid desizing, enzymatic desizing of starches on cotton fabrics. Out of these methods, enzymatic desizing is commercially utilized in the process houses of textile industries for removal of starch from the sized cotton substrates.[2,3] The desizing of cotton with enzymes is an eco-friendly process which does not cause any harm to the cotton cellulose. The article gives an overview of

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455–7323 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Production of Bioethanol From Muntingia calabura – An Under Exploited Fruit B.V. Ravishankar1, B.E. Rangaswamy1, Ir. S. Reddy Bathula1,2* 1

Department of Biotechnology, Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Karnataka, India 2 Savi Easy Life s.r.o., Praha, Czech Republic

Abstract The generation of bio-fuels from underexplored fruits forms an attractive solution towards energy generation. The utility of less utilized fruits as a possible source of ethanol production in a process without aeration was investigated by using fruits of Muntingiacalabura. The fruit juice was subjected to fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The amount of ethanol produced after fermentation was analyzed by gas chromatography and the ethanol production is almost equal to any commercial fruit ethanol production. The results indicate the promising future for generation of ethanol from underexploited fruits on a large scale. Keywords: bioethanol production, Muntingia calabura

INTRODUCTION Bioethanol as an alternative source of energy has received special attention worldwide due to depletion of fossil fuels. In India, sugar cane molasses is the main raw material for ethanol production. But the short supply and increased cost is the main hindrance for its use. The cellulosic materials are cheaper and available in plenty but their conversion to ethanol involves many steps and is therefore expensive.[1,2] Fruit waste can also be used for ethanol production, but the demerit is its collection and the waste also contains unwanted microorganisms. Under such circumstances a novel approach is essential to use renewable substrates such as underutilized or underexplored fruits.[35] Among underexploited fruits, Singapore cherry (Muntingiacalabura) was chosen to examine its potential for production of ethanol. It is one of the less-known and less popular fruits. It belongs to the family Eleaocarpaceae. The M. calaburais a fast growing fruit tree, draught tolerant plant, capable of thriving in poor soils and it is also acidic and alkaline soils. It is known to be high fruit yielding, nearly all through

the year.[6,7] It is popular in several South American countries. In developing countries like India it is being introduced as a shade provider or as avenue tree and not so much as a valuable fruit-yielder.[8,9] The fruits are rich in carbohydrates (14.28%). MATERIALS AND METHODS Collection of sample- Well-ripened fruits of Japanese cherry (Muntingiacalabura) were handpicked from the trees, washed with tap water and stored in refrigerator until taken up for further processing. Determination of reducing sugar500gms of fruits was mashed using blender and suspended in 1liter of water. The total reducing sugar content of the sample was determined by DinitroSalicyclic Acid (DNSA) assay method described by Miller (1959).[10]

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7323 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Biofilm Formation Ravi Kapur* Department of Biotechnology, Apeejay Stya University, Gurgaon, Haryana, India

Abstract A biofilm represents a group of microorganisms that are living appended to a surface by discharging a sticky, sugary substance that envelops the microscopic organisms in a lattice. The biofilm could be made out of a single species of microorganism or an aggregate of different species. As a rule, biofilms are just microorganisms, yet they can likewise incorporate other living things, for example, fungi and algae, which can be consolidated into the biofilm, making a microbial stew of sorts. They are complicated systems that are many times compared to a multicellular life form. Keywords: bacterial attachment, biofilm, biofilm structure

INTRODUCTION A biofilm is any group of microorganisms in which cells adhere to each other and regularly these cells hold fast to a surface. These adherent cells are often embedded inside a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Biofilm extracellular polymeric substance, which is additionally alluded to as ooze (in spite of the fact that not all that matters portrayed as ooze is a biofilm), is a polymeric combination by and large made out of extracellular DNA, proteins, and polysaccharides. Biofilms may frame on living or non-living surfaces and can be pervasive in normal, modern and doctor's facility settings.[1-3] The microbial cells developing in a biofilm are physiologically different from planktonic cells of the same life form, which, by complexity, are single-cells that may float or swim in a fluid medium (figure 1).

changes to the biofilm form of development, it experiences a phenotypic movement in conduct in which vast suites of qualities are differentially managed.[4,5]

Fig. 1. This Figure Represents Biofilm of Different Microorganisms. Biofilms Formation

Microorganisms form a biofilm due to many factors, which may incorporate cell recognition of particular or non-particular attachment sites on a surface, nutritious signals, or now and again, by introduction of planktonic cells to sub-inhibitory groupings of antibiotics. When a cell

The development of biofilm can be divided into five different stages:[6-8]

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International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and Biomaterials ISSN: 2455â&#x20AC;&#x201C;7323 (online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Biofuels: A Short Review Manoj Shah* Department of Biotechnology, BMS College of Engineering, Karnataka, India

Abstract A biofuel is a hydrocarbon that is made BY or FROM a living being that we people can use to power something. Any hydrocarbon fuel that is delivered from natural matter (living or once living material) in a brief timeframe (days, weeks, or even months) is viewed as a biofuel. This diverges from fossil fills, which take a great many years to form and with different sorts of fuel which are not taking formed from hydrocarbons (example, nuclear fission). Keywords: biofuel, hydrocarbon

INTRODUCTION A biofuel is a fuel that is created through contemporary natural procedures, for example, horticulture and anaerobic assimilation, instead of a fuel delivered by geological procedures, for example, those included in the formation of fossil fuels, for example, coal and petroleum, from ancient organic matter. Biofuels can be derived specifically from plants, or indirectly from agricultural, business, household, and/or modern wastes.[1] Renewable biofuels by and large include contemporary carbon obsession, for example, those that happen in plants or microalgae through the procedure of photosynthesis. Other renewable biofuels are made through the utilization or transformation of biomass (alluding to as of late living creatures, regularly alluding to plants or plant-determined materials). This biomass can be changed over to advantageous vitality containing substances in three diverse ways: warm transformation, concoction transformation, and biochemical change. This biomass transformation can bring about fuel in strong, fluid, or gas structure. This new biomass can likewise be utilized straightforwardly for biofuels.[2-4]

Bioethanol is a liquor made by aging, for the most part from sugars created in sugar or starch yields, for example, corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. Cellulosic biomass, got from non-sustenance sources, for example, trees and grasses, is likewise being created as a feedstock for ethanol generation.[5] Ethanol can be utilized as a fuel for vehicles in its unadulterated structure, yet it is normally utilized as a gas added substance to expand octane and enhance vehicle discharges. Bioethanol is generally utilized as a part of the USA and in Brazil. Current plant outline does not accommodate changing over the lignin part of plant crude materials to fuel segments by maturation.[6] Biodiesel can be utilized as a fuel for vehicles in its immaculate structure, yet it is typically utilized as a diesel added substance to diminish levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-controlled vehicles. Biodiesel is created from oils or fats utilizing transesterification and is the most well-known biofuel in Europe.

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog 5 more... Signals

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Jan – Jun 2016

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJIBB

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Industrial Biotechnology & Biomaterials

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences