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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

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¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

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International Journal of Production Engineering

International Journal of Production Engineering features aspects of production engineering including production planning and control, manufacturing technology and precision manufacturing, journal also covers operation management and supply chain organization. The impetus of the journal rely in providing a platform to researchers and scholars to publish their finding; be it in experimental or theoretical form and to facilitate the process of scientific communication and to spread the idea of production engineering.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Manufacturing technology

 Management engineering  Production planning and control  Casting tend machining technology  Tool engineering  Metrology and manufacturing systems  Automation and rapid manufacturing  Transportation  Operation management and supply chain organization  Design, implement and refine products, services, processes and systems  Precision manufacturing, quality engineering

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Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. S. John Alexis Department of Automobile Engineering, Kumaraguru College of Technology, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Arindam Kumar Chanda G. B. Pant Govt. Engineering College, Okhla, New Delhi, India

Dr. Jagdeesh P. Ganjigatti Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tunkur (Karnataka), India

Dr. R. S. Jadoun College of Technology, G B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pant Nagar, India

Meghanshu Vashista Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, India

Dr. Nataraj J.R Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore (Karnataka), India

Dr. Sarang Pande Faculty of PG and Research, Marwadi Education Foundation, Rajkot, India

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Siva Prasad Kondapalli Anil Neerukonda Institute of Technology and Sciences,Visakhapatnam, India

Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, India

Dr. N. Rajesh Jesudoss Hynes MEPCO Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi, India

Dr. Kanakuppi Sadashivappa Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology, Davanagere, India

Dr. N. Senthilkumar Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. P. M. M. Subrahmanya Sarma VIZAG Institute of Technology, Dakamarri, Bheemunipatnam Mandal Visakhapatnam, India

Dr. Muthuramalingam Thangaraj Department of Mechatronics Engineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. S. J. Vijay School of Mechanical Sciences, Karunya University, Coimbatore, India

Dr. T. R. Vijayaram School of Mechanical and Building Sciences SMBS, VIT University, Chennai, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Production Engineering. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Production Engineering issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Production Engineering as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Production Engineering Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journal of Production Engineering in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Production engineering in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Production Engineering focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Manufacturing technology, Production planning and control, Casting tend machining technology, Tool engineering, Precision manufacturing, Management engineering. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Production Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Production engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Production Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Production engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Production Engineering. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. A Review of Renewable Energy Technologies Integrated With Desalination System Rahul Agrawal, Saurabh Mathur

2. Trends of Production and Consumption of Energy as Per Conventional Sources in India Kiran Gaur

3. Analysis of Energy Storage from Exhaust of an Internal Combustion Engine Mohit Kumar

4. Application of Evaporative Condenser in Energy Saving and Performance Improvement of Domestic Air Conditioner: A Review Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Ramanand Sharma

5. Comparative Analysis of Coal Blends on Captive Thermal Power Plant: Concentrate Different Parameters Effect on Its Efficiency Ravindra Mahawar, Ratnesh Sharma, Abhishek Sanghi

International Journal of Production Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Review of Renewable Energy Technologies Integrated With Desalination System Rahul Agrawal*, Saurabh Mathur

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Seawater desalination technologies have been developed in large numbers during the last decades to supplement the supply of water in many arid regions of the world. Due to the limitations of high desalination costs, many countries are unable to afford these technologies as a resource for fresh water. However, the energy required to run desalination plants put a constraint for its effective use. The idea behind the use of renewable energy sources is fundamentally attractive and many researches have been done in this area. When the global reserves of fossil fuels are decreasing which results in threatening the long-term sustainability of global economy the only option is the use of Renewable energy which provides a variable and environmental friendly option and national energy security. The integration of renewable resources in desalination and water purification is becoming increasingly attractive. This is justified by the fact that plenty of solar energy is available in the areas of fresh water shortages. In this paper an attempt has been made to present a review, in brief, work of the highlights that have been achieved during the recent years worldwide and the state-of-the-art for most important efforts in the field of desalination by renewable energies, with emphasis on technologies and economics. Renewable energies for use in desalination processes include wind, solar thermal, photovoltaic and geothermal. Many studies of water desalination costs appear regularly in water desalination and renewable energy related publications. Economics of desalination seem to be very much site specific and the cost per cubic meter ranges from installation to installation. The variability in economics exists because the water cost depends upon many factors, most important of which are the desalination method, the level of feed water salinity, the energy source, the capacity of the desalting plant, and other site related factors. Keywords: desalination technologies, energy, geothermal, renewable, solar

INTRODUCTION Water is a basic human right and it is used in the field of agriculture, industries and domestic purpose. Approximately one fourth of mankind is suffering from inadequate supply of fresh water [1]. Owing to the foreseen growth of population worldwide (especially in the developing countries), the above mentioned situation will be more and more critical over the next two decades or so [2]. The U.S. Geological Survey [3] found that 96.5% of Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water is located in seas and oceans and 1.7% of Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water is IJPE (2016) 1-8 ÂŠ JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved

located in the ice caps. Approximately 0.8% is considered to be fresh water. The remaining percentage is made up of brackish water, slightly salty water found as surface water in estuaries and as groundwater in salty aquifers [4]. The shortage of potable water poses a big problem in remote and arid regions. In many regions of the world, pollution and

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International Journal of Production Engineering

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Trends of Production and Consumption of Energy as Per Conventional Sources in India Kiran Gaur*

Department of Statistics, Banasthali University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT India is the second most populous country in the world, with population 1210 million by census 2011. This causes substantial burden on the environment and on energy resources. Fossil fuels are the major sources of conventional energy. At present, many countries, including India are overly dependent on fossil fuels to meet their requirement for power. The known reserves of fossil fuels have depleted to a large extent due to its continued use and if it continues, there is risk of complete exhaustion of these sources of energy. The present paper is an attempt to study the pattern of production and consumption of chief conventional sources of energy in India from the year 2005-06 to 2013-14. Data for the purpose is taken from Energy Statistics-2015 published by the Central Statistics Office, Ministry of statistics and programme implementation. It is evident from the analysis of data that the production of Energy by primary Sources has increased by 3.28 % from the year 2005 to 2014. At the same time the Consumption of conventional energy in the country has risen from 15146 to 24071 Peta joules in this period showing an increase of 5.28%. This clearly reflects the demandâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; supply imbalance of energy and emphases on energy conservation. Keywords: conservation, conventional source, energy, trends

INTRODUCTION India is one of the fastest growing countries in the world and the Indian economy has experienced remarkable economic growth over the last decade. Today, India is the ninth largest economy in the world, having a real GDP growth of 8.7%. This high degree of sustained economic growth is placing massive demand on its energy resources. Energy production and consumption are among the key inputs in attaining such growth. Energy sector in India is one of the most challenging sectors. Energy industry is considered as the primary driver of Indian economy as it is the major fuel for various industries like power sector, steel, chemical, fertilizers, paper, cement, transport and thousands of burgeoning Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in India. Energy is critical, directly or

indirectly, in the entire process of evolution, growth and survival of all living beings and it plays a vital role in the socioeconomic development and human welfare of a country. According to recent IBEF estimates this sector contributes about 64% of gross revenues of Government (both Central and State together) through Taxes and Duties. The energy sector comprises of oil, natural gas, coal, petroleum, refined products, electricity and others. The empirical literature for electricity consumption and economic growth relationship is analyzed in detail in the studies of Ozturk and Payne [1, 2]. Besides this, the growing population also adding substantial burden on the environment and on energy resources.

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Analysis of Energy Storage from Exhaust of an Internal Combustion Engine Mohit Kumar*

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ganga Institute of Technology and Management, Kablana, Jhajjar, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT The current highlighted problems are related to scarcity of energy, and the exhaust waste heat by the internal combustion engines which cause environmental pollution. The total heat supplied to the engine in the form of fuel is partially converted into useful mechanical work; rest will be ejected to the environment as exhaust gases which cause serious environmental pollution. Exhaust gas formed due to the combustion of fuels such as natural gas, gasoline/petrol, diesel, fuel oil or coal, which then discharged into the atmosphere through an exhaust pipe. The exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine carries away the heat of combustion in abundant form. The energy available in the exit stream of many energy conversion devices goes as waste, if not used properly. The main objective of the proposed project is to utilize heat from the exhaust gases of a diesel engine and convert heat to useful work. In the present work, a shell and finned tube heat exchanger integrated with an Internal Combustion engine setup to extract heat from the exhaust gas and a thermal energy storage tank used to store the excess energy available is investigated in detail. Energy supplied to an engine is the heat value of the fuel consumed. But only a part of this energy is transferred into useful work. From heat balance sheet of a typical IC engine, I found that the total heat loss is around 35–45%, of which 33% is due to exhaust gases and the rest is lost to the surroundings. Keywords: combustion, energy, exhaust gas, heat, scarcity *Corresponding Author E-mail: mohitkumar295@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The internal combustion engines are the major consumer of fossil fuel around the globe. Out of the total heat supplied, only 30 to 40% is converted into useful mechanical work. The recovery and utilization of waste heat not only conserves fuel, usually fossil fuel but also reduces the amount of waste heat and greenhouse gases dumped to environment. The legislation of exhaust emission levels has concentrated on carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM). Energy conservation on engine is one of

best ways to deal with these problems since it can improve the energy utilization efficiency of engine and reduces emissions [2]. HEAT FROM I.C. ENGINE Waste heat is generated in a process of fuel combustion or chemical reaction. Approximately 60 to 70% energy losses as a waste heat through exhaust (30% as engine cooling system and 30 to 40% as environment through exhaust gas). Exhaust gases immediately leaving the engine can have temperatures as high up to 450–600°C.

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Internal Combustion Engine

Benefits of ‘Waste Heat Recovery’  Recovery of waste heat has a straight effect by decrease in the utility consumption and process cost.  Reduction in pollution: A number of toxic combustible wastes such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and particulate matter (PM) etc., releasing to atmosphere. Recovering of heat reduces the environmental pollution levels.  Reduction in equipment sizes: Waste heat recovery reduces the fuel consumption, which leads to reduction in the flue gas produced. This results in reduction in equipment sizes. EXPERIMENT ON TWIN CYLINDER DIESEL ENGINE Twin cylinder diesel engine specifications  Vertical, double cylinder, water cooled, compression ignition, 4 stroke.  Power output 10 h.p. running at 1500 rpm.  Engine’s moving parts are lubricated by force feed and partly by splash lubrication.  Sensible centrifugal type governor mounted on the camshaft gear.  Water cooled engine is cooled by air flow generated with the help of a fan mounted on the flywheel called conventional cooling.  Test rig coupled with eddy current dynamometer loading. To estimate the exhaust gas temperature, we conducted an experiment on the twin cylinder Diesel engine available so that the exhaust gas temperature could be estimated. The engine was tested at different loads starting from 10 kg to 35 kg at different time intervals, by connecting a thermocouple at the engine’s exhaust. The engine was running at a constant rpm of 1500 rpm.

Kumar

The twin cylinder diesel engine was water cooled and a dynamometer was attached at the output. Sl. no.

Load (kg)

Temperature (Celsius)

285

313

345

375

410

440

450

EXPERIMENTAL REQUIRMENTS I used the heat exchanger at the exhaust of twin cylinder diesel engine and a low boiling fluid i.e. Diethyl ether which used the heat from the exhaust pipe of the engine and vaporize the low boiling fluid which is further used to rotate the turbine which is basically other working unit attached to the engine. The heat used by the heat exchanger is used to vaporize the working fluid and there is reduction in the loss of exhaust heat as some heat is utilize by the external unit which is attached to the exhaust of the engine. The performance parameters pertaining to the heat exchanger and the storage tank such as amount of heat recovered, heat lost, and increased efficiency is evaluated. Selection of Low Boiling Point Fluid For the purpose of experiment a low boiling point fluid was selected from the list of low boiling point fluids. Taking into consideration all the aspects the most appropriate fluid was Diethyl Ether. Properties

Molar mass

C4H10O C2H5OC2H5 74.12 g/mol

Appearance

clear, colorless liquid

Density

0.7134 g/cm³, liquid

Melting point

−116.3°C (156.85 K)

Boiling point

34.6°C (307.75 K)

Molecular formula

Solubility in water Viscosity

6.9 g/100 ml (20°C) 0.224 cP at 25°C

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then introducing a low boiling point fluid. The mass flow rate of the low boiling point fluid was determined for optimum heat recovery. Due to the heat exchange, the liquid will become vapor and then it will be directed to the transducer. After conducting the experiment we found that the exhaust gas temperature increases with increasing load and reaches a maximum of 4500C for full load condition. The results are recorded in the table:

Properties of Diethyl Ether Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxy ethane, is a clear, colorless, and highly flammable liquid with a low boiling point and a characteristic odor. RESULT The twin cylinder diesel engine was operated with diethyl ether which will extract the heat from the exhaust gas and hence convert it into steam by initially taking diesel oil as the working fluid and

240

Time for 20 c.c. of fuel 84

240

30 35

Load (kg)

V (Volts)

I (A)

Air inlet temp.

Exhaust gas temp.

Water inlet temp.

Water outlet temp

)

Vapor inlet pressure (bar)

Vapor outlet pressure (bar)

TFC (g/s)

Heat lost exhaust gas (kJ/hr)

Heat lost cooling water (kJ/hr)

0.35

0.60

12912.6

19223.3

0.45

0.65

0.13

16435.5

19223.3

0.50

0.70

0.17

17910.4

19223.3

12.5

0.65

0.75

0.19

19607.4

19223.3

17.5

0.75

0.90

0.26

20905.3

19223.3

240

0.95

1.00

0.34

20981.5

19223.3

240

1.00

1.15

0.39

21853.4

19223.3

The experiment was carried out at different loads starting from 10 kg to 35 kg. The readings were also noted down for zero load case. When we used diethyl ether as the working fluid to extract heat we find that the exhaust gas temperature drops which may due to the heat extracted by the exhaust gas inside the heat exchanger REFRENCES [1] P. Sathiamurthi, “Design and Development of Waste Heat Recovery System for air Conditioning,” Unit Eur J Sci Res. 2011; 54(1): 102–10p. [2] K. Nantha Gopal, Rayapati Subbarao, V. Pandiyarajan, R. Velraj, “Thermodynamic analysis of a diesel engine integrated with a PCM based energy storage system,” Int J Thermodyn. 2010; 13(1): 15–21p. [3] Yuchao Wang, Chuanshan Dai, Shixue Wang, “Theoretical analysis of a

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

thermoelectric generator using exhaust gas of vehicles as heat source,” Appl Energy. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.20 13.01.018. John B. Heywood, “Internal Combustion Engine Fundamental.” Tata McGraw Hill Education Private Limited, Edition 2011, 249–50p. V Ganeshan, “Internal Combustion Engine.” 2nd Edn. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, 35, 606–70p. C. James Conklin, P. James Szybist, “A highly efficient six-stroke internal combustion engine cycle with water injection for in-cylinder exhaust heat recovery,” Energy. 2010; 35(4): 1658– 64p. R. Saidur, M.Rezaei, W.K.Muzammil, M.H.Hassan, S.Paria, M.Hasanuzzaman, „Technologies to recover exhaust heat from internal Page 18

Internal Combustion Engine

combustion engines,” Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2012; 5649–59p. [8] Hou Xuejun and Gao Deli, “Analysis of Exhaust Gas Waste Heat Recovery and Pollution Processing for Z12V190 Diesel Engine,” Maxwell Scientific Organization, Res J Appl Sci Eng Technol. 2012; 4: 1604–11p. [9] Ramesh Kumar, Ankit Sonthalia, And Rahul Goel, “Experimental study on waste heat recovery from an internal combustion engine using thermoelectric technology,” Therm Sci. 2011; 15(4): 1011–22p.

Kumar

[10] Hou Xuejun and Gao Deli. “Computational Models Analysis of Diesel Engine Exhaust Waste Heat Recovery,” Int Conf Ecol. 2012; 7: 2012. [11] V. Pandiyarajan, M. Chinna Pandian, E. Malan, R. Velraj, R.V. Seeniraj, “Experimental investigation on heat recovery from diesel engine exhaust using finned shell and tube heat exchanger and thermal storage system,” Appl Energy. 2011; 88: 77– 87p.

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Application of Evaporative Condenser in Energy Saving and Performance Improvement of Domestic Air Conditioner: A Review Dinesh Kumar Sharma, Ramanand Sharma

MLV Textile and Engineering College, Poornima University, Bhilwara, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT An environmentally friendly and energy efficient method for cooling buildings in hot and dry region is Evaporative cooling. India as a multi-climates country demands a variety of cooling systems to achieve optimized energy consumption, reduce emission, and provide summer comfort condition. Many types of natural and passive methods were used for cooling buildings in traditional architecture. All of these methods have been worked based on natural ventilation. A lot of energy is consumed in operation of air conditioner using air cooled condenser as well as lot of water is wasted in water cooled condensers. So with the help of evaporative condenser, performance of refrigerating system can be increased as well as it reduces the requirement of water. With the use of evaporative condensers COP of the system can be enhanced and power consumption can be reduced. Keywords: condenser, cooling, evaporative, power, water

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND All refrigeration and air conditioning processes use a gas to facilitate the transfer of heat between the air-conditioned area and the outside atmosphere. This process relies on the use of a compressor to increase the pressure in the condenser section of the system which in turn allows the absorption of heat from the conditioned area. This absorbed heat and any heat generated by the compression process needs to be rapidly removed from the refrigerant to the outside, or condenser, part of the system so that the cycle of heat transfer can be repeated. This is typically done by allowing the hot refrigerant to circulate through a series of tubes exposed to a fan. This method of cooling or condensation of the refrigerant is not particularly efficient, particularly in

large commercial systems. This lack of efficiency becomes pronounced when the ambient, or outside, temperature rises above 37 degrees Celsius. In these conditions, a conventional air-cooled system may lose up to 25% of its operational efficiency. The evaporative condenser is a far more efficient condensation mechanism in larger systems losing only a fraction of its effective capacity in all ambient conditions. The evaporative condenser system typically consists of a series of pipes or tubes that carry the hot refrigerant gas. These tubes are simultaneously exposed to a spray of water and fan facilitated airflow. A portion of the water flowing over the gas filled tubes evaporates due to a combination of being heated by the tubes and the flow of air. This evaporation is the mechanism that allows the rapid cooling of

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Comparative Analysis of Coal Blends on Captive Thermal Power Plant: Concentrate Different Parameters Effect on Its Efficiency Ravindra Mahawar1*, Ratnesh Sharma2, Abhishek Sanghi1 1

JNIT, Jaipur, India Poornima Group of Institution, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Coal is the prime fuel for electricity generation in India and its utilization is continuously growing to meet the energy requirements of the country. The basic function of power plant is to convert energy in coal to electricity. Therefore, the first thing we should know is how much energy there is in coal. Energy content of coal is given in terms of kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg) of coal as the Gross calorific value (GCV) or High Heating Value (HHV) of coal. This value can be varies from 10500 kJ/kg to 25000 kJ/kg depending on the quality and type of coal. Indian coals are of poor quality and often contain 30-50% ash when shipped to power stations. In addition, over time the Calorific Value and the ash content of thermal coals have deteriorated as the better quality coal reserves are depleted and surface mining and mechanization expand. This poses significant challenges. Significant research has been done to determine the beneficial results of using high Calorific Value coals in thermal power plants. [5, 6, 15] Keywords: consumptions, efficiency, coal blend and cost, gross calorific value

INTRODUCTION The main objectives is to find the performance of coal based on the properties of coal and also the reasons of poor efficiency levels of coal blend have been identified, basic ideas have been developed for improving the performance of these coal blend. It is a practical work which is performed in the RSWM coal testing laboratory. In this practical work measure GCV (gross calorific value) of coal and coal blend, identify presently uses coal property, prepare new efficient coal blend and calculate energy efficient parameters and proximate analysis of fuel (coal blend) with cost analysis. This is the initial stage of increasing boiler efficiency. The Main object of coal analysis in the Power Station is to monitor the quality of coal. Therefore performance evaluation of coal is necessary [1, 2, 4].

Rajasthan Spinning and weaving Mills Ltd. (RSWM) Mordi is a coal based captive power plant. Here steam generated by Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustion (AFBC) Boiler. Generation capacity of this plant is 46 MW and coal consumption per day is approximately 1100 tons which is not only depends on generation but also it depends on GCV of fuel (coal). It is use under bed fuel feeding system and it use coal blend. There are different types of coal available in market but this captive power plant use C grade, F grade, imported coal and pet coke and crushed coal particle size is 1 – 6 mm. Coal supply in RSWM plant through truck and per truck coal weight is 25 tons or it varies 20–55 tons. Coal price and GCV show in Table 1.

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