International Journal of Agrochemistry vol 2 issue 1 by JournalsPub

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International Journal of Agrochemistry

International Journal of Agrochemistry aims to serve as a platform for the propagation of novel ideas and research in entire areas of Agricultural Chemistry. The target audience of the journal comprises both researchers and practitioners. All manuscripts go through a rigorous peer review process. It is designed to create interest among researchers in the field of Agricultural, chemical process engineering and the technologies applied in chemical composition of biochemical constituents, pesticides, fertilizers, agroproducts etc. Journal targets to publish original, high quality papers that are peer-reviewed by our expert editorial team to ensure the publication of only good quality papers.

Focus and Scope of the Journal !

Chemical/biochemical composition of components

Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and insecticides

Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products

Veterinary drugs

Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR)

Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues

Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors

International Journals of Agrochemistry is published twice a year (bi-annual) in India by JournalsPub - An International Journal is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Adriano Arrue Melo Department of Crop Protection, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry,\ Bindura University of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe

Dr. D. S. Srivastava Krishi Vigyan Kendra-II, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Elayarajah Balasubramanian RNDBIO, A Division of RNDHerbals Pvt. Ltd., Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Prof. Gamal Abde-Nasser Khalil Alexandria University, Egypt

Dr. Kanu Murmu Department of Agronomy, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Dr. R. Chandrasekharan Nair PG College, Kerala, India

Dr. Rajendra Sharma Department of Applied Chemistry, Shri G. S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. Ravindra W Gaikwad Pravara Rural Engineering College, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India

S. Narkhede Department of Botany, Government Science College, Gadchiroli, Maharashtra, India

Saphal Uttamrao Patil Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic Pen, Raigad, Maharashtra, India

Dr. Susarla Venkata Ananta Rama Sastry MVGR College of Engineering, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Ms. Varsha Deshraj Food Corporation of India, Department of Quality Control of Food Grains, Bulandshahar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Dr. Vishwanath B. Chachadi P.G. Department of Studies in Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, Karnataka, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Agrochemistry. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Agrochemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Agrochemistry as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Agrochemistry, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International journals of Agrochemistry in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Agrochemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journals of Agrochemistry focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Chemical/biochemical composition of components, Chemistry, composition and processing of Agricultural pesticides and insecticides, Processing effects on the composition and safety of Agricultural products, Veterinary drugs, Plant growth promoting regulators (PGPR), Fertilizers and other agro-chemicals, including their metabolism, toxicology and environmental issues. Chemical processes involved in phytonutrients, aromas and flavors. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Agrochemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Agrochemistry. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Agrochemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Agrochemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Agrochemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils Kanu Murmu, Sidhu Murmu

2. Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture: An Overview Chhavi Jain

3. A Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activities in Selected Citrus Fruits and Herbal Spices Vipin Panwar, Ajay Singh

4. Optimization Strategies for Controlling Plant Growth Meenakshi Tripathi

5. Natural Disinfectant from Gomutra P. Katariya, M. Polawar, M.V. Ghamande

International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Phosphate Solubilizing Microbes: Sustainable Approach for Managing Phosphorus Deficiency in Agricultural Soils Kanu Murmu1*, Sidhu Murmu2 1

Department of Agronomy, F/Ag, Bidhan Chandra Krishi, West Bengal, India Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, F/Ag, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal, India

Abstract As compared to many other major nutrients, phosphorus is by far the least mobile and accessible to plants in almost all type of soil conditions. Phosphorus occurs in abundant quantity in soils in both organic and inorganic forms; still it is frequently a prime limiting factor for plant growth. The bioavailability of inorganic phosphorus in the soil rhizosphere varies with factors that include: type of plant species, nutritional status of soil and ambient conditions. To circumvent the deficiency of phosphorus, the idea of using phosphatesolubilizing microorganisms (PSM) that helps to supply phosphate to the plants in an environment-friendly and sustainable manner is being brought forward. Although the solubilization of phosphatic compounds by naturally occurring PSM is very common under in vitro conditions, the performance of PSM in situ has remained contradictory. Due to the variable performance of using PSM, their large-scale application in sustainable agriculture has been significantly hindered. Inspite of several causes being suggested for this, but none has been conclusively investigated. Despite disparities in their performance, PSM are widely used in agronomic practices so as to enhance the productivity of crops while maintaining the quality of soils. This review represents the outcome of different studies carried out on the utilization of PSM for direct application in agriculture under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. The aim is to foster sustainable agricultural strengthening in the developing countries. Keywords: biodiversity, biofertilizers, PSM, P solubilization, soil phosphorus

INTRODUCTION Phosphorus (P) is a major growth-limiting nutrient. Unlike nitrogen, there is no large atmospheric source that can make phosphorus biologically available for root development, improve the stalk and/or stem strength, formation of flowers and seeds, induce crop maturity and production, help N-fixation in legumes, enhance crop quality, and resistance to plant diseases; attributes associated with phosphorus nutrition.[1] Also, large proportion of soil phosphorous, nearly 95– 99%, exists in the form of insoluble phosphates and thus cannot be utilized by

the plants.[2] In plants, phosphorus plays an important role in various physiological processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, energy storage and transfer, cell division, and cell enlargement. It helps the plants to survive winter rigors and in some plants also contributes to disease resistance.[3] Low availability of phosphorus in soils is largely because of its occurrence as insoluble phosphates with iron, aluminium and calcium. Since

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International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Rhizobacteria for Sustainable Agriculture: An Overview Chhavi Jain* MM College, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Several soil bacteria participate in the growth and development of plants, and are usually termed as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. These bacteria colonize on or near plant roots and play vital role either directly or indirectly in health and productivity of different plant species. The plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitate plant growth by assisting in acquisition of essential nutrients and minerals, modulating plant hormone levels and by acting as biocontrol agents. This review provides an overview on the role of rhizobacteria in plant growth and development. Also, it gives an insight onto how the use of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria might decrease the global dependence on hazardous agricultural chemicals which destabilize the agro-ecosystems. Keywords: BNF, phytohormones, phosphate solubilization, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, rhizobacteria

INTRODUCTION Varied kind of bacterial strains inhabit on or around plant root surfaces where they act as vital components of the soil. These bacterial strains are involved in several biotic activities of the soil ecosystem making it dynamic for nutrient turn-over and sustainable agricultural development.[1,2] These bacteria directly or indirectly, participate in promoting plant growth and development, and are commonly referred to as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Generally, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria facilitate the plant growth directly by mobilizing nutrients in soils, assisting in resource acquisition (nitrogen, phosphorus and essential minerals), producing numerous plant growth regulators or modulating their levels. Indirect mechanisms include protecting the plants from phytopathogens by controlling/inhibiting them, improving soil structure and bioremediating the

contaminated soils by sequestering toxic heavy metals and/or degrading xenobiotic compounds such as pesticides. [3–7] It is also suggested that the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria promote plant growth by inducing root hair proliferation, root hair deformation and branching, proliferate the occurrence of seedling, early nodulation, nodule functioning, greater leaf surface area, vigor, biomass, increasing indigenous plant hormone levels, mineral and water uptake, promote accumulation of carbohydrates and yield in various plant species. [8] Even a small percentage of rhizobacteria, nearly 2– 5%, when re-introduced by plant inoculation in soil containing competitive microflora, exerts beneficial effect on plant growth and hence termed as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.[9]

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International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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A Comparative Study on Antioxidant Activities in Selected Citrus Fruits and Herbal Spices Vipin Panwar, Ajay Singh* Department of Chemistry, Uttaranchal University, Premnagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract The compound which can suppress the free radicals generated in our body is known as antioxidant. Antioxidants are must for defense system of the body. Various types of foods taken by the body play an important role in body protection. Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease. Primary sources of naturally occurring antioxidants are whole grains, fruits and vegetables. Plant sourced food antioxidants like vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenes, phenolic acids, phytate and phytoestrogen have been recognized as having the potential to reduce disease risk. Most of the antioxidant compounds in a typical diet are derived from plant sources and belong to various classes of compounds with a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. In the present study, antioxidant enzymatic and non-enzymatic properties were determined in the juice extracts of selected citrus fruits viz., lemon, orange, pineapple and mousambi and selected herbal plants (garlic and onion). Antioxidant activity of citrus fruits was investigated by three methods (superoxide dismutase activity, -carotene bleaching method and thiocyanate assay). Enzymatic antioxidant was found maximum in lemon followed by garlic, pineapple and mousambi. Keywords: antioxidants, -carotene, citrus, spices, superoxide dismutase, vitamin C

INTRODUCTION Antioxidants are substances which reduce, neutralize, and prevent the damage done to the body by free radicals. Free radicals are the species containing simply electrons that are no longer attached to atoms. Instead of circling the nucleus of an atom (much like the earth circles the sun), free radicals are both free and radical enough to go careening through our cells. Antioxidants are useful for quenching the free radicals. Excess of free radicals make the body weak and tired and then there is need to take some fruit juice or glucose or any other food supplement which can provide immediate energy and refreshes to work further. Free radicals are created by metabolic processes and our everyday exposure to our environment. In other

words, eating, breathing, and going out in the sun all contribute to the process of oxidation, free radical formation, and the resulting damage that is caused to the cells of our bodies. It causes the deterioration of bone, joints and connective tissue; the wearing out of organs; the decline of the immune system; the irritating advance of the visible effects of aging; and even, possibly, to some extent, the aging process itself.[1] Citrus fruits are considered to have good antioxidant properties however some other herbal spices may have good antioxidant properties. Garlic, onion, ginger, turmeric,

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International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Optimization Strategies for Controlling Plant Growth Meenakshi Tripathi* Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract Plant growth regulators (PGR’s) are chemicals used on a wide range of floricultural crops. These plant regulators modulate the plant growth in their own specific way. However, for achieving best results, it is important to understand the various other parameters that increases or decreases the effectiveness of PGR usage. This short review combines together the different environmental and cultural parameters that together with PGRs can affect plant growth. Keywords: drought stress, light, plant growth, plant growth regulators

INTRODUCTION Plant growth regulators (PGRs) are synthetic substances or chemicals that are used for the growth and development of plants. Currently, several plant growth regulators are available in the market and are applied for specific purposes to elicit specific plant responses. They can be used d to moderate plant growth rate, modulate coloring, increase branching and bushiness, or synchronize flowering times, etc. (Basra, 2000).[1] PGRs have now become an integral part of agricultural and horticultural practices, largely because they can be used for inducing specific traits in plants. Although much scientific information on the use of plant growth regulators is available, achieving the best results with PGRs needs a lot of optimization and a good understanding of plant growth and development. Plant growth regulators should be used in presence of a number of non-chemical control options so as to modulate plant growth in a welldesigned manner and yield good compact plants. Some of the nonchemical control parameters are discussed in this review.[1]

MATERIALS AND METHODS Biological Control While choosing a PGR for growth and development, the type of plant species and cultivar in question plays an important role. Selecting a particular PGR largely depends on the species and cultivar selection. Some plant species or cultivars are responsive to some PGRs, but not to other PGRs. Also, while trying to modulate plant growth by using specific PGR, customer’s demand for other traits such as specific color or growth-form characteristics may limit the choices of the PGRs to be used. For example, selecting short-growing cultivars is often the primary choice of growers in order to reduce the occurrence of overgrown plants.

Also, in general, slow-growing or dwarf cultivars require less PGRs than more vigorous cultivars. However, due to the increasing demand of the customers for

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International Journal of Agrochemistry Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Natural Disinfectant from Gomutra P. Katariya, M. Polawar, M.V. Ghamande* Department of Engineering Sciences and Humanities, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, India

Abstract The modern research aimed at creating compounds to prevent infections from microorganisms has been unsuccessful largely. This disinfectant is made of cow urine as a main ingredient and is 100% natural. Cow urine is considered to have immense disinfecting and healing properties, according to Ayurveda. Use of Tulsi extract, neem extract and Gulab Jal is made to make the product. Keywords: Gomutra (Cow Urine), Gulab Jal (Rose Water), Neem, Tulsi

INTRODUCTION Disinfectants are antimicrobial agents that are applied to non-living objects to destroy the microorganisms residing on them. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all the microorganisms, such as the resistant bacterial spores for which disinfection is quite less powerful. Disinfection is less effective than sterilization, which is an extreme physical and/or chemical process that kills all types of living organisms. Disinfectants are different from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics that destroy microorganisms within the body, or the antiseptics that kill the microbes present on living tissues. Disinfectants are also different from the biocides that also work by killing all kinds of living organisms, including microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes and/or interfering with the metabolism. A disinfectant is considered perfect if it causes complete microbiological sterilization without harming human health and welfare or any other forms of life. Also, an ideal disinfectant should be inexpensive and non-corrosive. In situations, where the

bacteria survives a chemical attack, they m u l t i p l y giving rise to new bacterial generations that are resistant to the particular chemical used. Persistent exposure to the same chemical, results in surviving bacteria in successive generations that are increasingly resistant to the specific chemical, ultimately rendering the chemical ineffective. Cow urine is used in many drug formulations due to its therapeutic value. Typically, cow urine is used as a disinfectant and in purification procedures. With a shelf life of nearly 5 years, this can prove to be the most effective natural antiseptic as well as disinfectant, in comparison to the currently available synthetic chemicals. It further strengthens the fact that cow’s urine is not a toxic effluent. Cow’s urine comprises of 95% water, 2.5% urea and the rest 2.5% is a mixture of various minerals, salts, hormones and enzymes. In Indian rural villages, cow’s urine is often used as an effective antiseptic for wounds, skin diseases, bathing, etc. Ancient Indian Vedic Scriptures including Manu Smriti,

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« « « «

¬ ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and Automation

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution 1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

« « « «

Development

« International Journal of Town Planning and Management

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

Material Sciences and Engineering

« « « «

5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

IJA Jan – June 2016

« International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

5 more...

Signals

Agrochemistry

5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

International Journal of

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences