International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials vol 2 issue 2 by JournalsPub

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20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

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Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

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2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

International Journal of Wireless Network Security International Journal of Algorithms Design and Analysis International Journal of Mobile Computing Devices International Journal of Software Computing and Testing International Journal of Data Structures and Algorithms 5 more...

International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits International Journal of Automatic Control System International Journal of Electrical Machines & Drives International Journal of Electrical Communication Engineering « International Journal of Integrated Electronics Systems and 4 more... Circuits

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International Journal of Bionics & Biomaterials Jul–Dec 2016

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International Journal of Immunological Nursing International Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing International Journal of Neurological Nursing International Journal of Orthopedic Nursing International Journal of Oncological Nursing

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International Journal of Energetic Materials International Journal of Bionics and Bio-Materials International Journal of Ceramics and Ceramic Technology International Journal of Bio-Materials and Biomedical Engineering 4 more...

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International Journal of Photochemistry International Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry International Journal of Green Chemistry International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering 3 more...

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Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

International Journal of Water Resources Engineering International Journal of Concrete Technology International Journal of Structural Engineering and Analysis International Journal of Construction Engineering and Planning

Biomaterials International Journal of Plant Biotechnology International Journal of Molecular Biotechnology International Journal of Biochemistry and Biomolecules International Journal of Animal Biotechnology and 3 more... Applications

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials is focused to provide a platform for applied bionics and biomechanics. This branch of science encompasses elements of biological methods and systems found in nature to the study and design of engineering systems and modern technology. It accepts article that are both experimental and theoretical in nature; all the articles published in the journal go through stringent process of peer-reviewing.

Focus and Scope of the Journal 

Applied bionics and biomechanics

 Locomotion and behaviors of animals  Bio-mechatronics  Biomedical engineering  Bionic architecture  Biophysics  Synthetic biological systems  Biomimetics  Cybernetics and robotics  Bionic technology

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials is published twice a year (bi-annual) by JournalsPub- is an imprint of Dhruv Infosystems Pvt. Ltd., India. The outlooks stated in the articles do not essentially reflect of the publisher. The publisher does not endorse the quality or value of the advertised/sponsored products described therein. Please consult full prescribing information before issuing a prescription for any products mentioned in this publication. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval or transmitted in any form without written permission to the publisher. To cite any of the material contained in this journal, in English or translation, please use the full English reference at the beginning of each article. To reuse any of the material, please contact JournalsPub (info@journalspub.com).

PUBLICATION MANAGEMENT TEAM

Chairman Mr. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director, JournalsPub, New Delhi

INTERNAL MEMBERS

Associate Manager Hidam Renubala

Commissioning Editors Ankita Singh

Dr. Chhavi Goel

Deepika Bhadauria

Manisha Dhoble Rekha Rani

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Sandip Bag HOD, BME Dept. JIS College of Engineering, Kalyani, India

Souvik Basak, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Dr. B.C. Roy College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Sciences Durgapur, West Bengal, India.

Dr. Radha Das Professor, Dept. of Chemical Engineering Haldia Institute of Technology India

Dr. D. Dhanavel, Associate Professor Department of Botany Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, India

Dr. R.K.Dwivedi Associate Professor, MANIT, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

Dr. S. Krishnakumar, M.Sc., Ph.D. Associate Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sathyabama University, Tamil Nadu, India.

Vinod Kumar, Ph.D. Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, U. P, India

Owais Mohammad Molecular Immunology Lab- I Biotechnology Unit AMU, Aligarh U.P, India

Dr. Pradip Paik, Ph.D. Assistant Professor School of Engineering Sciences and Technology University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, AP, India

Mr. Willi Paul Senior Scientific Officer Central Analytical Biomedical Technology Wing Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences & Technology (SCTIMST) India

Dr. PV. Mohanan, Scientist & Head, Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Poojapura, Thiruvananthapuram Kerala, India.

Dr. Pierson Rathinaraj Lecturer /Post-Doctoral research fellow Institute of Bio-Medical Technologies Auckland University of Technology Auckland, New Zealand

Dr. A. Robert Sam Senior Scientist / Assistant Professor (AcSIR) CSIR Madras complex, Taramani, Chennai Tamil Nadu, India

Dr. Surekha K. Satpute Woman Scientist (DST) Department of Physics, Savitribai Phule Pune University Pune, Maharashtra, India

Ms. Jill B Shukla PERD Research Centre, Thaltej; Ahmedabad, Gujrat, India

Dr. Jai Singh Assistant Professor Department of Physics, Dr. Harisingh Gour Central University, Sagar, India

Dr. Omprakash Yemul Associate Professor School of Chemical Sciences SRTM University Dnyantirth Vishnupuri India.

Dr. Amiya Kumar Prusty M.Pharm, PhD Asst professor Dept of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Institute of Pharmacy & Technology, Salipur, Cuttack, India

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS Dr. Summya Rashid Senior Research Fellow Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology Faculty of Science Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) New Delhi India

Dr. Jay Prakash Sah Ph.D. in Molecular Medicine Scholar Soonchynhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science Soonchynhyang University South Korea

Dr. Pramod Kumar Singh Assistant professor, Department of Kriyasharir V.Y.D.S. Ayurvedic college, Khurja, U. P., India

From the Editor's Desk Dear Readers, We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly journal, International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials. This journal is part of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present analytical chemistry issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging technologies. This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Bionics and Bio-Materials as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the analytical chemistry Science community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area. The core vision of International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials in Journals Pub is to propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in analytical chemistry in general. Journals Pub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to published their papers at excellently, well-time & successfully. International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials focuses on original high-quality research in the realm of Electrochemistry, photo-electrochemistry, medicinal chemistry and organometallic chemistry. The Journal is intended as a forum for practitioners and researchers to share the techniques of analytical chemistry and solutions in the area. Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the analytical chemistry community. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting new developments in the field of analytical chemistry. This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We would also like to express our gratitude to the editorial staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project. It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for analytical chemistry readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of analytical chemistry. Puneet Mehrotra Managing Director

Contents 1. Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications: A Review A. Ashok, C.R. Rejeesh, R. Renjith

2. Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal and Cerebral Palsy Patients Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia

3. Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between Right and Left Foot) Ravinder Kumar, Dhananjoy Shaw

4. Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating Overover Ti6Al4V Implants P. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari

5. Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb Exoskeleton Using Human Machine Interface Technology Shilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar

International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Biodegradable Polymers for Sustainable Packaging Applications: A Review 1

A. Ashok1, C.R. Rejeesh2*, R. Renjith1

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, India Centre for Sustainable Manufacturing and Renewable Energy, Federal Institute of Science and Technology, India

ABSTRACT Stable life offered by the synthetic plastic and their nonrenewable source results in waste disposal and environmental pollution. Bio degradable plastics can be developed from the synergic combinations of agricultural biology and micro biology. Starch, cellulose based bio degradable zero waste plastics can replace with the nonrenewable plastics with comparable packaging properties. Packaging industries have wide applications and the requirement for each area is unique. Food packaging industries requires shelf life improving characters while industrial packaging requires high mechanical properties which can resist mechanical damaging. This paper reviews suitability factors and emerging techniques for the improving packaging properties of bio plastics. Keywords: biodegradability, bioplastic, packaging, starch, sustainability

INTRODUCTION The term packaging also referred to product protection, security and improving usability allows with provision for safe handling and use. Commonly used packaging materials are wood, paper, glass, metals, plastic and composites. Plastics are widely used for packaging as it shows superior properties like of nonpermeability, inert to environment, durability, lightness, stability and availability. These properties of plastic also make them last in the environment forever and accumulate as solid waste, if not recycled properly.[1,2] Additives, plasticizers and colorants in plastic make serious environmental issues during disposal of the same.[1,3] Bioplastics derived from renewable resources (which are biodegradable and less pollutant) are thought to be a replacement for synthetic polymers.[4]

Biopolymers are mainly processed from starch, proteins, cellulose, DNA, RNA and peptides. The monomer molecules of bio plastics are sugar, nucleotides and amino acids. Bio based packaging materials require multistage processes required in designing and manufacturing of bio based packaging materials.[5] Some of the preferable properties a good packaging material shell possesses include permeability (gas and vapour), sealing and resistance to chemicals, UV and light, transparency, mechanical properties, machinability. Cost and availability are the key factors in any designing process of bio plastic. Finally, shelf life and disposal method of the bioplastic should also be taken into account.[5â&#x20AC;&#x201C;9] Most products leave the production facility with three levels of packaging ď&#x201A;ˇ Primary

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Comparative Study of Alpha and Theta Waves between Normal and Cerebral Palsy Patients Meena Gupta, Dinesh Bhatia

Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India

ABSTRACT Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a lifelong disability arising due to morbidity or lesion in the immature brain. Clinically it implies increased muscle tone, deep tendon reflex and involuntary physically moments. Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical imaging technique that uses real time display of electrical activity of the brain waves. It records the electrical activity through surface of the human brain by placing metallic electrode on the targeted area. EEG is the one of the electro biological imaging tool which is widely used in research and medical field due to its low cost, non-invasive use and high resolution property. The purpose of this study was to compare the alpha and theta waves frequency of CP and normal children, which is the one of underlying causes of brain disease in CP children. For that raw EEG data of total 10 children (5 normal and 5 CP) was collected for six minutes duration while the participant was awake without influence of any sedation. Nexus-10 neurofeedback inbuilt data analysis software system was used for EEG and statistical analysis. This compared the mean values of targeted points (F3-F4, C3-C4, P3-P4 and O3-O4) to observe variations in mean values of alpha and theta waves. Results showed that alpha and theta waves in parietal and occipital regions are significant in CP children when compared to normal children. However, the alpha and theta waves in frontal region were similar in both the groups due to the fact that CP children have good registration of perceived information by the environment and the society. We concluded that level of alpha and theta waves activity indicated that the CP children have good sense of visual and auditory processing especially from the occipital and parietal regions since it plays pivotal role in normal auditory and visual perception. Keywords: brain waves, cerebral palsy, electroencephalography

INTRODUCTION Electroencephalography (EEG) is medical imaging technique[1] that is used to read electrical activities of the brain. In EEG, the electrical signals are recorded from the scalp surface of the human brain through metal electrodes by employing a conducting media usually jelly or paste. EEG is a noninvasive procedure that is applied repeatedly to patient, normal adults, and children with virtually no risk or reported limitations if proper precautionary care is taken during patient

preparation. Electrical brain signals consists of Na+, K+, Ca+, and Cl+ ions, which generate signals that are pumped through neuron membranes in the direction of membrane potential. Different types of neurotransmitters help to activate neurons which lead to generation of electrical activity in the brain that are recordable on the surface area of scalp. During EEG recording, electrode and neural layers current penetrates through skin, skull and several other layers which gets displayed on computer screen in form of waves. For

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Foot Pressure Distribution of Walking Gait of Male Sportspersons (A Comparative Study between Right and Left Foot) 1

Ravinder Kumar1, Dhananjoy Shaw2*

Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India 2 IGIPESS, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India

ABSTRACT Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in the subject of biomechanics, particularly among practitioners and students of physical therapy, Physical education, sports science, bioengineering and several branches of medicine including orthopedics, rheumatology, neurology and rehabilitation. Gait analysis is the systematic study of human walking using the eye and the brain of observers, augmented by instrumentation for measuring body movement, body mechanics and the activity of the muscles. It is often helpful in the medical management of those diseases which affect the locomotor system. Gait analysis helps us to understand Kinematic analysis, temporal analysis, angular kinematic analysis, muscular activity, force analysis, pressure distribution analysis, joint dot analysis etc. There is negligible study on kinematic analysis on Indian sportspersons, hence a research gap was evident and a group of research scholars from Indira Gandhi Institute of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, (University of Delhi) are motivated to investigate of foot pressure dominance of contralateral aspect considering the morphological and functional asymmetricity of right and left lateral foot of male sportsperson. Ideally it is hypothesized that such findings will generate a new dimension of analogy of gait analysis and thereby their implication in the field of biomechanics and kinesiology. For this purpose twenty seven (48) male sportspersons, who has at least participated at state level competition (age 17 to 25 years) were given a walking gait test to compare between left and right foot pressure distribution. The parameters were measured by using the portable pressure measurement system from Zebris.Inc, Germany (40Ă&#x2014;30cm), supported with WinFDM-S software, (Germany). Dynamic test for left and right foot was measured in step phases to determine the foot pressure distribution. The selected variables were Left Gait Line Length Le (LGLL), Right Gait Line Length (RGLL), Left Dynamic Test (LDT) and Right Dynamic Test (RDT). Collected data was computed using SPSS software for mean, standard deviation and t-test. The pressure distribution in regard to selected variables was found to be different between right foot and left foot. It was concluded that the foot pressure distribution of walking gait are different. Keywords: foot pressure distribution, male sportspersons, pressure plate, walking gait

INTRODUCTION Everyone's walking style is unique, and it has been shown that both humans and computers are very good at recognizing known gait patterns. It is therefore

unsurprising those dynamic foot pressure patterns, which indirectly reflect the accelerations of all body parts, are also

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Experimental Studies on Hydroxyapatite-Based Coating over Ti6Al4V Implants P. Shakti Prakash, A. Pandey, R.P. Tewari1*

Department of Applied Mechanics, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, UP, India

ABSTRACT Need for the development of biocompatible coating over implant may alleviate the problems related to the implants like infection, inflammation and pain. Biocompatibility of the biomaterial used in coating depends on its chemical properties and its behaviour on the surroundings. It is also a known fact that the biocompatibility and chemical properties are widely depends on compositions, morphology (shape), size of the particles, etc. This work mainly deals with the efforts made to see the effect of addition of carbon nanotubes and graphene oxide in hydroxyapatite for coating over Ti6Al4V implant. Keywords: carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide and antibacterial, hydroxyapatite

INTRODUCTION Coatings of hydroxyapatite (HA) have good potential as they can exploit the biocompatible and bone bonding properties of the ceramic, while utilising the mechanical properties of substrates such as Ti6Al4V and other biocompatible alloys. While the metallic materials have the required mechanical properties, they benefit from the HA which provides an osteophilic surface for bone to bond to, anchoring the implant and transferring load to the skeleton, helping to combat bone atrophy. Tsui et al.[1] performed coating of HA on Ti6Al4V implant and adhesion strength, the OH¯ion content and the purity were evaluated. Later it was shown that their method lead to a significant decrease in the degree of adhesion. To overcome the aforementioned drawback Chou et al.[2] analysed cohesive and adhesive strengths of plasma-sprayed HA coatings on Ti6Al4V that were further strengthened by adding ZrO2 particles as a reinforcing

second phase (HA-ZrO2 composite coating). Intermediate ZrO2 layer between the HA coating and the Ti alloy substrate were used as a bond coat (two-layer HAZrO2 coating). It was found that the interface between the HA coating and the Ti alloy is a site of critical weakness when compared to the cohesive strength of the inter- and intra-lamellar structure of the HA coating. Zhang et al.[3] performed work on dense and uniform fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) coatings that have been deposited on Ti6Al4V substrates by sol–gel dip coating method. The load at which complete removal of the coating occurs is taken as an indication of the adhesion strength. With increase of fluorine concentration and firing temperature, adhesion strength increases; and at the same time, the coating-substrate interfacial failure mode changes from brittle to ductile. A major breakthrough was achieved to solve the adhesion problem by Milev et al.[4] used sol–gel method to prepare the solution of HA. This

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International Journal of Bionics and Biomaterials

Vol. 2: Issue 2

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Augmenting Control and Monitoring of Powered Lower Limb Exoskeleton Using Human Machine Interface Technology Shilpa Walia, Neelesh Kumar

Department of Biomedical Instrumentation, CSIR-CSIO, Chandigarh, India

ABSTRACT This paper proposes an alternative exoskeleton control system using human-machine interactive environment. Exoskeletonis an active external mechanical structure attached to a part of human body to augment power or increase the mobility of that body part. For a smart control system, a novel method for graphical user interface is developed. Graphical User Interface is a compelling approach in embedded environment. It is the combination of control functions and implemented to alleviate operating effort in exoskeleton. Designing and implementation of a communication interface based on touch screen graphical user interface is done. The control algorithm of this communication interface has been implemented on GEMstudioTM, software of Amulet Technologies and graphics programs in GEMscript programming. Graphical user interface serves as control and monitor tool for exoskeleton operations include various modes for positioning with analyses and monitoring of device data. The main purpose of this graphical user interface in a touch display is the selfdiagnosis system. It is a new technology provide extraordinary power to those who proficient this touch module which is the best way to explore information graphically. The proposed concept of the human machine interactive control system aims to provide high usability, increase mainstream acceptance of exoskeleton technology so it can be fully exploited to benefit humankind. Keywords: exoskeleton, graphical user interface, real time control, touch display

INTRODUCTION Powered lower limb exoskeletons named as EXOD are wearable robots that augment human physical capabilities (e.g., strength, speed, power and endurance) are directly controlled by human users. Various user interfaces are implemented for human machine interaction for real time control of exoskeleton. During last years, there is emphasis put on development of devices which are userfriendly and easy to control. One of the instruments that allows to achieve this point is to use high-resolution touchscreens.

Early User Interfaces Human machine interactive technology implements various user interfaces as control strategies for an orthotic device[1–7] like touch computer display, voice recognition, joystick based, wrist watch and figure mounted user interfaces.

With the development in speed of technology, these interfaces lacking for those who are not familiar with the use of EXOD. For more intuitive and flexibility, user interfaces are needed to increase the success of robotic exoskeletons.[1]

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Office No-4, 1 Floor, CSC, Pocket-E, Mayur Vihar, Phase-2, New Delhi-110091, India E-mail: info@journalspub.com

20 mit icle b rt u S A Applied Mechanics r International Journal of Electro Mechanics and u Mechanical Behaviour International Journal of Machine Design and Yo Manufacturing

Mechanical Engineering

¬ International Journal of Thermal Energy and

¬ International Journal of Production Engineering ¬ International Journal of Industrial Engineering

« « «

Applications

International Journal of Mechanical Dynamics and Analysis International Journal of Fracture and damage Mechanics International Journal of Structural Mechanics and Finite Elements

and Design ¬ International Journal of Manufacturing and

Materials Processing ¬ International Journal of Mechanical Handling and

Automation 5 more...

Electronics and Telecommunication « International Journal of Radio Frequency Design « International Journal of VLSI Design and Technology « International Journal of Embedded Systems and Emerging

Technologies « International Journal of Digital Electronics « International Journal of Digital Communication and Analog

Chemical Engineering « International Journal of Renewable Energy and its

Commercialization « International Journal of Environmental Chemistry « International Journal of Agrochemistry « International Journal of Prevention and Control of Industrial

Pollution

5 more...

Signals

1 more...

Civil Engineering

Architecture « International Journal of Housing and Human Settlement

Planning « International Journal of Architecture and Infrastructure

Planning « International Journal of Rural and Regional Planning Development « International Journal of Town Planning and Management 2 more...

« « « «

2 more...

Electrical Engineering

Computer Science and Engineering « « « « «

« « « «

Nursing « « « « «

International Journal of Bionics & Biomaterials Jul–Dec 2016

IJBBM

Material Sciences and Engineering

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5 more...

Biotechnology « International Journal of Industrial Biotechnology and « « « «

Nanotechnology « International Journal of Applied Nanotechnology « International Journal of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures « International Journals of Nanobiotechnology

Chemistry

Physics « International Journal of Solid State Materials « International Journal of Optical Sciences