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International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Plant Biotechnology is a comprehensive journal that covers all the topics of, including plant physiology to plant tissue culture from manipulation of plants to production of secondary metabolites under abiotic and biotic stress. Journal publishes recent advancement in the form of original research articles and review papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Transgenic plants

! Plant production science ! Plant genetics and crop improvement ! Plant physiology ! Plant breeding ! Plant pathology ! Modern molecular biology ! Plant tissue culture ! Molecular breeding ! Manipulation of plants ! Abiotic stress and biotic interactions ! Plant pathology ! Recombinant DNA technology

International Journal of Plant Biotechnology is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

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Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS, China

Dr. Annapurna S Agasthya Department of Biotechnology, Alva's College, Moodabidri, Karnataka, India

Dr. Rajat Banerjee Department of Biotechnology and Dr. B. C. Guha Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, India

Dr. T K Barik Department of Applied Sciences, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia (West Bengal), India

Dr. Birendra Kumar Bindhani School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India

Dr. N. Manikanda Boopathi Department of Fruit Crops, Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. R Changmai Department of Physics, DHSK College, Dibrugarh (Assam), India

Dr. Avinash Cheekoth Biotechnology, Management of the Scientific Centers, Department of the President's Affairs, UAE

Dr. Xiaojun Chen Institute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life Quality Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China.

Dr. Prasanta Dash National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India

Dr. Aumreetam Dinabandhu ICAR â&#x20AC;&#x201C; National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India

Dr. Arvind Diwan ICAR, Project Director (Biotechnology), Institute of Health Sciences (Deemed University), Aurangabad (Maharashtra), India

Dr Indraneel Ghosh Systems Biology Department, Sun Pharmaceuticals Advanced Research Centre Limited, Vadodara, Gujarat, India

Dr. Agnishwar Girigoswami Medical Bio-nanotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research & Education, Chennai, India

Dr. Lingayya Hiremath Deptartment of Biotechnology, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Dr. R. Mary Josephine Department of Botany, Nirimala College for Women, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Sukhjeet Kaur Department of Biotechnology, SUS College of Engineering & Technology Tangori-Mohali, India

Dr. Rekha Khandia Department of Science and Technology, High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, IVRI, ICAR, Bhopal, India

Dr.Ashok Kumar Kulkarni Department of Physiology, MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences, Secunderabad (A. P), India

Dr. Arun Kumar Department Of Biochemistry, Manipal College Of Medical Sciences, Phulbari Campus, Kaski, Pokhara, Nepal

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Dinesh Kumar Horticulture (Post Harvest Technology), National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur (Maharashtra), India

Dr. Ramesh M. Department of Biotechnology, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Biswajit Majumdar Calcutta University Institute Of Post Graduate Medical Education And Research [IPGMER] University College Of Medicine [UCM], India

Dr. Kumaresan Mohan Department of Biotechnology, Udaya School of Engineering, Nagercoil (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Durgadas Govind Naik Management & Science University, Malaysia

Dr. Sukhadev Bhaskar Nandeshwar Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, India

Dr. Nayira College of Medicine-Imam university, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Brijesh Pandey Amity University, Lucknow(U.P.), India

Dr. Venu Perla West Virginia State University Research & Development Corporation, United States

Dr. Vara Prasad Nano Research for Advanced Materials, Bangalore, India

Dr. Guru Prasad Basavatarakam Indo-American Cancer Hospital and Research Institute Hyderabad, India

Dr. Devarakonda Srinivasa Rao Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur (DT), India

Dr Yousef Rasmi Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (UMSU), Urmia, Iran

K Purushotham Reddy Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia

Dr.Sougata Roy Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, USA

Dr. Soma Roy Department of Biotechnology, CBIT, Hyderabad, India

Dr. Ashish Runthala Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Rajasthan, India

Dr. S Seeni Centre for Bioresource Research & Development(C-BIRD), Sathyabama University, Chennai, India

Dr. S. Seethalaksmi Vivekanandha College of Arts & Sciences for Women, Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Shashwat Sharad Center for Prostate Disease Research Washington D.C., USA

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Promila Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era University, Dehradun (Uttarakhand), India

Dr. Rajnish Sharma Department of Biotechnology, Dr. YS Parmar University of Horticulture & Forestry, Solan (HP), India

Dr. S Chidananda Sharma Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Meenakshi Singh Mimansha Herbals, Lucknow, India

Dr. Manoj Kumar Singh Animal Biotechnology Centre National Dairy Research Institute Karnal (Haryana), India

Dr. Daya Shankar Srivastava Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur (Uttar Pradesh), India

Dr. Lonchin Suguna Department of Biochemistry, Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, India

Dr. Tha. Thayumanavan School of Biotechnology, Dr.G.R. Damodaran College of Science, Coimbatore, India

Dr. Sharad Tiwari Biotechnology Centre, JawaharLal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalya, Jabalpur, India

Dr. Avinash Tiwari School of Studies in Botany, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, India

Dr. S. Thangminlal Vaiphei Radiation and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Shillong, (Meghalaya), India

Dr. Divya Verma Department of Botany, Kalindi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

Dr. Bhagwan Das Bulchandani Department of Biotechnology, Sobhasaria Group of Institutions, Rajasthan Technical University, Rajasthan, India

Dr. Mohamed Magdy Fahim Mansour Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

Dr. Vangalapati Meena Department of Chemical Engineering, A.U.C.E (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India

Dr. Ruth Laldinthar Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Botany, North- Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

Dr. Bipin J. Agrawal Department of Textile Chemistry, Faculty of Technology & Engineering, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara (Gujarat), India

Dr. P. Udaya Sri Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India

Dr. Awadesh Kumar Pal Department of Crop Physiology, Bihar Agricultural University, Bihar, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the Second Volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Plant Biotechnology. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Biotechnology issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Plant Biotechnology as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Biotechnological Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Plant Biotechnology in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Plant Biotechnology in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Plant Biotechnology focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Transgenic plants, Plant production science, Plant physiology, Modern molecular biology, Plant tissue culture, Molecular breeding, Manipulation of plants, Recombinant DNA technology The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Plant Biotechnology and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Plant Biotechnology community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Plant Biotechnology. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Plant Biotechnology readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Plant Biotechnology. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized From Punica gratum Extracts N.A. Tambe, P.M. Tumane

2. Short Review Article: Defence Enzyme-Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita Singh

3. Drought Tolerance in Pearl Millet- I Riva Mathur

4. Effect of Drought Stress on Morphological Characteristics in Plants- II Riva Mathur

5. Properties of Tagetes erecta (Marigold): Short Review Article Ankita Singh

International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Evaluation of Antimicrobial Efficacy of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Punica gratum Extracts N.A. Tambe*, P.M. Tumane Department of Microbiology, L.I.T. Campus, R.T.M.N. University, Amravati Road, Nagpur, India

Abstract Nanotechnology is a branch of science which has open many routes of technologies. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, application has been extended further and now silver is the engineered nanomaterial most commonly used in consumer products. Green nanotechnology is an area with significant focus at present on the important objective of facilitating the manufacture of nanotechnology-based products that are eco-friendly and safer for all beings, with sustainable commercial viability. In the present study, we have used a green route for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plant extracts of Punica gratum. These eco-friendly Ag-NPs were characterized by UV–Vis spectrophotometery which exhibited maximum absorbance in specific nanometre range in UV–Vis spectroscopy. Further characterization was confirmed by TEM, FTIR, X-RD analysis and LM-20 analysis. The antimicrobial activity of synthesised nanoparticles from Punica gratum shows its efficacy to be a good antimicrobial agent. Keywords: antimicrobial assay, characterization studies, Punica gratum, silver nanoparticles

INTRODUCTION Nanotechnology deals with the progress in experimental methods for the production of nanoparticles of various sizes, shapes and controlled dispersity.[1] Nanoparticles exhibit completely new or improved properties based on specific characteristics such as size, distribution and [2] morphology. Nanoparticles are of immense scientific relevance as they connect the gap between bulk materials and atomic or molecular structures.[3] Silver has been special place in the history of the elements because it is one of the first five metals discovered and used by humans.[4] Ag-NPs have particular properties that may perhaps have numerous applications in the fields of dentistry, clothing, catalysis, mirrors, optics, photography, electronics, and the food industry.[5] Plants and fruit extracts

can be described as nano-factories which provide potential pathway to bioaccumulation into food chain and environment.[6] Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using plants, microorganisms and enzymes, etc. have been suggested as more eco-friendly possible alternatives than using physical and chemical methods,[7] silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have a wide area of interest, as they have a large number of applications, such as in nonlinear optics, spectrally selective coating for solar energy absorption, bio-labelling, intercalation materials for electrical batteries as optical receptors, catalyst in chemical reactions, and as antibacterial capacities. The medical properties of silver have been known for over 2,000 years. Since the nineteenth century, silver-based

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International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456–0162(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Short Review Article: Defence Enzyme-Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO) in Lycopersicum esculentum (Tomato) Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) is one of the most important horticultural crops in the world. In India, tomato is considered as first rank vegetable crop because of its more use. The action of Polyphenol Oxidases (PPO) on phenolic oxidation has a role to play in the plant’s defense. This is a short review article on the mechanism and role of PPO in tomato. Keywords: Lycopersicum esculentum, phenolic oxidation, polyphenol oxidase

INTRODUCTION Tomato ((Lycopersicum esculentum) ) is widely in use throughout the world, due to its various properties, such as, it is easily processed; the plants can be propagated by seed or cloned by tip or shoot cuttings; the plants have a high yield of fruit; there is reasonable biomass and protein content; and they are easily grown under containment. Its production is very concentrated in semi-arid regions. The presence of endogenous defense mechanism, such as, the oxidative enzyme, Polyphenol Oxidase (PPO), is generally produced as a reaction to pathogens. It catalyzes the formation of lignin and other oxidative phenols that cause the development of defense barriers, as shown in figure 1.[1-3]

Browning of the cut surface of some fruits and vegetables is due to the presence of a group of enzymes called polyphenol oxidases. These enzymes are released by the broken cells and they catalyze the reaction between colorless molecules called polyphenols and molecular oxygen. This reaction creates colored compounds and these new compounds can spontaneously cross react with one another to form black-brown complexes called melanins.[2,5] Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) (E.C. 1.10.3.2) are ubiquitous copper-containing enzymes which use molecular oxygen to oxidize common ortho-diphenolic compounds such as caffeic acid and catechol to their respective quinones. PPOgenerated quinones are highly reactive and may cross-link or alkylate proteins, leading to the commonly observed brown pigments in damaged plant tissues and plant extracts.[3,4]

Fig. 1. Reactions catalyzed by PPO. (Source: Queiroz et al., 2008) DEFENCE ENZYME- PPO IN TOMATO

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International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456â&#x20AC;&#x201C;0162 (Online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Drought Tolerance in Pearl Millet- I Riva Mathur* Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Rajasthan, India

Abstract Stress tolerance has long fascinated plant biologists as a challenge to understand the mechanism of plant survival under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Exposure of plants to abiotic stresses, such as high salinity, drought, extreme light and temperature leads to major loss in crop productivity. Pearl millet is one such crop that has been facing drought conditions and less productivity of the crop. This article is a short review on the different stresses and their effect on crop productivity. Keywords: abiotic stress, drought conditions, crop productivity, pearl millet

INTRODUCTION Plant growth and productivity is adversely affected by natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s wrath in the form of various biotic and abiotic stress factors. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, chemical toxicity and oxidative stress are serious threats to agriculture and the natural status of the environment. Exposure of these plants to these abiotic stresses leads to major loss in crop productivity.[1] All forms of abiotic stress affect the water relations of a plant on the cellular as well as whole plant level causing specific as well as unspecific reactions, damages and adaptation reactions.[2] Environmental stresses trigger a wide variety of plant responses, ranging from altered gene expression and cellular metabolism to changes in growth rate and plant productivity. Water deficit (drought conditions) can be defined as the absence of adequate moisture necessary for a plant to grow normally and complete its life cycle. Water deficit is one of the major abiotic stresses, which adversely effects the crop growth and yield. Generally drought stress occurs when the available water in the soil is not available and atmospheric conditions cause continuous loss of water by transpiration and evaporation. Drought stress tolerance is seen in almost all plants but its extent varies from species to species and even within species. Water deficit

and salt stresses are global issues to ensure survival of agricultural crops and sustainable food production.[3] Drought stress is considered to be a moderate loss of water, which leads to stomatal closure and limitation of gas exchange. Desiccation is much more extensive loss of water, which can potentially lead to gross disruption of metabolism and cell structure and eventually to the cessation of enzyme catalyzed reactions.[4] Drought stress is characterized by reduction of water content, diminished leaf water potential and tugger loss, closure of stomata and decrease in cell enlargement and growth. Severe water stress may result in the arrest of photosynthesis, disturbance of metabolism and finally the death of plant.[5] It has been established that drought stress is a very important limiting factor at the initial phase of plant growth and establishment. It affects both elongation and expansion growth.[6] Water stress greatly suppresses cell expansion and cell growth due to the low turgor pressure. Osmotic regulation can enable the maintenance of cell turgor for survival to assist plant growth under severe drought conditions in pearl millet.[7]

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International Journal of Plant Biotechnology ISSN: 2456â&#x20AC;&#x201C;0162(online) Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Effect of Drought Stress on Morphological Characteristics in Plants- II Riva Mathur* Department of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Rajasthan, India

Abstract Drought conditions significantly affect the growth and development of plants. Various metabolic functions in plants are also reduced due to such conditions, such as reduction in plant pigments- chlorophyll and carotenoids and alterations in the expression of certain proteins. This is a brief review on various effects of drought stress on different morphological characteristics in plants. Keywords: carotenoids, chlorophyll content, crop productivity, drought stress, protein profiling

INTRODUCTION Drought is an important limiting factor at a initial stage. It affects both elongation and expansion phases. Among the crops, rice as a submerged crop, is probably susceptible to drought. Pearl millet is comparatively more drought tolerant than other cereal crops. In experimental studies, it was observed that the stem length of soybean decreased under water deficit conditions. While, in other studies, it was found that the plant height reduced upto 25% in water stressed citrus seedlings. Though, osmotic regulation can enable the maintenance of cell turgor for survival or to assist plant growth under severe drought conditions in pearl millet.[1-3] Water stress suppresses cell expansion and cell growth due to low turgor pressure. The reduction in plant height is associated with a decline in cell enlargement and enhanced leaf senescence under water stress.[4,5] Development of optimal leaf area is important to photosynthesis and dry matter production. The significance of root system in obtaining water has for some time been

observed. A productive root system can aid in plant growth and development amid the early plant development stage and obtain water from shallow soil layers that is generally lost by dissipation in legumes.[3,5] The improvement of root system builds the water uptake and keeps up required osmotic pressure. An increase in root to shoot ratio under drought conditions has also been found to be related to ABA content of roots and shoots. [6] Increased plant fresh and dry weights in water drought conditions are required features. A usual disadvantage of water drought condition on harvest plants is the decrease in fresh and dry biomass production.[7] Plant productivity under water drought condition is firmly identified with the procedures of processes of dry matter partitioning and temporal mass distribution.[2,3]

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Properties of Tagetes erecta (Marigold): Short Review Article Ankita Singh* Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, U.P., India

Abstract Marigold is an annual herb with pale-green leaves. Flowers in this plant are produced from the beginning of summer until frost and have a strong but rather unpleasant odor. It also has anti- inflammatory properties and used in the healing of wounds. This is a brief review article on the different properties of the plant Tagetes erecta (marigold). Keywords: Tagetes erecta, properties

INTRODUCTION The genus Tagetes belongs to the Asteraceae family and comprises of 56 species, 27 of them annuals and 29 perennials. Tagetes sp. are grown all over the world as multi-purpose plants of these species. T. minuta, T. erecta, T. patula and T. tenuifolia, are some of the most common species.[1] Tagetes sp. have been used in folk medicine to treat intestinal and stomach diseases and some of them have been found to possess biological activity.[2] This genus is recognized as a source of very interesting biologically active products, that is, carotenoids used as food colorants and feed additives[3] and possessing anticancer and anti-ageing effects[4], essential oils known for their antibacterial and insecticidal properties[5] and flavonoids having pharmacological properties.[6] Volatile oils of T. minuta are used as antibacterial (Senatore et al., 2004), flavour components in food products and as perfumes.[1] They also have suppressive biological activity against some insects and pathogens.[7] Tagetes erecta is a potential plant whose essential oil from flowers has acted as an effective repellent against insects.[8]

Tagetes minuta oil has been found to be active against carnation ring spot (CaRSV) and carnation vein mottle viruses (CaVMV). According to WHO survey, 80% populations living in the developing countries rely almost exclusively on traditional medicine for their primary health care needs and pest control. Exploration of chemical constituents of different parts of the plants and pharmacological screening may provide us the basis for new leads for development of novel agents. Crushed roots of marigold (Tagetes erecta) provide good control of root knot nematodes when applied to soil in mulberry gardens. Some species in Tagetes have been widely used as natural insecticides and fungicides. For example, the extract from the roots of T. erecta was lethal or inhibitory to the hatching of Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) chitwood and M. arenaria (Neal) Chitwood. The extracts from some species in Tagetes L. also exhibit anti-fungicidal activity. Various oils in plants of Tagetes L. have been found to inhibit Gram-positive bacteria and fungi. In addition, flower pigments in the plants of Tagetes L., as

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¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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International Journal of

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

e-ISSN: 2456-0162

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences