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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Analog Integrated Circuits and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to analog integrated circuits. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal  System Level Design  Analogue Design, Simulation & Layout  Digital Design, Simulation & Synthesis  System Simulation & Verification  Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing  Two transistor amplifiers  Current Mirrors and active loads  Output Stages  Operational Amplifiers  Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits

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Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Arun Dev Dhar Dwiwedi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Poornina University Jaipur, Rajasthan India

Dr. Anandhi Giri YMT College of Management, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Saptarshi Roy Electrical Engineering, NIT Warangal, Telangana, India

Ankur Ganguly Batanagar Institute of Engineering Management & Science, Techno India Group, Maheshtala, India

Prem Prakash Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi Harshith College of Engineering and Technology, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits. This journal is part of the Electrical Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Electrical issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electrical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electrical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of System Level Design, Analogue Design, Simulation & Layout,

Digital Design, Simulation & Synthesis,

System Simulation & Verification, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Two transistor amplifiers, Current Mirrors and active loads, Output Stages, Operational Amplifiers, Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electrical Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electrical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electrical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electrical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Analog Integrated Circuits. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Application of Mathematics to Electric Circuits Indus Bala

2. Effect of Various Parameters and Equivalent Circuit Analysis on Degradation of Organic Solar Cell Amit Mishra, Abhinav Shekhar, Sadhana Singh

3. An Effective Use of Renewable-Energy Sources on Charging the Battery of Cell Phone Nikhil Somani, Pratul Gautam, Parag Sharma

4. Automatic Street Light and Irrigation Enabled Smart Microecosystem Using Solar Energy Rahul Godhal, Renu, Parag Sharma

5. Performance Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic System Installed in Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan Arun Kumar Nayak, Parag Sharma, Suraj Kumar Jangid

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Application of Mathematics to Electric Circuits Indus Bala*

Baba Mast Nath University, Asthal Bohar, Rohtak, Haryana, India

ABSTRACT In this paper, we explain the application of differential equations of first order and first degree, which are helpful to find the rate of change of current flowing in closed circuit with respect to the constraints (resistance, inductance, and capacitance). Keywords: capacitance, closed electric circuit, current, inductance, resistance

INTRODUCTION As all we know the vast applications of mathematics in Engineering and technology. Mathematics always touching or helping our lives in one way or other and in this paper we have chosen a very important part of technology where again mathematics proves it’s magic to solve the complex circuit equations to the accurate results in simplest way. The study of the closed circuits built by active and passive element, Active element i.e. a source of energy comprises such as either a battery or a generator and mainly with three passive elements  resistance, inductance and capacitance, is governed by the two laws given by a renowned German Physicist Gustav Kirchhoff. 1st Law: Kirchhoff’s first law widely known as Kirchhoff’s current law. At any point of a circuit, the sum of the inflowing currents is equal to the sum of outflowing currents and known as Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) 2nd Law: The second Law deals with voltage drop in a closed network i.e. in a closed circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage drop across each element of the circuit is equal to the resultant electromotive force and known as Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL) [1].

PRELIMINARIES Resistance The electrical resistance is the property of a material by virtue of which it opposes the flow of electrons through the material. Thus, resistance restricts the flow of electric current through the material. The unit of resistance (R) being “ohm”, () quantitatively it is obtained from Ohm’s law as the resistance offered by the material when a current of I ampere flows through it with V volt potential difference across the material [2]. i.e., R 

V I

(1)

When an electric current flows through any conductor, the heat is generated due to collision of free electrons with atoms. If I amps be the strength of current for a potential difference of V volts across the conductor, the power absorbed by the resistor is given by P = VI = (IR) I = I2R watts

(2)

and the energy lost in the resistance in form of heat is then expressed as t V2 1 W   P. dt  PT  I 2 Rt   . (3) R t 0

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Effect of Various Parameters and Equivalent Circuit Analysis on Degradation of Organic Solar Cell Amit Mishra*, Abhinav Shekhar, Sadhana Singh Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT This study conducts a mathematical analysis on organic solar cells. Two modeling approaches are studied, equivalent circuit model and optical model. Equivalent circuit model study is conducted by undergoing parametric extraction study of two diode model by implementing genetic algorithm using optimization toolbox in Matlab 2014. Two studies conducted in this section, two diode model study on degradation of organic solar cell under continuous illumination. The optimization studies includes the study on variation of short circuit current depending on active layer thickness and developing maximum efficiency profile for various band gaps by extending the Shockley Queisser limit calculations onto organic solar cells. Keywords: degradation of organic solar cell, equivalent circuit, organic solar cell, parametric study, solar cell model

INTRODUCTION A photovoltaic (PV) cell generates electricity when it is illuminated by the sun or some other light sources. Small PV cells can be grouped to form panels, and panels can be grouped to form arrays [1]. Among renewable energy, solar energy is a pollution free renewable energy source which attributes high durability and reliability [2]. The electrical analogy modelling involves the representation of processes in working of a solar call as electrical networks. The advantage of using such an approach is that it can represents a complex system or processes in terms simple circuit components whose properties are well known. Equivalent circuit approach is the conventional way of modelling a solar cell, which creates a model that is electronically equivalent to the operation of the solar cell based on discrete electrical components like photocurrent generator diodes and resistances. Depending on the number of

diodes used in the model, they are different typed of models such as single diode models and two diode models [1]. Ideal Solar Cell Model

Fig. 1. Equivalent solar cell model of an ideal solar cell. Solar cell is basically building block of PV array [3]. Ideally a solar cell is a device which absorbs sunlight and produces free charges which are then drifted to respective electrodes due to built-in

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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An Effective Use of Renewable-Energy Sources on Charging the Battery of Cell Phone Nikhil Somani*, Pratul Gautam, Parag Sharma

Department of Electrical, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT Harnessing and utilizing renewable energy source at micro level is a tedious task, but always has great importance as world is suffering from energy crisis with fast extinction of fossil fuel and minimizing conventional electricity usage pattern. This paper considers application of renewable source at micro level concerning on charging the battery of Cell-Phone. Basically in this paper we showed how two most common renewable source Wind and Solar power are used to charge the Cell-Phone’s battery. At first, by extracting wind power through a 12V Dc Motor and change it in required DC voltage through some simple circuitry having TP4056 (Lithium battery charge controller) and IC7805 Circuitry. Later on, by extracting solar power through 8V solar panel and convert it into required DC voltage through the same circuitry that we use in Wind Extraction method. Hybrid dual powered technique used for this application is tested on a hardware model and working successfully. Keywords: dual source, hybrid charger, solar extraction, wind extraction INTRODUCTION Many time a condition will occurs with the rapid industrialization development and exploitation of natural resources which result in non-charging of our daily use gadgets like mobile. But this problem can be resolved by using renewable-energy resources technologies like solar charger and dynamo [1]. We can use these devices for charging mobile phones but a will problem occur when there is no sunlight or the light is not in a proper amount or solar is not effective for long to give effective charge for charging mobile phone’s battery. In order to overcome from this type of problem, observation has been carried out with mobile phone and at present we have come with a solution of maintaining feasibility of energy stored in the phone battery by “Hybrid Mobile Charging System”. This concept uses both wind and solar generated electrical energy

to charge mobile phones battery in an efficient way. Considering the energy availability crisis and higher living cost [2], it is necessary to find another option of power source for such a system. So here, we propose a system which will utilize the most used Renewable-Energy source i.e. solar and wind power, thereby checking the energy crisis to a particular limit and is termed as “Hybrid Mobile Charging System”. Since hybrid systems include both solar and wind power, they allow taking benefits of both the energies. Obviously, solar panels do not give energy during night, but gives when wind is normally blowing and conversely on the longest, hottest days of summer, when wind often doesn’t blow, the sun gives greatest source of energy for solar panel. The wind is more likely to

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuit

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Automatic Street Light and Irrigation Enabled Smart Microecosystem Using Solar Energy Rahul Godhal*, Renu, Parag Sharma

Department of Electrical Engineering, Poornima university, Jaipur

ABSTRACT Rapid growth in energy demand world widely, expensive and limited fossil fuels, and with new inventions and applications in the field of renewable energy sources; these all major points leads us to effectively use renewable energy sources with respect to green energy, less carbon foot print and safe future. This paper consist an effective smart micro ecosystem, for that an experimental setup has been conducted which includes two applications of renewable energy i.e. Automatic Street Light and Irrigation Control System using solar PV Module. In this paper firstly, automatic street light control system application has been shown where, timer IC 555 is used as a comparator which receive signal from LDR and act as a switch to turn ON and OFF street light automatically whenever the sunlight goes below the visible region and vice versa respectively. Secondly, for optimum gains on irrigation all kinds of advanced techniques are now being used to achieve high production rate which includes effective use of water resources. For that Irrigation Control System has been made to create an automated irrigation mechanism which turns the pumping motor ON and OFF on detecting the dry or wet soil moisture content of the earth respectively eliminating monitoring of water level in soil. LM324 comparator is used for comparing reference and soil condition parameters, which enables a pump controlled by relay using driver circuit. In this experimental setup mainly the solar power is used to supply required power to the pump and street lights. The main objective of this micro ecosystem is to save energy and maximum utilization of available energy. Keywords: automatic, automatic irrigation, smart microecosystem, solar energy, street light INTRODUCTION Solar energy is a renewable energy of huge, long durable and no pollution. Automatic Street light do not need manual control, it is automatic control by sensing the sunlight. Many times we can see that street light glows also during the day times, which causes wastage of energy. So Automatic Street light can save the Energy and also can store energy in batteries during day time. India economy mainly depends on the agriculture systems but now a days the

agriculture system is not so efficient. The main reason is a lack of rain due to the global warming and scarcity of water in reservoir, in order to improve the agriculture systems, we introduce a new technology i.e., automatic irrigation system through a solar panel. In this system, humidity sensors are used to know that whether soil is wet or dry condition [1]. When the soil is dry, the humidity sensors sense the nature of land and sent signal to the microcontroller, and the motor is ON. During wet condition, the

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuit

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Performance Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic System Installed in Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan Arun Kumar Nayak*, Parag Sharma, Suraj Kumar Jangid Electrical Department, Poornima University, Jaipur, India

ABSTRACT This paper presents the analysis of results obtained from continuous monitoring of a 100 kWp solar photovoltaic system installed on the rooftop of academic building, Poornima University, Jaipur, Rajasthan (26.90° N and 75.80° E). The system was monitored between 3rd April, 2016 and 30th April, 2016. The energy generated was fed into the existing power grid and the respective building loads through SMA inverters. Daily, monthly performance parameters of the plant evaluated which includes: Final yield (YF) ranged from 1.62 to 5.58 h/d, reference yield (YR) ranged from 4.32 to 6.92 h/d, system losses, Inverter efficiency, capacity utilization factor (CUF) was found to be 0.178, and performance ratio (PR) ranged from 31.90 to 96.0%. Keywords: final yield, performance evaluation, roof-top, solar photovoltaic system INTRODUCTION Annual energy consumption in the world is 10 TWh and this is estimated to reach 30 TWh in 2050 [1]. The rapidly growing cost of fossil fuels, global warming, environmental issues and their extinction due to vast exhaustion; increases the importance of the use of clean and renewable energy sources. In addition to that India is blessed with high mean daily radiation and high number of sunny days in most parts of the country it enables us for harnessing most of solar photovoltaic power. Also due to the launch of several policies and incentives like Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM), Feedin-Tariff, Accelerated Depreciation (AD), Generation Based Incentives (GBI), Renewable Purchase Obligations (RPO) and Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) the Indian photovoltaic market is rapidly growing, attracting an extensive investment interest [2]. One of the best

features of rooftop solar PV systems is that they can be granted and installed faster than other types of renewable energy power plants. They are clean, quiet, and visually unobtrusive. The performance evaluation with real data can allow the detection of operational problems, facilitate the comparison of systems that may differ with respect to design and evaluate the interaction of the photovoltaic system with the local grid. In this paper, the performance of the grid connected photovoltaic system, from April 1 to April 30, 2016 has been analyzed on hourly and daily basis. The derived parameters include reference yield, array yield, final yield, captures losses, system losses and performance ratio. SPV PLANT AT POORNIMA UNIVERSITY The 100 kWp solar power plant consists of 334 modules (ELDORA 300P, Vikram

Page 18

7 1 20 mit icle b rt u S A r u Yo

Applied Mechanics

Mechanical Engineering

5 more...

Chemical Engineering

5 more...

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Civil Engineering

Architecture

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Computer Science and Engineering

Electrical Engineering

Nursing

Analog Integrated Circuits JUL–DEC 2016

5 more...

« « « « «

International Journal of

IJAIC

4 more...

Material Sciences and Engineering

5 more...

Biotechnology

Chemistry

3 more...

Nanotechnology

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Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences