International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

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Material Sciences and Engineering

International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

International Journal of

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications

International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications publish original, high quality research and review papers that are capable of triggering a domino effect in the field of mechanical engineering and also supports practical application of the established research that forms the core of the subject. Journal covers all major topics in thermal energy applications ranging from thermal, non-thermal processes to ocean thermal energy. Journal aims to unroll the scroll of recent advancements and application that can prove to be an asset in building a strong backbone on the subject matter.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

         

Thermal and non-thermal processes Thermal energy conversion/storage materials and/or systems Thermochemical processes; thermal management/control Novel cooling technologies Thermochemical Storage for Concentrating Solar Power Plants Enhanced Heat Transfer in Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage System Thermodynamic energy Thermal interface materials Ocean thermal energy Energy Control Systems Exothermic reaction and endothermic reactions

International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Balaram Kundu Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata (West Bengal), India

Dr. Harishankar Chandra Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vishwavidyalaya Engineering College, Lakhanpur (CG) Sarguja University, Ambikapur (CG), India

Dr. Jahar Sarkar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Varanasi, India

Dr. Nataraj J. R Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V. College of Engineering, Bangalore, India

Qingsong Wang State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, China

Dr. Ramjee Repaka Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Ropar, India

Dr. K J Sreekanth, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mar Baselios College of Engineering & Technology, University of Kerala, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

Dr. Veeredhi Vasudeva Rao Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, College of Science Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa

Dr. Shaharin A. Sulaiman Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia

Dr. Chitranjan Agrawal Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, MPUAT, Udaipur, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications. This journal is part of the Engineering Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Thermal Energy issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Thermal Energy and Applications as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Thermal Energy Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Production engineering in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, welltime & successfully. International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Thermodynamic energy, Thermal interface materials, Ocean thermal energy, Energy control systems, etc. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Thermal Energy and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Thermal Energy. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Mechanical engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Thermal Energy and its related applications. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Experimental Study of Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft Gasifier Using Different Feedstocks Henok Mekonnen

2. Thermodynamic Analysis on Performance of CAV Propulsion C. Chinglenthoiba, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar

3. Research Insight of Novel Cooling Technologies in Industries Priyanka Garg

4. Life Cycle Assessment of 100 kWp Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System Installed at Poornima University, Jaipur Pratish Rawat, Ashwani Kapoor

5. Simulation and Performance Analysis of Stand-Alone PV System by Using Pvsyst Rahul Saraswat, Ravita Saraswat

International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Experimental Study of Biomass Gasification in a Downdraft Gasifier Using Different Feedstocks Henok Mekonnen* School of Mechanical Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Ethiopia

ABSTRACT The primary interest of this research work is to study the gasification properties of different biomass feedstock materials which are easily available in Ethiopia. An experimental investigation is undertaken using different feedstock materials. The experiments are being carried out for some selected biomass materials which are charcoal, sawdust, coffee husk and a mixture of sawdust and coffee husk. The effects of the type of biomass used and moisture content on the final syngas composition and the gas production rate are studied. The amount and nature of tar produced while gasifying the different feedstock is also examined. A comparison of the literatures and experimental works is done and is validated. Keywords: biomass, feedstock, gasification, fossil fuels, gasifier, moisture, thermocouple

INTRODUCTION Today’s world is facing a serious problem related to energy and environment. Due to the rapid growth of world’s population, and vast and rapid human activities as a result of technological development, modernization and competition, today’s world energy demand is extremely high. As a result, fossil fuels which have been utilized for many centuries are getting rapidly depleted, while their price is drastically escalating to a level which worsens the world’s unstable and unjustified economy, particularly the poor countries like Ethiopia. Another equally important and related issue to be addressed is environmental concern. Planet earth is simply reacting for the aggressive effects of dangerous gaseous emissions, which are the byproducts of combustion of fossil fuels, which is too loud to be unnoticed. Among the most common sources of energy which are distinguished as renewable, biomass is a very well-known candidate. There are well developed thermo-chemical and bio-chemical

conversion practices to extract energy from biomass materials. Direct combustion, gasification and liquefaction are the possible thermo-chemical conversion methods whereas anaerobic digestion (biogas), fermentation and extraction rely on biochemical conversion of biomass materials. Gasification is a thermo-chemical conversion process in which dry or liquid biomass is converted into a gaseous fuel (synthetic gas or syngas). This process is accomplished through devices called gasifiers. Updraft, downdraft, fluidized bed and entrained bed are the various conventional types of gasifiers with different designs. Gasification involves four major sub-processes: Drying, Pyrolysis, Combustion and Reduction, which are undertaken in the respective zones of the gasification unit. In the drying zone, the water within the fuel is removed

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Thermodynamic Analysis on Performance of CAV Propulsion C. Chinglenthoiba*, V. Balaji, B. Abbas, A. Madhan Kumar Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mahendra Engineering College Namakkal, Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai, India

ABSTRACT There are significant achievements in air-breathing propulsion. A number of commercial engines have received. Under ideal reversible isothermal conditions, this energy could be entirely converted to mechanical work. For example, the F135 and F136 Joint Strike Fighter engines are both conducting full engine ground tests. By multi-stage expansion with interstage heating the expansion process is brought closer to the isothermal ideal. Keywords: CAV, isothermal compression, thermodynamic analysis

INTRODUCTION Thermodynamic Analysis Ulf Bossel had done thermodynamic analysis. At 20°C 300 liter tank filled with air at 300 bar carries 51 MW of energy.

Design of a Low Pressure Air Engine for Third World Use Wood et al.[4] used low pressure stirling engine to produce 4KW of shaft work. The engine is burn rice husks for fuel.

Under ideal reversible isothermal conditions, this energy could be entirely converted to mechanical work.

The main advantage of this application is that it is fired by rice husks instead of expensive and difficult to obtain petroleum based fuels.

However, under isentropic conditions (no heat is exchanged with the environment) not more than 25 MW become useful. By multi-stage expansion with inter-stage heating the expansion process is brought closer to the isothermal ideal.[1–3] The analysis is extended to the compression of air. Again, the ideal isothermal compression is approached by multi-stage processes with inter-cooling. By this approach energy demand for compression is reduced to acceptable levels and system pressure and temperature are kept within safe limits.

Performance Study on Three-Stage Power System of Compressed Air Vehicle Based on Single-Screw Expander Wei et al had proposed new compressedair engine system based on three-stage single screw expander was proposed to improve the performance of power system. Three different structure styles were presented, and the studies on the power performance and the distribution of expansion ratios between stages were carried out by programming and mathematical modeling of each style (Figures 1–3).

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Research Insight of Novel Cooling Technologies in Industries Priyanka Garg* Department of Physics, University of Madras, India

ABSTRACT Underground substations reflected the shortcomings in the traditional cooling technologies which evolved the need for a novel Oil-Evaporative liquid cooling technology. The new cooling technology has a two-step cooling system, which could effectively pass heat energy from thermal sources to radiators on the ground through phase change of evaporative liquid in an oil-evaporative cooler. The unique characteristics of the evaporative liquid have proven their efficiency, reliability and excellent cooling effect with small volume and require less area for installation. Based on the experimental data, the novel Oil-Evaporative liquid cooling system could be specifically designed for use in future. Keywords: cooling technology, electromagnetic driver, high-efficiency, infrastructure, energy consumption

INTRODUCTION The concept is based on behavior of dielectrics, pumping mechanisms and other methods to put cool liquid in touch with hot electrical components without shorting out the entire data infrastructure in a shower of sparks. Microsoft recently provided the game by pitching an entire data module into the ocean where it can take benefit of cool seawater directly, as opposed to building an extensive piping system to serve inland resources. The futuristic technologies have their own problem such as, how to make the best use of traditional air-cooling systems so bequest the data environments for an upgraded heavy workload. For that, we have to turn to a number of start-ups with all new the idea. With data center cooling technologies, the dirt and bacteria that collect on critical handling systems require a costly and complex cleaning process. The system uses a key UV light wavelength (254 nm, or UV-C) that not only disintegrates organic materials by destroying their molecular bonds but also

sterilizes components to prevent future contamination. The operating cost is less than 1 percent that of powering a typical AC system, while installation is about ten cents per cfm (cubic feet per minute).[1,2] With global data demands on the rise with no end in sight, efficient cooling should become a top priority given the already poor impression that the data industry has engendered via its energy consumption. In that light, even small gains in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inefficient air-cooling systems will be welcome. COOLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRONIC DEVICES Computer/Mobile Devices Two new technologies for removing heat from electronic devices could help future generations of laptops, PDAs, mobile phones; telecom switches and highpowered military equipment keep their cool in the face of growing power demands.

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Life Cycle Assessment of 100 kWp Grid Connected Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) System Installed at Poornima University, Jaipur Pratish Rawat*, Ashwani Kapoor Assistant Professor, Mechanical Department, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

ABSTRACT In the present study, Life cycle assessment of 100 kWp grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic system is carried out which is installed at Poornima University, Jaipur, India (Latitude: 26055” and Longitude 75046”). The size and cost of PV system is estimated and evaluated from basic mathematical expressions and on the basis of this carbon credit, energy payback time (EPBT) and normalized greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were evaluated and are presented in this paper. The per unit cost of electricity generated by 100 kWp rooftop solar photovoltaic system is Rs. 3.37/kWh neglecting subsidy and considering subsidy it is found to be Rs. 2.36/kWh. The energy payback time is found to 2.34 years for 30 years life of solar PV plant. The results obtained have also been compared with other solar PV systems. Keywords: life cycle assessment, solar energy, solar rooftop PV plant, solar photovoltaic

INTRODUCTION The photovoltaic (PV) system on the roof of the academic block of Poornima University, Jaipur serves as another model for the installation of PV systems in institutional sector, which could play a major role in energy self-sufficiency and security while solving the nation’s greenhouse gas emission problem. The purposes of the plant were: (1) To provide renewable electricity to the University (2) To support research and provide system performance data. The solar PV systems are one of the most promising and cost-effective substitute for diesel generators in developing countries like India. In India most of the people lives in rural and remote areas where either the grid is not present or electricity is not available all the time. The authorities in Spain are supporting a rural electrification project of 65 sites with 50 kWp Solar PV systems [1]. A 1 kWp SAPV system was implemented in Jordon to supply power to houses for 24 hours

[2]. For climatic conditions of Dhaka Bhuiyan and Asgar had designed a Solar PV system for 4 h of operation per day for a residential area [3]. Electricity generation from any source involves some form of harmful air emissions and the comparison of environmental advantages attained from the use of renewable energy requires the implementation of life cycle assessment (LCA). A study of product from cradle to grave is called LCA (Life cycle assessment) of the product. LCA aims in analysis of the environmental impacts of products [4, 5]. The production of electricity from solar PV system also consumes energy and materials which are responsible for the release of air emissions. In the present study, life cycle cost analysis (LCA), energy payback time (EPBT) and unit cost of electricity generated from the Solar PV system are discussed. The carbon credit earned from

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International Journal of Thermal Energy and Applications Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Simulation and Performance Analysis of Stand-Alone PV System by Using PVsyst Rahul Saraswat1*, Ravita Saraswat2 1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Poornima University, Jaipur, India School of Renewable Energy and Efficiency, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra, India

ABSTRACT Electrical energy is necessary for everyone in this world. But demand of electricity is increasing day by day so which cannot be meeting by fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are not environmental friendly. So it is high time to produce the electricity by renewable energy sources for sustainable development. Solar energy is enough to produce the electricity, but the performance of solar photovoltaic cell is depends upon the geographical location and technology. This paper presents the analysis of stand-alone PV system of Jaipur by using PVsyst. The results show the total amount of electrical energy generated by the system, total losses and efficiency of the system. Keywords: efficiency, losses, performance ratio, solar module, solar radiation

INTRODUCTION Photovoltaic cell is device which directly converts the solar energy into electricity. Photovoltaic cells are made up of semiconductor materials [1]. Photovoltaic cell converts the electricity in clean and efficient way. To utilize the solar energy efficiently, it is necessary to simulate the system for efficient energy yield. The aim of this paper is and to design and simulate a solar photovoltaic stand-alone system to meet the energy requirements of a small load in Jaipur, India using PVsyst software. MODELING OF PV SYSTEM The electrical circuit of typical PV cell characteristics is depicted in Figure 1. In this, solar generated current, diode current, the shunt resistance and shunt leakage current are connected in parallel furthermore in series with internal resistance developed in the circuit during the operation of the system.

The difference parameters of the photovoltaic cell indicated in the equivalent circuit are expressed by the following mathematical expressions. I= IL- Id- Ish

(1)

where I = PV output current, IL = Solar generated current in amp, Id = Diode current in amp, and Ish = Shunt leakage current in amp.

Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit of solar PV cell.

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « «

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Thermal Energy & Applications

Jul-Dec 2016

IJTEA

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences