International Journal of Robotics and Automation vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Robotics and Automation

International Journal of Robotics and Automation is designed with a special aim to strengthen the scientific communication among the world class industries and institutions that are working day and night to bring revolutionary changes in the field of automation. Journal largely covers all the man made and industrial development localized or geographically distributed. Automation system broadly includes industrial, factory or building automation, robotics, hydraulics and fields related to the automation technologies. Review articles, original research papers and other form of comprehensive scientific communications are encouraged.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

             

Industrial Automation Industrial Robotics Robotic Automation Factory Automation Building Automation Robotics Drives and Controls, Hydraulics and Pneumatics Sequential control and logical sequence control Manufacturing Automation Distributed control and remote monitoring System integration Fault detection and isolation (FDI) Virtual instrumentation and control Field-bus technology and interfaces

International Journal of Robotics and Automation is published twice a year (bi-annual by JournalsPub- an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Arindam Kumar Chanda Department of Mechanical & Automation Engineering, G. B. Pant Govt. Engineering College, Okhla, New Delhi, India

Dr. P. Narendra Mohan University College of Engineering and Technology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur (Andhra Pradesh), India

Dr. V. Sugumaran School of Mechanical Engineering and Building Sciences, VIT University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. S Ramabalan Department of Mechanical Engineering, E. G. S. Pillay Engineering College, Nagapattinum (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. Ajith Ramesh Department of Mechanical Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu), India

Akhil Muralidharan Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai (Tamil Nadu), India

Dr. S J Vijay School of Mechanical Sciences, Karunya University Coimbatore, India

Dr N Senthilkumar Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, India

Mohd Zaheer Khan Yusufzai Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi-221005, India

Meghanshu Vashista Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.) Varanasi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 221005 India

Dr. Jayakrishna K. Associate Professor, School of Mechanical Engineering VIT University, Vellore, 632 014 Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Wang Wei Wang Wei Tianjin University, China

Mr. J. Thanikachalam Assistant Professor (Senior Grade) Mechanical Engineering Department, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Mepco Engineering College, Post â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 626 005 Virudhunagar District, Tamil nadu, India

Dr. Dinesh Singh G. Thakur Associate Professor and Controller of Examinations, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, DIAT (Deemed University), DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Girinagar, Pune, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Robotics and Automation. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Robotics and Automation issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Robotics and Automation as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Mechanical Engineers community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Robotics and Automation in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Robotics and Automation in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Robotics and Automation focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Industrial automation, Factory automation, Building automation, Robotics, Hydraulics and pneumatics, Manufacturing automation, System integration etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Robotics and Automation and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Robotics and Automation community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Robotics and Automation. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Mechanical readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Robotics and Automation. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Performance Report of Sprocket on Engagement with Chain Drives C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

2. Artificial Intelligence and Its Future Vikas Singh

3. A Short Note on Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems Ritika Jaiswal

4. A Brief History of Robotics Sourav Kumar Bhoumik

5. Smart Spoons to Aid Parkinson's Sufferers Preety Bhadauria

International Journal of Robotics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Performance Report of Sprocket on Engagement with Chain Drives C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College, Affiliated to Anna University, Namakkal, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a special wheel with teeth. The name 'sprocket' is commonly used to describe a wheel having radial projections to engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear. The sprockets have teeth while pulleys are smooth. Sprockets are used in bicycles, motorcycles, cars, tracked vehicles, and other machinery to transmit rotary motion between two shafts. Sprockets are of various designs and efficiency. Keywords: motion, teeth, transfer, projections, sprocket, wheel

BACKGROUND This is a cycle chain sprocket. The chain sprocket is coupled with another generator shaft. The chain converts rotational power to pulling power, or pulling power to rotational power, by engaging with the sprocket.

The sprocket looks like a gear but differs in three important ways (Figure 1)[1–11]: (1) Sprockets have many engaging teeth; gears usually have only one or two. (2) The teeth of a gear touch and slip against each other; there is basically no slippage in a sprocket. (3) The shape of the teeth is different in gears and sprockets.

Fig. 1. Sprocket. ENGAGEMENT OF CHAIN DRIVES WITH SPROCKETS Although chains are sometimes pushed and pulled at either end by cylinders, chains are usually driven by wrapping them on sprockets. In the following

section, we explain the relation between sprockets and chains when power is transmitted by sprockets.[12–17]

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International Journal of Robotics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Artificial Intelligence and Its Future Vikas Singh* Department of Computer Science, Bhabha Institute of Technology, Mumbai, India

ABSTRACT Artificial Intelligence is a branch of Computer Science, aimed at creating computers or machines having level of artificial intelligent similar to human beings. Keywords: computer, efficiency, human, innovation, intelligence

INTRODUCTION The innovation of computers by human being is the biggest achievement of the past centuries. The proficiency to perform various tasks went on improving by computers. The power of computer systems in has changed in terms of their working domains, speed, efficiency and size with respect to time by the continuous efforts of humans [1–3]. WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? In context of living things, intelligence is the capacity of thinking, perception, characterization, consciousness, selfawareness, and rejection, self-defense, response to stimuli. But, when considered to specifically humans, humans possess the power of cognition, the ability to learn, frame concepts, understand, reason, and think logically. They are adept to recognize patterns, realize ideas, plan, solve problems, take decisions, retain information, and the best one is the use language to communicate. Intelligence enables humans to experience and think and respond according to the need of situation. But machine intelligence is the ability to think, reason, perceive and analyze, learn from experience, store and retrieve information from memory, solve problems, comprehend complex ideas, use

language fluently, classify, generalize, and adapt new situations [4]. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? Artificial Intelligence is a systematic approach of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. John McCarthy is the father of Artificial Intelligence, according to him; Artificial Intelligence is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”. AI involves study of how human brain learn, think, work and take decisions, solve problems, and collecting the data based on the outcomes of the study serves as the source for developing intelligent software and systems [5]. Idea of Artificial Intelligence While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the interest of human, inspired him to think about the ability of a machine to think and behave like humans. Thus, the development of AI started with the objective of creating machines having intelligence similar to humans.

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International Journal of Robotics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Short Note on Hydraulic and Pneumatic Systems Ritika Jaiswal* Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India

ABSTRACT The technology of pneumatics deals with the application and uses of a compressible gas such as air or a suitable pure gas but hydraulics uses an incompressible liquid such as oil. The application started to grow due to a gradual shift towards automated machines and equipment. Keywords: compressible, hydraulics, machine, pneumatics

INTRODUCTION The introduction of pneumatics in manufacturing has introduced the cheaper mode of production in wide areas of application such as Packaging machinery, Bottle filling Industry, artificial heart, logic control systems and robotic materials handling devices etc. Due to several advantages, pneumatics is preferred over hydraulics. The coming future technology in this field is further improving the hydraulics in terms of cost and energy efficiency. The early application of pneumatics was limited to the field of construction, with air as the main source of power for tools like power hammers, drills. But now due to various advantages, compressed air is used in major areas such as pneumatic cranes, use of air in the brake system of automobiles, railway coaches, wagons, printing presses due to extensively suitable in handling [1–5]. The advantages of pneumatics (1) Availability of air and compressibility of air. (2) Ease in transportation of compressed air in in long pipes, pressure vessels. (3) Fire-proof characteristics and easy maintenance.

(4) Simple construction and easy handling. (5) High degree of controllability of pressure, speed, and force. (6) Possibility of reliable remote controlling. The disadvantages of pneumatics (1) Appropriate for low pressure and low force applications. (2) Availability of the assembly components is unsure. (3) Expensive generation of the compressed air compared to electricity (4) Use of silencer to remove noise of exhaust air. (5) Poor system rigidity and less precise (6) High Weight to pressure ratio. The advantages of hydraulics (1) Large load capacity with high accuracy and precision level. (2) Smooth movement (3) Low wear and tear due to automatic lubricating provision (4) Easy division and distribution of hydraulic force (5) Ease in limiting and balancing of hydraulic forces

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International Journal of Robotics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 2

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A Brief History of Robotics Sourav Kumar Bhoumik* Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India

ABSTRACT Robot, the first smart and programmed machine developed by humans for doing various tasks with combination of the different technologies such as mechanical controls, computers and electronics. Keywords: control, machine, program, robot

INTRODUCTION A robot is an electromechanical device which has multiple degrees-of-freedom and pre-programmed to complete a variety of tasks. Robotics is the science of robots. The term degrees-of-freedom is very significant because, it is the number of independent motions a device can make in different directions, which is also called mobility. The common applications of robots such in industries, they are used in manufacturing: pick & place, assembly, welding, machining, etc. But for remote operations, robots are used for the purpose of undersea discovery, fire extinguishing, bomb disposal, rescue and law enforcement, and outer space applications. Robots have been also employed as hospital helpmates, handicapped assistance, retail, household servants, and vacuum cleaners.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF ROBOTICS In 1400 BC, the Babylonians introduced the clepsydra water clock which was one of the first automated mechanical artifacts. In the subsequent centuries, human creativity created devices such as the automaton theatre of Hero of Alexandria in 100 AD and the hydro-powered water-

raising and humanoid machines of AlJazari in 1200. In 1500, Leonardo da Vinci drafted many human-inspired, robot-like designs and models. In 1920, the word robot inspired from Robota, the Czechoslovakian word for worker or serf (peasant) was first appeared in a play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) by Karl Kapek, a Czechoslovakian playwright in written form. “When he (Young Rossum) took a look at human anatomy he saw immediately that it was too complex and that a good engineer could simplify it. So he undertook to redesign anatomy, experimenting with what would lend itself to omission or simplification. Robots have a phenomenal memory. If you were to read them a twenty-volume encyclopedia they could repeat the contents in order, but they never think up anything original. They’d make fine university professors.” – Karel Capek, R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), 1920. The term robotics was coined by the Russian science-fiction Isaac, Asimov

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International Journal of Robotics and Automation Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Smart Spoons to Aid Parkinson’s Sufferers Preety Bhadauria* Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur, India

ABSTRACT Technology is boon to those who are differently abled or suffers from any specific diseases. The role of new cutting edge technology is also to aid the needy people by developing their confidence and level of satisfaction. One such great effort has been done by Liftware; the company came up with a steady smart spoon which helps the sufferers of Parkinson's disease to feed them. Keywords: differently abled people, smart technology, spoon

Liftware is focused on improving the quality of life and independence for people living with motion-related disorders. Engineer and inventor Anupam Pathak was working on stabilizing technology for the Army Research Laboratory when he realized the technology could boost the independence of people with severe tremor [1].

neurons in an area of the brain called the substantia nigra. The most common symptoms of the disease are related to movement- shaking and tremors. The neurons produce dopamine, which sends messages to the part of the brain that controls movement and coordination. As the Parkinson's disease progresses, the amount of dopamine produced in the brain decreases, which makes the person unable to control movement [2, 3]. The challenge for people living with Parkinson’s is the difficulty - to feed themselves, due to the shaking tremors related with the disease. The basic act of getting food from plate to mouth can be difficult and annoying for the sufferers. A new, high-tech, “smart” spoon promises to stabilize the vibrations during eating a meal, for people suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

THE LIFE SUPPORT BY LIFTWARE FOR PARKINSON'S DISEASE SUFFERERS Parkinson's disease (PD) is a long-lasting and progressive movement disorder of the central nervous system. Parkinson’s involves the malfunction and death of dynamic nerve cells in the brain, called neurons. Parkinson's primarily affects

ABOUT THE DEVICE Liftware level is the new product designed to grip a utensil at the angle desired to enjoy any meal. It is designed to help people with limited hand and arm mobility, due to cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, Huntington's disease, or post-stroke deficits. Liftware Steady (previously marketed as “Liftware”) helps to

INTRODUCTION LiftLabs is a company based in San Francisco, California, has innovated a small automated device that measures and compensates for small vibrations and tremors. Anupam Pathak, the founder and CEO of LiftLabs, described that the technology behind Liftware is similar to the image stabilization feature in high end cameras [1].

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Robotics & Automation Jul–Dec 2016

IJRA

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences