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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits is a comprehensive journal that covers all aspects of Analog Integrated Circuits and their integration into recent technologies that are the focus of ongoing research. Journal has a wider scope including all major advancement in the technology and design that are related to analog integrated circuits. All articles presented here are peer-reviewed and are of good quality.

Focus and Scope of the Journal ! System Level Design ! Analogue Design, Simulation & Layout ! Digital Design, Simulation & Synthesis ! System Simulation & Verification ! Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing ! Two transistor amplifiers ! Current Mirrors and active loads ! Output Stages ! Operational Amplifiers ! Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits

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Priyanka Garg

Akanksha Marwah

Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Arun Dev Dhar Dwiwedi Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Poornina University Jaipur, Rajasthan India

Dr. Anandhi Giri YMT College of Management, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Mr. Saptarshi Roy Electrical Engineering, NIT Warangal, Telangana, India

Ankur Ganguly Batanagar Institute of Engineering Management & Science, Techno India Group, Maheshtala, India

Prem Prakash Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Syed Abdur Rauf Magrabi Harshith College of Engineering and Technology, India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits. This journal is part of the Electrical Engineering, and is devoted to the scope of present Electrical issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Electrical Engineering community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits in JournalsPub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Electrical Engineering in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of System Level Design, Analogue Design, Simulation & Layout,

Digital Design, Simulation &

Synthesis, System Simulation & Verification, Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing, Two transistor amplifiers, Current Mirrors and active loads, Output Stages, Operational Amplifiers, Frequency Response of Integrated Circuits. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of Electrical Engineering and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Electrical Engineering community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this very first issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of Electrical Engineering. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Electrical Engineering readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Analog Integrated Circuits. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Review on Network Layer Attacks and Counter Measures in MANET V. Muthupriya, K.M. Mehata

2. Modeling & Simulation of DVR for Power Quality Improvement by Compensation of Voltage Sag & Swells on the Distribution Network Akanksha Shukla, Khushboo Agrawal, Girijapati Sharma

3. Design and Analysis of Low Voltage DC Grid for Domestic Supply Shailendra Singh, Rajat Sahu, Niharika Yadav, Pushpam

4. An Analytical Approach for Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Radial Distribution Systems Prem Prakash, Dheeraj K. Khatod

5. Modelling and Simulation of Complex Power System Network to Prevent Blackouts Anisul Islam, Imran Khan

6. Symmetrical 7-Level Multilevel Inverter with RV Topology Amit Khemariya, Praveen Bansal, Anmol Ratna Saxena

7. Grid Interconnection of RES at the Distribution Level with Power-Quality Enhancement Features Anand Kaurwar, Vijay Bhuria

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Review on Network Layer Attacks and Counter Measures in MANET V. Muthupriya, K.M. Mehata* Department of Computer Science and Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman University, Vandalur, India

Abstract A security is one of the major issues in the MANET. The major security goals for any network are confidentiality between the sender and receiver, authenticity in transmitting the packets through intermediate hops, integrity in packet transmitted i.e. the original data remain unaltered, network availability during link failure and non-repudiation, where sender or receiver cannot deny on the message sent or received. These security goals are not easily attained in MANET due to its characteristics like unguided communication media, dynamic nature, no fixed infrastructure and centralized network management. Many proactive and reactive protocols have been proposed for routing in MANET but still they are vulnerable to several attacks. In this paper we will discuss in detail about such attacks and the research works carried out to overcome them. Keywords: MANET, network management, proactive and reactive protocols

INTRODUCTION MANET-Mobile Ad hoc NETwork The MANET[1,2] is a group of wireless nodes which are dynamic and infrastructure less. They are not fixed network and so they does not have any centralized control. Also they use unguided media for communication. The main applications of this type of networks are in dynamic business meetings, mining operations, robot data acquisition, rescue operations in battle fields and during time of natural disasters.

communicated only through any of the one hop neighbors. Figure 2 shows a link representation (i.e. with edges between the nodes having direct communication between them) for a MANET in a Figure 1. Hereafter in the following explanations link representation of MANET will be used for better understanding.

The Figure 1 is an example showing example for MANET, where the nodes are not connected and dynamic in nature. The nodes which are in same transmission range can communicate directly with one hop, whereas the nodes which are not in same range can communicate only through intermediate nodes. For example node S is in direct link with nodes A, B, H, I and they are called one hop neighbors whereas node F is not in direct link can be IJAIC (2016) 1-19 ÂŠ JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved

Fig. 1. Example for a MANET.

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Modeling & Simulation of DVR for Power Quality Improvement by Compensation of Voltage Sag & Swells on the Distribution Network Akanksha Shukla*, Khushboo Agrawal, Girijapati Sharma Department of Electrical Engineering, BSA College of Engineering and Technology, Mathura, India

Abstract Power quality on the distribution network is a big issue in the present era. Power quality problem is mainly occur due to nonstandard voltage, current or frequency ,voltage imbalance, voltage sag & swells and harmonics that results in a failure of end use equipment. To cope up with these problem custom power devices are used. One of the custom power device has been discussed in this paper is DVR, which is the most efficient and effective modern custom power devices for the power quality improvement for the power distribution network. This paper proposes a compensation technique for voltage sag and swells by using DVR technique. Simulation is carried out through MATLAB/SIMULINK. Keywords: DVR (Dynamic voltage restorer), power quality, PCC (point of common coupling), voltage sag

INTRODUCTION The electric power system is composed of three functional blocks-generations, transmission and distribution. For a reliable power system, generation unit must produce adequate power to meet customer’s demand; transmission system must transport bulk power over long distances without overloading and distribution system must deliver electric power to each customer’s premises from bulk power system. Distribution system locates at the end of the power system and is connected to the customer directly, so the power quality mainly depends on distribution system. In the earlier days, the power system reliability was on generation and transmission only as these more capital cost is involved in these. But now a day’s distribution system had begun to receive more attention for reliability assessment.

To enhance the skills of the distribution system, custom power devices are used. One of the best custom power devices is Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) which is most efficient and effective modern custom power device for the power quality improvement. Transmission lines were the major concern to analysis the fault where the sending end voltage and the receiving end voltage never remain the same. To rectify this problem the FACTS devices were introduced such as STATCOM, SVC, UPFC, IPFC, etc. These FACTS devices were designed for the transmission system, but eventually distribution system draws attention to rectify this major concern, to improve the modern power quality. These FACTS devices are modified and known as the Custom Power Devices. The term, “custom power devices” defines as the value-added power quality which is directly providing for the consumers through the electrical equipment’s. The

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Design and Analysis of Low Voltage DC Grid for Domestic Supply Shailendra Singh, Rajat Sahu, Niharika Yadav*, Pushpam Galgotias College of Engineering and Technology, Electrical and Electronics Department, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract The fast development of DC power based devices has led to increased involvement of AC to DC converters. A large scale research work is being conducted on increasing the efficiency of these converters to save energy. But DC microgrids are significantly more energy efficient when implemented with distributed generation or on-site generation from photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells or micro turbines. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of DC for a domestic household and includes a comparison between the outputs derived from the power supplied to the DC loads from low voltage DC grid and AC power supply under same operating conditions. In distribution system the technical and economic benefits of DC represents an alternative to the application in AC system. DC can be easily stored in batteries just with the use of voltage regulator thus considerable amount of power can be saved by the use of DC grid. Keywords: DC micro-grid, DC-DC converter, efficiency

INTRODUCTION The key element in design and construction industry is energy efficiency. DC power distribution systems allow for more efficient integration of energy storage and distributed renewable generation through the elimination of some rectification and inversion power electronics converter stages.[1] Considering distribution, the world suffers from an illness of wasteful energy conversions from AC to DC and vice-versa. Instead of increasing conversion efficiency, the conversion processes can be removed and DC distribution can be utilized with increasing DC loads in this technologically advanced society.[2] Today, other than energy efficiency, topics of concern also include use of green technologies such as fuel cells and photovoltaic which produces DC instead of AC. Unfortunately the current power system infrastructures

need to convert DC power produced by these technologies to AC if they wish to incorporate them. This conversion requires power converters which not only reduces efficiency but also adds to complexity of the power system. This paper proposes the use of DC distribution system. The only concern with DC grids is occupant safety however with proper regulation and design standards, building occupants never encounter voltage higher than 24 V DC, which is significantly safer than existing 220 V AC in India.[3] In this paper, an analysis on low voltage DC grid and a comparison between AC and DC distribution system is presented. BACKGROUND Thomas Edison, one of the founders of electricity supported DC but AC has been considered better choice for power transmission and distribution. Since the

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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An Analytical Approach for Optimal Siting and Sizing of Distributed Generation in Radial Distribution Systems Prem Prakash*, Dheeraj K. Khatod Alternate Hydro Energy Centre, I.I.T. Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India

Abstract In this study, an analytical approach based technique is presented for optimal sizing and siting of distributed generation (DG) units in balanced radial distribution system. The formulations of developed technique are based on reducing the active and reactive components of system loss related to branch currents. In the proposed technique the magnitude of branch current is reduced by installation of DG units at various positions in distribution system. According to present technique, it identifies a group of buses where DGs are to be placed. Further, the loss saving formulations is used for obtaining optimum size of DG units by classical optimization technique. An algorithm is also developed to optimum placement of DG in distribution system. The developed method is relatively simple it needs the solution of base case load flow only. The developed technique has been checked on a 15bus radial test distribution network. The developed analytical method is very much effective to reduce the system losses as it can be seen from results. Keywords: analytical technique, distribution system, loss reduction, optimal sizing and siting

INTRODUCTION DG is described as “an electric power generation unit direct coupled with loads or customer side of meter”.[1-6] The range of output power of DG units typically varies from a few kWs to a few MWs. The use of DG technologies in existing distribution network is increasing rapidly because of their small sizes, local availability and environmental friendliness. Since DGs may be powered by renewable and non-renewable energy sources, DG would contribute nearly 20% of total power generation in upcoming days.[1] The insertion of DG in distribution system is always committed to reduce the system losses, enhancement of profile of system voltage improvement system stability margin, system reliability and power quality of power supplied, if DG placement is planned strategically.

On the basis of available research on optimum placement and sizing of DG in distribution system by earlier researchers it is observed that their main focus on to discuss various concerns like, reduction of system losses,[1-4,8] enhancement profile of system voltage,[7] system voltage stability margin and system loadability.[2,7] Furthermore, the cost or investment minimization or maximization of benefit to cost ratio and cost reduction, reduction of energy losses,[4,9] further, the objective of the investigators to formulate the methodology for installation and sizing of DG units in distribution network. Several techniques, like direct mathematical analysis by classical optimization [1,3] approaches. Mixed integer non-linear programming based optimization [7-9] technique is highlighted in. Index based methods (various indices are used for DG siting such as voltage sensitivity, power

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Modelling and Simulation of Complex Power System Network to Prevent Blackouts Anisul Islam*, Imran Khan Department of Electrical Engineering, Azad Institute of Engineering and Technology, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract A complex power system network consists of different elements of the power system such as generators, motors, transformers, transmission and distribution lines, relays, circuit breakers etc. In this, a complex network is being modeled and simulated accordingly in order to prevent unwanted blackouts occur due to various climatic as well as system disorders. This aims to prevent such unwanted blackouts that cause very harmful effect to every stage of human kind. Losses occurs which leads to downfall of the system and the country. In this we study various dynamics and reasons of blackouts. Power system main critical loading effects are to be analyzed and in order to model a system network which will be effective in order to prevent such blackouts. In this we will study main causes of blackouts and how they can be reduced. It is done through the model analysis software ”power world simulator” in which various curves, and outputs show the reduced effect of the loading of the power system transmission and distribution line. Thus, the system will be analyzed with and without the effects of the overloading and the factors which leads to blackouts. Various relays such as fast recovery relays, frequency fast acting relays, shunt capacitors or series capacitors also be used in order to reduce harmonics and may help the system to work in better condition. Therefore, the model analysis is best option to analyze and simulate the power system network in order to predict the system to be well defined work and prove so that the system could be installed as per the analyzed version to which the cost and time could be reduced and better efficiency could be harvested. Keywords: Grid, power system, overloading currents

INTRODUCTION Power system comprises of various losses due to transmission and distribution from grid to the consumers. During transmission and distribution of the power various probabilities faults occur due to certain reasons which finally results into the large blackout system. These faults occurrence reasons are overloading voltages, overloading currents, voltage instability conditions, over frequency conditions, cascading processes etc. these conditions make the system to work asynchronously which makes the system

unstable and thus grid fails to operate further. Thus, power system network main causes of blackout are voltage collapse, cascading, voltage instability.[1-3] Voltage collapse is the process by which the sequence of events accompanying voltage instability leads to a low voltages in the power system network. This voltage collapse condition arises when demand is more than the supply and due to which the grid reaches its maximum potential to meet the demands and further demands to fulfill make the grid to fail and thus

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International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Symmetrical 7-Level Multilevel Inverter with RV Topology Amit Khemariya1*, Praveen Bansal1, Anmol Ratna Saxena2 1

Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, India Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Institute of Technology Delhi, India

Abstract A multilevel inverter is a power electronic device which is capable of providing desired alternating voltage level at the output using multiple lower level DC voltages as an input. Multilevel inverter is widely used for high-power high-voltage applications. It can eliminate the need for the step-up transformer and reduce the harmonic content and lower EMI and higher dc link voltages. However, it has some disadvantages such as increased number of components, complex pulse width modulation control method, and voltage-balancing problem. The harmonic content of the output voltage waveform decreases as the number of output voltage increases. This paper presents a new topology with a reversing-voltage component in order to improve the multilevel performance by compensating the disadvantages as mentioned. The propose topology is implemented in single-phase and threephase with different pulse width modulation (PWM) techniques, which requires less number of components, less carrier signals and gate drive circuit as compared to conventional multilevel inverters. Keywords: multilevel inverter (MLIs), reversing voltage (RV), topology and PWM techniques

INTRODUCTION Multilevel inverters have strained incredible interest in the power industry. Increasing the number of voltage levels in the inverter without necessitating higher ratings on specific devices can intensification the power rating. A multilevel inverter is a power electronic device that is used for high-power highvoltage applications. Whereas conventional two level inverter have some limitations in high-power high-voltage applications due to switching losses and power ratings.[1,2] There are several advantages to this approach when compared with the conventional power conversion approach: they have higher efficiency because the devices can be switched at a low frequency, power factor is close to unity for multilevel inverters, no EMI problems exist, no charge unbalance

problem results when the converters are in either rectification or inversion mode. An equivalent depiction of one phase leg of inverters with different levels shown in Figure 1, and power semiconductors is represented by an ideal switch with several positions.[3]

+ -

n Vc

+ -

n Vc

+ -

+ Vc

(a)

+ + -

( b)

(c)

Fig. 1. One Phase Leg of Inverter (a) Two Level, (b) Three Level, (c) n-Levels.

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Grid Interconnection of RES at the Distribution Level with Power-Quality Enhancement Features Anand Kaurwar*, Vijay Bhuria Department of Electrical Engineering, Madhav Institute of Technology and Science, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract This paper describes enhanced technique of power quality at utility end in a network framework associated with renewable source of energy for power generation. With advancement of new functionalities sunlight based vitality based Photovoltaic cells are forthcoming energy source with higher efficiency. With the increase in load demand, the Renewable Energy Sources (RES) are increasingly connected in the distribution systems which utilizes power electronic Converters/Inverters. The Photo Voltaic (PV) Panel is modeled based on associated equations. The utilization of non-linear loads in the power system will prompt the era of current sounds which thusly break down the power quality. The Problems like current unbalance current harmonics and also of injecting the energy generated by renewable energy source. The inverter is controlled on the basis of hysteresis control and thus it can be utilized as a power converter injecting power generated from RES to the grid. When the power generated from RES is more than the total load power demand, the grid-interfacing inverter with the proposed control approach not only fulfills the total load active and reactive power demand but also delivers the excess generated sinusoidal active power to the grid at unity power factor. This work is completed utilizing MATLAB/Simulink software. Keywords: active power filters, distributed generation, grid interconnection, grid interfacing inverter, photo voltaic cell

INTRODUCTION This paper exhibited here shows one of a kind and compelling procedure for arranging a grid connected to renewable source of energy as solar energy and Harmonic Mitigation in system using Active Filter on utility side. Solar power is harnessed through PV panels and harmonic distortion is filtered using Shunt Active filter. Because of expanding air pollution, global warming concerns, diminishing fossil fuels and their expanding cost have made it important to look towards Renewable Energy Sources (RES) as a future vitality arrangement. In

discovering answers for beat a worldwide energy emergency, the Photograph Voltaic (PV) framework has pulled in critical consideration as of late. The legislature is giving motivating forces to assist expanding the utilization of grid-connected PV frameworks. Renewable Vitality Sources are progressively incorporated at the dispersion level because of expansion in burden request which use power electronic converters. Because of the broad utilization of power electronic gadgets, aggravations happen on the electrical supply system. These unsettling influences are because of the utilization of non-

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Manufacturing International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

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Pollution

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Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

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Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning

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Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

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Material Sciences and Engineering

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