International Journal of Agrochemistry vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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Mechanical Engineering ¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

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International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

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Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

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Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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Jul–Dec 2016

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Agrochemistry

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Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

International Journal of Agrochemistry aims to serve as a platform for the propagation of novel ideas and research in entire areas of Agricultural Chemistry. The target audience of the journal comprises both researchers and practitioners. All manuscripts go through a rigorous peer review process. It is designed to create interest among researchers in the field of Agricultural, chemical process engineering and the technologies applied in chemical composition of biochemical constituents, pesticides, fertilizers, agroproducts etc. Journal targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert editorial team to ensure the publication of only good quality papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Chemical/biochemical composition of components

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Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and insecticides

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Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products

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Veterinary drugs

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Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR)

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Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues

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Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors

International Journals of Agrochemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journal is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Adriano Arrue Melo Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry,\ Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Dr. D. S. Srivastava Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Elayarajah Balasubramanian RNDBIO, A Division of RNDHerbals Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof. Gamal Abde-Nasser Khalil Alexandria University, Egypt

Dr. Kanu Murmu Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Dr. R. Chandrasekharan Nair PG College, Kerala, India

Dr. Rajendra Sharma Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Ravindra W Gaikwad Pravara Rural Engineering College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

S. Narkhede Department of Botany, Government Science College, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India

Saphal Uttamrao Patil Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Pen, Raigad, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama Sastry MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ms. Varsha Deshraj Food Corporation of India, Department of Quality Control of Food Grains, Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Vishwanath B. Chachadi P.G. Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Agrochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Agrochemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Agrochemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Agrochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of Agrochemistry in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Agrochemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Agrochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Chemical/biochemical composition of components, Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and insecticides, Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products, Veterinary drugs, Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR), Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues. Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Agrochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Agrochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Agrochemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Agrochemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Agrochemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum: A Review Sandeep Rai, Yashawant Bhalerao, Jinkal Mistry

2. Some Major Takeaways: International Year of Soils: 2015 Joystu Dutta

3. Post-Independence Agricultural Development in India Aruna Singh

4. Agriculture and Industry â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Both Vital for a Nation to Grow Amit Kumar

5. Indian Agricultural Crops and Their Cultivation Amit Agnihotri

International Journal of Agrochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Hydrogels Based on Guar Gum: A Review Sandeep Rai1,2*, Yashawant Bhalerao2, Jinkal Mistry1 1

GRP Limited, GIDC Estate, Panoli, Bharuch, Gujarat, India Shroff S.R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Vataria, Bharuch, Gujarat, India

ABSTRACT Polysaccharide-based hydrogels are potential materials for wide range of medical applications i.e., tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery and local therapy etc. An interesting fact related to hydrogels is their ability to be injected without any modification in their chemical, mechanical and/or biological properties, due to their thixotropic behavior. It is also feasible to alter the rheological and chemical-physical properties of polysaccharide hydrogels by modifying the cross-linking agents and exploiting their thixotropic behavior. We present here an overview of general chemistry, types, methods of preparation of hydrogels, and a brief literature review of guar gum chemistry, production and applications of hydrogels specially based on guar gum. Keywords: biocompatible, copolymer, guar gum, homo-polymer, interpenetrating network INTRODUCTION Hydrogels are formed either by physical or chemical interaction of cross-linked hydrophilic polymer chains, capable of absorbing large volumes of water. In hydrogels, water molecules penetrate into the interstitial spaces of the 3D polymer network, making the hydrogels similar to biological tissues. The amount of water absorbed by hydrogels is dependent on the porosity and hydrophilicity of the functional groups of polymers.[1,2] Based on the interactions involved in building up of the networks, hydrogels can be classified into physical and chemical hydrogels. In physical hydrogels, polymer chains are held together by molecular entanglement, ionic, hydrogen bonds and/or dipolar interactions. These physical hydrogels do not present structural repeatability due to non-covalent interactions which create dis [3–5] homogeneity. On the other hand, chemical hydrogels are mainly covalent cross-linked network, formed by the

chemical bonding of polymer chains with the addition of various cross-linking agents reacting with specific functional groups on the polymer chain.[6–8] Every chemical hydrogel also present physical interactions, which is due to the aggregation of hydrophobic cross-linking agents and/or parts of the polymer. This leads to a certain degree of dishomogeneity in chemical hydrogels as well. However, unlike physical hydrogels, mechanical properties of chemical hydrogels are highly reproducible, thus offering the possibility to modulate their cross-linking degree. The density of crosslinks is critical in determining both properties and applications of the hydrogels. Crosslink density is responsible for the swelling behavior and hence the combined solid-like and liquid-like characteristics of gels. For that matter, chemical hydrogels appear more attractive than physical hydrogels for various applications.

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Some Major Takeaways: International Year of Soils: 2015 Joystu Dutta

Department of Environmental Science, Sarguja University, Ambikapur, C.G., India

BACKGROUND On December 5, 2015, hundreds of events and initiatives took place across the world to celebrate soils. This World Soil Day is special for more than a singular reason. The 68th UN General Assembly declared 2015 the International Year of Soils (IYS). The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has been nominated to implement the IYS 2015, under the agenda of the Global Soil Partnership, together with the Governments and the secretariat of the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD). The IYS 2015 aims to increase awareness and understanding of the importance of soil for food security and essential ecosystem functions. It has defined some definite broad based objectives to increase public awareness and participation to protect soils in the changing climate scenario. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) identified healthy soils as the foundation for food, fuel, fiber and even medicine as it kicked off International Year of Soils on the first-ever World Soil Day.[1,2] As FAO Director-General; José Graziano da Silva puts it; “We must manage soils sustainably. There are many ways to do this. Crop diversification which is used by most of the world’s family farmers is one of them; this gives time for important nutrients to regenerate.” Calling soils a “nearly forgotten resource,” FAO director Mr. Graziano da Silva urged all actors to invest in sustainable soil management that would be cheaper than restoration and is needed for the achievement of food security and nutrition, climate change

adaptation, mitigation and overall sustainable development. Echoing that call, UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon said that without healthy soils, “life on Earth would be unsustainable.” Soils play a key role in the carbon cycle, storing and filtering water, and improving resilience to floods and droughts, and yet we are not paying enough attention to this important “silent ally,” the UN agency explained. Soil is also the largest pool of organic carbon and has great potentialities of carbon sequestration, which is essential for mitigating and adapting to climate change. In an era of water scarcity, soils are fundamental for its appropriate storage and distribution. 95% of our food comes from the soil. Soil Degradation: Causes and Impacts Since 1945, nearly 1.2 billion hectares of agricultural land have been moderately or tremendously degraded, roughly corresponding to the size of India and China combined. On an average, globally, human influence has triggered a 10-fold rise in erosion rates as calculated from long-term geologic rates. Causes of soil degradation are both natural and humaninduced. Natural causes include disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, droughts, avalanches, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods, tornadoes, and wildfires. Humaninduced soil degradation results from land clearing and deforestation, inappropriate agricultural practices such as slash and burn agriculture, jhum cultivation, improper management of industrial effluents and wastes, over-grazing, unscientific forest management, surface

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Post-Independence Agricultural Development in India Aruna Singh*

Department of Engineering and Technology, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT India is a developing country and a land of agriculture. Here, agricultural is the main source of occupation for the growing population as well as the total income of the country. The agricultural sector has undergone through and has witnessed several developmental changes since independence. This includes a growth rate of 1% before independence to nearly 4% as of today. Here, is a brief scenario of the progress laid in the Indian agricultural sector since independence. Keywords: agricultural, green revolution, growth rate

India is a land of agriculture. The agricultural sector plays an essential role in the overall growth and economic development of India. Apart from fulfilling the nation’s food requirements, agriculture provides labor to large percentage of the population and contributes to markets of industrial goods and foreign exchange. Agricultural sector used to be the main source of country’s occupation and income before independence. Approximately, 72% of the nation’s population was engaged in agriculture and nearly 50% of the total income used to come from the agricultural sector alone. Since independence, India has made many developments in the field of agriculture. Though, the total share of agriculture in contributing towards the nation’s gross income had declined from 50% to only 18% during 1950–2008, the overall economy still depends upon the performance of agriculture to a great extent. Due to this, agriculture still plays dominant role in the Indian economy.

Prior to independence, our agricultural sector used to grow at the rate of 1% per annum. It showed a growth rate of 2.6% per annum in the post-independence era. Earlier, India used to be dependent on the imported food grains. But now, we are self-sufficient in yielding a variety of crops and essential food grains. India during the early 1960s, introduced the concept of ‘Green revolution’. This technology was based on the production of high yielding grain varieties, enhanced responsiveness to heavy doses of fertilizers, multiple cropping, improved measures for plant protection, integrated development and management of dry areas and the package of improved practices in selected areas with assured rainfall or irrigation facilities.[1] By mid-1990s, India became self-sufficient in food grain production. In India, post-independence, strategies have been laid down to enhance the agricultural sector not only in terms of yield and production of grains, but also structural changes have been made. These developments were carried out step-by-

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Agriculture and Industry – Both Vital for a Nation to Grow Amit Kumar*

Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT There is always a debate as to which one is more important for the survival of a nation - the agricultural sector or the industrial sector. In India, which is a developing country, nearly two-third of the population is engaged in agriculture. Though, agriculture plays vital role in providing occupation to majority of Indian population, enhancing gross income of the nation and growth in terms of economy; industries are required for overall development of the nation.

Agriculture forms a major integral part of developing countries like India. Today, nearly two-third of India’s land falls under agriculture with almost 60% of India’s gross income coming from agricultural sector. Earlier, when there were lack of available resources and comfort, our ancestors were totally dependent upon agriculture for the growth and development in terms of nation’s gross income and economic growth. Back then, agriculture was the prime source to feed the population and meet the nation’s needs. Agriculture is undoubtedly important for a nation to exist and survive. But, industries have significant role in the development of a nation. There has long been debate whether the agricultural sector is more vital or the industrial sector for a nation to grow and survive. Agriculture plays indispensable role in a nation’s economy growth, but putting industries out of radar is not good for the nation’s development. For an all-round development, agriculture and industries both are essential and required for a nation to flourish. In India, about 46% land is under cultivation, and approximately 70% of the population relies on agriculture for their

livelihood. In comparison to this, the industrial sector comprises less than 17% of the total land area. This shows that there exists a huge gap between the agricultural and industrial sector. With the increasing population, agriculture alone would not be able to sustain the life of people in India. Thus, policies should be made so as to promote both agriculture as well as the industrial sector. To promote both the agricultural and industrial sector is an important and challenging task. Several measures are suggested to maintain a balance between them. These include:  Barren lands that are unsuitable for agricultural growth should be used for developing industries. Such areas are found in western region of the country like Gujarat and Rajasthan.  Areas with infertile soil or those where agricultural growth is poor can also be utilized for industrial development. Regions of black soil like Deccan pleatue and those in central India are less fertile and thus can be utilized for industrial sector.

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Indian Agricultural Crops and Their Cultivation Amit Agnihotri*

Department of Chemical Engineering, ITM, Gwalior, India

ABSTRACT The agricultural crops in India undergo different challenges. These include uncertainty due to climatic changes, seasonal changes, soil texture and quality, natural calamities and rainfall. Here, we summarize the various seasons in India suitable for cultivation of major crops. Keywords: agricultural crops, Kharif season, Rabi crops

India is an agricultural land with approximately 2/3rd of its population working under agricultural sector. Our country has witnessed several agricultural developments since independence. Some of these include: development of highyielding varieties, improved irrigation facilities, improvement in adequate use of fertilizers and pesticides, improved soil texture and abolishment of zamindari system. Inspite of several strategies laid down to improve our agricultural production, yield and quality, we still have to depend on nature to fulfill our agricultural needs. Our country has to depend on monsoons, climate changes, soil, relief etc. Political issues and poor-marketing are other issues that prevail in our country. The major agricultural seasons that prevail in India are: Kharif season: This season begins as south-west monsoon from May to July, during which crops are grown. This season ends during September–October period and in this the crops are harvested. Major crops of this season include rice,

maize, bajra, ragi, jowar, jute, cotton, groundnut and tobacco. Rabi season: The sowing season in this is from October to December as the climate during this is cool which is required for proper growth of the crops. Crops are then harvested from February to April months, in which the climate is warm and thus ideal for seed germination and maturation of crops. Major crops include wheat, mustard, gram, barley, pulses, linseed and peas. Zaid season: This season prevails throughout the year and as such has no particular period. This season is classified based on the fact that certain major crops are required to fulfill the appetite of large percentage of the Indian population. So, such crops have to be grown irrespective of specific season and hence are grown all-year round by artificial irrigation. Zaid crops are however, divided into 2 categories: Zaid Kharif and Zaid Rabi crops. Zaid Kharif crops are sown during August-September and harvested from December–January. Examples of this type

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering ¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

« « « « «

¬ ¬

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

¬ ¬

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Jul–Dec 2016

Chemical Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

« « « « «

IJA

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

Agrochemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences